CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>    <html class="no-js" lang="en">  <head>   <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <title>Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval Leiden, the Low Countries | Antiquity | Cambridge Core</title> <script src="/core/vanilla/public/js/sentry.min.js"></script> <script> let isTerminated = false; window.addEventListener('pagehide', (event) => { isTerminated = !event.persisted; }, { capture: true }); const EXTRA_KEY = "ROUTE_TO"; Sentry.init({ dsn: "https://074fed417c764caaafebad958d2c0c95@o1239501.ingest.sentry.io/6395238", release: "www.cambridge.org" + "@" + "unreadable", environment: "prod", ignoreErrors: [], integrations: [Sentry.moduleMetadataIntegration()], transport: Sentry.makeMultiplexedTransport( Sentry.makeFetchTransport, (args) => { const event = args.getEvent(); if ( event && event.extra && EXTRA_KEY in event.extra && Array.isArray(event.extra[EXTRA_KEY]) ) { return event.extra[EXTRA_KEY]; } return []; }, ), beforeSend: (event) => { if (isTerminated || (window.location.protocol !== 'http:' && window.location.protocol !== 'https:')) { return null; } if (event?.exception?.values?.[0].stacktrace?.frames) { const { frames } = event.exception.values[0].stacktrace; const routeTo = frames .filter((frame) => frame.module_metadata && frame.module_metadata.dsn) .map((v) => v.module_metadata) .slice(-1); if (routeTo.length) { event.extra = { ...event.extra, [EXTRA_KEY]: routeTo, }; } } return event; }, }); </script>   <meta property="og:site_name" content="Cambridge Core"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval Leiden, the Low Countries | Antiquity | Cambridge Core"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval Leiden, the Low Countries - Volume 98 Issue 400"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0003598X24000723/resource/name/S0003598X24000723_figAb.png?pub-status=live"/> <meta name="description" content="Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval Leiden, the Low Countries - Volume 98 Issue 400"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF"> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.15184/aqy.2024.72"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Antiquity"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Cambridge University Press"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval Leiden, the Low Countries"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sophie Rabinow"> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0002-7457-8994"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tianyi Wang"> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0002-0776-9387"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Roos van Oosten"> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0002-4323-5120"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yolande Meijer"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Piers D. Mitchell"> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0002-1009-697X"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/08"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/05/31"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="98"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="400"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1006"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1022"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0003-598X"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1745-1744"> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Netherlands; medieval; palaeoparasitology; ELISA; cesspits; diarrhoea; Echinostoma; fish tapeworm"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF/S0003598X24000723a.pdf/div-class-title-intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries-div.pdf"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Simplifying the process of extracting intestinal parasite eggs from archaeological sediment samples: a comparative study of the efficacy of widely-used disaggregation techniques; citation_author=Anastasiou, E.; citation_author=Mitchell, P.D.; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_journal_title=International Journal of Paleopathology; citation_volume=3; citation_firstpage=204; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ijpp.2013.04.004"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Echinostoma and Echinostomiasis; citation_author=Huffman, J.E.; citation_author=Fried, B.; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_journal_title=Advances in Parasitology; citation_volume=29; citation_firstpage=215; citation_lastpage=269; citation_doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60107-4"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Micro history, archaeology and the study of housing culture. Some thoughts on archaeological and historical data from a cesspit in 17th-century Breda; citation_author=Hupperetz, W.; citation_author=De Groote, K.; citation_author=Tys, D.; citation_author=Pieters, M.; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_inbook=Exchanging medieval material culture; citation_firstpage=279"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite; citation_author=Ryan, Una; citation_author=Hijjawi, Nawal; citation_author=Feng, Yaoyu; citation_author=Xiao, Lihua; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_journal_title=International Journal for Parasitology; citation_volume=49; citation_firstpage=1; citation_lastpage=11; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.003"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Van Der Heyden, P. 1563. Engravings entitled Magere Keuken (lean kitchen) and Vette Keuken (fat kitchen) after P. Bruegel. Printed in Antwerp. Curated in Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.344470 and http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.344471 (accessed 22 April 2023)."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Nightman's muck, gong farmer's treasure: local differences in the clearing-out of cesspits in the Low Countries, 1600–1900; citation_author=van Oosten, R.M.R.; citation_author=Sosna, D.; citation_author=Brunclíková, L.; citation_publication_date=2016a; citation_inbook=Archaeologies of waste: encounters with the unwanted; citation_firstpage=41; citation_lastpage=56"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Polyphasic analysis of a Middle Ages coprolite microbiota, Belgium; citation_author=Appelt, S.; citation_author=Armougom, F.; citation_author=Le Bailly, M.; citation_author=Robert, C.; citation_author=Drancourt, M.; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_journal_title=PLoS ONE; citation_volume=9; citation_firstpage=e88376; citation_doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0088376"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Schepenhuisstraat - Hoogpoort: aan tafel bij de Gentse bourgeoisie uit de eerste helft van de 18de eeuw; citation_author=Brinkhuizen, D.; citation_author=Cooremans, B.; citation_author=Ervynck, A.; citation_author=Stoops, S.; citation_author=Van Neer, W.; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_journal_title=Stadsarcheologie. Bodem en monument in Gent; citation_volume=2; citation_firstpage=113"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019a. Echinostomiasis. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/echinostomiasis/index.html (accessed 1 July 2023)."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Jan van Hout en zijn Straten- en Grachtenboek; citation_author=de Baar, P.J.M.; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_inbook=Ups en Downer. Bundel artikelen bij het afscheid van mr. W. Downer als gemeentearchivaris van Leiden; citation_firstpage=5; citation_lastpage=18"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Diagnostic medical parasitology; citation_author=Garcia, L.S.; citation_publication_date=2016"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A comparative study of parasites in three latrines from medieval and Renaissance Brussels, Belgium (14th–17th centuries); citation_author=Graff, A.; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_journal_title=Parasitology; citation_volume=147; citation_firstpage=1443; citation_doi=10.1017/S0031182020001298"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Eggs as a suitable tool for species diagnosis of causative agents of human Diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda); citation_author=Leštinová, K.; citation_author=Soldánova, M.; citation_author=Scholz, T.; citation_author=Kuchta, R.; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_journal_title=PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases; citation_volume=10; citation_firstpage=e0004721; citation_doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004721"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Sanitation, latrines and intestinal parasites in past populations; citation_author=Mitchell, P.D.; citation_publication_date=2015a"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Patterns in size and shedding of Fasciola hepatica eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents; citation_author=Valero, M.A.; citation_author=Panova, M.; citation_author=Comes, A.M.; citation_author=Fons, R.; citation_author=Mas-Coma, A.; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_journal_title=Journal of Parasitology; citation_volume=88; citation_firstpage=308; citation_doi=10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0308:PISASO]2.0.CO;2"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Archeobotanica uit ‘s-Hertogenbosch. Milieuomstandigheden, bewoningsgeschiedenis en economische ontwikkelingen in en rond een (post)Middeleeuwse groeistad (Groningen Archaeological Studies 6); citation_author=Van Haaster, H.; citation_publication_date=2008"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Walle, K. & Hooymans, M.. 2021. Brouwerijen 1607, een transcriptie van het rapport van Jan van Hout over de bierfraude (SAII, inv. nr. 1969). Historischleideninkaart (Mapping Historical Leiden). Available at: https://www.historischleideninkaart.nl/brouwerijen1607/ (accessed 22 April 2023)."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Atlas of human parasitology; citation_author=Ash, L.R.; citation_author=Orihel, T.C.; citation_publication_date=2015"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=TechLab and alexon Giardia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits detect cyst wall protein 1; citation_author=Boone, J.H.; citation_author=Wilkins, T.D.; citation_author=Nash, T.E.; citation_author=Brandon, J.E.; citation_author=Macias, E.A.; citation_author=Jerris, R.C.; citation_author=Lyerly, D.M.; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_journal_title=Journal of Clinical Microbiology; citation_volume=37; citation_firstpage=611; citation_lastpage=614; citation_doi=10.1128/JCM.37.3.611-614.1999"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infections: adding up the numbers – a review; citation_author=Brooker, S; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_journal_title=International Journal for Parasitology; citation_volume=40; citation_firstpage=1137; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.04.004"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019b. Fascioliasis. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/fascioliasis/index.html (accessed 1 July 2023)."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Het economisch leven: spectaculair succes en diep verval; citation_author=De Vries, B.; citation_author=Lucassen, J.; citation_author=Lourens, J.; citation_author=Nijboer, H.; citation_author=Groenveld, S.; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_inbook=Leiden de geschiedenis van een Hollandse stad, 1574–1795; citation_firstpage=85; citation_lastpage=107"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Tracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution; citation_author=Ledger, M.L.; citation_author=Mitchell, P.D.; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_journal_title=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology; citation_volume=32; citation_firstpage=553; citation_doi=10.1002/oa.2786"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Human parasites in medieval Europe: lifestyle, sanitation and medical treatment; citation_author=Mitchell, P.D.; citation_publication_date=2015b; citation_journal_title=Advances in Parasitology; citation_volume=90; citation_firstpage=389; citation_lastpage=420; citation_doi=10.1016/bs.apar.2015.05.001"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Continuity in intestinal parasite infection in Aalst (Belgium) from the medieval to early modern period (12th-17th centuries); citation_author=Rabinow, S.; citation_author=Deforce, K.; citation_author=Mitchell, P.D.; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_journal_title=International Journal of Paleopathology; citation_volume=41; citation_firstpage=43; citation_lastpage=49; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.03.001"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections; citation_author=Stephenson, L.S.; citation_author=Latham, M.C.; citation_author=Ottensen, E.A.; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_journal_title=Parasitology; citation_volume=121; citation_firstpage=S23; citation_lastpage=S38; citation_doi=10.1017/S0031182000006491"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Leiden, Haarlemmerstraat/Stille Rijn: Waarderend onderzoek van botanische macroresten en voorstel voor selectieadvies; citation_author=Van Haaster, H.; citation_author=Meijer, Y.; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_inbook=Archeologische opgraving Haarlemmerstraat 101–111 tot Stille Rijn 8–9 in Leiden, gemeente Leiden; citation_firstpage=565"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=De stad, het vuil en de beerput: de opkomst, verbreiding en neergang van de beerput in stedelijke context; citation_author=van Oosten, R.M.R.; citation_publication_date=2015"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The Dutch Great Stink: the end of the cesspit era in the pre-industrial towns of Leiden and Haarlem; citation_author=van Oosten, R.M.R.; citation_publication_date=2016b; citation_journal_title=European Journal of Archaeology; citation_volume=19; citation_firstpage=704; citation_doi=10.1080/14619571.2016.1147677"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Historisch Leiden in Kaart: Vermogensbelasting, 1498; citation_author=Van Steensel, A.; citation_publication_date=2016"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Een pre-industriële samenleving onder spanning. Leiden rond 1500; citation_author=Brand, H; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_journal_title=Leids Jaarboekje. Eeuwig Leiden; citation_volume=100; citation_firstpage=95; citation_lastpage=120"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A multidisciplinary analysis of cesspits from late medieval and post-medieval Brussels, Belgium: diet and health in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries; citation_author=De Cupere, B.; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_journal_title=International Journal of Historical Archaeology; citation_volume=26; citation_firstpage=531; citation_doi=10.1007/s10761-021-00613-8"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Analysis of pollen and intestinal parasite eggs from medieval graves from Nivelles, Belgium: taphonomy of the burial ritual; citation_author=Deforce, K.; citation_author=Van Hove, M.L.; citation_author=Willems, D.; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_journal_title=Journal of Archaeological Sciences: Reports; citation_volume=4; citation_firstpage=596; citation_lastpage=604"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kwak, Z.S.M. 2014. ‘Proeft de kost en kauwtse met uw’ oogen’. Beeldtraditie, betekenis en functie van het Noord-Nederlandse keukentafereel (ca. 1590–1650). Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Parasites in past civilizations and their impact upon health; citation_author=Mitchell, P.D.; citation_publication_date=2023"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Leiden in Last. De financiële positie van de Leidenaren aan het einde van de Middeleeuwen; citation_author=Noordam, D.J; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_journal_title=Jaarboek der sociale en economische geschiedenis van Leiden en omstreken; citation_volume=2001; citation_firstpage=16; citation_lastpage=40"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=De geschiedenis van de Leidsche lakenindustrie; citation_author=Posthumus, N.W.; citation_publication_date=1908"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Parasitology in an archaeological context: analysis of medieval burials in Nivelles, Belgium; citation_author=Rácz, S.E.; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_journal_title=Journal of Archaeological Sciences; citation_volume=53; citation_firstpage=304; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.023"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Paleoparasitological remains revealed by seven historic contexts from ‘Place d'Armes’, Namur, Belgium; citation_author=Rocha, G.C.D.; citation_author=Harter-Lailheugue, S.; citation_author=Le Bailly, M.; citation_author=Araújo, A.; citation_author=Ferreira, L.F.; citation_author=Serra-Freire, N.M.; citation_author=Bouchet, F.; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_journal_title=Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; citation_volume=101; citation_firstpage=43; citation_lastpage=52; citation_doi=10.1590/S0074-02762006001000008"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Performance of microscopy and ELISA for diagnosing Giardia duodenalis infection in different pediatric groups; citation_author=Silva, R.K.N.R.; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_journal_title=Parasitology International; citation_volume=65; citation_firstpage=635; citation_doi=10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.012"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica; citation_author=Valero, M.A.; citation_author=Perez-Crespo, I.; citation_author=Periago, M.V.; citation_author=Khoubbane, M.; citation_author=Mas-Coma, S.; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_journal_title=Acta Tropica; citation_volume=111; citation_firstpage=150; citation_doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.04.005"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Macrobotanie; citation_author=Van Amerongen, Y.F.; citation_author=Meijer, Y.; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_inbook=Archeologische opgraving Haarlemmerstraat 101–111 tot Stille Rijn 8–9 in Leiden, gemeente Leiden; citation_firstpage=597; citation_lastpage=606"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Measuring urban inequalities. Spatial patterns of service access in sixteenth-century Leiden; citation_author=Van Steensel, A.; citation_author=Nigro, G.; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_inbook=Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect; citation_firstpage=369"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="In the absence of written records, disease and parasite loads are often used as indicators of sanitation in past populations. Here, the authors adopt the novel approach of integrating the bioarchaeological analysis of cesspits in an area of medieval Leiden (the Netherlands) with historical property records to explore living conditions. Using light microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) they identify evidence of parasites associated with ineffective sanitation (whipworm, roundworm and the protozoan Giardia duodenalis)—at residences of all social levels—and the consumption of infected livestock and freshwater fish (Diphyllobothriidae, cf. Echinostoma sp., cf. Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium sp.)."> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.15184/aqy.2024.72"> <link rel="alternate" href="/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/css/app.css?version=v7.401.0"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://usage.prod.aop.cambridge.org/v1/events"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/bower_components/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css"/> <script src="/core/system/public/bower_components/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/bower_components/jquery-migrate-3/jquery-migrate.min.js"></script>      <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/bower_components/modernizr/modernizr.js"></script>  <script> (function(a,s,y,n,c,h,i,d,e){s.className+=' '+y;h.start=1*new Date; h.end=i=function(){s.className=s.className.replace(RegExp(' ?'+y),'')}; (a[n]=a[n]||[]).hide=h;setTimeout(function(){i();h.end=null},c);h.timeout=c; })(window,document.documentElement,'async-hide','dataLayer',4000, {'GTM-PWNSR3B':true}); (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-86516288-1', 'auto'); ga('require', 'GTM-PWNSR3B'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NTX72TG');</script>   <script type="text/javascript"> var rumMOKey='bd7888531793d453d3bdf2268eea537b'; (function(){ if(window.performance && window.performance.timing && window.performance.navigation) { var site24x7_rum_beacon=document.createElement('script'); site24x7_rum_beacon.async=true; site24x7_rum_beacon.setAttribute('src','//static.site24x7rum.eu/beacon/site24x7rum-min.js?appKey='+rumMOKey); document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(site24x7_rum_beacon); } })(window) </script>  <script> var AOP = AOP || {}; AOP.uiLanguage = 'en' || 'en'; AOP.uiLanguageSuggested = ''; AOP.leaveTranslationSuggested = ''; AOP.isMultilanguageEnabled = 'true'; AOP.clientSideMultilingualString = '%5B%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2c%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Cambridge%20University%20Press%20content%20sharing%20policy%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Cambridge%20University%20Press%20content%20sharing%20policy.%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22la%20politique%20de%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%20sur%20le%20partage%20(en%20anglais).%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9f6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22reply%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20eLetters%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22reply%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22r%C3%A9ponse%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca29%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Share%20content%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Share%20content%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Partager%20cet%20article%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b714525e54e3d290be053d6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22To%20manage%20your%20alert%20preferences%20and%20update%20your%20details%20go%20to%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22To%20manage%20your%20alert%20preferences%20and%20update%20your%20details%20go%20to%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pour%20g%C3%A9rer%20vos%20pr%C3%A9ferences%20d'alerte%20ou%20mettre%20%C3%A0%20jour%20vos%20details%20veuillez%20svp%20vous%20rendre%20sur%20la%20page%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9f5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22replies%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20eLetters%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22replies%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22r%C3%A9ponses%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863d%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22For%20more%20information%2C%20please%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22For%20more%20information%2C%20please%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pour%20plus%20d'information%2C%20veuillez-vous%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a2%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22April%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22April%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Avril%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a3%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22May%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22May%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Mai%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836aa%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22December%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22December%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22D%C3%A9cembre%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Sep%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Sep%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Sep.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d4%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Jul%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Jul%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Juil.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9db%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Show%20fewer%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Refine%20listing%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Show%20fewer%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Afficher%20moins%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e3%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Citation%20Tools%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Citation%20Tools%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Outils%20bibliographiques%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863b%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Alternatively%20you%20can%20download%20a%20PDF%20containing%20the%20link%20which%20can%20be%20freely%20shared%20online%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Alternatively%20you%20can%20download%20a%20PDF%20containing%20the%20link%20which%20can%20be%20freely%20shared%20online%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Vous%20pouvez%20aussi%20t%C3%A9l%C3%A9charger%20le%20PDF%20contenant%20ce%20lien%20et%20le%20partager%20librement%20en%20ligne%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a7%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22September%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22September%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Septembre%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac94c%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Selected%20format%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Selected%20format%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Format%20s%C3%A9lectionn%C3%A9%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2a%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20the%20content%20link%20or%20use%20the%20option%20below%20to%20share%20it%20via%20email%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20the%20content%20link%20or%20use%20the%20option%20below%20to%20share%20it%20via%20email%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Copiez-collez%20ce%20lien%20ou%20cliquez%20le%20bouton%20ci-dessous%20pour%20envoyer%20un%20email%20contenant%20le%20lien%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e9%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Delete%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Recommend%20to%20librarian%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Delete%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Supprimer%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9cd%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22decline%20option%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22No%20thanks%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Non%20merci%20(view%20site%20in%20English)%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d3%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Jun%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Jun%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Juin%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e2%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22View%20Altmetric%20attention%20score%20details%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20entry%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22alt%20text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22View%20Altmetric%20attention%20score%20details%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Voir%20le%20d%C3%A9tail%20du%20score%20d'attention%20Altmetric%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d8%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Nov%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Nov%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Nov.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9dd%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Page%2FArticle%20number%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Page%2FArticle%20number%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Page%2Fnum%C3%A9ro%20d%E2%80%99article%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Aug%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Aug%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Ao%C3%BBt%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9c5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Collapse%20list%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Collapse%20list%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Replier%20la%20liste%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e0%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Online%20publication%20date%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Online%20publication%20date%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Date%20de%20publication%20en%20ligne%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9f1%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Show%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20eLetters%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Show%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Afficher%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca30%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22The%20content%20link%20has%20been%20copied%20to%20your%20clipboard%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20view%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22The%20content%20link%20has%20been%20copied%20to%20your%20clipboard%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Le%20lien%20a%20%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20copi%C3%A9%20dans%20votre%20presse-papier%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Hide%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20entry%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%20with%20hyperlink%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Hide%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Dissimuler%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863f%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Share%20this%20link%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Share%20this%20link%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Partager%20ce%20lien%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9c6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Expand%20full%20list%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Expand%20full%20list%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22D%C3%A9plier%20la%20liste%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9da%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Show%20more%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Refine%20listing%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Show%20more%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Afficher%20plus%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be68642%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Within%20PDF%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Within%20PDF%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Par%20PDF%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a0%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22February%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22February%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22F%C3%A9vrier%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac94b%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20a%20formatted%20citation%20or%20use%20one%20of%20the%20options%20to%20export%20in%20your%20chosen%20format%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20a%20formatted%20citation%20or%20use%20one%20of%20the%20options%20to%20export%20in%20your%20chosen%20format%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Copiez-collez%20la%20citation%20ou%20utilisez%20une%20des%20options%20ci-dessous%20pour%20l'exporter%20dans%20le%20format%20de%20votre%20choix%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac94e%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Copy%20to%20clipboard%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Copy%20to%20clipboard%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Copier%20dans%20le%20presse-papier%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9df%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Type%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Type%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Type%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9cf%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Feb%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Feb%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22F%C3%A9v.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9c8%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Hide%20all%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Hide%20All%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Dissimuler%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Search%20journal%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22contextual%20search%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22searchbox%20placeholder%20text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Search%20%3CJnlTitle%3E%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Chercher%20dans%20%3CJnlTitle%3E%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863a%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20the%20link%20or%20use%20the%20option%20below%20to%20share%20it%20via%20email%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20the%20link%20or%20use%20the%20option%20below%20to%20share%20it%20via%20email%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pour%20cela%2C%20copiez-collez%20ce%20lien%20ou%20bien%20utilisez%20l'option%20ci-dessous%20pour%20le%20partager%20par%20email%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d1%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Apr%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Apr%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Avr.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be68640%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Via%20email%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Via%20email%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Par%20email%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d0%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Mar%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Mar%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Mars%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9cb%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22close%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Close%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Fermer%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9ca%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22leaving%20language%20prompt%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22%3Cp%3EThe%20%3Clang%3E%20version%20of%20Cambridge%20Core%20is%20not%20currently%20available%20through%20the%20entire%20site.%20The%20page%20you%20are%20visiting%20is%20not%20available%20in%20%3Clang%3E%20and%20will%20be%20displayed%20in%20English.%3C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22%3Cp%3ELa%20version%20fran%C3%A7aise%20de%20Cambridge%20Core%20n'est%20actuellement%20pas%20disponible%20%C3%A0%20travers%20l'int%C3%A9gralit%C3%A9%20du%20site.%20La%20page%20vers%20laquelle%20vous%20vous%20rendez%20n'est%20pas%20disponible%20en%20fran%C3%A7ais%20et%20sera%20affich%C3%A9e%20en%20anglais.%3C%2Fp%3E%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9c7%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22View%20all%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22View%20All%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Voir%20tout%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2b%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Anyone%20you%20share%20the%20following%20link%20with%20will%20be%20able%20to%20freely%20read%20this%20content.%20For%20more%20information%2C%20please%20view%20the%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Anyone%20you%20share%20the%20following%20link%20with%20will%20be%20able%20to%20freely%20read%20this%20content.%20For%20more%20information%2C%20please%20view%20the%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Tous%20ceux%20avec%20qui%20vous%20partagez%20ce%20lien%20obtiendront%20un%20acc%C3%A8s%20gratuit%20%C3%A0%20cet%20article.%20Pour%20plus%20d'information%2C%20veuillez%20svp%20consulter%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e8%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Relevance%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Relevance%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pertinence%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22August%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22August%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Ao%C3%BBt%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d2%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22May%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22May%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Mai%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9dc%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Sorted%20by%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Sorted%20by%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Tri%20par%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e1%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Publication%20date%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Publication%20date%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Date%20de%20publication%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9c9%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22language%20prompt%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22%3Cp%3EWe%20notice%20that%20%3Clang%3E%20is%20the%20default%20language%20in%20your%20browser%20settings.%20Would%20you%20like%20to%20view%20this%20site%20in%20%3Clang%3E%3F%3C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22%3Cp%3EVotre%20navigateur%20indique%20le%20fran%C3%A7ais%20comme%20langue%20par%20defaut.%20Souhaitez%20vous%20consulter%20le%20site%20en%20fran%C3%A7ais%3F%3C%2Fp%3E%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9ea%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Access%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Refine%20listing%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Access%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Acc%C3%A8s%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9f8%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Hide%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20eLetters%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Hide%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Dissimuler%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863c%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22For%20more%20information%2C%20please%20view%20our%20content%20sharing%20policy%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22For%20more%20information%2C%20please%20view%20our%20content%20sharing%20policy%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pour%20plus%20d'information%2C%20veuillez-vous%20r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rer%20%C3%A0%20notre%20politique%20de%20partage%20de%20contenus%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863e%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22view%20our%20content%20sharing%20policy%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22view%20our%20content%20sharing%20policy%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rer%20%C3%A0%20notre%20politique%20de%20partage%20de%20contenus%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9ce%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Jan%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2e%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Share%20via%20email%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Share%20via%20email%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Partager%20par%20e-mail%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2d%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22OR%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22OR%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22OU%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac94d%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Change%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Change%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Modifier%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac94f%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Download%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Download%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22T%C3%A9l%C3%A9charger%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2f%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Cancel%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Cancel%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Annuler%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e4%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22View%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20entry%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%20with%20hyperlink%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22View%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Voir%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be68639%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Anyone%20you%20share%20the%20following%20link%20with%20will%20be%20able%20to%20freely%20read%20this%20content%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Anyone%20you%20share%20the%20following%20link%20with%20will%20be%20able%20to%20freely%20read%20this%20content%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22%EF%BB%BFToute%20personne%20avec%20qui%20vous%20partagez%20le%20lien%20suivant%20pourra%20acc%C3%A9der%20gratuitement%20%C3%A0%20cet%20article%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be68641%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Within%20PDF%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Within%20PDF%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Par%20PDF%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a8%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22October%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22October%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Octobre%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9cc%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22accept%20option%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Yes%2C%20please%20switch%20to%20%3Clang%3E%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Oui%2C%20voir%20le%20site%20en%20fran%C3%A7ais%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b714525e54e3d290be053d5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22If%20you%20have%20any%20queries%20about%20this%20please%20contact%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22If%20you%20have%20any%20queries%20about%20this%20please%20contact%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pour%20toutes%20questions%20veuillez%20svp%20contacter%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab50718369f%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22January%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22January%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Janvier%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9de%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Title%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Title%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Titre%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d9%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Dec%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Dec%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22D%C3%A9c.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b714525e54e3d290be053d4%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22This%20alert%20has%20been%20successfully%20added.%20Our%20records%20show%20that%20there%20is%20an%20error%20with%20the%20email%20address%20you%20have%20provided%20and%20therefore%20we%20are%20currently%20unable%20to%20send%20content%20alerts%20to%20you.%20The%20email%20address%20we%20are%20attempting%20to%20send%20your%20alerts%20to%20is%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22This%20alert%20has%20been%20successfully%20added.%20Our%20records%20show%20that%20there%20is%20an%20error%20with%20the%20email%20address%20you%20have%20provided%20and%20therefore%20we%20are%20currently%20unable%20to%20send%20content%20alerts%20to%20you.%20The%20email%20address%20we%20are%20attempting%20to%20send%20your%20alerts%20to%20is%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Alerte%20ajout%C3%A9e%20avec%20succ%C3%A8s.%20D%C3%BB%20a%20un%20probl%C3%A8me%20avec%20votre%20adresse%20e-mail%20nous%20ne%20sommes%20actuellement%20pas%20en%20mesure%20de%20vous%20envoyer%20des%20alertes%20par%20e-mail.%20L'adresse%20e-mail%20%C3%A0%20laquelle%20nous%20n'arrivons%20pas%20%C3%A0%20envoyer%20les%20alertes%20est%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a9%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22November%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22November%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Novembre%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac950%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Export%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Export%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Exporter%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d7%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Oct%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Oct%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Oct.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e7%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Search%20society%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22contextual%20search%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22searchbox%20placeholder%20text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Search%20%3CSocietyName%3E%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Rechercher%20dans%20%3CSocietyName%3E%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a1%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22March%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22March%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Mars%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a4%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22June%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22June%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Juin%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22July%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22July%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Juillet%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%226568350e9421515f267b9929%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20a%20formatted%20citation%20or%20download%20in%20your%20chosen%20format%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20a%20formatted%20citation%20or%20download%20in%20your%20chosen%20format%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Copiez%20et%20collez%20la%20citation%20format%C3%A9e%20ou%20t%C3%A9l%C3%A9chargez-la%20dans%20le%20format%20de%20votre%20choix%22%7D%5D'; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function handleImageError(element) { const $element = $(element); $element.css('pointer-events', 'none'); $element.attr('tabindex', '-1'); } </script> <meta name="shareaholic:site_id" content="b60ec523a5bee2ad04c630bf0d3aa388" /> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js" as="script" /> <script data-cfasync="false" async="true" src="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function () { AOP.loadScript(AOP.baseUrl + '/cambridge-core/public/js/a11y-1.0.40.min.js', function () { if(!window.cambridgeA11y) { console.error('cambridgeA11y not loaded') return } const { ShareaholicAccessibilityHandler, FocusTrapKeydownHandler } = window.cambridgeA11y new ShareaholicAccessibilityHandler(new FocusTrapKeydownHandler()).fixAccessibilityForShareaholicModal(); }) }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var AOP = AOP || {}; AOP.focusTrap = function (modalId, firstFocusableElement) { var modalElement = document.getElementById(modalId) modalElement.removeAttribute('tabindex') if (!modalElement) { return; } // Get all focusable elements inside the modal var focusableElements = Array.from(modalElement.querySelectorAll( 'a[href], area[href], input:not([disabled]):not([type="hidden"]), select:not([disabled]), textarea:not([disabled]), button:not([disabled]), [tabindex="0"]' )) focusableElements = focusableElements.filter(el => { const ancestorElement = el.offsetParent || el.parentElement const visibleElement = el.style.visibility !== 'hidden' return ancestorElement && visibleElement }) if (!focusableElements) { return; } var firstFocusable = firstFocusableElement || focusableElements[0] var lastFocusable = focusableElements[focusableElements.length - 1] var TAB_KEY_CODE = 'Tab' firstFocusable.focus() $(firstFocusable).on('keydown', function (event) { var isTabPressed = event.key === TAB_KEY_CODE if (!isTabPressed) { return } if (event.shiftKey) { event.preventDefault() lastFocusable.focus() } }) $(`#${modalId}`).on('keydown', function (event) { var isTabPressed = event.key === TAB_KEY_CODE if (!isTabPressed) { return } if (event.shiftKey) { if (document.activeElement === firstFocusable || document.activeElement === modalElement) { event.preventDefault() lastFocusable.focus() } } else { if (document.activeElement === lastFocusable || document.activeElement === modalElement) { event.preventDefault() firstFocusable.focus() } } }) } </script></head> <body> <header>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NTX72TG" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" sandbox="allow-scripts"></iframe></noscript>  <a class="skiptocontent" href="#maincontent"> Skip to main content </a> <a class="skiptocontent" href="/core/accessibility"> Accessibility help </a> <div class="cookie-message"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-11 columns"> <p>We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/legal-notices/cookies-policy/" target="_blank">manage your cookie settings</a>.</p> </div> <div class="small-1 columns"> <a href="#" onclick="closeMessage();" class="cookie-close">   <img alt = "Close cookie message" title = "Close cookie message" src = "/core/cambridge-core/public/images/icn_circle__btn_close_white.svg">  </a> </div> </div> </div> <script> var cookieMessage = $('.cookie-message'); var cookieName = 'EULAW'; var closeMessage = function () { $.cookie(cookieName, true, {expires: 365, path:'/'}); cookieMessage.slideUp().promise().done(function () { cookieMessage.remove(); }); }; $(document).ready(function () { if ($.cookie(cookieName) !== 'true') { cookieMessage.slideDown(); } }); </script> <div id="login-modal" class="reveal-modal small" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="loginModalHeader"> <div class="header"> <h2 class="heading_07 margin-bottom" id="loginModalHeader">Login Alert</h2> </div> <div class="wrapper large-margin-top-for-small-only"> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div class="panel callout message"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"><a href="#" onclick="$('#login-modal').foundation('reveal', 'close');return false;" class="right small button radius transparent cancel">Cancel</a></div> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" class="left small radius button blue confirm login">Log in</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close login notification"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a> </div> </div> <div id="multilingual-suggestion-modal" class="reveal-modal small" data-reveal> <div class="wrapper large-margin-top-for-small-only"> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div id="multilingual-suggestion-modal-message" class="panel callout message"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"><a id="multilingual-suggestion-modal-decline-option" href="#" class="right small button radius transparent cancel"></a></div> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <a id="multilingual-suggestion-modal-accept-option" href="#" class="left small radius button blue confirm login"></a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a> </div> </div> <div class="global-header-wrapper"> <div class="global-header-spacer"></div> <div id="global-header" class="global-header"> <div class="__shared-elements-html ShEl"><div class="__shared-elements-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/entry.D9LY0ri8.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-404.B06nACMW.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-500.WGRfNq7F.css"> </div><div class="__shared-elements-body"><div id="__sharedElements-btfned"><div class="shared-elements"><div class="gh-headerContainer"><div class="gh-globalHeader"><div class="gh-logoContainer"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/academic" class="gh-cup-logo"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="149" height="30" viewbox="0 0 149 30" fill="none" aria-label="Homepage Cambridge University Press" class="gh-logo" data-v-7c4b1471><g clip-path="url(#A)" data-v-7c4b1471><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M147.065 1.786l.036 2.785-.445.114c-.1-1.217-.376-2.211-2.324-2.211h-2.618v5.147h2.247c1.103 0 1.402-.616 1.527-1.679h.447v4.304l-.446.007c-.069-1.029-.311-1.829-1.518-1.829h-2.257v4.52c0 1.314 1.133 1.314 2.332 1.314 2.151 0 3.149-.135 3.75-2.31l.441.098-.602 2.901h-9.774v-.482h.186c.75 0 1.443-.14 1.443-1.162V3.43c0-1.022-.693-1.163-1.443-1.163h-.186v-.481h9.204zm-53.267 0h-5.895v.481h.26c.486 0 1.388 0 1.388 1.525v9.569c0 .815-.748 1.104-1.388 1.104h-.26v.482h5.724v-.482h-.261c-.932 0-1.591-.115-1.591-1.6V8.766h1.454l3.918 6.18h3.371v-.492c-.889-.048-1.311-.356-1.828-1.153l-3.23-4.915.085-.035c1.152-.466 2.615-1.414 2.615-3.286 0-2.207-1.447-3.28-4.363-3.28zm-.749.536c1.685 0 2.804 1.123 2.804 2.858 0 2.138-.903 3.051-2.953 3.051h-1.125l.001-5.826a8.87 8.87 0 0 1 1.273-.083zm13.772-.539h-5.501v.481h.186c.751 0 1.443.142 1.443 1.163V13.3c0 1.021-.692 1.162-1.443 1.162h-.186v.481h5.501v-.481h-.186c-.75 0-1.444-.14-1.444-1.162V3.427c0-1.021.694-1.163 1.444-1.163h.186v-.481zM31.488 8.355c0 4.435 2.709 6.939 6.956 6.939 2.089 0 3.924-.818 5.112-2.354l-.345-.644c-1.055 1.355-2.452 2.089-4.412 2.089-3.487 0-4.927-3.074-4.927-6.324 0-3.652 1.781-5.919 4.647-5.919 2.79 0 3.616 1.617 4.112 3.383l.433-.056-.139-3.046c-1.373-.641-2.776-.945-4.46-.945-1.88 0-3.545.638-4.814 1.775-1.367 1.224-2.162 3.146-2.162 5.102zM59.883 4.33l4.761 10.706h.397l4.553-10.921.401 8.416.019.944c0 .893-.643.931-1.533.984l-.036.002v.475h5.464v-.475c-1.008-.038-1.544-.13-1.622-1.151l-.509-8.729c-.112-1.86.151-2.32 1.632-2.32h.07l.001-.485h-3.654l-4.231 9.975-4.472-9.974h-3.727v.479h.152c1.046 0 1.669.644 1.602 1.779l-.516 8.32c-.069 1.215-.161 2.046-1.657 2.106h-.169v.478h4.439v-.478h-.113c-1.21-.045-1.768-.203-1.689-2.003l.437-8.128zm55.196 10.61c1.826 0 3.63-.436 4.919-1.712 1.28-1.27 2.015-3.056 2.015-4.9 0-1.974-.668-3.636-1.93-4.81-1.28-1.191-3.113-1.741-5.301-1.741l-5.887.005v.482h.187c.749 0 1.443.141 1.443 1.162v9.871c0 1.023-.694 1.163-1.443 1.163h-.187v.483l6.184-.004zM114.1 2.349c3.704 0 5.505 1.986 5.505 6.347 0 2.806-1.514 5.669-4.841 5.669-1.413 0-2.003-.225-2.003-1.621l.001-10.334a17.99 17.99 0 0 1 1.338-.062zm19.119 11.918c-.493.224-1.326.347-2.132.33-3.496 0-5.062-3.303-5.062-6.636 0-3.628 1.855-5.882 4.914-5.882 2.267 0 3.277.887 3.823 3.15l.441-.028-.209-3.141c-1.018-.34-2.623-.651-4.184-.651-3.487 0-7.192 2.112-7.192 6.746 0 4.357 2.81 7.173 7.156 7.173 1.801 0 3.422-.307 4.63-.695l.002-3.592c0-.706.374-1.079 1.082-1.079h.153v-.47h-5.062v.47h.154c.973 0 1.487.374 1.487 1.079l-.001 3.226zM80.916 8.129c2.063 0 3.294 1.147 3.294 3.168 0 1.797-1.21 3.117-2.814 3.117-1.336 0-1.746-.368-1.746-1.654V8.129h1.265zm-.073-5.86c1.733 0 2.612.865 2.612 2.723 0 1.682-.999 2.562-2.813 2.562h-.991V2.269h1.192zm1.507 5.51c1.616-.261 3.451-1.032 3.451-3.117 0-1.883-1.511-2.878-4.256-2.878l-5.846.003v.481h.261c.484 0 1.387 0 1.387 1.524v9.548c0 .817-.748 1.121-1.387 1.121h-.261v.477l6.451.001c2.463 0 4.358-1.655 4.358-3.72 0-.866-.303-1.609-.877-2.195-.742-.759-1.624-1.124-3.281-1.245zM50.387 1.784l4.289 11.418c.318.903.783 1.258 1.463 1.258h.04l-.001.486H51.08v-.486h.116c.991 0 1.38-.415 1.082-1.327L51.24 10.24h-4.149l-.956 2.654c-.42 1.245.237 1.553 1.201 1.553h.174l.001.494h-4.008l.002-.494h.045c.811 0 1.358-.498 1.668-1.305 0-.001 4.18-11.36 4.18-11.36l.992.002zm-3.065 7.81h3.684l-1.84-5.127-1.845 5.127zM32.257 20.335c.66 0 .829.18.829.672v4.573c0 1.56 1.153 2.449 3.111 2.449 1.982 0 3.063-1.02 3.063-2.677v-4.141c0-.744.18-.876.793-.876v-.348l-1.093.024a30.18 30.18 0 0 1-1.237-.024v.348c.625.012.925.012.925 1.116v3.997c0 1.272-.757 2.077-2.102 2.077-1.333 0-2.054-.84-2.054-2.089v-4.43c0-.612.264-.672.781-.672h.084v-.348l-1.573.024c-.409 0-.841-.012-1.526-.024v.348zm9.028 0c.829.024 1.237.312 1.237.732v5.33c0 .78-.252 1.056-1.177 1.068v.348l1.429-.024a43.1 43.1 0 0 1 1.453.024v-.348h-.048c-.877 0-1.165-.336-1.165-1.128v-4.982l5.909 6.686h.312v-6.578c0-.6.216-1.128.853-1.128h.264v-.348l-1.429.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.393-.024v.348c.853 0 1.213.192 1.213 1.14v4.189l-5.045-5.678-1.081.024c-.432 0-.877-.012-1.333-.024v.348h0zm13.441 7.13c-.685-.012-.853-.12-.853-.66v-5.678c0-.672.168-.792.877-.792v-.348l-1.501.024c-.564 0-1.177-.012-1.633-.024v.348c.673 0 .865.18.865.696v5.462c0 .78-.168.972-.901.972v.348c.36-.012.709-.024 1.622-.024a56.45 56.45 0 0 1 1.525.024v-.348h0zm1.293-7.13c.601.012.829.072.973.432l2.931 7.238h.372l2.739-6.878c.132-.336.216-.492.288-.588.096-.12.18-.204.444-.204h.072v-.348l-1.057.024c-.325 0-.565-.012-1.057-.024v.348c.517.012.853.012.853.3 0 .144-.06.336-.156.6L60.631 26l-1.886-4.681c-.144-.348-.18-.528-.18-.66 0-.312.324-.312.829-.324v-.348l-1.742.024c-.541 0-.973-.012-1.633-.024v.348h0zm8.959 0c.877 0 1.009.084 1.009.744v5.642c0 .54-.132.732-1.009.744v.348l2.774-.024 3.375.012.42-1.789h-.312c-.204.552-.336.78-.468.924a1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.589.312c-.252.06-.709.096-1.381.096-.541 0-.865-.048-1.069-.156-.216-.108-.325-.312-.325-.732V23.96h1.55c.492 0 .829.156.829.816v.192l.3-.06c-.012-.324-.036-.648-.036-1.428l.012-.996h-.3c0 .708-.192.948-.877.948h-1.478v-2.977l1.502-.036c.829 0 1.021.084 1.201.24.168.156.288.348.372 1.02l.312-.12c-.036-.456-.048-.9-.048-1.116 0-.156.012-.348.012-.456l-3.231.024c-.853 0-1.694-.012-2.546-.024v.348h0zm7.686 0h.06c.745 0 .937.108.937.792v5.522c0 .612-.144.816-.949.816h-.06v.348a76.17 76.17 0 0 1 1.778-.024l1.682.024v-.348h-.084c-.757 0-.961-.192-.961-.624V24.14h.757l.588 1.068a22.31 22.31 0 0 0 .697 1.092l.672 1.032c.264.408.409.48.613.48.252 0 .793-.024 1.189-.024.276 0 .516.012.817.024v-.348a1.26 1.26 0 0 1-.913-.336c-.228-.204-.516-.552-.841-1.044L77.18 23.9c1.057-.396 1.621-1.044 1.621-1.957 0-1.26-.961-1.957-2.895-1.957l-1.982.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.261-.024v.348h0zm2.402.084c.192-.06.421-.084.613-.084 1.057 0 1.681.6 1.681 1.753 0 .828-.36 1.224-.673 1.416-.24.144-.516.228-.961.228h-.661v-3.313zm9.104-.624c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.814 2.341.865.432 1.609.804 1.609 1.693 0 .66-.492 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.057 0-1.501-.684-1.826-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.697.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.48-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.694-.936-1.694-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.312-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zm6.391 7.671c-.685-.012-.853-.12-.853-.66v-5.678c0-.672.168-.792.877-.792v-.348l-1.502.024c-.564 0-1.177-.012-1.633-.024v.348c.673 0 .865.18.865.696v5.462c0 .78-.168.972-.901.972v.348c.36-.012.709-.024 1.621-.024a56.9 56.9 0 0 1 1.525.024v-.348zm1.517-5.966c.144-.792.409-1.044 1.333-1.044h1.633v6.002c0 .936-.192 1.008-.901 1.008h-.156v.348l1.79-.024 1.766.024v-.348c-.865-.012-1.105-.156-1.105-.864v-6.146h1.67c.432 0 .721.072.865.216.132.132.204.264.24.9l.276-.108c0-.408 0-.852.144-1.789l-.204-.096c-.18.3-.288.396-.673.396h-5.933c-.348 0-.529-.132-.613-.396h-.252a10.45 10.45 0 0 1-.216 1.921h.336zm8.746-1.164c.433 0 .745.048.913.276l2.558 3.469v2.653c0 .672-.216.72-1.045.732v.348l1.826-.024 1.694.024v-.348c-.853 0-1.057-.144-1.057-.624v-3.085l2.126-2.977c.252-.348.504-.444.828-.444v-.348l-1.045.024c-.252 0-.672-.012-1.213-.024v.348c.493.012.793.024.793.24 0 .12-.144.348-.24.492l-1.477 2.221-1.73-2.329c-.156-.216-.18-.324-.18-.384 0-.204.288-.228.624-.24v-.348l-1.693.024c-.565 0-.889-.012-1.682-.024v.348zm14.689.036c.12-.012.36-.036.636-.036 1.405 0 1.453 1.729 1.453 1.981 0 1.116-.492 1.717-1.465 1.717h-.06v.312h.18c1.393 0 1.874-.408 2.198-.744.264-.276.565-.768.565-1.488 0-1.236-.805-2.125-2.607-2.125l-1.717.024c-.385 0-.985-.012-1.442-.024v.348c.565 0 .853.036.853.708v5.63c0 .672-.24.792-.865.792v.348l1.586-.024 1.838.024v-.348c-.649 0-1.154 0-1.154-.756l.001-6.338zm4.466-.036h.06c.744 0 .937.108.937.792v5.522c0 .612-.145.816-.949.816h-.06v.348c.42-.012 1.225-.024 1.777-.024l1.682.024v-.348h-.084c-.757 0-.961-.192-.961-.624V24.14h.757l.588 1.068c.216.372.529.84.697 1.092l.672 1.032c.265.408.409.48.613.48.252 0 .793-.024 1.189-.024.276 0 .517.012.817.024v-.348a1.26 1.26 0 0 1-.913-.336c-.228-.204-.516-.552-.841-1.044l-1.465-2.185c1.057-.396 1.621-1.044 1.621-1.957 0-1.26-.96-1.957-2.894-1.957l-1.982.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.261-.024v.348h0zm2.402.084a2.15 2.15 0 0 1 .613-.084c1.057 0 1.681.6 1.681 1.753 0 .828-.36 1.224-.673 1.416-.24.144-.516.228-.96.228h-.661V20.42zm6.516-.084c.877 0 1.009.084 1.009.744v5.642c0 .54-.132.732-1.009.744v.348l2.775-.024 3.375.012.42-1.789h-.312c-.204.552-.336.78-.469.924-.144.144-.3.24-.588.312-.252.06-.709.096-1.381.096-.541 0-.865-.048-1.069-.156-.217-.108-.325-.312-.325-.732V23.96h1.55c.492 0 .828.156.828.816v.192l.301-.06c-.012-.324-.036-.648-.036-1.428l.012-.996h-.301c0 .708-.192.948-.876.948h-1.478v-2.977l1.502-.036c.828 0 1.021.084 1.201.24.168.156.288.348.372 1.02l.312-.12c-.036-.456-.048-.9-.048-1.116 0-.156.012-.348.012-.456l-3.231.024c-.852 0-1.693-.012-2.546-.024v.348zm10.51-.54c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.813 2.341.865.432 1.61.804 1.61 1.693 0 .66-.492 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.056 0-1.501-.684-1.825-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.696.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.481-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.693-.936-1.693-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.313-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zm6.233 0c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.813 2.341.865.432 1.61.804 1.61 1.693 0 .66-.493 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.056 0-1.501-.684-1.825-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.696.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.48-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.693-.936-1.693-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.313-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zM0 0v15.599c0 7.67 4.03 9.859 5.967 10.911.356.193 6.333 3.162 6.715 3.352l.258.138.257-.137 6.716-3.352C21.85 25.459 25.88 23.27 25.88 15.6V0H0z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M12.939 29.365l2.633-1.309V15.762h9.746l.001-.163V10.5h-9.747V.559h-5.266V10.5H.559v5.099l.001.163h9.746v12.294l2.633 1.309z" fill="#fff" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g fill="#e73337" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M.559.559h9.747V10.5H.559V.559zm15.015 0h9.747V10.5h-9.747V.559zm-5.269 15.205H.559c.056 7.126 3.712 9.191 5.674 10.256.199.108 2.281 1.146 4.073 2.038V15.764zm5.269 0v12.294l4.073-2.038c1.961-1.065 5.618-3.13 5.673-10.256h-9.746z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M19.073 13.234l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.1 3.1 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.59-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.09 3.09 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm1.586 1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.485-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm-6.348 0l.201-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zM3.733 13.234l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.59-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.612 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014 0 0 .048.275.178.588.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586 1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.485-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.485-.014 0 0 .049.274.179.588.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm-6.348 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.12 3.12 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm10.844 5.803l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.121.01 1.175-.612 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.551zm0 5.387l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.48-2.694l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .178.589c.131-.314.179-.589.179-.589.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.09 3.09 0 0 0 .179.589c.131-.314.179-.589.179-.589.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm2.957 5.387l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .178.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.477-20.59l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.12 3.12 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.48-2.693l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014 0 0 .048.275.178.588.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.13 3.13 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm2.957 5.387l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.1 3.1 0 0 0 .178.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm11.221 13.502c.144.19.346.314.512.314a1.06 1.06 0 0 0 .223-.034.43.43 0 0 1 .11-.016c.04 0 .057.015.057.052a.56.56 0 0 1-.043.155c-.026.062-.043.112-.049.148l-.033.173-.083.148-.115.107-.033.034v.074.037c0 .202-.06.316-.223.425-.013.008-.033.022-.058.041l-.017.067-.082.288a1.73 1.73 0 0 1-.157.231c-.1.131-.165.237-.206.338-.034.083-.06.107-.114.107-.081 0-.162-.102-.176-.222a.42.42 0 0 1-.041.05l-.098.066-.158.107-.131.099-.091.091c-.016.016-.033.025-.047.025-.042 0-.085-.071-.126-.207l-.082-.271c-.022-.073-.034-.163-.034-.267 0-.137.009-.185.058-.295-.165.017-.212.027-.297.058a.29.29 0 0 1-.072.016c-.027 0-.044-.019-.044-.051a.51.51 0 0 1 .033-.122l.108-.28a.7.7 0 0 1 .566-.416.72.72 0 0 1 .211.044.45.45 0 0 0 .125.026c.096 0 .172-.07.172-.158 0-.044-.029-.091-.066-.108-.014-.007-.113-.037-.297-.091-.139-.041-.208-.092-.364-.273-.113-.131-.158-.168-.199-.168-.032 0-.049.021-.049.058l.008.11.003.051c0 .229-.068.448-.234.75l-.232.42c-.11.2-.157.352-.157.504 0 .166.072.313.165.339l.124.032a.09.09 0 0 1 .041.026c.011.013.026.034.026.047s-.015.046-.042.076c-.015.016-.064.08-.149.189-.142.186-.232.253-.405.305-.1.242-.263.383-.554.479l-.033.057c-.098.174-.317.331-.456.331h-.032c-.018.151-.126.308-.289.421l-.19.139a.34.34 0 0 0-.041.075c-.037.082-.072.116-.118.116-.088 0-.161-.082-.212-.24l-.075.049-.157.107c-.038.018-.135.047-.289.083-.203.047-.378.133-.422.207l-.074.123-.034.014c-.04 0-.087-.057-.107-.13a2.03 2.03 0 0 1-.075-.464c0-.293.097-.484.397-.783l-.001-.071c0-.456.348-.765.86-.765l.083.002.281.017.026.001c.152 0 .292-.058.444-.183.202-.165.261-.266.261-.451 0-.059-.016-.126-.079-.333a1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.061-.388c0-.341.25-.765.59-.999.087-.061.152-.141.152-.187 0-.019-.01-.034-.023-.034-.022 0-.059.023-.105.064-.04.036-.107.078-.198.125l-.132.066-.149.058c-.046.017-.069.042-.069.073 0 .018.007.044.019.075s.016.047.016.061-.014.052-.042.096l-.115.19c-.113.186-.195.266-.339.33-.093.272-.226.41-.421.438-.156.314-.294.423-.57.454-.038.121-.105.221-.248.38-.059.064-.095.109-.107.132-.065.116-.07.123-.1.123-.038 0-.124-.057-.189-.123a.5.5 0 0 1-.074-.1l-.075-.132c-.024-.043-.049-.062-.08-.062l-.053.003-.182.025a.58.58 0 0 0-.331.19l-.099.149c-.01.015-.025.024-.039.024-.074 0-.119-.163-.119-.433 0-.237.036-.395.118-.508l.231-.322c.032-.045.05-.089.05-.126a.17.17 0 0 0-.041-.106c-.049-.058-.096-.093-.132-.099l-.174-.024c-.031-.005-.044-.012-.044-.026s.009-.034.027-.057a.79.79 0 0 1 .207-.182c.205-.125.339-.174.477-.174a.81.81 0 0 1 .432.142l.239.157c.034.023.074.034.115.034.111 0 .194-.066.272-.215.076-.144.109-.26.109-.383a.51.51 0 0 0-.53-.534c-.143 0-.29.056-.43.165-.042.033-.07.064-.083.091l-.066.149c-.015.036-.039.057-.059.057-.042 0-.135-.119-.213-.272-.041-.08-.08-.179-.115-.298-.049-.161-.071-.282-.071-.412l.012-.224a.83.83 0 0 1-.149-.511.92.92 0 0 1 .059-.29.61.61 0 0 1-.091-.368l.008-.103.025-.115.017-.099c-.08-.104-.102-.174-.182-.536-.044-.205-.071-.294-.106-.347-.017-.023-.025-.041-.025-.05 0-.048.115-.092.247-.092l.116.009c-.029-.076-.035-.106-.035-.166a1.03 1.03 0 0 1 .06-.329c.044-.126.053-.161.053-.202 0-.098-.015-.197-.036-.252l-.066-.165a.23.23 0 0 1-.021-.085c0-.017.011-.023.041-.023.162 0 .472.175.715.405s.32.413.32.752l-.014.181c.225.197.323.36.323.537 0 .129-.042.215-.166.337-.223.222-.273.337-.273.622 0 .438.131.675.373.675.213 0 .377-.231.404-.57l.025-.314a3.22 3.22 0 0 1 .041-.297c.014-.075.025-.174.025-.215 0-.111-.073-.252-.29-.504-.232-.271-.31-.417-.31-.629 0-.254.176-.44.414-.44.059 0 .089.009.16.045.003-.144.01-.17.091-.372.064-.159.133-.272.165-.272.011 0 .028.012.049.033a.86.86 0 0 0 .108.09l.083.058a.75.75 0 0 1 .074.075c.051-.185.104-.272.256-.421.116-.113.159-.148.181-.148s.038.015.059.041l.099.131.14.158c.054.059.073.111.099.255l.082-.049.132-.074a.97.97 0 0 0 .1-.066c.022-.016.041-.026.052-.026s.029.024.039.059l.049.19.108.215c.032.064.042.114.042.212v.052l.055-.002c.163 0 .303.192.303.414 0 .294-.235.674-.54.876-.028.099-.035.139-.035.219 0 .657.173.794 1.183.945a5.56 5.56 0 0 1 .677.14l.653.215c.223.074.373.107.489.107.123 0 .191-.035.191-.1 0-.113-.165-.214-.672-.412l-.719-.28c-.731-.286-1.076-.731-1.076-1.388 0-.764.574-1.338 1.34-1.338.289 0 .57.06.976.207l.605.198c.101 0 .156-.069.171-.214.013-.124.047-.174.115-.174.101 0 .212.094.29.248.068.134.107.291.107.428a.47.47 0 0 1-.405.504.8.8 0 0 1-.665.342c-.329 0-.492-.065-1.054-.416-.201-.126-.287-.157-.434-.157-.197 0-.343.122-.343.287 0 .151.122.251.397.324.164.043.188.055.273.14.066-.016.096-.02.137-.02.268 0 .599.145.879.384.509.157.962.706.962 1.167 0 .509-.441.965-.935.965a3.37 3.37 0 0 1-.639-.102z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M22.437 23.219l.033-.091.033-.116c.006-.021.037-.068.091-.139.084-.11.126-.249.126-.411 0-.051-.013-.098-.044-.16-.016-.032-.025-.058-.025-.076 0-.011.006-.024.017-.038s.022-.023.033-.025l.005-.001c.021 0 .057.024.085.058.035.043.066.066.084.066.037 0 .076-.063.098-.157l.017-.083c0-.04-.033-.144-.074-.231-.016-.033-.024-.061-.024-.084 0-.029.019-.053.046-.053s.063.026.11.07c.023.022.045.034.063.034.052 0 .089-.053.128-.182l.033-.129c0-.024-.01-.038-.029-.038l-.029.002-.098.01c-.151 0-.364-.104-.464-.224l-.231-.281-.206-.273-.19-.124c-.031-.02-.049-.045-.049-.067 0-.031.031-.052.079-.052s.179.048.425.152a2.58 2.58 0 0 0 .837.183c.395 0 .721-.319.721-.707 0-.212-.095-.408-.327-.681-.043-.051-.118-.101-.153-.101-.027 0-.046.02-.046.049a.26.26 0 0 0 .025.093c.01.026.016.052.016.076 0 .038-.014.06-.039.06-.052 0-.106-.085-.151-.234-.055-.184-.162-.294-.414-.421a.89.89 0 0 0-.261-.093c-.016 0-.027.014-.027.036 0 .031.012.065.033.098a.41.41 0 0 1 .067.158v.008c0 .032-.016.05-.046.05-.053 0-.065-.014-.186-.199-.062-.095-.228-.22-.372-.281-.045-.019-.093-.031-.14-.033h-.005c-.03 0-.053.014-.053.032 0 .007.013.033.037.076l.012.047c0 .025-.017.045-.039.045-.05 0-.203-.126-.324-.265-.131-.151-.215-.343-.215-.494 0-.316.302-.596.64-.596.085 0 .157.015.212.042l.289.149.339.224c.195.127.462.223.624.223.06 0 .106-.008.26-.051.081-.022.131-.054.131-.084l-.003-.007-.029-.017-.182-.016c-.101-.01-.33-.113-.512-.232l-.38-.247-.338-.141c-.026-.01-.042-.027-.042-.043s.018-.031.039-.031c0 0 .032.006.094.017l.314.091c.079.022.206.081.38.173.344.183.569.264.734.264.191 0 .331-.131.331-.309 0-.06-.013-.157-.032-.236a.33.33 0 0 0-.05-.107c-.014-.021-.03-.032-.041-.032-.024 0-.037.025-.037.067l.004.057.003.048c0 .152-.059.206-.228.206-.137 0-.322-.055-.742-.222-.394-.155-.64-.214-.884-.214-.622 0-1.167.507-1.167 1.085 0 .499.332.882 1.011 1.161l.702.289c.581.239.794.41.794.636 0 .188-.175.309-.448.309-.118 0-.265-.032-.536-.119-.657-.209-1.085-.296-1.461-.296-.613 0-1.049.168-1.398.536-.046.049-.073.063-.114.063-.028 0-.056-.011-.118-.047a.4.4 0 0 0-.181-.059c-.06 0-.154.052-.198.109l-.082.107c-.024.031-.051.05-.073.05-.06 0-.166-.102-.232-.224-.041-.074-.069-.147-.082-.215-.011-.052-.017-.137-.017-.226l.008-.153.025-.165.025-.141c.006-.02.022-.033.04-.033.043 0 .062.039.062.129l-.002.052-.002.037c0 .235.093.45.196.45.081 0 .152-.144.211-.43.012-.057.035-.09.063-.09s.053.042.078.165c.015.08.068.191.124.264.032.042.066.067.094.067.068 0 .111-.101.145-.339.014-.092.041-.15.073-.15.014 0 .026.007.035.018a1.3 1.3 0 0 1 .058.091c.02.034.052.062.091.082s.074.033.096.033a.12.12 0 0 0 .077-.033c.037-.033.058-.058.058-.068s-.017-.038-.049-.073c-.054-.058-.096-.136-.149-.273L20 19.462c-.013-.03-.027-.05-.042-.058l-.026-.007-.049.007-.173.049-.054.009c-.023 0-.039-.015-.039-.039s.03-.062.068-.092c.209-.166.333-.445.38-.851.028-.247.06-.34.165-.487.022-.031.041-.049.052-.049.032 0 .05.025.05.073 0 .032-.009.072-.027.117a.29.29 0 0 0-.018.1l.001.031.017.05.091-.033.099-.115a.61.61 0 0 0 .109-.338c0-.079-.019-.134-.066-.19-.052-.062-.088-.087-.126-.087l-.056.004-.059.004c-.053 0-.08-.016-.08-.049l.014-.063.009-.091-.049-.206-.041-.1-.025-.083-.058.041-.124.074c-.032.019-.066.05-.1.091-.117.142-.125.149-.172.149-.03 0-.047-.011-.047-.031l.005-.035a.85.85 0 0 0 .025-.171c0-.144-.105-.361-.231-.481-.173.165-.265.346-.265.521v.099c0 .038-.012.057-.038.057h-.003c-.021-.003-.041-.019-.058-.041l-.099-.132a1.33 1.33 0 0 0-.133-.108l-.066-.057-.033.066c-.082.164-.11.262-.115.397-.004.11-.013.142-.039.142-.013 0-.03-.006-.052-.019-.125-.07-.137-.075-.191-.075-.149 0-.25.106-.25.263 0 .061.035.154.103.275.076.135.189.258.239.258.014 0 .017-.01.017-.051v-.017l-.008-.14-.017-.108-.001-.014c0-.032.012-.046.037-.046.075 0 .14.219.195.655.048.384.154.648.322.801.043.039.067.071.067.089s-.015.026-.033.026c-.024 0-.062-.015-.108-.041a.18.18 0 0 0-.09-.026c-.083 0-.175.096-.191.2l-.075.47-.058.661c-.011.125.006.293.05.495.038.178.058.309.058.391 0 .495-.308.886-.818 1.037l-.529.156c-.329.098-.491.315-.537.718.085-.067.111-.078.24-.098l.156-.025a.43.43 0 0 0 .141-.041c.015-.009.045-.04.091-.091l.14-.156c.053-.06.101-.094.13-.094.02 0 .035.022.035.048s-.02.078-.058.136-.06.135-.06.213c0 .105.028.172.135.324.013-.05.024-.083.033-.099a1.69 1.69 0 0 1 .124-.173c.114-.148.197-.302.198-.372.002-.128.014-.169.046-.169s.033.006.045.079c.003.018.012.035.025.05.019.021.038.033.05.033s.033-.012.066-.033c.057-.038.101-.077.132-.116s.062-.093.082-.149c.028-.072.042-.125.042-.156l-.001-.107c0-.028.012-.051.027-.051s.062.043.089.091c.018.032.03.042.053.042h.005c.03-.003.056-.015.074-.034.101-.098.166-.219.166-.31l-.009-.152-.033-.125-.002-.011c0-.026.019-.048.04-.048.037 0 .078.053.135.174.026.057.051.084.075.084.039 0 .07-.029.148-.142l.074-.107c.016-.024.025-.052.025-.083s-.009-.057-.025-.081l-.067-.099c-.011-.017-.016-.045-.016-.083a.81.81 0 0 1 .124-.388l.107-.207c.013-.034.027-.05.046-.05s.028.02.028.041l-.008.091v.066.066c.011.03.031.042.071.042.025 0 .054-.006.086-.017l.206-.075a1.42 1.42 0 0 0 .19-.091c.324-.179.424-.216.583-.216.095 0 .218.037.392.117.036.017.065.026.085.026s.05-.015.072-.042c.016-.019.024-.042.024-.063 0-.03-.011-.066-.033-.102-.026-.046-.051-.103-.051-.123s.014-.036.038-.036.047.02.062.044l.19.33c.154.274.354.464.529.504l.363.083c.113.025.141.069.141.209a.72.72 0 0 1-.331.616l-.298.191c-.108.068-.198.259-.198.416 0 .102.025.282.058.425l.058-.057.141-.083.124-.124.066-.182.066-.165c.032-.08.07-.132.096-.132s.045.045.045.126l-.001.023v.031c0 .118.015.17.107.348z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.543 25.575c0-.393.143-.564.712-.853 1.123-.569 1.728-1.091 1.728-1.488 0-.08-.026-.197-.1-.445a1.41 1.41 0 0 1-.071-.358c0-.183.151-.46.344-.632l.157-.14c.086-.077.15-.188.15-.261l-.001-.037-.002-.049c0-.082.032-.112.117-.116l.075-.008.064-.017c.027 0 .053.015.069.041l.041.066.058.066c.019.021.038.034.053.034s.033-.008.063-.024c.04-.022.071-.031.1-.031.043 0 .065.023.065.071 0 .166-.107.406-.298.661-.317.429-.421.66-.421.934 0 .215.062.404.182.56.021.028.033.05.033.061 0 .022-.021.059-.058.104l-.05.067c-.066.095-.11.132-.153.132-.032 0-.063-.027-.078-.067l-.033-.09c-.01-.026-.028-.043-.047-.043-.006 0-.02.014-.036.034-.021.027-.032.059-.032.091v.14c0 .056-.02.114-.058.165a.69.69 0 0 1-.116.123c-.031.027-.054.042-.065.042-.024 0-.047-.026-.059-.066l-.05-.165c-.007-.024-.024-.041-.041-.041-.028 0-.051.046-.058.116-.017.187-.049.301-.098.347l-.116.106c-.037.036-.081.061-.105.061s-.045-.011-.052-.027l-.058-.124c-.007-.015-.021-.025-.037-.025-.033 0-.058.066-.07.191-.03.297-.092.43-.256.545a.45.45 0 0 0-.206.231c-.072-.106-.1-.196-.1-.329a.3.3 0 0 1 .034-.157c.034-.062.053-.109.053-.137 0-.02-.013-.036-.03-.036-.008 0-.022.012-.041.032-.023.027-.059.055-.107.083-.149.085-.171.116-.207.281a.42.42 0 0 1-.38.371c-.28.057-.297.064-.397.158l-.01-.147zm-.534-8.514v.083l.001.122a.51.51 0 0 1-.018.134c-.027.115-.033.154-.033.187 0 .158.022.236.115.399.052.09.085.199.085.277 0 .033-.014.053-.036.053-.014 0-.029-.008-.04-.024l-.066-.091c-.053-.072-.103-.091-.237-.091l-.143.009a1.79 1.79 0 0 1 .099.289c.067.27.076.289.223.421s.161.15.161.198c0 .037-.026.067-.057.067l-.055-.008-.033-.003c-.045 0-.086.083-.086.175a.59.59 0 0 0 .053.208c.02.049.04.082.058.1l.083.082a.12.12 0 0 1 .033.085c0 .04-.023.074-.05.074a.19.19 0 0 1-.074-.027c-.021-.01-.04-.016-.058-.016-.037 0-.055.023-.055.068l.013.123.05.214c.011.048.042.102.091.158a.39.39 0 0 0 .124.099l.166.075c.016.012.024.036.024.066s-.024.058-.055.058a.7.7 0 0 1-.086-.017l-.084-.008c-.084 0-.09.005-.09.069a.52.52 0 0 0 .017.128l.033.132c.035.14.08.215.13.215.011 0 .032-.012.06-.033a1.02 1.02 0 0 1 .511-.173c.155 0 .332.019.399.041.038.013.065.02.079.02.02 0 .027-.02.028-.094l.017-.149.033-.256.024-.19v-.108l-.067.058c-.14.132-.229.173-.374.173-.38 0-.598-.427-.598-1.171 0-.307.045-.742.13-1.24.018-.105.026-.178.026-.229 0-.272-.172-.537-.472-.729z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.57 18.91l.074-.074.074-.067c.062-.054.111-.169.111-.254 0-.039-.008-.075-.028-.118-.029-.062-.084-.117-.117-.117-.028 0-.053.068-.064.175l-.017.124-.024.124-.009.124v.082zm-.726 3.377c.085.031.102.045.19.149.115.133.178.165.33.165a.42.42 0 0 0 .117-.016l.107-.033.083-.025c.04-.011.066-.028.066-.042s-.065-.072-.165-.139a1.59 1.59 0 0 0-.198-.116c-.071-.035-.131-.051-.189-.051-.116 0-.228.036-.339.109zm1.113 2.323c0-.266.262-.485.582-.485.16 0 .253.032.253.086 0 .042-.07.1-.223.181l-.24.132-.364.181-.008-.096zm3.363-2.003c.117-.024.157-.054.215-.057l.149.008a.48.48 0 0 0 .099-.066l.116-.082c.165-.113.174-.12.174-.156 0-.046-.067-.068-.206-.068-.26 0-.419.122-.546.422z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M18.827 17.58l.116.074c.066.042.121.073.165.09.128.053.174.071.174.12a.35.35 0 0 1-.017.094.51.51 0 0 0-.025.116c-.012.112-.08.141-.125.141-.056 0-.114-.086-.206-.248a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.132-.33l-.005-.032c0-.02.012-.032.036-.032l.018.006z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.942 17.868l-.19.191c-.067.089-.067.167-.083.182s-.032.021-.058.025l-.012.001c-.048 0-.084-.035-.087-.083l-.008-.14-.009-.141v-.008c0-.054.03-.083.073-.092l.176-.049.181-.091c.053-.026.069-.033.078-.033.021 0 .039.022.039.048 0 .012-.006.03-.018.052l-.083.139z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.105 18.431l.124.092a.22.22 0 0 0 .111.028.51.51 0 0 0 .195-.053l.108-.049c.025-.011.047-.018.064-.018.066 0 .118.07.118.157 0 .122-.088.247-.216.429l-.09.191c-.072.103-.12.14-.179.14-.098 0-.146-.056-.293-.348-.106-.208-.149-.336-.149-.438 0-.087.045-.148.111-.148.027 0 .06-.006.096.016z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M19.216 18.884l.008.157c.004.071.063.142.12.142.076 0 .131-.115.16-.29l.019-.115c0-.061-.02-.077-.098-.077l-.044.002h-.058l-.037-.002c-.052 0-.072.04-.072.145l.002.038z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M8.359 21.057c.072.182.097.272.107.389l.016.346c.013.347.128.52.347.52.079 0 .145-.021.182-.058l.091-.091.036-.011c.058 0 .09.038.09.107l-.01.134c-.007.06.004.188.033.379a2.25 2.25 0 0 1 .025.333c0 .176-.013.244-.075.402.058.162.091.345.091.499 0 .18-.029.3-.099.402.033.142.041.199.041.28s-.011.187-.033.314c-.029.172-.041.305-.033.395l.001.021c0 .052-.016.078-.048.078s-.069-.024-.102-.066c-.05-.065-.083-.088-.121-.088-.057 0-.075.03-.16.278-.026.077-.093.18-.198.306-.082.098-.133.179-.149.24l-.049.173c-.01.022-.029.039-.05.041h-.01c-.136 0-.292-.292-.452-.842-.045-.156-.103-.225-.187-.225-.06 0-.121.04-.144.093l-.05.116c-.009.02-.026.033-.043.033-.066 0-.167-.121-.229-.273-.051-.126-.081-.263-.081-.38 0-.259.191-.452.766-.776.251-.141.348-.32.348-.643 0-.256-.077-.403-.297-.57-.175-.132-.275-.182-.368-.182-.078 0-.14.052-.14.118 0 .078.045.125.153.162.127.046.182.09.182.147s-.054.165-.141.299a.76.76 0 0 1-.264.273c-.039.227-.146.372-.397.537-.05.142-.078.193-.165.305l-.174.223a.72.72 0 0 0-.124.256c-.018.126-.03.148-.078.148-.066 0-.2-.116-.335-.289a.4.4 0 0 1-.107-.273c-.086.068-.113.077-.281.099-.101.014-.176.033-.223.059-.127.066-.168.084-.191.084-.034 0-.046-.018-.049-.076l-.008-.182c0-.249.098-.54.248-.734-.145-.125-.289-.202-.405-.215-.049-.005-.062-.011-.062-.029 0-.03.032-.095.078-.152.062-.078.111-.133.149-.165a.82.82 0 0 1 .479-.174c.107 0 .266.039.471.116.074.028.14.041.197.041.091 0 .142-.059.142-.163 0-.15-.074-.385-.241-.762-.112-.255-.163-.427-.163-.545 0-.286.135-.583.304-.668-.08-.04-.115-.05-.184-.05-.083 0-.148.021-.254.083-.122.071-.19.134-.19.176 0 .016.025.042.067.072.064.045.075.061.075.122 0 .204-.169.477-.405.654-.052.289-.185.464-.446.586-.034.157-.056.203-.182.38-.216.302-.266.399-.305.57-.02.089-.041.125-.068.125-.035 0-.108-.055-.188-.142l-.132-.158c-.035-.054-.053-.107-.091-.263-.06.017-.076.02-.118.02l-.121-.003-.083-.002c-.181 0-.373.041-.471.101-.036.022-.06.033-.072.033-.053 0-.097-.112-.097-.25 0-.298.083-.545.276-.814-.071-.059-.094-.081-.157-.148-.027-.03-.05-.05-.066-.058l-.091-.05c-.031-.017-.05-.037-.05-.054 0-.044.121-.159.264-.252.159-.102.285-.149.4-.149.135 0 .207.035.376.182.117.102.197.149.254.149.04 0 .084-.028.118-.075.028-.038.043-.08.043-.123 0-.158-.189-.424-.398-.562-.156-.102-.326-.157-.492-.157-.23 0-.428.114-.515.297l-.091.19c-.021.044-.048.067-.079.067-.053 0-.081-.024-.268-.241l-.214-.248a.66.66 0 0 1-.133-.214.49.49 0 0 0-.041-.107c-.007-.011-.036-.033-.082-.067-.166-.117-.287-.349-.356-.685l-.025-.107c-.202-.248-.323-.555-.323-.821a.36.36 0 0 1 .018-.113c-.118-.118-.131-.147-.224-.463-.066-.224-.108-.32-.19-.428-.022-.029-.033-.052-.033-.064 0-.045.069-.081.19-.101l.166-.019.165.011-.01-.226c0-.133.01-.219.044-.377a1.01 1.01 0 0 0 .025-.172 1.68 1.68 0 0 0-.017-.142.73.73 0 0 0-.024-.124c-.012-.031-.018-.055-.018-.07 0-.027.018-.041.049-.041.024 0 .058.012.109.036.144.071.263.143.355.215.285.223.509.566.509.779l-.004.065-.017.121c0 .036.02.084.058.134l.091.125c.081.11.133.238.133.324 0 .077-.016.111-.149.304-.1.144-.141.252-.141.369 0 .149.059.337.166.522.097.171.21.265.317.265.184 0 .265-.163.294-.604l.066-.627.008-.113c0-.052-.016-.082-.082-.161l-.249-.288c-.236-.276-.307-.418-.307-.616 0-.227.149-.384.365-.384l.099.009-.001-.064a.87.87 0 0 1 .042-.224c.052-.177.117-.314.151-.314.011 0 .038.013.08.041a1.22 1.22 0 0 0 .149.057.99.99 0 0 1 .164.082.73.73 0 0 1 .133-.289c.107-.138.228-.247.271-.247.026 0 .074.035.134.099l.157.165c.026.027.057.081.091.157l.033.074.099-.057.132-.075.157-.075c.042-.028.072-.043.085-.043.028 0 .043.05.105.323a1.9 1.9 0 0 1 .058.364c.264.037.388.188.388.471 0 .266-.131.531-.413.832-.077.083-.096.122-.096.199 0 .73.254.96 1.17 1.057a5.83 5.83 0 0 1 1.404.298c.355.106.559.15.691.15.156 0 .243-.057.243-.157 0-.153-.111-.201-.769-.34-1.531-.322-2.132-.845-2.132-1.854 0-.719.538-1.259 1.257-1.259.317 0 .6.097 1.048.355.416.241.502.282.597.282.111 0 .155-.071.155-.25 0-.116.035-.172.107-.172.066 0 .166.068.256.174.137.162.19.245.19.469 0 .299-.159.494-.471.58l-.074.082c-.17.192-.32.256-.59.256-.235 0-.53-.096-.732-.24l-.397-.28c-.171-.121-.296-.173-.416-.173-.169 0-.27.101-.27.27s.11.301.29.357l.372.116c.132.041.194.067.355.148l.185-.018a1.57 1.57 0 0 1 .699.174l.149.067.207.058c.469.131.851.656.851 1.168 0 .584-.379.946-.991.946l-.191-.009z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M8.218 25.961l.049-.1.116-.124a.61.61 0 0 0 .15-.427c0-.085-.015-.177-.043-.267a.67.67 0 0 1-.034-.146c0-.052.039-.102.079-.102.016 0 .039.015.062.042l.124.14c.077.087.103.103.199.124l.008-.115.008-.136a.96.96 0 0 0-.182-.558c-.066-.084-.096-.135-.096-.164s.022-.059.045-.059c.008 0 .02.006.034.017.08.059.121.084.143.084.04 0 .076-.1.076-.208a.77.77 0 0 0-.169-.461l-.099-.123c-.011-.016-.017-.032-.017-.047 0-.035.029-.061.072-.061.031 0 .05.008.102.041.024.016.047.025.063.025.064 0 .088-.09.088-.336l-.003-.102-.008-.149c-.009-.175-.025-.206-.099-.206H8.82c-.403 0-.591-.255-.695-.942-.075-.496-.26-.849-.487-.925-.136-.045-.184-.075-.184-.111 0-.023.038-.045.079-.045.03 0 .099.018.156.041.329.133.607.198.849.198.396 0 .708-.291.708-.66 0-.282-.134-.569-.376-.801a.47.47 0 0 0-.206-.124l-.016-.001-.042.014.017.119.032.083.009.034c0 .018-.017.032-.039.032s-.047-.013-.061-.034l-.149-.223c-.118-.176-.376-.323-.568-.323-.068 0-.111.03-.111.078 0 .023.022.066.05.097.042.048.075.105.075.132l-.009.033c-.009.019-.021.031-.033.033l-.008.001c-.04 0-.06-.018-.24-.223-.147-.168-.448-.332-.609-.332-.023 0-.044.01-.061.026-.01.011-.017.023-.017.032 0 .025.022.058.058.092.051.047.092.103.092.127 0 .016-.022.031-.046.031-.047 0-.153-.068-.351-.224-.308-.242-.446-.47-.446-.735 0-.319.228-.57.52-.57.171 0 .398.082.554.199l.405.305a1.07 1.07 0 0 0 .65.215c.052 0 .1-.012.143-.033.036-.018.058-.04.058-.055s-.031-.024-.075-.036c-.146-.035-.264-.085-.347-.148l-.413-.313-.323-.223c-.218-.114-.26-.141-.26-.167 0-.013.021-.024.047-.024s.047.006.073.017l.215.091a2.47 2.47 0 0 1 .347.206c.442.295.667.39.927.39.247 0 .429-.175.429-.413 0-.047-.012-.098-.034-.143l-.041-.082c-.014-.029-.041-.052-.049-.041l-.025.033-.025.174c-.001.007-.01.027-.025.058a.29.29 0 0 1-.057.082c-.045.044-.083.058-.152.058-.128 0-.271-.068-.658-.315s-.744-.379-1.024-.379A1.07 1.07 0 0 0 5.977 18c0 .827.505 1.2 2.09 1.546.603.131.868.308.868.576 0 .245-.198.399-.512.399a1.19 1.19 0 0 1-.224-.016 30.59 30.59 0 0 1-.851-.232c-.354-.098-.752-.154-1.103-.154-.622 0-1.041.185-1.326.584-.033.047-.066.075-.088.075s-.042-.012-.069-.033l-.115-.091a.56.56 0 0 0-.297-.113.26.26 0 0 0-.175.072c-.041.037-.072.057-.084.057-.046 0-.131-.104-.196-.239-.093-.193-.141-.386-.141-.562 0-.082.026-.14.062-.14.029 0 .05.022.062.066l.066.239c.037.134.112.239.169.239.025 0 .07-.036.12-.099.031-.038.053-.077.067-.116.052-.151.064-.173.105-.173.048 0 .073.03.106.181.007.028.016.07.054.142.033.062.067.113.099.149.025.027.056.042.085.042.073 0 .139-.121.139-.255l-.002-.035-.01-.153c0-.059.009-.077.043-.077.019 0 .034.01.058.04.035.046.083.085.141.115.05.027.091.041.118.041s.053-.015.08-.041.035-.044.035-.065-.03-.062-.117-.15c-.047-.048-.103-.16-.165-.33-.023-.065-.054-.109-.078-.109a.24.24 0 0 0-.054.018l-.107.041-.074.033-.028.006c-.035 0-.063-.025-.063-.057s.075-.121.166-.196c.065-.055.105-.136.107-.223.005-.139.031-.248.058-.248l.025-.289a2.98 2.98 0 0 1 .124-.569c.01-.03.023-.051.033-.051.023 0 .044.062.044.131l-.003.043-.005.084c0 .105.017.159.049.159s.077-.052.113-.143l.074-.19c.022-.056.033-.108.033-.154 0-.161-.096-.277-.23-.277l-.06.01-.058.017c-.043 0-.08-.048-.08-.104l.006-.119-.008-.165-.033-.173-.009-.083-.074.041-.091.075-.132.107-.108.091c-.019.016-.04.025-.061.025-.063 0-.071-.017-.071-.146v-.032c0-.104-.045-.185-.214-.384l-.042-.05-.032.058-.091.149-.091.231-.017.148c-.004.043-.021.076-.037.076s-.046-.022-.078-.059a.64.64 0 0 0-.355-.239l-.016.057-.05.174-.009.156v.066.053c0 .046-.017.073-.045.073l-.005-.001c-.003-.001-.019-.015-.049-.041-.019-.017-.054-.026-.1-.026-.154 0-.252.083-.252.215 0 .099.034.173.186.404.068.103.146.184.176.184.02 0 .037-.054.037-.117l-.015-.099a.41.41 0 0 1-.024-.126c0-.046.013-.071.039-.071.074 0 .151.214.183.512l.033.305a1.02 1.02 0 0 0 .099.33c.075.154.149.259.215.305.079.056.128.111.128.141s-.021.05-.044.05a5.64 5.64 0 0 1-.167-.059l-.069-.01c-.165 0-.22.094-.22.378a1.58 1.58 0 0 0 .488 1.044l.38.306c.193.154.339.411.339.595 0 .242-.265.479-.719.644l-.273.098c-.212.077-.297.214-.38.611a.68.68 0 0 1 .228-.042l.037.001.123.003c.111 0 .191-.067.191-.16v-.075c0-.022.031-.053.074-.075l.115-.058.091-.074c.014-.012.03-.019.046-.019.025 0 .045.024.045.051 0 .02-.006.046-.017.075-.028.073-.044.173-.044.284 0 .202.032.311.135.459.009-.055.018-.09.025-.107.017-.042.064-.117.141-.223.125-.175.217-.388.217-.503l-.003-.035-.025-.189c0-.034.015-.067.041-.091.018-.016.038-.024.057-.024.035 0 .057.021.085.082.019.046.043.074.059.074.029 0 .086-.076.122-.165.028-.066.041-.125.041-.175a.29.29 0 0 0-.025-.106.29.29 0 0 1-.026-.094c0-.021.007-.031.034-.055.014-.01.028-.017.042-.017s.033.007.049.017l.074.05c.025.017.048.025.066.025.033 0 .081-.037.116-.092.072-.11.117-.201.117-.235 0-.022-.014-.038-.059-.07-.164-.116-.273-.292-.273-.442 0-.035.008-.074.025-.119l.082-.223.066-.174.024-.009c.028 0 .045.023.045.064a.28.28 0 0 1-.019.094.54.54 0 0 0-.035.157c0 .059.03.091.086.091a.35.35 0 0 0 .138-.033c.25-.108.448-.166.567-.166.112 0 .182.025.3.108.031.022.058.034.076.034s.032-.013.048-.034c.01-.014.017-.029.017-.041 0-.03-.018-.069-.05-.107-.042-.052-.059-.085-.059-.117 0-.026.017-.043.044-.043.13 0 .333.41.527 1.059.152.513.195.565.685.843.415.234.573.466.573.843 0 .371-.103.846-.317 1.469-.067.197-.097.33-.097.44 0 .087.017.172.081.394l.057.19a.98.98 0 0 0 .065.124zm-1.916-1.156a1.38 1.38 0 0 1 .157-.281c.134-.201.182-.308.182-.404v-.133c0-.124.022-.182.072-.182a.05.05 0 0 1 .044.025l.042.066c.013.021.035.033.058.033s.069-.032.093-.069a.58.58 0 0 0 .096-.295l-.009-.091-.008-.093c0-.05.02-.072.068-.072.032 0 .046.013.073.075.017.04.042.066.062.066s.049-.018.069-.05l.066-.099.05-.075.012-.04c0-.023-.018-.044-.062-.076-.153-.11-.22-.28-.231-.587a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-.041-.454c-.005-.016-.054-.134-.149-.355a2.15 2.15 0 0 1-.099-.297c-.019-.076-.043-.1-.103-.1-.225 0-.394.192-.394.445 0 .149.062.384.175.67.159.401.201.544.201.686 0 .303-.121.435-.54.586-.473.169-.695.413-.777.85l.083-.033.115-.041.132-.033c.114-.028.205-.092.223-.157l.033-.115c.008-.028.024-.047.05-.058l.074-.033.074-.033.016.033-.033.107a.74.74 0 0 0-.017.192c0 .181.036.287.141.418zm-4.437-7.639l.017.093c0 .026-.011.097-.033.213l-.015.168a1.35 1.35 0 0 0 .072.435c.042.119.053.156.053.188l-.003.035c-.008.034-.02.059-.032.059s-.046-.018-.084-.052c-.095-.082-.198-.125-.305-.125a.81.81 0 0 0-.141.017l.041.091.124.306.174.264.181.125a.2.2 0 0 1 .05.049c.017.023.025.042.025.055s-.014.027-.033.028l-.166.008c-.025.001-.045.017-.045.035 0 .028.024.111.071.246l.083.24.14.132.148.108c.044.031.07.067.07.093s-.014.046-.029.047l-.082.008c-.027.003-.042.026-.042.066 0 .062.058.174.166.322.128.174.218.232.364.232h.124c.059 0 .095.029.095.076 0 .039-.025.061-.079.073-.114.024-.149.047-.149.1 0 .021.015.053.042.09l.067.091c.055.075.117.125.157.125.022 0 .074-.023.121-.076.074-.085.159-.154.268-.181.287-.073.347-.103.347-.169 0-.023-.011-.056-.033-.095-.091-.164-.124-.27-.124-.404 0-.103-.027-.175-.064-.175-.015 0-.041.025-.068.067-.068.104-.184.174-.289.174-.286 0-.631-.448-.801-1.041a1.65 1.65 0 0 1-.061-.445 2.32 2.32 0 0 1 .061-.504l.091-.405.011-.112c0-.205-.189-.468-.481-.673z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M2.46 18.315c-.061.115-.117.374-.117.538 0 .096.031.173.072.173.013 0 .03-.016.045-.041l.091-.166.059-.101c.033-.049.057-.097.057-.123 0-.098-.091-.219-.207-.28zm.907 3.723l.041.041.066.066c.161.167.185.183.263.183.072 0 .222-.041.307-.084.036-.018.058-.04.058-.057 0-.011-.03-.044-.082-.091l-.091-.083c-.069-.062-.171-.12-.22-.12-.095 0-.192.042-.342.145zm1.918 1.495a.82.82 0 0 1 .165.083l.132.082c.025.011.07.017.131.017.038 0 .072-.006.1-.017l.174-.066.165-.058c.044-.016.075-.041.075-.064 0-.012-.037-.03-.091-.043-.037-.01-.079-.023-.124-.041-.203-.082-.233-.094-.305-.094a.55.55 0 0 0-.422.201zm2.092 1.66c.055-.133.093-.155.281-.166.212-.012.414-.391.414-.648 0-.025-.009-.047-.019-.047s-.03.01-.056.027l-.123.074-.24.107c-.16.071-.301.285-.301.453a.57.57 0 0 0 .045.2z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M3.807 18.018l.082.116a.78.78 0 0 0 .179.129c.025 0 .038-.018.053-.071l.033-.125.009-.138c0-.109-.048-.15-.273-.208-.056-.015-.079-.013-.115-.042s-.079-.05-.099-.05-.034.01-.034.023l.009.037.041.123.116.207zm.883-.001l-.108.191-.041.045-.008.001c-.044 0-.088-.1-.091-.204l-.016-.164c.013-.068.053-.098.156-.116.084-.015.14-.031.166-.049l.132-.091.014-.003c.022 0 .038.015.038.04l-.003.011-.058.141-.182.197z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M4.474 18.579l.132-.066c.024-.012.045-.018.063-.018.064 0 .112.048.112.134 0 .094-.074.221-.175.403-.109.197-.191.331-.276.331-.119 0-.287-.189-.451-.505a.54.54 0 0 1-.063-.23c0-.104.046-.159.133-.159.036 0 .07.008.095.026l.074.05a.39.39 0 0 0 .21.066c.052 0 .101-.011.145-.033z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M4.384 18.761s.076.016.076.067l-.002.024-.025.123c-.027.165-.065.267-.119.267a.08.08 0 0 1-.063-.035c-.085-.12-.15-.274-.15-.358 0-.059.026-.089.079-.089l.014.001.091.016.099-.016z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M23.617 5.468l.033.124.067.264c.104.472.191.595.421.595.131 0 .24-.073.273-.182l.049-.166c.011-.038.04-.06.079-.06.09 0 .138.099.145.299.002.076.019.211.049.404.023.139.033.267.033.382 0 .084-.01.133-.049.237l.016.099c.028.163.035.227.035.303 0 .354-.017.459-.101.597.034.135.044.199.044.296a2.47 2.47 0 0 1-.027.291l-.033.248.008.148c.022.055.033.089.033.099 0 .023-.015.041-.033.041l-.165-.066-.182-.099c-.059-.032-.1-.064-.19-.148-.16.141-.183.154-.373.206-.274.076-.375.11-.429.149s-.093.057-.114.057c-.064 0-.109-.124-.109-.306 0-.264.015-.401.058-.504-.161-.054-.242-.074-.3-.074a.69.69 0 0 0-.121.016l-.037.004c-.024 0-.038-.029-.038-.079 0-.081.057-.242.133-.378.103-.184.274-.338.405-.364l.297-.057c.176-.034.281-.128.281-.251s-.077-.197-.257-.261l-.347-.124c-.117-.042-.227-.094-.331-.157l-.181-.108c-.03-.016-.062-.024-.09-.024-.073 0-.118.054-.118.141 0 .14.108.255.24.255.03 0 .058-.006.084-.017a.27.27 0 0 1 .076-.025c.038 0 .065.036.065.089a1.04 1.04 0 0 1-.19.522l-.099.124-.075.099c-.027.213-.236.517-.446.652-.051.032-.082.054-.091.066s-.029.047-.066.116c-.017.032-.073.098-.166.198a1.55 1.55 0 0 1-.206.19c-.092.07-.148.121-.165.149l-.083.141c-.017.029-.038.043-.065.043-.074 0-.142-.077-.183-.207-.03-.097-.057-.125-.12-.125a.64.64 0 0 0-.145.025l-.115.016h-.29c-.156 0-.365.038-.463.084-.037.018-.066.026-.085.026-.043 0-.064-.043-.064-.126 0-.262.202-.659.464-.916-.039-.152-.119-.254-.223-.28l-.149-.041c-.015-.008-.025-.023-.025-.039 0-.053.059-.105.19-.167.235-.111.303-.132.434-.132.15 0 .276.051.433.174.224.174.285.207.393.207.176 0 .345-.161.345-.331 0-.114-.063-.241-.218-.438-.22-.281-.298-.464-.298-.702 0-.16.032-.247.174-.478.022-.037.035-.068.035-.089 0-.045-.075-.086-.159-.086-.088 0-.198.032-.347.1-.249.114-.397.22-.397.285 0 .026.015.052.041.07l.083.058c.01.007.017.02.017.034s-.016.043-.034.064-.072.09-.165.215a1.89 1.89 0 0 1-.346.363c-.045.034-.072.062-.084.083l-.066.124c-.055.103-.218.274-.356.371l-.115.091a.75.75 0 0 0-.075.115c-.084.151-.217.338-.305.429l-.223.231c-.064.066-.154.257-.24.511-.068.2-.111.29-.142.29-.014 0-.037-.018-.064-.05-.16-.183-.305-.298-.375-.298-.018 0-.051.015-.096.042-.063.038-.138.067-.223.083l-.297.057c-.249.049-.348.102-.463.248-.029.036-.053.057-.066.057-.029 0-.051-.043-.051-.1l.008-.072c.002-.008.016-.082.042-.223.043-.235.103-.43.165-.537l.149-.256c.026-.046.041-.093.041-.133 0-.19-.178-.345-.447-.387-.055-.008-.083-.028-.083-.06 0-.038.065-.111.166-.188.175-.132.368-.215.505-.215.092 0 .215.032.379.099l.182.074a.49.49 0 0 0 .184.043c.192 0 .379-.175.609-.57.104-.18.149-.308.149-.425 0-.209-.097-.335-.26-.335-.128 0-.25.054-.351.156-.09.091-.137.182-.137.264l.005.084.003.044c0 .067-.023.097-.072.097-.062 0-.135-.061-.278-.232l-.232-.272c-.251-.294-.303-.411-.314-.711-.28-.357-.35-.555-.35-.762l.011-.17c-.201-.241-.24-.334-.24-.572 0-.107.006-.135.05-.221-.099-.145-.13-.21-.157-.322l-.041-.174a.9.9 0 0 0-.132-.305c-.074-.106-.083-.122-.083-.153 0-.086.083-.142.29-.193l.066-.017-.017-.183c0-.048.006-.094.025-.197l.058-.306c.022-.119.034-.21.034-.271 0-.07-.011-.127-.05-.257-.025-.084-.054-.148-.082-.19s-.05-.084-.05-.109.028-.05.066-.05c.02 0 .055.01.083.027.279.152.584.393.801.636.187.208.247.381.289.843.253.188.348.358.348.626 0 .159-.052.313-.166.488l-.165.256c-.049.083-.075.179-.075.279 0 .149.045.289.157.488.123.219.234.314.365.314.217 0 .413-.374.413-.786l-.002-.081v-.223l.025-.198.016-.24.016-.199.006-.11c0-.081-.017-.105-.271-.376-.28-.3-.413-.554-.413-.789 0-.222.191-.408.42-.408a.6.6 0 0 1 .175.032v-.099l.009-.174.049-.214c.04-.171.058-.203.117-.203l.041.013.149.132.181.116.05.049c.012-.103.021-.124.107-.232l.115-.157.083-.124.05-.074c.033-.05.047-.063.069-.063s.038.029.064.121c.011.037.036.075.074.107l.108.091c.087.074.145.183.181.339a.49.49 0 0 1 .165-.149l.133-.074c.049-.028.079-.042.088-.042s.023.02.037.05c.019.043.041.085.066.124.106.171.116.196.116.311v.069.099c.268.074.372.218.372.514 0 .222-.102.451-.315.707-.141.17-.165.222-.165.35 0 .582.439.935 1.181.946l.545.008a2.67 2.67 0 0 1 .901.148c.382.125.507.158.623.158.084 0 .154-.047.154-.103 0-.119-.2-.212-.868-.401-1.361-.384-1.942-.935-1.942-1.836 0-.698.583-1.237 1.336-1.237a2.88 2.88 0 0 1 .82.141l.338.124a.52.52 0 0 0 .178.035c.117 0 .161-.073.178-.291.008-.097.039-.14.101-.14.087 0 .256.136.378.306s.215.404.215.554c0 .176-.092.31-.29.421-.185.282-.413.412-.72.412-.235 0-.635-.159-1.139-.454-.198-.116-.285-.148-.395-.148-.149 0-.244.083-.244.214 0 .119.088.194.334.28.391.139.475.185.587.323.421.073.604.146.868.346.754.242 1.174.707 1.174 1.303 0 .543-.368.935-.88.935a1.59 1.59 0 0 1-.402-.049z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M24.436 9.084a.58.58 0 0 1-.026-.152l.009-.112.026-.321c0-.061-.018-.109-.06-.166l-.099-.132c-.064-.087-.09-.151-.09-.225 0-.048.011-.064.044-.064l.038.008.074.041c.034.019.062.028.083.028.05 0 .075-.077.075-.232 0-.215-.04-.318-.165-.415l-.115-.091c-.02-.016-.034-.043-.034-.067 0-.04.023-.065.061-.065.023 0 .056.007.096.017l.091.025.035.008c.028 0 .041-.022.041-.07l-.002-.029-.025-.174c-.026-.18-.056-.249-.109-.249l-.015.002-.215.041-.036.003c-.258 0-.562-.245-.641-.515l-.157-.537c-.047-.161-.187-.338-.397-.504-.069-.053-.129-.085-.173-.09l-.148-.017c-.027-.003-.045-.019-.045-.04 0-.034.029-.05.09-.05a2.35 2.35 0 0 1 .732.14c.271.089.419.121.552.121.414 0 .663-.216.663-.573 0-.179-.065-.404-.157-.548-.081-.124-.216-.251-.389-.363-.025-.017-.048-.026-.065-.026-.023 0-.042.018-.042.042l.008.107v.01c0 .04-.023.073-.053.073-.046 0-.093-.054-.146-.165-.152-.323-.398-.517-.65-.517-.055 0-.087.019-.087.053 0 .025.015.063.043.109a1.02 1.02 0 0 1 .074.148c.013.032.02.056.02.071s-.013.024-.038.024c-.037 0-.098-.034-.139-.077l-.124-.132-.107-.166a.79.79 0 0 0-.33-.289l-.207-.107c-.041-.022-.078-.033-.105-.033s-.039.013-.039.038.013.059.037.095a.42.42 0 0 1 .076.165c0 .028-.018.05-.041.05-.058 0-.162-.104-.307-.305a.78.78 0 0 1-.158-.464c0-.348.268-.619.613-.619.177 0 .399.074.618.207l.397.24c.142.086.334.149.453.149.066 0 .085-.004.233-.042a.4.4 0 0 0 .107-.041.06.06 0 0 0 .03-.049c0-.032-.02-.047-.072-.05-.184-.014-.566-.164-.817-.323l-.273-.156c-.068-.024-.114-.059-.114-.088 0-.013.014-.02.036-.02l.048.008.36.132.347.124a2.18 2.18 0 0 0 .555.116c.157 0 .265-.108.265-.265 0-.079-.02-.168-.052-.23-.05-.099-.116-.182-.143-.182s-.05.033-.05.088l.004.044.01.106c0 .111-.061.184-.156.184a.46.46 0 0 1-.135-.026l-.537-.173c-.467-.151-.648-.19-.878-.19-.649 0-1.139.438-1.139 1.022 0 .658.452 1.071 1.612 1.472 1.125.39 1.272.479 1.272.775 0 .17-.16.307-.359.307a1 1 0 0 1-.194-.017l-.562-.132c-.345-.084-.637-.116-1.027-.116-.819 0-1.214.125-1.642.521-.099.092-.139.109-.249.109l-.056-.002-.13-.008c-.099 0-.174.047-.234.149l-.132.223c-.018.031-.054.049-.095.049-.086 0-.131-.057-.212-.256a.64.64 0 0 0-.165-.249l-.174-.149c-.026-.023-.041-.044-.041-.06s.015-.044.041-.08a.84.84 0 0 0 .075-.115c.026-.047.039-.081.041-.1l.008-.074c.006-.024.03-.041.059-.041.055 0 .064.036.066.24a.59.59 0 0 0 .066.223l.091.198c.012.026.041.042.075.042.086 0 .194-.201.223-.413.024-.176.043-.232.079-.232s.049.021.119.166c.022.044.056.087.099.124s.075.054.099.058h.009c.068 0 .091-.043.107-.199l.008-.082-.016-.116-.011-.08c0-.053.018-.085.049-.085.018 0 .04.012.062.033l.082.083c.055.055.111.083.166.083.071 0 .115-.031.115-.081 0-.041-.009-.061-.082-.183a2.51 2.51 0 0 1-.058-.107c-.073-.139-.108-.174-.173-.174l-.084.008-.107.041c-.032.012-.054.019-.066.019s-.025-.014-.025-.033c0-.074.049-.192.141-.336.057-.09.104-.311.14-.649l.042-.388c.025-.238.051-.323.099-.323.017 0 .031.007.033.017l.024.124v.099c0 .12.013.218.028.218.035 0 .087-.041.137-.111.036-.05.063-.106.083-.165.027-.089.042-.161.042-.217 0-.191-.081-.273-.339-.345-.026-.007-.043-.016-.049-.025l-.009-.074v-.14l-.017-.1-.032-.083-.042-.091-.066.041c-.169.106-.21.138-.265.206-.075.095-.101.119-.132.119-.023 0-.041-.016-.041-.036l.033-.141.003-.024c0-.181-.102-.356-.284-.487l-.058.066-.058.083-.099.116a.39.39 0 0 0-.092.245l.001.027.001.028c0 .065-.01.088-.041.088l-.018-.008-.066-.082-.082-.099-.149-.091-.074-.058c-.08.173-.083.191-.083.414v.069c0 .074-.024.119-.064.119-.019 0-.054-.014-.101-.041-.037-.021-.082-.034-.123-.034-.12 0-.209.102-.209.241 0 .151.032.255.133.42.065.107.15.194.19.194.005 0 .015-.076.025-.177l-.025-.14-.005-.063c0-.053.019-.086.05-.086.046 0 .075.051.104.19l.066.306.066.388a1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .099.33 1.66 1.66 0 0 0 .14.289c.092.118.102.134.102.16 0 .02-.017.038-.036.038s-.043-.009-.075-.025a.32.32 0 0 0-.099-.033l-.06-.009c-.137 0-.165.11-.165.658 0 .342.071.798.159 1.019l.174.438a.56.56 0 0 1 .042.205c0 .604-.817 1.569-1.678 1.983-.335.161-.434.328-.463.784a1.57 1.57 0 0 1 .289-.116c.244-.068.296-.103.33-.215l.033-.107c.015-.046.045-.068.215-.157.064-.033.109-.07.132-.107.043-.071.076-.106.098-.106s.036.016.036.043l-.002.013-.091.236-.01.058c0 .173.097.317.275.408l.024-.099c.029-.126.058-.209.083-.248l.158-.231c.057-.084.067-.139.067-.352l-.009-.26-.005-.066c0-.043.02-.066.058-.066.029 0 .053.011.055.025l.024.157c.006.033.04.058.081.058.08 0 .182-.102.291-.289.042-.073.059-.13.059-.197a1.9 1.9 0 0 0-.026-.257l-.003-.049c0-.041.024-.067.063-.067.021 0 .037.007.04.016l.058.191c.019.063.063.107.108.107.127 0 .258-.259.272-.537.008-.174.03-.235.083-.235.021 0 .036.008.041.02l.033.107c.012.039.036.065.059.065s.063-.037.115-.099a.83.83 0 0 0 .074-.107c.016-.029.024-.059.024-.087 0-.042-.009-.053-.074-.103s-.091-.104-.091-.173c0-.12.051-.248.198-.504.135-.232.153-.259.186-.259s.055.031.055.07c0 .024-.006.049-.017.072-.022.048-.034.081-.034.099 0 .032.029.059.066.059a.34.34 0 0 0 .15-.05 1.66 1.66 0 0 1 .223-.091l.281-.099c.052-.016.111-.025.17-.025.048 0 .096.006.144.017.094.022.158.034.19.034a.13.13 0 0 0 .133-.131.35.35 0 0 0-.051-.143l-.074-.115c-.036-.038-.051-.059-.051-.074l.009-.033c.01-.02.028-.033.047-.033.065 0 .193.133.308.323.648 1.057.962 1.391 1.438 1.535.496.15.613.255.613.551 0 .157-.083.346-.258.588-.33.458-.447.726-.447 1.031l.001.068.091-.042c.068-.034.112-.054.133-.058l.206-.041c.065-.013.117-.09.117-.173l-.001-.016-.016-.182-.002-.029c0-.102.05-.187.112-.187.023 0 .049.021.063.05l.132.28c.053.115.116.17.288.248zM17.663 3.42l-.008.132-.002.081c0 .134.021.192.071.192s.141-.102.179-.215a.84.84 0 0 0 .042-.224.41.41 0 0 0-.042-.156c-.037-.09-.075-.132-.121-.132-.071 0-.104.091-.118.322z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.089 1.893l.116.115c.169.169.285.513.285.846l-.004.137-.025.388-.008.325c0 1.079.314 1.815.776 1.815.116 0 .258-.107.356-.265.021-.034.049-.06.066-.06.026 0 .039.022.041.068l.017.182.016.156.025.174.025.162c0 .083-.017.092-.215.119a.55.55 0 0 0-.231.091c-.128.082-.203.139-.215.165l-.091.19c-.012.024-.032.041-.053.041-.048 0-.113-.073-.204-.231-.084-.146-.121-.23-.121-.269 0-.026.021-.037.072-.037h.017l.099.008.074-.008.067-.008c.028-.007.049-.031.049-.061 0-.02-.013-.038-.033-.046l-.372-.158c-.089-.038-.185-.134-.272-.272-.095-.152-.151-.285-.151-.36 0-.059.025-.097.065-.097.016 0 .037.006.061.019a.31.31 0 0 0 .097.033c.014 0 .03-.006.044-.017s.025-.027.025-.04c0-.024-.025-.055-.066-.085-.309-.219-.497-.485-.497-.704 0-.064.015-.094.047-.094l.061.006c.045.009.099.017.116.017.045 0 .076-.025.076-.064 0-.024-.03-.054-.076-.076-.206-.103-.257-.162-.388-.455-.101-.224-.153-.318-.24-.429.108-.052.166-.067.257-.067.113 0 .184.074.264.273.05.126.105.211.137.211.015 0 .021-.026.021-.095a.96.96 0 0 0-.034-.248c-.02-.075-.029-.137-.024-.182l-.017-.116-.091-.05c-.084-.045-.141-.154-.141-.271a.61.61 0 0 1 .017-.15l.05-.191a1.6 1.6 0 0 0 .059-.349v-.071l.074.082zm.992 5.953a1.22 1.22 0 0 1-.396-.123.75.75 0 0 0-.31-.084c-.131 0-.231.041-.351.141l.074.057.166.116.158.124c.04.032.089.05.139.05.162 0 .299-.074.522-.281zm3.182 1.502a.47.47 0 0 1 .165-.215c.231-.198.339-.345.339-.462v-.083-.099c0-.106.017-.141.073-.141.025 0 .045.01.051.025l.041.098c.01.023.036.037.07.037.059 0 .101-.042.203-.21.043-.071.061-.117.061-.164 0-.029-.006-.061-.02-.093l-.058-.131a.4.4 0 0 1-.034-.129c0-.054.027-.086.074-.086.025 0 .047.01.06.026l.065.082c.015.018.019.029.044.029s.085-.029.106-.07l.066-.132c.017-.033.025-.059.025-.075 0-.028-.026-.056-.067-.073l-.116-.05c-.135-.058-.248-.291-.248-.512 0-.025.009-.061.025-.107l.05-.141a.41.41 0 0 0 .025-.137c0-.081-.025-.159-.082-.251l-.099-.173c-.048-.123-.076-.164-.117-.164-.029 0-.057.011-.106.039l-.083.05-.116.133-.116.057c-.069.035-.135.184-.135.309 0 .178.039.275.309.757.114.204.168.355.168.47 0 .336-.343.613-.903.727-.669.137-.815.248-.892.678.116-.06.162-.068.366-.068l.121.002h.019c.111 0 .125-.008.196-.107a.62.62 0 0 1 .273-.23l.132-.058.107-.058.033-.009c.03 0 .046.012.046.035 0 .028-.027.076-.079.139-.08.097-.126.196-.126.272 0 .11.018.166.085.265z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M20.223 8.069c.095.059.191.145.248.223.079.108.09.116.169.116a.52.52 0 0 0 .12-.017l.074-.016c.141-.027.183-.047.183-.085 0-.023-.013-.046-.035-.064l-.099-.082-.091-.083a.44.44 0 0 0-.261-.092c-.103 0-.186.027-.309.1zm2.675.446l.049-.009.083-.008.066.008.045.003c.084 0 .127-.009.162-.036.051-.039.104-.101.157-.19.021-.035.032-.068.032-.094 0-.056-.051-.088-.141-.088-.227 0-.366.126-.454.413z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M19.816 2.81c.009.077.049.14.09.14.035 0 .09-.118.176-.263.117-.199.214-.365.214-.471 0-.035-.018-.062-.041-.062l-.009.003-.091.084a.94.94 0 0 1-.273.148c-.106.038-.136.07-.136.14l.012.067.069.143-.011.072zm-.724-.611c-.029-.024-.07-.042-.092-.042-.035 0-.05.018-.05.06l.002.024c.006.045.018.092.032.14a.72.72 0 0 0 .109.231l.125.209a.43.43 0 0 0 .18.114l.006.001c.022 0 .041-.014.043-.034l.026-.165.041-.149.005-.035c0-.04-.023-.076-.062-.096l-.141-.075-.222-.181z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.637 3.248h-.044l-.096-.009c-.003-.001-.037-.021-.1-.059-.037-.022-.077-.033-.116-.033-.076 0-.121.047-.121.126 0 .062.037.182.105.344l.108.264c.091.231.185.33.31.33.107 0 .193-.088.26-.263l.091-.372c.044-.116.153-.164.153-.245 0-.095-.106-.186-.196-.186l-.048.009-.124.084-.182.008z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M19.627 3.477h-.099c-.015 0-.03.009-.041.025-.016.023-.025.038-.025.041l.041.198.033.173c.019.095.034.133.105.133.081 0 .15-.055.159-.157l.017-.182.016-.188c0-.018-.009-.036-.024-.051s-.027-.018-.043-.018l-.007.001-.132.025z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M8.2 5.467l.033.124.066.264c.104.472.192.595.421.595.131 0 .24-.073.273-.182l.05-.166c.011-.038.04-.06.079-.06.089 0 .131.093.135.3.002.059.021.194.059.404.022.124.032.245.032.36a.59.59 0 0 1-.049.259c.028.162.05.38.05.506 0 .204-.038.394-.099.493a1.04 1.04 0 0 1 .042.311 1.55 1.55 0 0 1-.026.275l-.044.285a.35.35 0 0 0 .019.111c.016.047.025.081.025.099 0 .023-.011.041-.025.041l-.165-.066-.182-.099c-.059-.032-.099-.064-.19-.148-.161.144-.208.166-.628.281-.084.022-.146.048-.182.074-.052.037-.09.057-.11.057-.071 0-.105-.114-.105-.35 0-.175.018-.337.05-.46a.94.94 0 0 0-.295-.074 1.68 1.68 0 0 0-.126.016l-.031.003c-.024 0-.044-.036-.044-.079 0-.032.022-.112.051-.179l.082-.198c.03-.072.098-.154.198-.239a.53.53 0 0 1 .215-.125l.297-.057c.177-.034.282-.128.282-.251s-.08-.199-.257-.261l-.356-.124a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.323-.157c-.197-.117-.23-.132-.277-.132-.071 0-.112.054-.112.147 0 .147.096.25.232.25.028 0 .056-.006.083-.017.04-.016.069-.025.085-.025.037 0 .058.022.058.063l-.002.036-.017.14c-.014.12-.092.265-.264.496l-.074.099a1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.446.652l-.091.066c-.007.008-.029.047-.066.116-.017.032-.072.098-.165.198-.07.076-.139.139-.207.19-.092.07-.148.121-.165.149l-.083.141c-.015.025-.04.041-.067.041-.073 0-.14-.076-.182-.206-.03-.097-.057-.125-.12-.125-.032 0-.081.009-.144.025l-.116.016h-.298c-.148 0-.358.039-.454.084-.038.018-.067.026-.085.026s-.033-.011-.055-.051c-.015-.028-.018-.041-.018-.066 0-.151.108-.435.249-.661.09-.143.119-.176.223-.264-.033-.14-.123-.249-.231-.28l-.141-.041c-.019-.006-.033-.022-.033-.04 0-.043.067-.102.191-.167.161-.085.324-.132.454-.132.137 0 .27.054.422.174.224.175.284.207.393.207.177 0 .345-.162.345-.331 0-.113-.06-.234-.218-.438-.23-.298-.299-.452-.299-.671 0-.136.042-.309.093-.386l.083-.123c.017-.028.028-.055.028-.08 0-.055-.064-.095-.149-.095-.13 0-.381.093-.581.215-.099.061-.166.132-.166.176 0 .026.013.05.034.064l.091.058c.011.007.018.02.018.034s-.014.038-.034.064l-.165.215a2.76 2.76 0 0 1-.347.363.57.57 0 0 0-.083.083c-.001.001-.023.042-.066.124a1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.364.371c-.061.042-.099.072-.115.091s-.034.053-.066.115c-.021.04-.057.098-.108.173-.081.12-.148.205-.198.256L3.4 8.67c-.071.071-.133.209-.231.511-.058.183-.111.29-.142.29-.014 0-.037-.018-.065-.051-.164-.187-.305-.298-.379-.298-.017 0-.048.014-.092.042-.061.038-.136.067-.223.083l-.305.057c-.231.044-.322.094-.455.248-.032.036-.058.057-.072.057-.025 0-.044-.041-.044-.096l.008-.077.042-.223c.044-.239.098-.416.165-.537l.14-.256c.028-.05.042-.095.042-.134 0-.19-.197-.365-.437-.387-.061-.005-.084-.02-.084-.054 0-.042.067-.125.159-.193.165-.126.382-.215.52-.215.084 0 .213.035.371.099l.182.074a.49.49 0 0 0 .184.043c.192 0 .379-.175.609-.57.104-.179.149-.308.149-.424 0-.208-.099-.336-.262-.336a.53.53 0 0 0-.357.156c-.083.084-.127.172-.127.256l.003.092.001.02c0 .077-.026.12-.072.12-.078 0-.191-.111-.516-.504-.242-.293-.296-.418-.306-.711-.28-.357-.35-.508-.35-.762l.011-.17c-.194-.233-.249-.36-.249-.574 0-.078.013-.124.059-.218-.099-.145-.13-.21-.157-.322l-.041-.174c-.028-.118-.073-.22-.132-.305-.075-.107-.083-.121-.083-.158 0-.096.066-.134.356-.205-.012-.08-.017-.142-.017-.183 0-.048.006-.094.025-.197l.058-.306c.023-.123.035-.211.035-.264s-.009-.098-.06-.263a.9.9 0 0 0-.074-.19c-.027-.042-.05-.094-.05-.113 0-.029.02-.045.057-.045.082 0 .298.131.522.316.474.392.572.549.637 1.023l.025.166c.227.167.347.369.347.585a1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.165.529l-.166.256a.5.5 0 0 0-.074.273c0 .155.045.298.157.494.127.223.235.314.368.314.218 0 .409-.379.409-.81v-.058l-.001-.149c0-.084.005-.167.018-.272l.024-.24.009-.199.003-.13c0-.046-.024-.093-.086-.158l-.181-.198c-.263-.287-.407-.556-.407-.757a.42.42 0 0 1 .422-.439.6.6 0 0 1 .175.032v-.056c0-.364.075-.633.175-.633l.04.013.149.132.181.116.05.049c0-.102.005-.113.108-.232.025-.028.063-.081.115-.157l.082-.124.042-.074c.022-.042.044-.062.068-.062s.042.03.072.12c.019.056.032.071.174.198.049.044.083.081.098.108s.036.078.067.164l.025.067a.5.5 0 0 1 .165-.149l.124-.074c.046-.028.078-.043.092-.043s.026.02.041.05.035.07.066.124c.088.153.117.227.117.299l-.002.081V1.9c.271.085.373.225.373.517 0 .21-.11.451-.323.705-.142.169-.158.202-.158.32 0 .611.426.965 1.175.976l.553.008c.356.006.569.041.9.148.393.128.507.158.621.158.038 0 .076-.012.107-.034s.049-.049.049-.073c0-.116-.203-.209-.867-.397-1.363-.386-1.941-.934-1.941-1.836 0-.697.58-1.237 1.33-1.237a2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .826.141l.338.124c.062.023.122.035.178.035.115 0 .174-.096.177-.291.003-.104.026-.14.094-.14.095 0 .242.119.377.306s.224.401.224.542c0 .188-.088.319-.29.432-.185.282-.414.412-.72.412-.239 0-.578-.135-1.139-.454-.196-.111-.295-.148-.398-.148-.146 0-.241.084-.241.214 0 .119.092.196.334.28.357.125.445.174.586.323.421.073.604.146.868.346.725.23 1.175.724 1.175 1.291 0 .551-.373.947-.892.947a1.6 1.6 0 0 1-.391-.05z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M9.021 9.083a.91.91 0 0 1-.03-.199l.006-.065.025-.132.009-.107c0-.115-.019-.196-.058-.248L8.872 8.2c-.032-.044-.061-.097-.082-.158-.011-.03-.017-.054-.017-.069 0-.037.023-.061.06-.061.022 0 .031.004.106.048.032.019.06.028.081.028.049 0 .076-.08.076-.22 0-.159-.015-.248-.05-.288l-.124-.14-.107-.091c-.026-.022-.044-.05-.044-.072 0-.035.027-.06.067-.06s.117.018.183.042l.038.008c.034 0 .047-.02.047-.068l-.002-.03-.025-.174-.049-.181c-.016-.059-.025-.068-.063-.068l-.021.003-.206.041-.033.003c-.271 0-.557-.228-.644-.515l-.165-.537c-.051-.166-.175-.323-.397-.504-.067-.055-.124-.086-.165-.09l-.149-.017c-.027-.003-.045-.019-.045-.041 0-.034.032-.049.103-.049l.272.024a2.14 2.14 0 0 1 .446.116c.247.085.414.121.554.121.413 0 .661-.223.661-.597 0-.256-.134-.545-.338-.731-.117-.104-.233-.182-.273-.182-.023 0-.042.019-.042.044l.008.105v.01c0 .041-.024.073-.057.073-.042 0-.089-.054-.143-.165-.156-.325-.404-.518-.661-.518-.043 0-.074.018-.074.044 0 .017.013.057.041.119l.066.148a.28.28 0 0 1 .027.076c0 .009-.016.018-.035.018-.038 0-.098-.034-.14-.078l-.123-.132-.108-.166c-.086-.132-.155-.192-.339-.289l-.198-.107c-.038-.022-.073-.033-.103-.033s-.044.014-.044.043.011.058.032.09c.061.094.085.141.085.166s-.019.049-.043.049c-.064 0-.197-.13-.315-.305-.097-.145-.149-.307-.149-.464 0-.355.259-.619.61-.619.181 0 .41.077.621.207l.388.24a1.02 1.02 0 0 0 .452.149 1.11 1.11 0 0 0 .242-.042c.036-.01.07-.023.099-.041.023-.014.039-.032.039-.046s-.009-.032-.023-.036l-.049-.016-.182-.034c-.047-.008-.122-.036-.223-.083l-.414-.206a1.61 1.61 0 0 0-.272-.156c-.067-.023-.109-.053-.109-.079s.013-.036.037-.036.054.011.088.032c.122.076.228.116.306.116l.355.124c.176.062.433.116.549.116.15 0 .271-.122.271-.273a.72.72 0 0 0-.143-.362c-.019-.027-.039-.042-.056-.042-.033 0-.051.024-.051.066l.008.067.013.098c0 .107-.072.191-.164.191a.44.44 0 0 1-.13-.026l-.537-.173c-.45-.145-.658-.19-.884-.19-.642.001-1.132.442-1.132 1.022 0 .657.462 1.081 1.603 1.472 1.123.385 1.281.479 1.281.768 0 .166-.168.314-.356.314a1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.198-.017l-.562-.132a4.18 4.18 0 0 0-1.028-.116c-.81 0-1.26.142-1.649.521-.097.095-.129.109-.241.109l-.056-.002-.116-.008h-.015c-.097 0-.169.045-.233.149l-.141.223c-.023.031-.058.049-.094.049-.074 0-.119-.056-.203-.256a.7.7 0 0 0-.173-.249l-.165-.149c-.027-.024-.042-.046-.042-.063s.012-.045.033-.077c.079-.115.107-.166.116-.215.022-.11.025-.115.071-.115s.066.051.07.24a.6.6 0 0 0 .067.223l.091.198c.011.026.041.042.074.042.085 0 .194-.201.223-.413.024-.177.042-.232.079-.232.015 0 .029.006.036.017s.034.061.074.148a.33.33 0 0 0 .108.124.34.34 0 0 0 .099.058l.01.001c.067 0 .09-.044.106-.2l.008-.082-.017-.116-.012-.08c0-.053.019-.085.049-.085.018 0 .04.012.062.033l.083.083c.055.054.11.082.163.082.069 0 .111-.028.111-.073 0-.04-.015-.079-.076-.191l-.058-.107c-.066-.125-.119-.174-.181-.174l-.083.008-.099.041c-.03.012-.052.019-.065.019s-.026-.014-.026-.033c0-.074.048-.191.14-.336.065-.105.11-.328.132-.649.028-.431.086-.711.146-.711.041 0 .057.035.057.127l-.004.113-.003.079c0 .077.017.139.037.139.071 0 .155-.105.222-.276.028-.072.043-.128.043-.168l-.009-.038-.165-.306-.165-.049c-.031-.009-.051-.023-.058-.037V1.9v-.09l-.016-.1-.033-.083-.041-.091c-.181.098-.267.163-.331.247s-.101.12-.133.12c-.021 0-.04-.02-.04-.044s.008-.065.025-.134l.005-.046c0-.178-.108-.352-.286-.465l-.05.066-.058.083-.099.116a.48.48 0 0 0-.083.165.32.32 0 0 0-.017.094v.013l.001.03c0 .069-.007.086-.038.086l-.02-.009-.058-.082-.09-.099-.14-.091-.074-.058-.033.074c-.026.058-.04.102-.041.133l-.009.132-.008.14.001.024c0 .072-.017.1-.061.1-.015 0-.057-.018-.097-.041a.24.24 0 0 0-.12-.034c-.129 0-.211.089-.211.228 0 .165.049.323.133.433l.107.14c.03.037.084.07.087.049l.02-.173-.025-.14-.005-.063c0-.053.018-.086.049-.086.047 0 .075.051.105.19l.066.306.067.388a1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .099.33 1.71 1.71 0 0 0 .141.289c.092.118.102.134.102.16 0 .02-.017.038-.035.038s-.043-.009-.074-.025a.34.34 0 0 0-.099-.033l-.065-.009c-.133 0-.16.114-.16.665a3.35 3.35 0 0 0 .159 1.012l.173.438a.54.54 0 0 1 .041.205c0 .602-.799 1.547-1.677 1.983-.327.161-.431.317-.454.676l-.008.108a1.15 1.15 0 0 1 .28-.116c.246-.064.294-.095.331-.215l.032-.107c.013-.04.033-.055.223-.157.065-.034.111-.072.133-.107.041-.07.076-.107.098-.107s.032.01.032.027l-.007.029-.082.236-.01.058c0 .175.096.317.274.408.029-.191.049-.256.108-.346l.148-.231c.055-.086.078-.19.078-.353a1.53 1.53 0 0 0-.02-.258l-.006-.065c0-.042.022-.066.058-.066.029 0 .052.01.055.024l.033.157c.006.034.041.058.08.058.08 0 .183-.103.291-.289a.44.44 0 0 0 .061-.219l-.012-.112-.025-.123-.002-.024c0-.054.03-.092.073-.092.019 0 .034.007.037.016l.049.191c.017.063.061.107.107.107.056 0 .151-.096.207-.207a.73.73 0 0 0 .075-.338c0-.176.018-.227.083-.227.021 0 .037.007.041.02l.033.107c.013.039.036.065.059.065.034 0 .127-.1.189-.206.017-.027.025-.055.025-.077 0-.035-.024-.071-.075-.113-.086-.071-.091-.082-.091-.19s.017-.158.091-.289l.107-.198c.104-.204.142-.257.18-.257.032 0 .06.034.06.073 0 .022-.006.045-.017.068a.28.28 0 0 0-.033.098c0 .032.027.059.061.059s.088-.017.146-.05c.022-.013.099-.042.231-.091l.273-.099a.49.49 0 0 1 .165-.025.66.66 0 0 1 .148.017l.191.034c.075 0 .141-.064.141-.138 0-.055-.057-.163-.133-.251-.028-.033-.042-.058-.042-.075l.01-.033c.011-.02.028-.033.044-.033.056 0 .186.139.303.323.711 1.119.966 1.39 1.446 1.535.486.148.613.261.613.55 0 .158-.081.341-.258.589-.36.503-.447.706-.447 1.038v.061l.091-.042c.067-.034.112-.054.132-.058l.206-.041c.062-.013.117-.092.117-.169l-.001-.021-.025-.182-.002-.024c0-.064.032-.138.076-.174.014-.01.028-.018.043-.018.023 0 .051.022.065.051l.132.28c.054.115.117.169.288.248zm-6.66-5.985c-.06 0-.091.052-.097.165l-.016.156-.02.2c0 .118.035.205.083.205s.135-.101.177-.216c.025-.07.037-.13.037-.193 0-.055-.013-.121-.037-.187-.03-.084-.076-.132-.126-.132zm-.685-1.205l.116.115c.189.188.282.501.282.945 0 .098-.005.163-.026.425l-.017.34c0 1.024.333 1.798.774 1.798.139 0 .229-.066.359-.264.021-.032.054-.06.075-.06s.039.021.041.068l.017.182.017.156.016.174.025.157.002.02c0 .046-.02.072-.059.079l-.149.025c-.074.012-.152.043-.231.091-.125.075-.199.132-.215.165l-.091.19c-.013.024-.032.041-.052.041-.048 0-.125-.084-.213-.231-.075-.126-.121-.228-.121-.27 0-.026.02-.036.073-.036h.016l.107.008.066-.008.075-.008c.028-.004.05-.028.05-.058 0-.022-.014-.041-.033-.049l-.371-.158a.58.58 0 0 1-.281-.272c-.102-.196-.15-.313-.15-.371 0-.051.027-.085.067-.085.014 0 .034.006.058.018a.33.33 0 0 0 .105.033c.032 0 .061-.025.061-.052s-.03-.062-.066-.089c-.31-.225-.488-.484-.488-.707 0-.062.015-.092.048-.092l.06.007.107.016h.005c.04 0 .071-.026.071-.064 0-.023-.028-.054-.068-.076l-.132-.074c-.046-.029-.085-.068-.115-.116a7.22 7.22 0 0 1-.14-.264l-.116-.223-.075-.14a.75.75 0 0 0-.05-.066.52.52 0 0 1 .257-.067c.113 0 .184.074.264.273.05.126.105.211.136.211.016 0 .021-.027.021-.097a.94.94 0 0 0-.034-.246c-.02-.075-.029-.137-.025-.182l-.016-.116-.099-.05c-.022-.01-.048-.04-.075-.082-.046-.072-.066-.133-.066-.188 0-.035.009-.092.025-.15.084-.315.108-.438.108-.54l-.001-.071.075.082z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M2.666 7.846c-.115-.017-.169-.03-.24-.058l-.157-.065c-.133-.057-.233-.084-.316-.084-.125 0-.227.042-.344.141l.074.057.165.116.157.124a.22.22 0 0 0 .136.05c.162 0 .303-.076.525-.281zm3.179 1.503c.045-.103.067-.131.165-.215.231-.198.338-.345.338-.462v-.083-.099c0-.106.018-.141.073-.141.025 0 .044.01.051.025l.041.098c.01.023.037.038.07.038s.079-.038.121-.096l.083-.115c.041-.058.06-.107.06-.161a.27.27 0 0 0-.018-.095l-.058-.132a.39.39 0 0 1-.034-.129c0-.054.027-.086.074-.086.024 0 .046.01.059.026l.066.082c.014.018.038.029.063.029.03 0 .065-.029.086-.07l.066-.132c.017-.033.026-.059.026-.074 0-.026-.027-.052-.075-.075l-.107-.05c-.142-.065-.249-.292-.249-.529a.24.24 0 0 1 .017-.09l.058-.141a.33.33 0 0 0 .025-.132c0-.086-.028-.172-.083-.256l-.108-.173c-.049-.13-.074-.167-.114-.167l-.042.01-.058.033-.091.05-.107.133-.115.057c-.069.035-.135.182-.135.303 0 .215.024.274.307.762.11.188.168.352.168.472 0 .338-.303.579-.911.725l-.38.091c-.28.067-.445.259-.504.587.116-.06.161-.068.366-.068l.122.002h.019c.11 0 .125-.008.195-.107.082-.114.162-.182.273-.23l.132-.058.107-.058.033-.009c.03 0 .046.012.046.034 0 .032-.03.086-.078.14-.095.106-.132.194-.132.32 0 .08.019.126.091.217z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M4.805 8.068a.95.95 0 0 1 .248.223c.079.108.09.116.168.116.033 0 .074-.006.121-.017l.074-.016c.136-.026.183-.046.183-.08 0-.02-.015-.045-.042-.069l-.091-.082-.091-.083a.45.45 0 0 0-.273-.093c-.099 0-.157.02-.298.101zm2.679.447l.049-.009.075-.008.074.008.036.003c.183 0 .36-.155.36-.319 0-.057-.052-.088-.146-.088-.223 0-.362.128-.449.414z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M4.402 2.81c.009.076.049.14.089.14.035 0 .075-.091.161-.237.117-.198.229-.392.229-.497 0-.035-.017-.062-.041-.062l-.008.003-.091.083c-.066.06-.118.088-.281.148-.093.036-.127.073-.127.141l.012.066.041.116.017.099z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M3.896 2.379l.14.075c.039.02.06.047.06.08l-.01.052c-.02.07-.004.147-.005.176-.007.148-.119.146-.165.146-.027 0-.013-.017-.078-.091l-.182-.206c-.056-.063-.105-.208-.124-.371l-.001-.021c0-.045.014-.062.05-.062.022 0 .063.018.091.042l.223.181zm.323.867h-.045l-.095-.009a3.81 3.81 0 0 1-.099-.059c-.037-.022-.078-.033-.118-.033-.075 0-.123.041-.123.104s.033.181.109.367l.108.264c.094.232.186.331.307.331.108 0 .123-.106.196-.289.165-.415.257-.476.257-.623 0-.1-.022-.127-.113-.127l-.077-.018-.132.084-.174.008z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M4.212 3.477h-.107c-.016 0-.032.009-.041.025l-.016.041.041.198.033.173c.018.095.053.133.124.133.081 0 .131-.055.14-.157l.016-.182.016-.188c0-.018-.009-.036-.025-.051s-.027-.018-.041-.018l-.008.001-.132.025z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M14.987 10.884c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3h-.705c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3h-.705c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3H9.98v4.28h.81v1.641h.95v-1.64h2.399v1.64h.949v-1.64h.809v-4.28h-.911z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M10.965 15.539h.492v.632h-.492v-.632zm0 .774h.492v.2h-.492v-.2zm3.351-.774h.492v.632h-.492v-.632zm0 .774h.492v.2h-.492v-.2z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g fill="#e73337" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M10.309 11.234h5.256v.195h-5.256v-.195zm.002 3.599h5.254v-3.22h-5.256l.002 3.22z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><use xlink:href="#B" data-v-7c4b1471></use><path d="M12.715 11.1c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1zm1.598 0c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1zm-2.633 2.158c.339.424.766.633 1.294.633.489 0 .826-.175 1.222-.633-.395-.405-.763-.575-1.246-.575-.508 0-.966.207-1.27.575z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M12.938 12.873c-.364 0-.659.113-1.008.383.289.286.629.433 1.002.433.42 0 .694-.116 1.006-.425-.358-.284-.633-.391-1-.391zm-.014.483c-.195 0-.36-.052-.569-.183.174-.094.37-.142.578-.142a1.38 1.38 0 0 1 .597.142 1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.605.183zm2.079 1.191c-.157 0-.284-.127-.284-.283s.127-.284.284-.284.284.127.284.284-.127.283-.284.283z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M15.002 14.049c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.215.216.215.216-.097.216-.215-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.887 14.547c-.161 0-.293-.127-.293-.283s.127-.284.284-.284.284.127.284.284a.28.28 0 0 1-.275.283z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.876 14.049c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.101.215.225.215c.114 0 .208-.097.208-.215s-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.877 12.593c-.156 0-.284-.127-.284-.284s.127-.283.284-.283.284.127.284.283-.128.284-.284.284z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><use xlink:href="#C" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></use><path d="M15.003 12.593c-.157 0-.284-.127-.284-.284s.127-.283.284-.283.284.127.284.283-.127.284-.284.284z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M15.002 12.092c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.216.216.216.216-.097.216-.216-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><defs data-v-7c4b1471><clipPath id="A" data-v-7c4b1471><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h148.235v30H0z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></clipPath><path id="B" d="M11.113 11.1c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path id="C" d="M10.876 12.092c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.216.216.216.216-.097.216-.216-.097-.216-.216-.216z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></defs></svg></a></div><div class="gh-navAndProfile"><nav class="gh-nav"><div class="gh-accordion gh-mobile-nav"><div class="gh-menu-layer"><div class="gh-logo-mobile-container"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/academic"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="149" height="30" viewbox="0 0 149 30" fill="none" aria-label="Homepage Cambridge University Press" class="gh-logo" data-v-7c4b1471><g clip-path="url(#A)" data-v-7c4b1471><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M147.065 1.786l.036 2.785-.445.114c-.1-1.217-.376-2.211-2.324-2.211h-2.618v5.147h2.247c1.103 0 1.402-.616 1.527-1.679h.447v4.304l-.446.007c-.069-1.029-.311-1.829-1.518-1.829h-2.257v4.52c0 1.314 1.133 1.314 2.332 1.314 2.151 0 3.149-.135 3.75-2.31l.441.098-.602 2.901h-9.774v-.482h.186c.75 0 1.443-.14 1.443-1.162V3.43c0-1.022-.693-1.163-1.443-1.163h-.186v-.481h9.204zm-53.267 0h-5.895v.481h.26c.486 0 1.388 0 1.388 1.525v9.569c0 .815-.748 1.104-1.388 1.104h-.26v.482h5.724v-.482h-.261c-.932 0-1.591-.115-1.591-1.6V8.766h1.454l3.918 6.18h3.371v-.492c-.889-.048-1.311-.356-1.828-1.153l-3.23-4.915.085-.035c1.152-.466 2.615-1.414 2.615-3.286 0-2.207-1.447-3.28-4.363-3.28zm-.749.536c1.685 0 2.804 1.123 2.804 2.858 0 2.138-.903 3.051-2.953 3.051h-1.125l.001-5.826a8.87 8.87 0 0 1 1.273-.083zm13.772-.539h-5.501v.481h.186c.751 0 1.443.142 1.443 1.163V13.3c0 1.021-.692 1.162-1.443 1.162h-.186v.481h5.501v-.481h-.186c-.75 0-1.444-.14-1.444-1.162V3.427c0-1.021.694-1.163 1.444-1.163h.186v-.481zM31.488 8.355c0 4.435 2.709 6.939 6.956 6.939 2.089 0 3.924-.818 5.112-2.354l-.345-.644c-1.055 1.355-2.452 2.089-4.412 2.089-3.487 0-4.927-3.074-4.927-6.324 0-3.652 1.781-5.919 4.647-5.919 2.79 0 3.616 1.617 4.112 3.383l.433-.056-.139-3.046c-1.373-.641-2.776-.945-4.46-.945-1.88 0-3.545.638-4.814 1.775-1.367 1.224-2.162 3.146-2.162 5.102zM59.883 4.33l4.761 10.706h.397l4.553-10.921.401 8.416.019.944c0 .893-.643.931-1.533.984l-.036.002v.475h5.464v-.475c-1.008-.038-1.544-.13-1.622-1.151l-.509-8.729c-.112-1.86.151-2.32 1.632-2.32h.07l.001-.485h-3.654l-4.231 9.975-4.472-9.974h-3.727v.479h.152c1.046 0 1.669.644 1.602 1.779l-.516 8.32c-.069 1.215-.161 2.046-1.657 2.106h-.169v.478h4.439v-.478h-.113c-1.21-.045-1.768-.203-1.689-2.003l.437-8.128zm55.196 10.61c1.826 0 3.63-.436 4.919-1.712 1.28-1.27 2.015-3.056 2.015-4.9 0-1.974-.668-3.636-1.93-4.81-1.28-1.191-3.113-1.741-5.301-1.741l-5.887.005v.482h.187c.749 0 1.443.141 1.443 1.162v9.871c0 1.023-.694 1.163-1.443 1.163h-.187v.483l6.184-.004zM114.1 2.349c3.704 0 5.505 1.986 5.505 6.347 0 2.806-1.514 5.669-4.841 5.669-1.413 0-2.003-.225-2.003-1.621l.001-10.334a17.99 17.99 0 0 1 1.338-.062zm19.119 11.918c-.493.224-1.326.347-2.132.33-3.496 0-5.062-3.303-5.062-6.636 0-3.628 1.855-5.882 4.914-5.882 2.267 0 3.277.887 3.823 3.15l.441-.028-.209-3.141c-1.018-.34-2.623-.651-4.184-.651-3.487 0-7.192 2.112-7.192 6.746 0 4.357 2.81 7.173 7.156 7.173 1.801 0 3.422-.307 4.63-.695l.002-3.592c0-.706.374-1.079 1.082-1.079h.153v-.47h-5.062v.47h.154c.973 0 1.487.374 1.487 1.079l-.001 3.226zM80.916 8.129c2.063 0 3.294 1.147 3.294 3.168 0 1.797-1.21 3.117-2.814 3.117-1.336 0-1.746-.368-1.746-1.654V8.129h1.265zm-.073-5.86c1.733 0 2.612.865 2.612 2.723 0 1.682-.999 2.562-2.813 2.562h-.991V2.269h1.192zm1.507 5.51c1.616-.261 3.451-1.032 3.451-3.117 0-1.883-1.511-2.878-4.256-2.878l-5.846.003v.481h.261c.484 0 1.387 0 1.387 1.524v9.548c0 .817-.748 1.121-1.387 1.121h-.261v.477l6.451.001c2.463 0 4.358-1.655 4.358-3.72 0-.866-.303-1.609-.877-2.195-.742-.759-1.624-1.124-3.281-1.245zM50.387 1.784l4.289 11.418c.318.903.783 1.258 1.463 1.258h.04l-.001.486H51.08v-.486h.116c.991 0 1.38-.415 1.082-1.327L51.24 10.24h-4.149l-.956 2.654c-.42 1.245.237 1.553 1.201 1.553h.174l.001.494h-4.008l.002-.494h.045c.811 0 1.358-.498 1.668-1.305 0-.001 4.18-11.36 4.18-11.36l.992.002zm-3.065 7.81h3.684l-1.84-5.127-1.845 5.127zM32.257 20.335c.66 0 .829.18.829.672v4.573c0 1.56 1.153 2.449 3.111 2.449 1.982 0 3.063-1.02 3.063-2.677v-4.141c0-.744.18-.876.793-.876v-.348l-1.093.024a30.18 30.18 0 0 1-1.237-.024v.348c.625.012.925.012.925 1.116v3.997c0 1.272-.757 2.077-2.102 2.077-1.333 0-2.054-.84-2.054-2.089v-4.43c0-.612.264-.672.781-.672h.084v-.348l-1.573.024c-.409 0-.841-.012-1.526-.024v.348zm9.028 0c.829.024 1.237.312 1.237.732v5.33c0 .78-.252 1.056-1.177 1.068v.348l1.429-.024a43.1 43.1 0 0 1 1.453.024v-.348h-.048c-.877 0-1.165-.336-1.165-1.128v-4.982l5.909 6.686h.312v-6.578c0-.6.216-1.128.853-1.128h.264v-.348l-1.429.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.393-.024v.348c.853 0 1.213.192 1.213 1.14v4.189l-5.045-5.678-1.081.024c-.432 0-.877-.012-1.333-.024v.348h0zm13.441 7.13c-.685-.012-.853-.12-.853-.66v-5.678c0-.672.168-.792.877-.792v-.348l-1.501.024c-.564 0-1.177-.012-1.633-.024v.348c.673 0 .865.18.865.696v5.462c0 .78-.168.972-.901.972v.348c.36-.012.709-.024 1.622-.024a56.45 56.45 0 0 1 1.525.024v-.348h0zm1.293-7.13c.601.012.829.072.973.432l2.931 7.238h.372l2.739-6.878c.132-.336.216-.492.288-.588.096-.12.18-.204.444-.204h.072v-.348l-1.057.024c-.325 0-.565-.012-1.057-.024v.348c.517.012.853.012.853.3 0 .144-.06.336-.156.6L60.631 26l-1.886-4.681c-.144-.348-.18-.528-.18-.66 0-.312.324-.312.829-.324v-.348l-1.742.024c-.541 0-.973-.012-1.633-.024v.348h0zm8.959 0c.877 0 1.009.084 1.009.744v5.642c0 .54-.132.732-1.009.744v.348l2.774-.024 3.375.012.42-1.789h-.312c-.204.552-.336.78-.468.924a1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.589.312c-.252.06-.709.096-1.381.096-.541 0-.865-.048-1.069-.156-.216-.108-.325-.312-.325-.732V23.96h1.55c.492 0 .829.156.829.816v.192l.3-.06c-.012-.324-.036-.648-.036-1.428l.012-.996h-.3c0 .708-.192.948-.877.948h-1.478v-2.977l1.502-.036c.829 0 1.021.084 1.201.24.168.156.288.348.372 1.02l.312-.12c-.036-.456-.048-.9-.048-1.116 0-.156.012-.348.012-.456l-3.231.024c-.853 0-1.694-.012-2.546-.024v.348h0zm7.686 0h.06c.745 0 .937.108.937.792v5.522c0 .612-.144.816-.949.816h-.06v.348a76.17 76.17 0 0 1 1.778-.024l1.682.024v-.348h-.084c-.757 0-.961-.192-.961-.624V24.14h.757l.588 1.068a22.31 22.31 0 0 0 .697 1.092l.672 1.032c.264.408.409.48.613.48.252 0 .793-.024 1.189-.024.276 0 .516.012.817.024v-.348a1.26 1.26 0 0 1-.913-.336c-.228-.204-.516-.552-.841-1.044L77.18 23.9c1.057-.396 1.621-1.044 1.621-1.957 0-1.26-.961-1.957-2.895-1.957l-1.982.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.261-.024v.348h0zm2.402.084c.192-.06.421-.084.613-.084 1.057 0 1.681.6 1.681 1.753 0 .828-.36 1.224-.673 1.416-.24.144-.516.228-.961.228h-.661v-3.313zm9.104-.624c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.814 2.341.865.432 1.609.804 1.609 1.693 0 .66-.492 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.057 0-1.501-.684-1.826-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.697.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.48-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.694-.936-1.694-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.312-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zm6.391 7.671c-.685-.012-.853-.12-.853-.66v-5.678c0-.672.168-.792.877-.792v-.348l-1.502.024c-.564 0-1.177-.012-1.633-.024v.348c.673 0 .865.18.865.696v5.462c0 .78-.168.972-.901.972v.348c.36-.012.709-.024 1.621-.024a56.9 56.9 0 0 1 1.525.024v-.348zm1.517-5.966c.144-.792.409-1.044 1.333-1.044h1.633v6.002c0 .936-.192 1.008-.901 1.008h-.156v.348l1.79-.024 1.766.024v-.348c-.865-.012-1.105-.156-1.105-.864v-6.146h1.67c.432 0 .721.072.865.216.132.132.204.264.24.9l.276-.108c0-.408 0-.852.144-1.789l-.204-.096c-.18.3-.288.396-.673.396h-5.933c-.348 0-.529-.132-.613-.396h-.252a10.45 10.45 0 0 1-.216 1.921h.336zm8.746-1.164c.433 0 .745.048.913.276l2.558 3.469v2.653c0 .672-.216.72-1.045.732v.348l1.826-.024 1.694.024v-.348c-.853 0-1.057-.144-1.057-.624v-3.085l2.126-2.977c.252-.348.504-.444.828-.444v-.348l-1.045.024c-.252 0-.672-.012-1.213-.024v.348c.493.012.793.024.793.24 0 .12-.144.348-.24.492l-1.477 2.221-1.73-2.329c-.156-.216-.18-.324-.18-.384 0-.204.288-.228.624-.24v-.348l-1.693.024c-.565 0-.889-.012-1.682-.024v.348zm14.689.036c.12-.012.36-.036.636-.036 1.405 0 1.453 1.729 1.453 1.981 0 1.116-.492 1.717-1.465 1.717h-.06v.312h.18c1.393 0 1.874-.408 2.198-.744.264-.276.565-.768.565-1.488 0-1.236-.805-2.125-2.607-2.125l-1.717.024c-.385 0-.985-.012-1.442-.024v.348c.565 0 .853.036.853.708v5.63c0 .672-.24.792-.865.792v.348l1.586-.024 1.838.024v-.348c-.649 0-1.154 0-1.154-.756l.001-6.338zm4.466-.036h.06c.744 0 .937.108.937.792v5.522c0 .612-.145.816-.949.816h-.06v.348c.42-.012 1.225-.024 1.777-.024l1.682.024v-.348h-.084c-.757 0-.961-.192-.961-.624V24.14h.757l.588 1.068c.216.372.529.84.697 1.092l.672 1.032c.265.408.409.48.613.48.252 0 .793-.024 1.189-.024.276 0 .517.012.817.024v-.348a1.26 1.26 0 0 1-.913-.336c-.228-.204-.516-.552-.841-1.044l-1.465-2.185c1.057-.396 1.621-1.044 1.621-1.957 0-1.26-.96-1.957-2.894-1.957l-1.982.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.261-.024v.348h0zm2.402.084a2.15 2.15 0 0 1 .613-.084c1.057 0 1.681.6 1.681 1.753 0 .828-.36 1.224-.673 1.416-.24.144-.516.228-.96.228h-.661V20.42zm6.516-.084c.877 0 1.009.084 1.009.744v5.642c0 .54-.132.732-1.009.744v.348l2.775-.024 3.375.012.42-1.789h-.312c-.204.552-.336.78-.469.924-.144.144-.3.24-.588.312-.252.06-.709.096-1.381.096-.541 0-.865-.048-1.069-.156-.217-.108-.325-.312-.325-.732V23.96h1.55c.492 0 .828.156.828.816v.192l.301-.06c-.012-.324-.036-.648-.036-1.428l.012-.996h-.301c0 .708-.192.948-.876.948h-1.478v-2.977l1.502-.036c.828 0 1.021.084 1.201.24.168.156.288.348.372 1.02l.312-.12c-.036-.456-.048-.9-.048-1.116 0-.156.012-.348.012-.456l-3.231.024c-.852 0-1.693-.012-2.546-.024v.348zm10.51-.54c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.813 2.341.865.432 1.61.804 1.61 1.693 0 .66-.492 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.056 0-1.501-.684-1.825-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.696.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.481-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.693-.936-1.693-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.313-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zm6.233 0c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.813 2.341.865.432 1.61.804 1.61 1.693 0 .66-.493 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.056 0-1.501-.684-1.825-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.696.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.48-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.693-.936-1.693-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.313-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zM0 0v15.599c0 7.67 4.03 9.859 5.967 10.911.356.193 6.333 3.162 6.715 3.352l.258.138.257-.137 6.716-3.352C21.85 25.459 25.88 23.27 25.88 15.6V0H0z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M12.939 29.365l2.633-1.309V15.762h9.746l.001-.163V10.5h-9.747V.559h-5.266V10.5H.559v5.099l.001.163h9.746v12.294l2.633 1.309z" fill="#fff" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g fill="#e73337" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M.559.559h9.747V10.5H.559V.559zm15.015 0h9.747V10.5h-9.747V.559zm-5.269 15.205H.559c.056 7.126 3.712 9.191 5.674 10.256.199.108 2.281 1.146 4.073 2.038V15.764zm5.269 0v12.294l4.073-2.038c1.961-1.065 5.618-3.13 5.673-10.256h-9.746z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M19.073 13.234l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.1 3.1 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.59-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.09 3.09 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm1.586 1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.485-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm-6.348 0l.201-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zM3.733 13.234l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.59-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.612 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014 0 0 .048.275.178.588.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586 1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.485-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.485-.014 0 0 .049.274.179.588.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm-6.348 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.12 3.12 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm10.844 5.803l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.121.01 1.175-.612 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.551zm0 5.387l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.48-2.694l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .178.589c.131-.314.179-.589.179-.589.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.09 3.09 0 0 0 .179.589c.131-.314.179-.589.179-.589.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm2.957 5.387l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .178.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.477-20.59l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.12 3.12 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.48-2.693l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014 0 0 .048.275.178.588.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.13 3.13 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm2.957 5.387l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.1 3.1 0 0 0 .178.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm11.221 13.502c.144.19.346.314.512.314a1.06 1.06 0 0 0 .223-.034.43.43 0 0 1 .11-.016c.04 0 .057.015.057.052a.56.56 0 0 1-.043.155c-.026.062-.043.112-.049.148l-.033.173-.083.148-.115.107-.033.034v.074.037c0 .202-.06.316-.223.425-.013.008-.033.022-.058.041l-.017.067-.082.288a1.73 1.73 0 0 1-.157.231c-.1.131-.165.237-.206.338-.034.083-.06.107-.114.107-.081 0-.162-.102-.176-.222a.42.42 0 0 1-.041.05l-.098.066-.158.107-.131.099-.091.091c-.016.016-.033.025-.047.025-.042 0-.085-.071-.126-.207l-.082-.271c-.022-.073-.034-.163-.034-.267 0-.137.009-.185.058-.295-.165.017-.212.027-.297.058a.29.29 0 0 1-.072.016c-.027 0-.044-.019-.044-.051a.51.51 0 0 1 .033-.122l.108-.28a.7.7 0 0 1 .566-.416.72.72 0 0 1 .211.044.45.45 0 0 0 .125.026c.096 0 .172-.07.172-.158 0-.044-.029-.091-.066-.108-.014-.007-.113-.037-.297-.091-.139-.041-.208-.092-.364-.273-.113-.131-.158-.168-.199-.168-.032 0-.049.021-.049.058l.008.11.003.051c0 .229-.068.448-.234.75l-.232.42c-.11.2-.157.352-.157.504 0 .166.072.313.165.339l.124.032a.09.09 0 0 1 .041.026c.011.013.026.034.026.047s-.015.046-.042.076c-.015.016-.064.08-.149.189-.142.186-.232.253-.405.305-.1.242-.263.383-.554.479l-.033.057c-.098.174-.317.331-.456.331h-.032c-.018.151-.126.308-.289.421l-.19.139a.34.34 0 0 0-.041.075c-.037.082-.072.116-.118.116-.088 0-.161-.082-.212-.24l-.075.049-.157.107c-.038.018-.135.047-.289.083-.203.047-.378.133-.422.207l-.074.123-.034.014c-.04 0-.087-.057-.107-.13a2.03 2.03 0 0 1-.075-.464c0-.293.097-.484.397-.783l-.001-.071c0-.456.348-.765.86-.765l.083.002.281.017.026.001c.152 0 .292-.058.444-.183.202-.165.261-.266.261-.451 0-.059-.016-.126-.079-.333a1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.061-.388c0-.341.25-.765.59-.999.087-.061.152-.141.152-.187 0-.019-.01-.034-.023-.034-.022 0-.059.023-.105.064-.04.036-.107.078-.198.125l-.132.066-.149.058c-.046.017-.069.042-.069.073 0 .018.007.044.019.075s.016.047.016.061-.014.052-.042.096l-.115.19c-.113.186-.195.266-.339.33-.093.272-.226.41-.421.438-.156.314-.294.423-.57.454-.038.121-.105.221-.248.38-.059.064-.095.109-.107.132-.065.116-.07.123-.1.123-.038 0-.124-.057-.189-.123a.5.5 0 0 1-.074-.1l-.075-.132c-.024-.043-.049-.062-.08-.062l-.053.003-.182.025a.58.58 0 0 0-.331.19l-.099.149c-.01.015-.025.024-.039.024-.074 0-.119-.163-.119-.433 0-.237.036-.395.118-.508l.231-.322c.032-.045.05-.089.05-.126a.17.17 0 0 0-.041-.106c-.049-.058-.096-.093-.132-.099l-.174-.024c-.031-.005-.044-.012-.044-.026s.009-.034.027-.057a.79.79 0 0 1 .207-.182c.205-.125.339-.174.477-.174a.81.81 0 0 1 .432.142l.239.157c.034.023.074.034.115.034.111 0 .194-.066.272-.215.076-.144.109-.26.109-.383a.51.51 0 0 0-.53-.534c-.143 0-.29.056-.43.165-.042.033-.07.064-.083.091l-.066.149c-.015.036-.039.057-.059.057-.042 0-.135-.119-.213-.272-.041-.08-.08-.179-.115-.298-.049-.161-.071-.282-.071-.412l.012-.224a.83.83 0 0 1-.149-.511.92.92 0 0 1 .059-.29.61.61 0 0 1-.091-.368l.008-.103.025-.115.017-.099c-.08-.104-.102-.174-.182-.536-.044-.205-.071-.294-.106-.347-.017-.023-.025-.041-.025-.05 0-.048.115-.092.247-.092l.116.009c-.029-.076-.035-.106-.035-.166a1.03 1.03 0 0 1 .06-.329c.044-.126.053-.161.053-.202 0-.098-.015-.197-.036-.252l-.066-.165a.23.23 0 0 1-.021-.085c0-.017.011-.023.041-.023.162 0 .472.175.715.405s.32.413.32.752l-.014.181c.225.197.323.36.323.537 0 .129-.042.215-.166.337-.223.222-.273.337-.273.622 0 .438.131.675.373.675.213 0 .377-.231.404-.57l.025-.314a3.22 3.22 0 0 1 .041-.297c.014-.075.025-.174.025-.215 0-.111-.073-.252-.29-.504-.232-.271-.31-.417-.31-.629 0-.254.176-.44.414-.44.059 0 .089.009.16.045.003-.144.01-.17.091-.372.064-.159.133-.272.165-.272.011 0 .028.012.049.033a.86.86 0 0 0 .108.09l.083.058a.75.75 0 0 1 .074.075c.051-.185.104-.272.256-.421.116-.113.159-.148.181-.148s.038.015.059.041l.099.131.14.158c.054.059.073.111.099.255l.082-.049.132-.074a.97.97 0 0 0 .1-.066c.022-.016.041-.026.052-.026s.029.024.039.059l.049.19.108.215c.032.064.042.114.042.212v.052l.055-.002c.163 0 .303.192.303.414 0 .294-.235.674-.54.876-.028.099-.035.139-.035.219 0 .657.173.794 1.183.945a5.56 5.56 0 0 1 .677.14l.653.215c.223.074.373.107.489.107.123 0 .191-.035.191-.1 0-.113-.165-.214-.672-.412l-.719-.28c-.731-.286-1.076-.731-1.076-1.388 0-.764.574-1.338 1.34-1.338.289 0 .57.06.976.207l.605.198c.101 0 .156-.069.171-.214.013-.124.047-.174.115-.174.101 0 .212.094.29.248.068.134.107.291.107.428a.47.47 0 0 1-.405.504.8.8 0 0 1-.665.342c-.329 0-.492-.065-1.054-.416-.201-.126-.287-.157-.434-.157-.197 0-.343.122-.343.287 0 .151.122.251.397.324.164.043.188.055.273.14.066-.016.096-.02.137-.02.268 0 .599.145.879.384.509.157.962.706.962 1.167 0 .509-.441.965-.935.965a3.37 3.37 0 0 1-.639-.102z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M22.437 23.219l.033-.091.033-.116c.006-.021.037-.068.091-.139.084-.11.126-.249.126-.411 0-.051-.013-.098-.044-.16-.016-.032-.025-.058-.025-.076 0-.011.006-.024.017-.038s.022-.023.033-.025l.005-.001c.021 0 .057.024.085.058.035.043.066.066.084.066.037 0 .076-.063.098-.157l.017-.083c0-.04-.033-.144-.074-.231-.016-.033-.024-.061-.024-.084 0-.029.019-.053.046-.053s.063.026.11.07c.023.022.045.034.063.034.052 0 .089-.053.128-.182l.033-.129c0-.024-.01-.038-.029-.038l-.029.002-.098.01c-.151 0-.364-.104-.464-.224l-.231-.281-.206-.273-.19-.124c-.031-.02-.049-.045-.049-.067 0-.031.031-.052.079-.052s.179.048.425.152a2.58 2.58 0 0 0 .837.183c.395 0 .721-.319.721-.707 0-.212-.095-.408-.327-.681-.043-.051-.118-.101-.153-.101-.027 0-.046.02-.046.049a.26.26 0 0 0 .025.093c.01.026.016.052.016.076 0 .038-.014.06-.039.06-.052 0-.106-.085-.151-.234-.055-.184-.162-.294-.414-.421a.89.89 0 0 0-.261-.093c-.016 0-.027.014-.027.036 0 .031.012.065.033.098a.41.41 0 0 1 .067.158v.008c0 .032-.016.05-.046.05-.053 0-.065-.014-.186-.199-.062-.095-.228-.22-.372-.281-.045-.019-.093-.031-.14-.033h-.005c-.03 0-.053.014-.053.032 0 .007.013.033.037.076l.012.047c0 .025-.017.045-.039.045-.05 0-.203-.126-.324-.265-.131-.151-.215-.343-.215-.494 0-.316.302-.596.64-.596.085 0 .157.015.212.042l.289.149.339.224c.195.127.462.223.624.223.06 0 .106-.008.26-.051.081-.022.131-.054.131-.084l-.003-.007-.029-.017-.182-.016c-.101-.01-.33-.113-.512-.232l-.38-.247-.338-.141c-.026-.01-.042-.027-.042-.043s.018-.031.039-.031c0 0 .032.006.094.017l.314.091c.079.022.206.081.38.173.344.183.569.264.734.264.191 0 .331-.131.331-.309 0-.06-.013-.157-.032-.236a.33.33 0 0 0-.05-.107c-.014-.021-.03-.032-.041-.032-.024 0-.037.025-.037.067l.004.057.003.048c0 .152-.059.206-.228.206-.137 0-.322-.055-.742-.222-.394-.155-.64-.214-.884-.214-.622 0-1.167.507-1.167 1.085 0 .499.332.882 1.011 1.161l.702.289c.581.239.794.41.794.636 0 .188-.175.309-.448.309-.118 0-.265-.032-.536-.119-.657-.209-1.085-.296-1.461-.296-.613 0-1.049.168-1.398.536-.046.049-.073.063-.114.063-.028 0-.056-.011-.118-.047a.4.4 0 0 0-.181-.059c-.06 0-.154.052-.198.109l-.082.107c-.024.031-.051.05-.073.05-.06 0-.166-.102-.232-.224-.041-.074-.069-.147-.082-.215-.011-.052-.017-.137-.017-.226l.008-.153.025-.165.025-.141c.006-.02.022-.033.04-.033.043 0 .062.039.062.129l-.002.052-.002.037c0 .235.093.45.196.45.081 0 .152-.144.211-.43.012-.057.035-.09.063-.09s.053.042.078.165c.015.08.068.191.124.264.032.042.066.067.094.067.068 0 .111-.101.145-.339.014-.092.041-.15.073-.15.014 0 .026.007.035.018a1.3 1.3 0 0 1 .058.091c.02.034.052.062.091.082s.074.033.096.033a.12.12 0 0 0 .077-.033c.037-.033.058-.058.058-.068s-.017-.038-.049-.073c-.054-.058-.096-.136-.149-.273L20 19.462c-.013-.03-.027-.05-.042-.058l-.026-.007-.049.007-.173.049-.054.009c-.023 0-.039-.015-.039-.039s.03-.062.068-.092c.209-.166.333-.445.38-.851.028-.247.06-.34.165-.487.022-.031.041-.049.052-.049.032 0 .05.025.05.073 0 .032-.009.072-.027.117a.29.29 0 0 0-.018.1l.001.031.017.05.091-.033.099-.115a.61.61 0 0 0 .109-.338c0-.079-.019-.134-.066-.19-.052-.062-.088-.087-.126-.087l-.056.004-.059.004c-.053 0-.08-.016-.08-.049l.014-.063.009-.091-.049-.206-.041-.1-.025-.083-.058.041-.124.074c-.032.019-.066.05-.1.091-.117.142-.125.149-.172.149-.03 0-.047-.011-.047-.031l.005-.035a.85.85 0 0 0 .025-.171c0-.144-.105-.361-.231-.481-.173.165-.265.346-.265.521v.099c0 .038-.012.057-.038.057h-.003c-.021-.003-.041-.019-.058-.041l-.099-.132a1.33 1.33 0 0 0-.133-.108l-.066-.057-.033.066c-.082.164-.11.262-.115.397-.004.11-.013.142-.039.142-.013 0-.03-.006-.052-.019-.125-.07-.137-.075-.191-.075-.149 0-.25.106-.25.263 0 .061.035.154.103.275.076.135.189.258.239.258.014 0 .017-.01.017-.051v-.017l-.008-.14-.017-.108-.001-.014c0-.032.012-.046.037-.046.075 0 .14.219.195.655.048.384.154.648.322.801.043.039.067.071.067.089s-.015.026-.033.026c-.024 0-.062-.015-.108-.041a.18.18 0 0 0-.09-.026c-.083 0-.175.096-.191.2l-.075.47-.058.661c-.011.125.006.293.05.495.038.178.058.309.058.391 0 .495-.308.886-.818 1.037l-.529.156c-.329.098-.491.315-.537.718.085-.067.111-.078.24-.098l.156-.025a.43.43 0 0 0 .141-.041c.015-.009.045-.04.091-.091l.14-.156c.053-.06.101-.094.13-.094.02 0 .035.022.035.048s-.02.078-.058.136-.06.135-.06.213c0 .105.028.172.135.324.013-.05.024-.083.033-.099a1.69 1.69 0 0 1 .124-.173c.114-.148.197-.302.198-.372.002-.128.014-.169.046-.169s.033.006.045.079c.003.018.012.035.025.05.019.021.038.033.05.033s.033-.012.066-.033c.057-.038.101-.077.132-.116s.062-.093.082-.149c.028-.072.042-.125.042-.156l-.001-.107c0-.028.012-.051.027-.051s.062.043.089.091c.018.032.03.042.053.042h.005c.03-.003.056-.015.074-.034.101-.098.166-.219.166-.31l-.009-.152-.033-.125-.002-.011c0-.026.019-.048.04-.048.037 0 .078.053.135.174.026.057.051.084.075.084.039 0 .07-.029.148-.142l.074-.107c.016-.024.025-.052.025-.083s-.009-.057-.025-.081l-.067-.099c-.011-.017-.016-.045-.016-.083a.81.81 0 0 1 .124-.388l.107-.207c.013-.034.027-.05.046-.05s.028.02.028.041l-.008.091v.066.066c.011.03.031.042.071.042.025 0 .054-.006.086-.017l.206-.075a1.42 1.42 0 0 0 .19-.091c.324-.179.424-.216.583-.216.095 0 .218.037.392.117.036.017.065.026.085.026s.05-.015.072-.042c.016-.019.024-.042.024-.063 0-.03-.011-.066-.033-.102-.026-.046-.051-.103-.051-.123s.014-.036.038-.036.047.02.062.044l.19.33c.154.274.354.464.529.504l.363.083c.113.025.141.069.141.209a.72.72 0 0 1-.331.616l-.298.191c-.108.068-.198.259-.198.416 0 .102.025.282.058.425l.058-.057.141-.083.124-.124.066-.182.066-.165c.032-.08.07-.132.096-.132s.045.045.045.126l-.001.023v.031c0 .118.015.17.107.348z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.543 25.575c0-.393.143-.564.712-.853 1.123-.569 1.728-1.091 1.728-1.488 0-.08-.026-.197-.1-.445a1.41 1.41 0 0 1-.071-.358c0-.183.151-.46.344-.632l.157-.14c.086-.077.15-.188.15-.261l-.001-.037-.002-.049c0-.082.032-.112.117-.116l.075-.008.064-.017c.027 0 .053.015.069.041l.041.066.058.066c.019.021.038.034.053.034s.033-.008.063-.024c.04-.022.071-.031.1-.031.043 0 .065.023.065.071 0 .166-.107.406-.298.661-.317.429-.421.66-.421.934 0 .215.062.404.182.56.021.028.033.05.033.061 0 .022-.021.059-.058.104l-.05.067c-.066.095-.11.132-.153.132-.032 0-.063-.027-.078-.067l-.033-.09c-.01-.026-.028-.043-.047-.043-.006 0-.02.014-.036.034-.021.027-.032.059-.032.091v.14c0 .056-.02.114-.058.165a.69.69 0 0 1-.116.123c-.031.027-.054.042-.065.042-.024 0-.047-.026-.059-.066l-.05-.165c-.007-.024-.024-.041-.041-.041-.028 0-.051.046-.058.116-.017.187-.049.301-.098.347l-.116.106c-.037.036-.081.061-.105.061s-.045-.011-.052-.027l-.058-.124c-.007-.015-.021-.025-.037-.025-.033 0-.058.066-.07.191-.03.297-.092.43-.256.545a.45.45 0 0 0-.206.231c-.072-.106-.1-.196-.1-.329a.3.3 0 0 1 .034-.157c.034-.062.053-.109.053-.137 0-.02-.013-.036-.03-.036-.008 0-.022.012-.041.032-.023.027-.059.055-.107.083-.149.085-.171.116-.207.281a.42.42 0 0 1-.38.371c-.28.057-.297.064-.397.158l-.01-.147zm-.534-8.514v.083l.001.122a.51.51 0 0 1-.018.134c-.027.115-.033.154-.033.187 0 .158.022.236.115.399.052.09.085.199.085.277 0 .033-.014.053-.036.053-.014 0-.029-.008-.04-.024l-.066-.091c-.053-.072-.103-.091-.237-.091l-.143.009a1.79 1.79 0 0 1 .099.289c.067.27.076.289.223.421s.161.15.161.198c0 .037-.026.067-.057.067l-.055-.008-.033-.003c-.045 0-.086.083-.086.175a.59.59 0 0 0 .053.208c.02.049.04.082.058.1l.083.082a.12.12 0 0 1 .033.085c0 .04-.023.074-.05.074a.19.19 0 0 1-.074-.027c-.021-.01-.04-.016-.058-.016-.037 0-.055.023-.055.068l.013.123.05.214c.011.048.042.102.091.158a.39.39 0 0 0 .124.099l.166.075c.016.012.024.036.024.066s-.024.058-.055.058a.7.7 0 0 1-.086-.017l-.084-.008c-.084 0-.09.005-.09.069a.52.52 0 0 0 .017.128l.033.132c.035.14.08.215.13.215.011 0 .032-.012.06-.033a1.02 1.02 0 0 1 .511-.173c.155 0 .332.019.399.041.038.013.065.02.079.02.02 0 .027-.02.028-.094l.017-.149.033-.256.024-.19v-.108l-.067.058c-.14.132-.229.173-.374.173-.38 0-.598-.427-.598-1.171 0-.307.045-.742.13-1.24.018-.105.026-.178.026-.229 0-.272-.172-.537-.472-.729z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.57 18.91l.074-.074.074-.067c.062-.054.111-.169.111-.254 0-.039-.008-.075-.028-.118-.029-.062-.084-.117-.117-.117-.028 0-.053.068-.064.175l-.017.124-.024.124-.009.124v.082zm-.726 3.377c.085.031.102.045.19.149.115.133.178.165.33.165a.42.42 0 0 0 .117-.016l.107-.033.083-.025c.04-.011.066-.028.066-.042s-.065-.072-.165-.139a1.59 1.59 0 0 0-.198-.116c-.071-.035-.131-.051-.189-.051-.116 0-.228.036-.339.109zm1.113 2.323c0-.266.262-.485.582-.485.16 0 .253.032.253.086 0 .042-.07.1-.223.181l-.24.132-.364.181-.008-.096zm3.363-2.003c.117-.024.157-.054.215-.057l.149.008a.48.48 0 0 0 .099-.066l.116-.082c.165-.113.174-.12.174-.156 0-.046-.067-.068-.206-.068-.26 0-.419.122-.546.422z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M18.827 17.58l.116.074c.066.042.121.073.165.09.128.053.174.071.174.12a.35.35 0 0 1-.017.094.51.51 0 0 0-.025.116c-.012.112-.08.141-.125.141-.056 0-.114-.086-.206-.248a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.132-.33l-.005-.032c0-.02.012-.032.036-.032l.018.006z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.942 17.868l-.19.191c-.067.089-.067.167-.083.182s-.032.021-.058.025l-.012.001c-.048 0-.084-.035-.087-.083l-.008-.14-.009-.141v-.008c0-.054.03-.083.073-.092l.176-.049.181-.091c.053-.026.069-.033.078-.033.021 0 .039.022.039.048 0 .012-.006.03-.018.052l-.083.139z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.105 18.431l.124.092a.22.22 0 0 0 .111.028.51.51 0 0 0 .195-.053l.108-.049c.025-.011.047-.018.064-.018.066 0 .118.07.118.157 0 .122-.088.247-.216.429l-.09.191c-.072.103-.12.14-.179.14-.098 0-.146-.056-.293-.348-.106-.208-.149-.336-.149-.438 0-.087.045-.148.111-.148.027 0 .06-.006.096.016z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M19.216 18.884l.008.157c.004.071.063.142.12.142.076 0 .131-.115.16-.29l.019-.115c0-.061-.02-.077-.098-.077l-.044.002h-.058l-.037-.002c-.052 0-.072.04-.072.145l.002.038z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M8.359 21.057c.072.182.097.272.107.389l.016.346c.013.347.128.52.347.52.079 0 .145-.021.182-.058l.091-.091.036-.011c.058 0 .09.038.09.107l-.01.134c-.007.06.004.188.033.379a2.25 2.25 0 0 1 .025.333c0 .176-.013.244-.075.402.058.162.091.345.091.499 0 .18-.029.3-.099.402.033.142.041.199.041.28s-.011.187-.033.314c-.029.172-.041.305-.033.395l.001.021c0 .052-.016.078-.048.078s-.069-.024-.102-.066c-.05-.065-.083-.088-.121-.088-.057 0-.075.03-.16.278-.026.077-.093.18-.198.306-.082.098-.133.179-.149.24l-.049.173c-.01.022-.029.039-.05.041h-.01c-.136 0-.292-.292-.452-.842-.045-.156-.103-.225-.187-.225-.06 0-.121.04-.144.093l-.05.116c-.009.02-.026.033-.043.033-.066 0-.167-.121-.229-.273-.051-.126-.081-.263-.081-.38 0-.259.191-.452.766-.776.251-.141.348-.32.348-.643 0-.256-.077-.403-.297-.57-.175-.132-.275-.182-.368-.182-.078 0-.14.052-.14.118 0 .078.045.125.153.162.127.046.182.09.182.147s-.054.165-.141.299a.76.76 0 0 1-.264.273c-.039.227-.146.372-.397.537-.05.142-.078.193-.165.305l-.174.223a.72.72 0 0 0-.124.256c-.018.126-.03.148-.078.148-.066 0-.2-.116-.335-.289a.4.4 0 0 1-.107-.273c-.086.068-.113.077-.281.099-.101.014-.176.033-.223.059-.127.066-.168.084-.191.084-.034 0-.046-.018-.049-.076l-.008-.182c0-.249.098-.54.248-.734-.145-.125-.289-.202-.405-.215-.049-.005-.062-.011-.062-.029 0-.03.032-.095.078-.152.062-.078.111-.133.149-.165a.82.82 0 0 1 .479-.174c.107 0 .266.039.471.116.074.028.14.041.197.041.091 0 .142-.059.142-.163 0-.15-.074-.385-.241-.762-.112-.255-.163-.427-.163-.545 0-.286.135-.583.304-.668-.08-.04-.115-.05-.184-.05-.083 0-.148.021-.254.083-.122.071-.19.134-.19.176 0 .016.025.042.067.072.064.045.075.061.075.122 0 .204-.169.477-.405.654-.052.289-.185.464-.446.586-.034.157-.056.203-.182.38-.216.302-.266.399-.305.57-.02.089-.041.125-.068.125-.035 0-.108-.055-.188-.142l-.132-.158c-.035-.054-.053-.107-.091-.263-.06.017-.076.02-.118.02l-.121-.003-.083-.002c-.181 0-.373.041-.471.101-.036.022-.06.033-.072.033-.053 0-.097-.112-.097-.25 0-.298.083-.545.276-.814-.071-.059-.094-.081-.157-.148-.027-.03-.05-.05-.066-.058l-.091-.05c-.031-.017-.05-.037-.05-.054 0-.044.121-.159.264-.252.159-.102.285-.149.4-.149.135 0 .207.035.376.182.117.102.197.149.254.149.04 0 .084-.028.118-.075.028-.038.043-.08.043-.123 0-.158-.189-.424-.398-.562-.156-.102-.326-.157-.492-.157-.23 0-.428.114-.515.297l-.091.19c-.021.044-.048.067-.079.067-.053 0-.081-.024-.268-.241l-.214-.248a.66.66 0 0 1-.133-.214.49.49 0 0 0-.041-.107c-.007-.011-.036-.033-.082-.067-.166-.117-.287-.349-.356-.685l-.025-.107c-.202-.248-.323-.555-.323-.821a.36.36 0 0 1 .018-.113c-.118-.118-.131-.147-.224-.463-.066-.224-.108-.32-.19-.428-.022-.029-.033-.052-.033-.064 0-.045.069-.081.19-.101l.166-.019.165.011-.01-.226c0-.133.01-.219.044-.377a1.01 1.01 0 0 0 .025-.172 1.68 1.68 0 0 0-.017-.142.73.73 0 0 0-.024-.124c-.012-.031-.018-.055-.018-.07 0-.027.018-.041.049-.041.024 0 .058.012.109.036.144.071.263.143.355.215.285.223.509.566.509.779l-.004.065-.017.121c0 .036.02.084.058.134l.091.125c.081.11.133.238.133.324 0 .077-.016.111-.149.304-.1.144-.141.252-.141.369 0 .149.059.337.166.522.097.171.21.265.317.265.184 0 .265-.163.294-.604l.066-.627.008-.113c0-.052-.016-.082-.082-.161l-.249-.288c-.236-.276-.307-.418-.307-.616 0-.227.149-.384.365-.384l.099.009-.001-.064a.87.87 0 0 1 .042-.224c.052-.177.117-.314.151-.314.011 0 .038.013.08.041a1.22 1.22 0 0 0 .149.057.99.99 0 0 1 .164.082.73.73 0 0 1 .133-.289c.107-.138.228-.247.271-.247.026 0 .074.035.134.099l.157.165c.026.027.057.081.091.157l.033.074.099-.057.132-.075.157-.075c.042-.028.072-.043.085-.043.028 0 .043.05.105.323a1.9 1.9 0 0 1 .058.364c.264.037.388.188.388.471 0 .266-.131.531-.413.832-.077.083-.096.122-.096.199 0 .73.254.96 1.17 1.057a5.83 5.83 0 0 1 1.404.298c.355.106.559.15.691.15.156 0 .243-.057.243-.157 0-.153-.111-.201-.769-.34-1.531-.322-2.132-.845-2.132-1.854 0-.719.538-1.259 1.257-1.259.317 0 .6.097 1.048.355.416.241.502.282.597.282.111 0 .155-.071.155-.25 0-.116.035-.172.107-.172.066 0 .166.068.256.174.137.162.19.245.19.469 0 .299-.159.494-.471.58l-.074.082c-.17.192-.32.256-.59.256-.235 0-.53-.096-.732-.24l-.397-.28c-.171-.121-.296-.173-.416-.173-.169 0-.27.101-.27.27s.11.301.29.357l.372.116c.132.041.194.067.355.148l.185-.018a1.57 1.57 0 0 1 .699.174l.149.067.207.058c.469.131.851.656.851 1.168 0 .584-.379.946-.991.946l-.191-.009z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M8.218 25.961l.049-.1.116-.124a.61.61 0 0 0 .15-.427c0-.085-.015-.177-.043-.267a.67.67 0 0 1-.034-.146c0-.052.039-.102.079-.102.016 0 .039.015.062.042l.124.14c.077.087.103.103.199.124l.008-.115.008-.136a.96.96 0 0 0-.182-.558c-.066-.084-.096-.135-.096-.164s.022-.059.045-.059c.008 0 .02.006.034.017.08.059.121.084.143.084.04 0 .076-.1.076-.208a.77.77 0 0 0-.169-.461l-.099-.123c-.011-.016-.017-.032-.017-.047 0-.035.029-.061.072-.061.031 0 .05.008.102.041.024.016.047.025.063.025.064 0 .088-.09.088-.336l-.003-.102-.008-.149c-.009-.175-.025-.206-.099-.206H8.82c-.403 0-.591-.255-.695-.942-.075-.496-.26-.849-.487-.925-.136-.045-.184-.075-.184-.111 0-.023.038-.045.079-.045.03 0 .099.018.156.041.329.133.607.198.849.198.396 0 .708-.291.708-.66 0-.282-.134-.569-.376-.801a.47.47 0 0 0-.206-.124l-.016-.001-.042.014.017.119.032.083.009.034c0 .018-.017.032-.039.032s-.047-.013-.061-.034l-.149-.223c-.118-.176-.376-.323-.568-.323-.068 0-.111.03-.111.078 0 .023.022.066.05.097.042.048.075.105.075.132l-.009.033c-.009.019-.021.031-.033.033l-.008.001c-.04 0-.06-.018-.24-.223-.147-.168-.448-.332-.609-.332-.023 0-.044.01-.061.026-.01.011-.017.023-.017.032 0 .025.022.058.058.092.051.047.092.103.092.127 0 .016-.022.031-.046.031-.047 0-.153-.068-.351-.224-.308-.242-.446-.47-.446-.735 0-.319.228-.57.52-.57.171 0 .398.082.554.199l.405.305a1.07 1.07 0 0 0 .65.215c.052 0 .1-.012.143-.033.036-.018.058-.04.058-.055s-.031-.024-.075-.036c-.146-.035-.264-.085-.347-.148l-.413-.313-.323-.223c-.218-.114-.26-.141-.26-.167 0-.013.021-.024.047-.024s.047.006.073.017l.215.091a2.47 2.47 0 0 1 .347.206c.442.295.667.39.927.39.247 0 .429-.175.429-.413 0-.047-.012-.098-.034-.143l-.041-.082c-.014-.029-.041-.052-.049-.041l-.025.033-.025.174c-.001.007-.01.027-.025.058a.29.29 0 0 1-.057.082c-.045.044-.083.058-.152.058-.128 0-.271-.068-.658-.315s-.744-.379-1.024-.379A1.07 1.07 0 0 0 5.977 18c0 .827.505 1.2 2.09 1.546.603.131.868.308.868.576 0 .245-.198.399-.512.399a1.19 1.19 0 0 1-.224-.016 30.59 30.59 0 0 1-.851-.232c-.354-.098-.752-.154-1.103-.154-.622 0-1.041.185-1.326.584-.033.047-.066.075-.088.075s-.042-.012-.069-.033l-.115-.091a.56.56 0 0 0-.297-.113.26.26 0 0 0-.175.072c-.041.037-.072.057-.084.057-.046 0-.131-.104-.196-.239-.093-.193-.141-.386-.141-.562 0-.082.026-.14.062-.14.029 0 .05.022.062.066l.066.239c.037.134.112.239.169.239.025 0 .07-.036.12-.099.031-.038.053-.077.067-.116.052-.151.064-.173.105-.173.048 0 .073.03.106.181.007.028.016.07.054.142.033.062.067.113.099.149.025.027.056.042.085.042.073 0 .139-.121.139-.255l-.002-.035-.01-.153c0-.059.009-.077.043-.077.019 0 .034.01.058.04.035.046.083.085.141.115.05.027.091.041.118.041s.053-.015.08-.041.035-.044.035-.065-.03-.062-.117-.15c-.047-.048-.103-.16-.165-.33-.023-.065-.054-.109-.078-.109a.24.24 0 0 0-.054.018l-.107.041-.074.033-.028.006c-.035 0-.063-.025-.063-.057s.075-.121.166-.196c.065-.055.105-.136.107-.223.005-.139.031-.248.058-.248l.025-.289a2.98 2.98 0 0 1 .124-.569c.01-.03.023-.051.033-.051.023 0 .044.062.044.131l-.003.043-.005.084c0 .105.017.159.049.159s.077-.052.113-.143l.074-.19c.022-.056.033-.108.033-.154 0-.161-.096-.277-.23-.277l-.06.01-.058.017c-.043 0-.08-.048-.08-.104l.006-.119-.008-.165-.033-.173-.009-.083-.074.041-.091.075-.132.107-.108.091c-.019.016-.04.025-.061.025-.063 0-.071-.017-.071-.146v-.032c0-.104-.045-.185-.214-.384l-.042-.05-.032.058-.091.149-.091.231-.017.148c-.004.043-.021.076-.037.076s-.046-.022-.078-.059a.64.64 0 0 0-.355-.239l-.016.057-.05.174-.009.156v.066.053c0 .046-.017.073-.045.073l-.005-.001c-.003-.001-.019-.015-.049-.041-.019-.017-.054-.026-.1-.026-.154 0-.252.083-.252.215 0 .099.034.173.186.404.068.103.146.184.176.184.02 0 .037-.054.037-.117l-.015-.099a.41.41 0 0 1-.024-.126c0-.046.013-.071.039-.071.074 0 .151.214.183.512l.033.305a1.02 1.02 0 0 0 .099.33c.075.154.149.259.215.305.079.056.128.111.128.141s-.021.05-.044.05a5.64 5.64 0 0 1-.167-.059l-.069-.01c-.165 0-.22.094-.22.378a1.58 1.58 0 0 0 .488 1.044l.38.306c.193.154.339.411.339.595 0 .242-.265.479-.719.644l-.273.098c-.212.077-.297.214-.38.611a.68.68 0 0 1 .228-.042l.037.001.123.003c.111 0 .191-.067.191-.16v-.075c0-.022.031-.053.074-.075l.115-.058.091-.074c.014-.012.03-.019.046-.019.025 0 .045.024.045.051 0 .02-.006.046-.017.075-.028.073-.044.173-.044.284 0 .202.032.311.135.459.009-.055.018-.09.025-.107.017-.042.064-.117.141-.223.125-.175.217-.388.217-.503l-.003-.035-.025-.189c0-.034.015-.067.041-.091.018-.016.038-.024.057-.024.035 0 .057.021.085.082.019.046.043.074.059.074.029 0 .086-.076.122-.165.028-.066.041-.125.041-.175a.29.29 0 0 0-.025-.106.29.29 0 0 1-.026-.094c0-.021.007-.031.034-.055.014-.01.028-.017.042-.017s.033.007.049.017l.074.05c.025.017.048.025.066.025.033 0 .081-.037.116-.092.072-.11.117-.201.117-.235 0-.022-.014-.038-.059-.07-.164-.116-.273-.292-.273-.442 0-.035.008-.074.025-.119l.082-.223.066-.174.024-.009c.028 0 .045.023.045.064a.28.28 0 0 1-.019.094.54.54 0 0 0-.035.157c0 .059.03.091.086.091a.35.35 0 0 0 .138-.033c.25-.108.448-.166.567-.166.112 0 .182.025.3.108.031.022.058.034.076.034s.032-.013.048-.034c.01-.014.017-.029.017-.041 0-.03-.018-.069-.05-.107-.042-.052-.059-.085-.059-.117 0-.026.017-.043.044-.043.13 0 .333.41.527 1.059.152.513.195.565.685.843.415.234.573.466.573.843 0 .371-.103.846-.317 1.469-.067.197-.097.33-.097.44 0 .087.017.172.081.394l.057.19a.98.98 0 0 0 .065.124zm-1.916-1.156a1.38 1.38 0 0 1 .157-.281c.134-.201.182-.308.182-.404v-.133c0-.124.022-.182.072-.182a.05.05 0 0 1 .044.025l.042.066c.013.021.035.033.058.033s.069-.032.093-.069a.58.58 0 0 0 .096-.295l-.009-.091-.008-.093c0-.05.02-.072.068-.072.032 0 .046.013.073.075.017.04.042.066.062.066s.049-.018.069-.05l.066-.099.05-.075.012-.04c0-.023-.018-.044-.062-.076-.153-.11-.22-.28-.231-.587a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-.041-.454c-.005-.016-.054-.134-.149-.355a2.15 2.15 0 0 1-.099-.297c-.019-.076-.043-.1-.103-.1-.225 0-.394.192-.394.445 0 .149.062.384.175.67.159.401.201.544.201.686 0 .303-.121.435-.54.586-.473.169-.695.413-.777.85l.083-.033.115-.041.132-.033c.114-.028.205-.092.223-.157l.033-.115c.008-.028.024-.047.05-.058l.074-.033.074-.033.016.033-.033.107a.74.74 0 0 0-.017.192c0 .181.036.287.141.418zm-4.437-7.639l.017.093c0 .026-.011.097-.033.213l-.015.168a1.35 1.35 0 0 0 .072.435c.042.119.053.156.053.188l-.003.035c-.008.034-.02.059-.032.059s-.046-.018-.084-.052c-.095-.082-.198-.125-.305-.125a.81.81 0 0 0-.141.017l.041.091.124.306.174.264.181.125a.2.2 0 0 1 .05.049c.017.023.025.042.025.055s-.014.027-.033.028l-.166.008c-.025.001-.045.017-.045.035 0 .028.024.111.071.246l.083.24.14.132.148.108c.044.031.07.067.07.093s-.014.046-.029.047l-.082.008c-.027.003-.042.026-.042.066 0 .062.058.174.166.322.128.174.218.232.364.232h.124c.059 0 .095.029.095.076 0 .039-.025.061-.079.073-.114.024-.149.047-.149.1 0 .021.015.053.042.09l.067.091c.055.075.117.125.157.125.022 0 .074-.023.121-.076.074-.085.159-.154.268-.181.287-.073.347-.103.347-.169 0-.023-.011-.056-.033-.095-.091-.164-.124-.27-.124-.404 0-.103-.027-.175-.064-.175-.015 0-.041.025-.068.067-.068.104-.184.174-.289.174-.286 0-.631-.448-.801-1.041a1.65 1.65 0 0 1-.061-.445 2.32 2.32 0 0 1 .061-.504l.091-.405.011-.112c0-.205-.189-.468-.481-.673z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M2.46 18.315c-.061.115-.117.374-.117.538 0 .096.031.173.072.173.013 0 .03-.016.045-.041l.091-.166.059-.101c.033-.049.057-.097.057-.123 0-.098-.091-.219-.207-.28zm.907 3.723l.041.041.066.066c.161.167.185.183.263.183.072 0 .222-.041.307-.084.036-.018.058-.04.058-.057 0-.011-.03-.044-.082-.091l-.091-.083c-.069-.062-.171-.12-.22-.12-.095 0-.192.042-.342.145zm1.918 1.495a.82.82 0 0 1 .165.083l.132.082c.025.011.07.017.131.017.038 0 .072-.006.1-.017l.174-.066.165-.058c.044-.016.075-.041.075-.064 0-.012-.037-.03-.091-.043-.037-.01-.079-.023-.124-.041-.203-.082-.233-.094-.305-.094a.55.55 0 0 0-.422.201zm2.092 1.66c.055-.133.093-.155.281-.166.212-.012.414-.391.414-.648 0-.025-.009-.047-.019-.047s-.03.01-.056.027l-.123.074-.24.107c-.16.071-.301.285-.301.453a.57.57 0 0 0 .045.2z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M3.807 18.018l.082.116a.78.78 0 0 0 .179.129c.025 0 .038-.018.053-.071l.033-.125.009-.138c0-.109-.048-.15-.273-.208-.056-.015-.079-.013-.115-.042s-.079-.05-.099-.05-.034.01-.034.023l.009.037.041.123.116.207zm.883-.001l-.108.191-.041.045-.008.001c-.044 0-.088-.1-.091-.204l-.016-.164c.013-.068.053-.098.156-.116.084-.015.14-.031.166-.049l.132-.091.014-.003c.022 0 .038.015.038.04l-.003.011-.058.141-.182.197z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M4.474 18.579l.132-.066c.024-.012.045-.018.063-.018.064 0 .112.048.112.134 0 .094-.074.221-.175.403-.109.197-.191.331-.276.331-.119 0-.287-.189-.451-.505a.54.54 0 0 1-.063-.23c0-.104.046-.159.133-.159.036 0 .07.008.095.026l.074.05a.39.39 0 0 0 .21.066c.052 0 .101-.011.145-.033z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M4.384 18.761s.076.016.076.067l-.002.024-.025.123c-.027.165-.065.267-.119.267a.08.08 0 0 1-.063-.035c-.085-.12-.15-.274-.15-.358 0-.059.026-.089.079-.089l.014.001.091.016.099-.016z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M23.617 5.468l.033.124.067.264c.104.472.191.595.421.595.131 0 .24-.073.273-.182l.049-.166c.011-.038.04-.06.079-.06.09 0 .138.099.145.299.002.076.019.211.049.404.023.139.033.267.033.382 0 .084-.01.133-.049.237l.016.099c.028.163.035.227.035.303 0 .354-.017.459-.101.597.034.135.044.199.044.296a2.47 2.47 0 0 1-.027.291l-.033.248.008.148c.022.055.033.089.033.099 0 .023-.015.041-.033.041l-.165-.066-.182-.099c-.059-.032-.1-.064-.19-.148-.16.141-.183.154-.373.206-.274.076-.375.11-.429.149s-.093.057-.114.057c-.064 0-.109-.124-.109-.306 0-.264.015-.401.058-.504-.161-.054-.242-.074-.3-.074a.69.69 0 0 0-.121.016l-.037.004c-.024 0-.038-.029-.038-.079 0-.081.057-.242.133-.378.103-.184.274-.338.405-.364l.297-.057c.176-.034.281-.128.281-.251s-.077-.197-.257-.261l-.347-.124c-.117-.042-.227-.094-.331-.157l-.181-.108c-.03-.016-.062-.024-.09-.024-.073 0-.118.054-.118.141 0 .14.108.255.24.255.03 0 .058-.006.084-.017a.27.27 0 0 1 .076-.025c.038 0 .065.036.065.089a1.04 1.04 0 0 1-.19.522l-.099.124-.075.099c-.027.213-.236.517-.446.652-.051.032-.082.054-.091.066s-.029.047-.066.116c-.017.032-.073.098-.166.198a1.55 1.55 0 0 1-.206.19c-.092.07-.148.121-.165.149l-.083.141c-.017.029-.038.043-.065.043-.074 0-.142-.077-.183-.207-.03-.097-.057-.125-.12-.125a.64.64 0 0 0-.145.025l-.115.016h-.29c-.156 0-.365.038-.463.084-.037.018-.066.026-.085.026-.043 0-.064-.043-.064-.126 0-.262.202-.659.464-.916-.039-.152-.119-.254-.223-.28l-.149-.041c-.015-.008-.025-.023-.025-.039 0-.053.059-.105.19-.167.235-.111.303-.132.434-.132.15 0 .276.051.433.174.224.174.285.207.393.207.176 0 .345-.161.345-.331 0-.114-.063-.241-.218-.438-.22-.281-.298-.464-.298-.702 0-.16.032-.247.174-.478.022-.037.035-.068.035-.089 0-.045-.075-.086-.159-.086-.088 0-.198.032-.347.1-.249.114-.397.22-.397.285 0 .026.015.052.041.07l.083.058c.01.007.017.02.017.034s-.016.043-.034.064-.072.09-.165.215a1.89 1.89 0 0 1-.346.363c-.045.034-.072.062-.084.083l-.066.124c-.055.103-.218.274-.356.371l-.115.091a.75.75 0 0 0-.075.115c-.084.151-.217.338-.305.429l-.223.231c-.064.066-.154.257-.24.511-.068.2-.111.29-.142.29-.014 0-.037-.018-.064-.05-.16-.183-.305-.298-.375-.298-.018 0-.051.015-.096.042-.063.038-.138.067-.223.083l-.297.057c-.249.049-.348.102-.463.248-.029.036-.053.057-.066.057-.029 0-.051-.043-.051-.1l.008-.072c.002-.008.016-.082.042-.223.043-.235.103-.43.165-.537l.149-.256c.026-.046.041-.093.041-.133 0-.19-.178-.345-.447-.387-.055-.008-.083-.028-.083-.06 0-.038.065-.111.166-.188.175-.132.368-.215.505-.215.092 0 .215.032.379.099l.182.074a.49.49 0 0 0 .184.043c.192 0 .379-.175.609-.57.104-.18.149-.308.149-.425 0-.209-.097-.335-.26-.335-.128 0-.25.054-.351.156-.09.091-.137.182-.137.264l.005.084.003.044c0 .067-.023.097-.072.097-.062 0-.135-.061-.278-.232l-.232-.272c-.251-.294-.303-.411-.314-.711-.28-.357-.35-.555-.35-.762l.011-.17c-.201-.241-.24-.334-.24-.572 0-.107.006-.135.05-.221-.099-.145-.13-.21-.157-.322l-.041-.174a.9.9 0 0 0-.132-.305c-.074-.106-.083-.122-.083-.153 0-.086.083-.142.29-.193l.066-.017-.017-.183c0-.048.006-.094.025-.197l.058-.306c.022-.119.034-.21.034-.271 0-.07-.011-.127-.05-.257-.025-.084-.054-.148-.082-.19s-.05-.084-.05-.109.028-.05.066-.05c.02 0 .055.01.083.027.279.152.584.393.801.636.187.208.247.381.289.843.253.188.348.358.348.626 0 .159-.052.313-.166.488l-.165.256c-.049.083-.075.179-.075.279 0 .149.045.289.157.488.123.219.234.314.365.314.217 0 .413-.374.413-.786l-.002-.081v-.223l.025-.198.016-.24.016-.199.006-.11c0-.081-.017-.105-.271-.376-.28-.3-.413-.554-.413-.789 0-.222.191-.408.42-.408a.6.6 0 0 1 .175.032v-.099l.009-.174.049-.214c.04-.171.058-.203.117-.203l.041.013.149.132.181.116.05.049c.012-.103.021-.124.107-.232l.115-.157.083-.124.05-.074c.033-.05.047-.063.069-.063s.038.029.064.121c.011.037.036.075.074.107l.108.091c.087.074.145.183.181.339a.49.49 0 0 1 .165-.149l.133-.074c.049-.028.079-.042.088-.042s.023.02.037.05c.019.043.041.085.066.124.106.171.116.196.116.311v.069.099c.268.074.372.218.372.514 0 .222-.102.451-.315.707-.141.17-.165.222-.165.35 0 .582.439.935 1.181.946l.545.008a2.67 2.67 0 0 1 .901.148c.382.125.507.158.623.158.084 0 .154-.047.154-.103 0-.119-.2-.212-.868-.401-1.361-.384-1.942-.935-1.942-1.836 0-.698.583-1.237 1.336-1.237a2.88 2.88 0 0 1 .82.141l.338.124a.52.52 0 0 0 .178.035c.117 0 .161-.073.178-.291.008-.097.039-.14.101-.14.087 0 .256.136.378.306s.215.404.215.554c0 .176-.092.31-.29.421-.185.282-.413.412-.72.412-.235 0-.635-.159-1.139-.454-.198-.116-.285-.148-.395-.148-.149 0-.244.083-.244.214 0 .119.088.194.334.28.391.139.475.185.587.323.421.073.604.146.868.346.754.242 1.174.707 1.174 1.303 0 .543-.368.935-.88.935a1.59 1.59 0 0 1-.402-.049z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M24.436 9.084a.58.58 0 0 1-.026-.152l.009-.112.026-.321c0-.061-.018-.109-.06-.166l-.099-.132c-.064-.087-.09-.151-.09-.225 0-.048.011-.064.044-.064l.038.008.074.041c.034.019.062.028.083.028.05 0 .075-.077.075-.232 0-.215-.04-.318-.165-.415l-.115-.091c-.02-.016-.034-.043-.034-.067 0-.04.023-.065.061-.065.023 0 .056.007.096.017l.091.025.035.008c.028 0 .041-.022.041-.07l-.002-.029-.025-.174c-.026-.18-.056-.249-.109-.249l-.015.002-.215.041-.036.003c-.258 0-.562-.245-.641-.515l-.157-.537c-.047-.161-.187-.338-.397-.504-.069-.053-.129-.085-.173-.09l-.148-.017c-.027-.003-.045-.019-.045-.04 0-.034.029-.05.09-.05a2.35 2.35 0 0 1 .732.14c.271.089.419.121.552.121.414 0 .663-.216.663-.573 0-.179-.065-.404-.157-.548-.081-.124-.216-.251-.389-.363-.025-.017-.048-.026-.065-.026-.023 0-.042.018-.042.042l.008.107v.01c0 .04-.023.073-.053.073-.046 0-.093-.054-.146-.165-.152-.323-.398-.517-.65-.517-.055 0-.087.019-.087.053 0 .025.015.063.043.109a1.02 1.02 0 0 1 .074.148c.013.032.02.056.02.071s-.013.024-.038.024c-.037 0-.098-.034-.139-.077l-.124-.132-.107-.166a.79.79 0 0 0-.33-.289l-.207-.107c-.041-.022-.078-.033-.105-.033s-.039.013-.039.038.013.059.037.095a.42.42 0 0 1 .076.165c0 .028-.018.05-.041.05-.058 0-.162-.104-.307-.305a.78.78 0 0 1-.158-.464c0-.348.268-.619.613-.619.177 0 .399.074.618.207l.397.24c.142.086.334.149.453.149.066 0 .085-.004.233-.042a.4.4 0 0 0 .107-.041.06.06 0 0 0 .03-.049c0-.032-.02-.047-.072-.05-.184-.014-.566-.164-.817-.323l-.273-.156c-.068-.024-.114-.059-.114-.088 0-.013.014-.02.036-.02l.048.008.36.132.347.124a2.18 2.18 0 0 0 .555.116c.157 0 .265-.108.265-.265 0-.079-.02-.168-.052-.23-.05-.099-.116-.182-.143-.182s-.05.033-.05.088l.004.044.01.106c0 .111-.061.184-.156.184a.46.46 0 0 1-.135-.026l-.537-.173c-.467-.151-.648-.19-.878-.19-.649 0-1.139.438-1.139 1.022 0 .658.452 1.071 1.612 1.472 1.125.39 1.272.479 1.272.775 0 .17-.16.307-.359.307a1 1 0 0 1-.194-.017l-.562-.132c-.345-.084-.637-.116-1.027-.116-.819 0-1.214.125-1.642.521-.099.092-.139.109-.249.109l-.056-.002-.13-.008c-.099 0-.174.047-.234.149l-.132.223c-.018.031-.054.049-.095.049-.086 0-.131-.057-.212-.256a.64.64 0 0 0-.165-.249l-.174-.149c-.026-.023-.041-.044-.041-.06s.015-.044.041-.08a.84.84 0 0 0 .075-.115c.026-.047.039-.081.041-.1l.008-.074c.006-.024.03-.041.059-.041.055 0 .064.036.066.24a.59.59 0 0 0 .066.223l.091.198c.012.026.041.042.075.042.086 0 .194-.201.223-.413.024-.176.043-.232.079-.232s.049.021.119.166c.022.044.056.087.099.124s.075.054.099.058h.009c.068 0 .091-.043.107-.199l.008-.082-.016-.116-.011-.08c0-.053.018-.085.049-.085.018 0 .04.012.062.033l.082.083c.055.055.111.083.166.083.071 0 .115-.031.115-.081 0-.041-.009-.061-.082-.183a2.51 2.51 0 0 1-.058-.107c-.073-.139-.108-.174-.173-.174l-.084.008-.107.041c-.032.012-.054.019-.066.019s-.025-.014-.025-.033c0-.074.049-.192.141-.336.057-.09.104-.311.14-.649l.042-.388c.025-.238.051-.323.099-.323.017 0 .031.007.033.017l.024.124v.099c0 .12.013.218.028.218.035 0 .087-.041.137-.111.036-.05.063-.106.083-.165.027-.089.042-.161.042-.217 0-.191-.081-.273-.339-.345-.026-.007-.043-.016-.049-.025l-.009-.074v-.14l-.017-.1-.032-.083-.042-.091-.066.041c-.169.106-.21.138-.265.206-.075.095-.101.119-.132.119-.023 0-.041-.016-.041-.036l.033-.141.003-.024c0-.181-.102-.356-.284-.487l-.058.066-.058.083-.099.116a.39.39 0 0 0-.092.245l.001.027.001.028c0 .065-.01.088-.041.088l-.018-.008-.066-.082-.082-.099-.149-.091-.074-.058c-.08.173-.083.191-.083.414v.069c0 .074-.024.119-.064.119-.019 0-.054-.014-.101-.041-.037-.021-.082-.034-.123-.034-.12 0-.209.102-.209.241 0 .151.032.255.133.42.065.107.15.194.19.194.005 0 .015-.076.025-.177l-.025-.14-.005-.063c0-.053.019-.086.05-.086.046 0 .075.051.104.19l.066.306.066.388a1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .099.33 1.66 1.66 0 0 0 .14.289c.092.118.102.134.102.16 0 .02-.017.038-.036.038s-.043-.009-.075-.025a.32.32 0 0 0-.099-.033l-.06-.009c-.137 0-.165.11-.165.658 0 .342.071.798.159 1.019l.174.438a.56.56 0 0 1 .042.205c0 .604-.817 1.569-1.678 1.983-.335.161-.434.328-.463.784a1.57 1.57 0 0 1 .289-.116c.244-.068.296-.103.33-.215l.033-.107c.015-.046.045-.068.215-.157.064-.033.109-.07.132-.107.043-.071.076-.106.098-.106s.036.016.036.043l-.002.013-.091.236-.01.058c0 .173.097.317.275.408l.024-.099c.029-.126.058-.209.083-.248l.158-.231c.057-.084.067-.139.067-.352l-.009-.26-.005-.066c0-.043.02-.066.058-.066.029 0 .053.011.055.025l.024.157c.006.033.04.058.081.058.08 0 .182-.102.291-.289.042-.073.059-.13.059-.197a1.9 1.9 0 0 0-.026-.257l-.003-.049c0-.041.024-.067.063-.067.021 0 .037.007.04.016l.058.191c.019.063.063.107.108.107.127 0 .258-.259.272-.537.008-.174.03-.235.083-.235.021 0 .036.008.041.02l.033.107c.012.039.036.065.059.065s.063-.037.115-.099a.83.83 0 0 0 .074-.107c.016-.029.024-.059.024-.087 0-.042-.009-.053-.074-.103s-.091-.104-.091-.173c0-.12.051-.248.198-.504.135-.232.153-.259.186-.259s.055.031.055.07c0 .024-.006.049-.017.072-.022.048-.034.081-.034.099 0 .032.029.059.066.059a.34.34 0 0 0 .15-.05 1.66 1.66 0 0 1 .223-.091l.281-.099c.052-.016.111-.025.17-.025.048 0 .096.006.144.017.094.022.158.034.19.034a.13.13 0 0 0 .133-.131.35.35 0 0 0-.051-.143l-.074-.115c-.036-.038-.051-.059-.051-.074l.009-.033c.01-.02.028-.033.047-.033.065 0 .193.133.308.323.648 1.057.962 1.391 1.438 1.535.496.15.613.255.613.551 0 .157-.083.346-.258.588-.33.458-.447.726-.447 1.031l.001.068.091-.042c.068-.034.112-.054.133-.058l.206-.041c.065-.013.117-.09.117-.173l-.001-.016-.016-.182-.002-.029c0-.102.05-.187.112-.187.023 0 .049.021.063.05l.132.28c.053.115.116.17.288.248zM17.663 3.42l-.008.132-.002.081c0 .134.021.192.071.192s.141-.102.179-.215a.84.84 0 0 0 .042-.224.41.41 0 0 0-.042-.156c-.037-.09-.075-.132-.121-.132-.071 0-.104.091-.118.322z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.089 1.893l.116.115c.169.169.285.513.285.846l-.004.137-.025.388-.008.325c0 1.079.314 1.815.776 1.815.116 0 .258-.107.356-.265.021-.034.049-.06.066-.06.026 0 .039.022.041.068l.017.182.016.156.025.174.025.162c0 .083-.017.092-.215.119a.55.55 0 0 0-.231.091c-.128.082-.203.139-.215.165l-.091.19c-.012.024-.032.041-.053.041-.048 0-.113-.073-.204-.231-.084-.146-.121-.23-.121-.269 0-.026.021-.037.072-.037h.017l.099.008.074-.008.067-.008c.028-.007.049-.031.049-.061 0-.02-.013-.038-.033-.046l-.372-.158c-.089-.038-.185-.134-.272-.272-.095-.152-.151-.285-.151-.36 0-.059.025-.097.065-.097.016 0 .037.006.061.019a.31.31 0 0 0 .097.033c.014 0 .03-.006.044-.017s.025-.027.025-.04c0-.024-.025-.055-.066-.085-.309-.219-.497-.485-.497-.704 0-.064.015-.094.047-.094l.061.006c.045.009.099.017.116.017.045 0 .076-.025.076-.064 0-.024-.03-.054-.076-.076-.206-.103-.257-.162-.388-.455-.101-.224-.153-.318-.24-.429.108-.052.166-.067.257-.067.113 0 .184.074.264.273.05.126.105.211.137.211.015 0 .021-.026.021-.095a.96.96 0 0 0-.034-.248c-.02-.075-.029-.137-.024-.182l-.017-.116-.091-.05c-.084-.045-.141-.154-.141-.271a.61.61 0 0 1 .017-.15l.05-.191a1.6 1.6 0 0 0 .059-.349v-.071l.074.082zm.992 5.953a1.22 1.22 0 0 1-.396-.123.75.75 0 0 0-.31-.084c-.131 0-.231.041-.351.141l.074.057.166.116.158.124c.04.032.089.05.139.05.162 0 .299-.074.522-.281zm3.182 1.502a.47.47 0 0 1 .165-.215c.231-.198.339-.345.339-.462v-.083-.099c0-.106.017-.141.073-.141.025 0 .045.01.051.025l.041.098c.01.023.036.037.07.037.059 0 .101-.042.203-.21.043-.071.061-.117.061-.164 0-.029-.006-.061-.02-.093l-.058-.131a.4.4 0 0 1-.034-.129c0-.054.027-.086.074-.086.025 0 .047.01.06.026l.065.082c.015.018.019.029.044.029s.085-.029.106-.07l.066-.132c.017-.033.025-.059.025-.075 0-.028-.026-.056-.067-.073l-.116-.05c-.135-.058-.248-.291-.248-.512 0-.025.009-.061.025-.107l.05-.141a.41.41 0 0 0 .025-.137c0-.081-.025-.159-.082-.251l-.099-.173c-.048-.123-.076-.164-.117-.164-.029 0-.057.011-.106.039l-.083.05-.116.133-.116.057c-.069.035-.135.184-.135.309 0 .178.039.275.309.757.114.204.168.355.168.47 0 .336-.343.613-.903.727-.669.137-.815.248-.892.678.116-.06.162-.068.366-.068l.121.002h.019c.111 0 .125-.008.196-.107a.62.62 0 0 1 .273-.23l.132-.058.107-.058.033-.009c.03 0 .046.012.046.035 0 .028-.027.076-.079.139-.08.097-.126.196-.126.272 0 .11.018.166.085.265z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M20.223 8.069c.095.059.191.145.248.223.079.108.09.116.169.116a.52.52 0 0 0 .12-.017l.074-.016c.141-.027.183-.047.183-.085 0-.023-.013-.046-.035-.064l-.099-.082-.091-.083a.44.44 0 0 0-.261-.092c-.103 0-.186.027-.309.1zm2.675.446l.049-.009.083-.008.066.008.045.003c.084 0 .127-.009.162-.036.051-.039.104-.101.157-.19.021-.035.032-.068.032-.094 0-.056-.051-.088-.141-.088-.227 0-.366.126-.454.413z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M19.816 2.81c.009.077.049.14.09.14.035 0 .09-.118.176-.263.117-.199.214-.365.214-.471 0-.035-.018-.062-.041-.062l-.009.003-.091.084a.94.94 0 0 1-.273.148c-.106.038-.136.07-.136.14l.012.067.069.143-.011.072zm-.724-.611c-.029-.024-.07-.042-.092-.042-.035 0-.05.018-.05.06l.002.024c.006.045.018.092.032.14a.72.72 0 0 0 .109.231l.125.209a.43.43 0 0 0 .18.114l.006.001c.022 0 .041-.014.043-.034l.026-.165.041-.149.005-.035c0-.04-.023-.076-.062-.096l-.141-.075-.222-.181z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.637 3.248h-.044l-.096-.009c-.003-.001-.037-.021-.1-.059-.037-.022-.077-.033-.116-.033-.076 0-.121.047-.121.126 0 .062.037.182.105.344l.108.264c.091.231.185.33.31.33.107 0 .193-.088.26-.263l.091-.372c.044-.116.153-.164.153-.245 0-.095-.106-.186-.196-.186l-.048.009-.124.084-.182.008z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M19.627 3.477h-.099c-.015 0-.03.009-.041.025-.016.023-.025.038-.025.041l.041.198.033.173c.019.095.034.133.105.133.081 0 .15-.055.159-.157l.017-.182.016-.188c0-.018-.009-.036-.024-.051s-.027-.018-.043-.018l-.007.001-.132.025z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M8.2 5.467l.033.124.066.264c.104.472.192.595.421.595.131 0 .24-.073.273-.182l.05-.166c.011-.038.04-.06.079-.06.089 0 .131.093.135.3.002.059.021.194.059.404.022.124.032.245.032.36a.59.59 0 0 1-.049.259c.028.162.05.38.05.506 0 .204-.038.394-.099.493a1.04 1.04 0 0 1 .042.311 1.55 1.55 0 0 1-.026.275l-.044.285a.35.35 0 0 0 .019.111c.016.047.025.081.025.099 0 .023-.011.041-.025.041l-.165-.066-.182-.099c-.059-.032-.099-.064-.19-.148-.161.144-.208.166-.628.281-.084.022-.146.048-.182.074-.052.037-.09.057-.11.057-.071 0-.105-.114-.105-.35 0-.175.018-.337.05-.46a.94.94 0 0 0-.295-.074 1.68 1.68 0 0 0-.126.016l-.031.003c-.024 0-.044-.036-.044-.079 0-.032.022-.112.051-.179l.082-.198c.03-.072.098-.154.198-.239a.53.53 0 0 1 .215-.125l.297-.057c.177-.034.282-.128.282-.251s-.08-.199-.257-.261l-.356-.124a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.323-.157c-.197-.117-.23-.132-.277-.132-.071 0-.112.054-.112.147 0 .147.096.25.232.25.028 0 .056-.006.083-.017.04-.016.069-.025.085-.025.037 0 .058.022.058.063l-.002.036-.017.14c-.014.12-.092.265-.264.496l-.074.099a1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.446.652l-.091.066c-.007.008-.029.047-.066.116-.017.032-.072.098-.165.198-.07.076-.139.139-.207.19-.092.07-.148.121-.165.149l-.083.141c-.015.025-.04.041-.067.041-.073 0-.14-.076-.182-.206-.03-.097-.057-.125-.12-.125-.032 0-.081.009-.144.025l-.116.016h-.298c-.148 0-.358.039-.454.084-.038.018-.067.026-.085.026s-.033-.011-.055-.051c-.015-.028-.018-.041-.018-.066 0-.151.108-.435.249-.661.09-.143.119-.176.223-.264-.033-.14-.123-.249-.231-.28l-.141-.041c-.019-.006-.033-.022-.033-.04 0-.043.067-.102.191-.167.161-.085.324-.132.454-.132.137 0 .27.054.422.174.224.175.284.207.393.207.177 0 .345-.162.345-.331 0-.113-.06-.234-.218-.438-.23-.298-.299-.452-.299-.671 0-.136.042-.309.093-.386l.083-.123c.017-.028.028-.055.028-.08 0-.055-.064-.095-.149-.095-.13 0-.381.093-.581.215-.099.061-.166.132-.166.176 0 .026.013.05.034.064l.091.058c.011.007.018.02.018.034s-.014.038-.034.064l-.165.215a2.76 2.76 0 0 1-.347.363.57.57 0 0 0-.083.083c-.001.001-.023.042-.066.124a1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.364.371c-.061.042-.099.072-.115.091s-.034.053-.066.115c-.021.04-.057.098-.108.173-.081.12-.148.205-.198.256L3.4 8.67c-.071.071-.133.209-.231.511-.058.183-.111.29-.142.29-.014 0-.037-.018-.065-.051-.164-.187-.305-.298-.379-.298-.017 0-.048.014-.092.042-.061.038-.136.067-.223.083l-.305.057c-.231.044-.322.094-.455.248-.032.036-.058.057-.072.057-.025 0-.044-.041-.044-.096l.008-.077.042-.223c.044-.239.098-.416.165-.537l.14-.256c.028-.05.042-.095.042-.134 0-.19-.197-.365-.437-.387-.061-.005-.084-.02-.084-.054 0-.042.067-.125.159-.193.165-.126.382-.215.52-.215.084 0 .213.035.371.099l.182.074a.49.49 0 0 0 .184.043c.192 0 .379-.175.609-.57.104-.179.149-.308.149-.424 0-.208-.099-.336-.262-.336a.53.53 0 0 0-.357.156c-.083.084-.127.172-.127.256l.003.092.001.02c0 .077-.026.12-.072.12-.078 0-.191-.111-.516-.504-.242-.293-.296-.418-.306-.711-.28-.357-.35-.508-.35-.762l.011-.17c-.194-.233-.249-.36-.249-.574 0-.078.013-.124.059-.218-.099-.145-.13-.21-.157-.322l-.041-.174c-.028-.118-.073-.22-.132-.305-.075-.107-.083-.121-.083-.158 0-.096.066-.134.356-.205-.012-.08-.017-.142-.017-.183 0-.048.006-.094.025-.197l.058-.306c.023-.123.035-.211.035-.264s-.009-.098-.06-.263a.9.9 0 0 0-.074-.19c-.027-.042-.05-.094-.05-.113 0-.029.02-.045.057-.045.082 0 .298.131.522.316.474.392.572.549.637 1.023l.025.166c.227.167.347.369.347.585a1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.165.529l-.166.256a.5.5 0 0 0-.074.273c0 .155.045.298.157.494.127.223.235.314.368.314.218 0 .409-.379.409-.81v-.058l-.001-.149c0-.084.005-.167.018-.272l.024-.24.009-.199.003-.13c0-.046-.024-.093-.086-.158l-.181-.198c-.263-.287-.407-.556-.407-.757a.42.42 0 0 1 .422-.439.6.6 0 0 1 .175.032v-.056c0-.364.075-.633.175-.633l.04.013.149.132.181.116.05.049c0-.102.005-.113.108-.232.025-.028.063-.081.115-.157l.082-.124.042-.074c.022-.042.044-.062.068-.062s.042.03.072.12c.019.056.032.071.174.198.049.044.083.081.098.108s.036.078.067.164l.025.067a.5.5 0 0 1 .165-.149l.124-.074c.046-.028.078-.043.092-.043s.026.02.041.05.035.07.066.124c.088.153.117.227.117.299l-.002.081V1.9c.271.085.373.225.373.517 0 .21-.11.451-.323.705-.142.169-.158.202-.158.32 0 .611.426.965 1.175.976l.553.008c.356.006.569.041.9.148.393.128.507.158.621.158.038 0 .076-.012.107-.034s.049-.049.049-.073c0-.116-.203-.209-.867-.397-1.363-.386-1.941-.934-1.941-1.836 0-.697.58-1.237 1.33-1.237a2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .826.141l.338.124c.062.023.122.035.178.035.115 0 .174-.096.177-.291.003-.104.026-.14.094-.14.095 0 .242.119.377.306s.224.401.224.542c0 .188-.088.319-.29.432-.185.282-.414.412-.72.412-.239 0-.578-.135-1.139-.454-.196-.111-.295-.148-.398-.148-.146 0-.241.084-.241.214 0 .119.092.196.334.28.357.125.445.174.586.323.421.073.604.146.868.346.725.23 1.175.724 1.175 1.291 0 .551-.373.947-.892.947a1.6 1.6 0 0 1-.391-.05z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M9.021 9.083a.91.91 0 0 1-.03-.199l.006-.065.025-.132.009-.107c0-.115-.019-.196-.058-.248L8.872 8.2c-.032-.044-.061-.097-.082-.158-.011-.03-.017-.054-.017-.069 0-.037.023-.061.06-.061.022 0 .031.004.106.048.032.019.06.028.081.028.049 0 .076-.08.076-.22 0-.159-.015-.248-.05-.288l-.124-.14-.107-.091c-.026-.022-.044-.05-.044-.072 0-.035.027-.06.067-.06s.117.018.183.042l.038.008c.034 0 .047-.02.047-.068l-.002-.03-.025-.174-.049-.181c-.016-.059-.025-.068-.063-.068l-.021.003-.206.041-.033.003c-.271 0-.557-.228-.644-.515l-.165-.537c-.051-.166-.175-.323-.397-.504-.067-.055-.124-.086-.165-.09l-.149-.017c-.027-.003-.045-.019-.045-.041 0-.034.032-.049.103-.049l.272.024a2.14 2.14 0 0 1 .446.116c.247.085.414.121.554.121.413 0 .661-.223.661-.597 0-.256-.134-.545-.338-.731-.117-.104-.233-.182-.273-.182-.023 0-.042.019-.042.044l.008.105v.01c0 .041-.024.073-.057.073-.042 0-.089-.054-.143-.165-.156-.325-.404-.518-.661-.518-.043 0-.074.018-.074.044 0 .017.013.057.041.119l.066.148a.28.28 0 0 1 .027.076c0 .009-.016.018-.035.018-.038 0-.098-.034-.14-.078l-.123-.132-.108-.166c-.086-.132-.155-.192-.339-.289l-.198-.107c-.038-.022-.073-.033-.103-.033s-.044.014-.044.043.011.058.032.09c.061.094.085.141.085.166s-.019.049-.043.049c-.064 0-.197-.13-.315-.305-.097-.145-.149-.307-.149-.464 0-.355.259-.619.61-.619.181 0 .41.077.621.207l.388.24a1.02 1.02 0 0 0 .452.149 1.11 1.11 0 0 0 .242-.042c.036-.01.07-.023.099-.041.023-.014.039-.032.039-.046s-.009-.032-.023-.036l-.049-.016-.182-.034c-.047-.008-.122-.036-.223-.083l-.414-.206a1.61 1.61 0 0 0-.272-.156c-.067-.023-.109-.053-.109-.079s.013-.036.037-.036.054.011.088.032c.122.076.228.116.306.116l.355.124c.176.062.433.116.549.116.15 0 .271-.122.271-.273a.72.72 0 0 0-.143-.362c-.019-.027-.039-.042-.056-.042-.033 0-.051.024-.051.066l.008.067.013.098c0 .107-.072.191-.164.191a.44.44 0 0 1-.13-.026l-.537-.173c-.45-.145-.658-.19-.884-.19-.642.001-1.132.442-1.132 1.022 0 .657.462 1.081 1.603 1.472 1.123.385 1.281.479 1.281.768 0 .166-.168.314-.356.314a1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.198-.017l-.562-.132a4.18 4.18 0 0 0-1.028-.116c-.81 0-1.26.142-1.649.521-.097.095-.129.109-.241.109l-.056-.002-.116-.008h-.015c-.097 0-.169.045-.233.149l-.141.223c-.023.031-.058.049-.094.049-.074 0-.119-.056-.203-.256a.7.7 0 0 0-.173-.249l-.165-.149c-.027-.024-.042-.046-.042-.063s.012-.045.033-.077c.079-.115.107-.166.116-.215.022-.11.025-.115.071-.115s.066.051.07.24a.6.6 0 0 0 .067.223l.091.198c.011.026.041.042.074.042.085 0 .194-.201.223-.413.024-.177.042-.232.079-.232.015 0 .029.006.036.017s.034.061.074.148a.33.33 0 0 0 .108.124.34.34 0 0 0 .099.058l.01.001c.067 0 .09-.044.106-.2l.008-.082-.017-.116-.012-.08c0-.053.019-.085.049-.085.018 0 .04.012.062.033l.083.083c.055.054.11.082.163.082.069 0 .111-.028.111-.073 0-.04-.015-.079-.076-.191l-.058-.107c-.066-.125-.119-.174-.181-.174l-.083.008-.099.041c-.03.012-.052.019-.065.019s-.026-.014-.026-.033c0-.074.048-.191.14-.336.065-.105.11-.328.132-.649.028-.431.086-.711.146-.711.041 0 .057.035.057.127l-.004.113-.003.079c0 .077.017.139.037.139.071 0 .155-.105.222-.276.028-.072.043-.128.043-.168l-.009-.038-.165-.306-.165-.049c-.031-.009-.051-.023-.058-.037V1.9v-.09l-.016-.1-.033-.083-.041-.091c-.181.098-.267.163-.331.247s-.101.12-.133.12c-.021 0-.04-.02-.04-.044s.008-.065.025-.134l.005-.046c0-.178-.108-.352-.286-.465l-.05.066-.058.083-.099.116a.48.48 0 0 0-.083.165.32.32 0 0 0-.017.094v.013l.001.03c0 .069-.007.086-.038.086l-.02-.009-.058-.082-.09-.099-.14-.091-.074-.058-.033.074c-.026.058-.04.102-.041.133l-.009.132-.008.14.001.024c0 .072-.017.1-.061.1-.015 0-.057-.018-.097-.041a.24.24 0 0 0-.12-.034c-.129 0-.211.089-.211.228 0 .165.049.323.133.433l.107.14c.03.037.084.07.087.049l.02-.173-.025-.14-.005-.063c0-.053.018-.086.049-.086.047 0 .075.051.105.19l.066.306.067.388a1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .099.33 1.71 1.71 0 0 0 .141.289c.092.118.102.134.102.16 0 .02-.017.038-.035.038s-.043-.009-.074-.025a.34.34 0 0 0-.099-.033l-.065-.009c-.133 0-.16.114-.16.665a3.35 3.35 0 0 0 .159 1.012l.173.438a.54.54 0 0 1 .041.205c0 .602-.799 1.547-1.677 1.983-.327.161-.431.317-.454.676l-.008.108a1.15 1.15 0 0 1 .28-.116c.246-.064.294-.095.331-.215l.032-.107c.013-.04.033-.055.223-.157.065-.034.111-.072.133-.107.041-.07.076-.107.098-.107s.032.01.032.027l-.007.029-.082.236-.01.058c0 .175.096.317.274.408.029-.191.049-.256.108-.346l.148-.231c.055-.086.078-.19.078-.353a1.53 1.53 0 0 0-.02-.258l-.006-.065c0-.042.022-.066.058-.066.029 0 .052.01.055.024l.033.157c.006.034.041.058.08.058.08 0 .183-.103.291-.289a.44.44 0 0 0 .061-.219l-.012-.112-.025-.123-.002-.024c0-.054.03-.092.073-.092.019 0 .034.007.037.016l.049.191c.017.063.061.107.107.107.056 0 .151-.096.207-.207a.73.73 0 0 0 .075-.338c0-.176.018-.227.083-.227.021 0 .037.007.041.02l.033.107c.013.039.036.065.059.065.034 0 .127-.1.189-.206.017-.027.025-.055.025-.077 0-.035-.024-.071-.075-.113-.086-.071-.091-.082-.091-.19s.017-.158.091-.289l.107-.198c.104-.204.142-.257.18-.257.032 0 .06.034.06.073 0 .022-.006.045-.017.068a.28.28 0 0 0-.033.098c0 .032.027.059.061.059s.088-.017.146-.05c.022-.013.099-.042.231-.091l.273-.099a.49.49 0 0 1 .165-.025.66.66 0 0 1 .148.017l.191.034c.075 0 .141-.064.141-.138 0-.055-.057-.163-.133-.251-.028-.033-.042-.058-.042-.075l.01-.033c.011-.02.028-.033.044-.033.056 0 .186.139.303.323.711 1.119.966 1.39 1.446 1.535.486.148.613.261.613.55 0 .158-.081.341-.258.589-.36.503-.447.706-.447 1.038v.061l.091-.042c.067-.034.112-.054.132-.058l.206-.041c.062-.013.117-.092.117-.169l-.001-.021-.025-.182-.002-.024c0-.064.032-.138.076-.174.014-.01.028-.018.043-.018.023 0 .051.022.065.051l.132.28c.054.115.117.169.288.248zm-6.66-5.985c-.06 0-.091.052-.097.165l-.016.156-.02.2c0 .118.035.205.083.205s.135-.101.177-.216c.025-.07.037-.13.037-.193 0-.055-.013-.121-.037-.187-.03-.084-.076-.132-.126-.132zm-.685-1.205l.116.115c.189.188.282.501.282.945 0 .098-.005.163-.026.425l-.017.34c0 1.024.333 1.798.774 1.798.139 0 .229-.066.359-.264.021-.032.054-.06.075-.06s.039.021.041.068l.017.182.017.156.016.174.025.157.002.02c0 .046-.02.072-.059.079l-.149.025c-.074.012-.152.043-.231.091-.125.075-.199.132-.215.165l-.091.19c-.013.024-.032.041-.052.041-.048 0-.125-.084-.213-.231-.075-.126-.121-.228-.121-.27 0-.026.02-.036.073-.036h.016l.107.008.066-.008.075-.008c.028-.004.05-.028.05-.058 0-.022-.014-.041-.033-.049l-.371-.158a.58.58 0 0 1-.281-.272c-.102-.196-.15-.313-.15-.371 0-.051.027-.085.067-.085.014 0 .034.006.058.018a.33.33 0 0 0 .105.033c.032 0 .061-.025.061-.052s-.03-.062-.066-.089c-.31-.225-.488-.484-.488-.707 0-.062.015-.092.048-.092l.06.007.107.016h.005c.04 0 .071-.026.071-.064 0-.023-.028-.054-.068-.076l-.132-.074c-.046-.029-.085-.068-.115-.116a7.22 7.22 0 0 1-.14-.264l-.116-.223-.075-.14a.75.75 0 0 0-.05-.066.52.52 0 0 1 .257-.067c.113 0 .184.074.264.273.05.126.105.211.136.211.016 0 .021-.027.021-.097a.94.94 0 0 0-.034-.246c-.02-.075-.029-.137-.025-.182l-.016-.116-.099-.05c-.022-.01-.048-.04-.075-.082-.046-.072-.066-.133-.066-.188 0-.035.009-.092.025-.15.084-.315.108-.438.108-.54l-.001-.071.075.082z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M2.666 7.846c-.115-.017-.169-.03-.24-.058l-.157-.065c-.133-.057-.233-.084-.316-.084-.125 0-.227.042-.344.141l.074.057.165.116.157.124a.22.22 0 0 0 .136.05c.162 0 .303-.076.525-.281zm3.179 1.503c.045-.103.067-.131.165-.215.231-.198.338-.345.338-.462v-.083-.099c0-.106.018-.141.073-.141.025 0 .044.01.051.025l.041.098c.01.023.037.038.07.038s.079-.038.121-.096l.083-.115c.041-.058.06-.107.06-.161a.27.27 0 0 0-.018-.095l-.058-.132a.39.39 0 0 1-.034-.129c0-.054.027-.086.074-.086.024 0 .046.01.059.026l.066.082c.014.018.038.029.063.029.03 0 .065-.029.086-.07l.066-.132c.017-.033.026-.059.026-.074 0-.026-.027-.052-.075-.075l-.107-.05c-.142-.065-.249-.292-.249-.529a.24.24 0 0 1 .017-.09l.058-.141a.33.33 0 0 0 .025-.132c0-.086-.028-.172-.083-.256l-.108-.173c-.049-.13-.074-.167-.114-.167l-.042.01-.058.033-.091.05-.107.133-.115.057c-.069.035-.135.182-.135.303 0 .215.024.274.307.762.11.188.168.352.168.472 0 .338-.303.579-.911.725l-.38.091c-.28.067-.445.259-.504.587.116-.06.161-.068.366-.068l.122.002h.019c.11 0 .125-.008.195-.107.082-.114.162-.182.273-.23l.132-.058.107-.058.033-.009c.03 0 .046.012.046.034 0 .032-.03.086-.078.14-.095.106-.132.194-.132.32 0 .08.019.126.091.217z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M4.805 8.068a.95.95 0 0 1 .248.223c.079.108.09.116.168.116.033 0 .074-.006.121-.017l.074-.016c.136-.026.183-.046.183-.08 0-.02-.015-.045-.042-.069l-.091-.082-.091-.083a.45.45 0 0 0-.273-.093c-.099 0-.157.02-.298.101zm2.679.447l.049-.009.075-.008.074.008.036.003c.183 0 .36-.155.36-.319 0-.057-.052-.088-.146-.088-.223 0-.362.128-.449.414z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M4.402 2.81c.009.076.049.14.089.14.035 0 .075-.091.161-.237.117-.198.229-.392.229-.497 0-.035-.017-.062-.041-.062l-.008.003-.091.083c-.066.06-.118.088-.281.148-.093.036-.127.073-.127.141l.012.066.041.116.017.099z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M3.896 2.379l.14.075c.039.02.06.047.06.08l-.01.052c-.02.07-.004.147-.005.176-.007.148-.119.146-.165.146-.027 0-.013-.017-.078-.091l-.182-.206c-.056-.063-.105-.208-.124-.371l-.001-.021c0-.045.014-.062.05-.062.022 0 .063.018.091.042l.223.181zm.323.867h-.045l-.095-.009a3.81 3.81 0 0 1-.099-.059c-.037-.022-.078-.033-.118-.033-.075 0-.123.041-.123.104s.033.181.109.367l.108.264c.094.232.186.331.307.331.108 0 .123-.106.196-.289.165-.415.257-.476.257-.623 0-.1-.022-.127-.113-.127l-.077-.018-.132.084-.174.008z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M4.212 3.477h-.107c-.016 0-.032.009-.041.025l-.016.041.041.198.033.173c.018.095.053.133.124.133.081 0 .131-.055.14-.157l.016-.182.016-.188c0-.018-.009-.036-.025-.051s-.027-.018-.041-.018l-.008.001-.132.025z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M14.987 10.884c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3h-.705c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3h-.705c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3H9.98v4.28h.81v1.641h.95v-1.64h2.399v1.64h.949v-1.64h.809v-4.28h-.911z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M10.965 15.539h.492v.632h-.492v-.632zm0 .774h.492v.2h-.492v-.2zm3.351-.774h.492v.632h-.492v-.632zm0 .774h.492v.2h-.492v-.2z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g fill="#e73337" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M10.309 11.234h5.256v.195h-5.256v-.195zm.002 3.599h5.254v-3.22h-5.256l.002 3.22z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><use xlink:href="#B" data-v-7c4b1471></use><path d="M12.715 11.1c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1zm1.598 0c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1zm-2.633 2.158c.339.424.766.633 1.294.633.489 0 .826-.175 1.222-.633-.395-.405-.763-.575-1.246-.575-.508 0-.966.207-1.27.575z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M12.938 12.873c-.364 0-.659.113-1.008.383.289.286.629.433 1.002.433.42 0 .694-.116 1.006-.425-.358-.284-.633-.391-1-.391zm-.014.483c-.195 0-.36-.052-.569-.183.174-.094.37-.142.578-.142a1.38 1.38 0 0 1 .597.142 1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.605.183zm2.079 1.191c-.157 0-.284-.127-.284-.283s.127-.284.284-.284.284.127.284.284-.127.283-.284.283z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M15.002 14.049c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.215.216.215.216-.097.216-.215-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.887 14.547c-.161 0-.293-.127-.293-.283s.127-.284.284-.284.284.127.284.284a.28.28 0 0 1-.275.283z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.876 14.049c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.101.215.225.215c.114 0 .208-.097.208-.215s-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.877 12.593c-.156 0-.284-.127-.284-.284s.127-.283.284-.283.284.127.284.283-.128.284-.284.284z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><use xlink:href="#C" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></use><path d="M15.003 12.593c-.157 0-.284-.127-.284-.284s.127-.283.284-.283.284.127.284.283-.127.284-.284.284z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M15.002 12.092c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.216.216.216.216-.097.216-.216-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><defs data-v-7c4b1471><clipPath id="A" data-v-7c4b1471><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h148.235v30H0z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></clipPath><path id="B" d="M11.113 11.1c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path id="C" d="M10.876 12.092c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.216.216.216.216-.097.216-.216-.097-.216-.216-.216z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></defs></svg></a></div><div class="gh-mobile-menu-options"><div class="gh-menu-option"><button aria-expanded="false"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--profile" style="color:;" title="Login and registration" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></div><div class="gh-menu-option"><a href="/core/shopping-cart" rel="nofollow"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--shopping-cart" style="color:;" title="Shopping cart" data-v-27c0a44c></div></a></div><div class="gh-menu-option"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="AdditionalMenuOptions"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down" style="color:;" title="Additional menu options" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></div></div></div></div><div class="gh-popovers gh-desktop-nav"><div class="gh-popoverContainer gh-popoverContainer-discoverContentPopover" id="gh-discoverContentPopover"><button class="gh-popoverTrigger gh-popoverHeader" aria-expanded="false"><div class="gh-menu-option"><svg width="18" height="18" viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="gh-icon"><path d="M10 19C14.9706 19 19 14.9706 19 10C19 5.02944 14.9706 1 10 1C5.02944 1 1 5.02944 1 10C1 14.9706 5.02944 19 10 19Z" class="stroke-current" fill="none" stroke-width="1.4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path><path d="M13.816 6.18401L11.908 11.908L6.18401 13.816L8.09201 8.09201L13.816 6.18401Z" class="stroke-current" fill="none" stroke-width="1.4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg> Discover Content </div><svg width="12" height="7" viewbox="0 0 12 7" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="gh-icon gh-chevron"><path d="M1.28033 0.21967C0.987436 -0.0732233 0.512564 -0.0732233 0.21967 0.21967C-0.0732231 0.512563 -0.0732231 0.987437 0.21967 1.28033L5.21967 6.28033C5.51256 6.57322 5.98744 6.57322 6.28033 6.28033L11.2803 1.28033C11.5732 0.987437 11.5732 0.512563 11.2803 0.21967C10.9874 -0.0732233 10.5126 -0.0732233 10.2197 0.21967L5.75 4.68934L1.28033 0.21967Z" class="fill-current" stroke="none"></path></svg></button></div><div class="gh-popoverContainer gh-popoverContainer-productsAndServicesPopover" id="gh-productsAndServicesPopover"><button class="gh-popoverTrigger gh-popoverHeader" aria-expanded="false"><div class="gh-menu-option"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--grid" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c></div> Products and Services </div><svg width="12" height="7" viewbox="0 0 12 7" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="gh-icon gh-chevron"><path d="M1.28033 0.21967C0.987436 -0.0732233 0.512564 -0.0732233 0.21967 0.21967C-0.0732231 0.512563 -0.0732231 0.987437 0.21967 1.28033L5.21967 6.28033C5.51256 6.57322 5.98744 6.57322 6.28033 6.28033L11.2803 1.28033C11.5732 0.987437 11.5732 0.512563 11.2803 0.21967C10.9874 -0.0732233 10.5126 -0.0732233 10.2197 0.21967L5.75 4.68934L1.28033 0.21967Z" class="fill-current" stroke="none"></path></svg></button></div><div class="gh-profile"><div class="gh-menu-option"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/register"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--register" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c></div>Register</a></div><div class="gh-menu-option"><a href="/core/login"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--sign-in" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c></div>Log In</a></div></div><div class="gh-menu-option"><a href="/core/shopping-cart" rel="nofollow"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--shopping-cart" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c></div> (0) Cart</a></div></div></nav></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div><script></script> </div> <global-header id="global-header-wc" class="global-header" environment="prod" show-discovery-tool="true" register-url="https://www.cambridge.org/core/register?ref=/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" login-url="/core/login?ref=/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" logout-url="/core/logout?ref=/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" my-account-url="/core/my-core" basket-url="/core/shopping-cart" basket-items-count="0" style="display:none" ></global-header> </div> <script> const globalHeader = $('#global-header'); const globalHeaderWc = $('#global-header-wc'); const maintenanceMessage = $('#maintenance-message'); const maintenanceMessageWc = $('#maintenance-message-wc'); const isSAPCDCEnabled = false; globalHeaderWc.on('initialized', function () { globalHeader.hide(); globalHeaderWc.show(); if (!isSAPCDCEnabled) { return } // Ezproxy implementation to prevent rewrite for SAP CDC Register url const globalHeaderEl = globalHeaderWc[0]; const menuOptions = globalHeaderEl.shadowRoot.querySelectorAll('.gh-menu-option'); $(menuOptions).each(function() { const anchor = $(this).find('a')[0]; if (anchor && anchor.textContent.trim() === 'Register') { const encodedHref = anchor.getAttribute('href'); if (encodedHref) { const decodedHref = atob(encodedHref); const newHref = `${decodedHref}&state_redirect=${encodeURIComponent(window.location.href)}`; anchor.setAttribute('href', newHref); } } }); }); maintenanceMessageWc.on('initialized', function () { maintenanceMessage.hide(); maintenanceMessageWc.show(); }); </script> </header> <div class="off-canvas-wrap desktop overflow-visible"> <div class="inner-wrap"> </div> </div> <div id='platform-header'> <div class="__shared-elements-html ShEl"><div class="__shared-elements-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/entry.D9LY0ri8.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-404.B06nACMW.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-500.WGRfNq7F.css"> </div><div class="__shared-elements-body"><div id="__sharedElements-i4fu46"><div class="apl"><section class="apl-platform-header apl-theme--core" data-v-acbd3a3e><div tabindex="0" data-v-acbd3a3e><div class="apl-container apl-container--no-padding apl-container--full-width apl-platform-header__container--full-width" data-v-acbd3a3e><div class="apl-container apl-platform-header__container apl-platform-header__container--mobile" data-v-2169278d data-v-acbd3a3e><div class="apl-platform-header__branding" data-v-2169278d><a href="/core/" class="platform-logo" title="Cambridge Core homepage"><div><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 209 20" fill="none" role="img" width="140" height="30"><title> Logo for Cambridge Core from Cambridge University Press. Click to return to homepage. </title><path d="M173.541 7.465c-4.172 0-7.648 3.521-7.648 7.747s3.476 7.746 7.648 7.746 7.648-3.521 7.648-7.746-3.337-7.747-7.648-7.747zm0 11.408c-2.086 0-3.616-1.69-3.616-3.662s1.669-3.662 3.616-3.662c2.086 0 3.615 1.69 3.615 3.662.139 2.113-1.529 3.662-3.615 3.662zm-159.357.704c-.973.563-1.947.704-3.198.704a8.31 8.31 0 0 1-3.337-.704c-.973-.423-1.808-.986-2.503-1.831-.695-.704-1.112-1.69-1.53-2.676s-.556-1.972-.556-3.099.139-2.253.556-3.38.834-1.972 1.53-2.676 1.53-1.408 2.503-1.831 2.086-.704 3.198-.704c.973 0 1.947.141 2.781.563.973.423 1.669.986 2.225 1.831l2.364-1.831c-.834-1.127-1.947-1.972-3.198-2.394-1.391-.563-2.642-.845-4.033-.845-1.669 0-3.059.282-4.45.845S4.033 2.817 3.059 3.944C2.086 4.93 1.391 6.197.834 7.465.278 8.873 0 10.282 0 11.972c0 1.268.278 2.676.695 3.944.556 1.268 1.251 2.394 2.086 3.521.973.986 2.086 1.831 3.337 2.535 1.391.563 2.781.986 4.45.986 1.252 0 2.225-.141 3.198-.422s1.669-.704 2.364-1.127 1.112-.845 1.53-1.268.695-.704.834-.986l-2.364-1.831c-.278.986-.973 1.69-1.947 2.254zm18.773.282v-7.183c0-.563-.139-1.268-.278-1.831-.278-.563-.556-1.127-1.112-1.549-.417-.423-1.112-.845-1.808-.986-.695-.282-1.669-.423-2.642-.423s-1.947.141-2.92.563c-.973.282-1.808.845-2.642 1.549l1.53 1.69c.278-.141.417-.422.695-.563s.556-.423.834-.563.695-.282 1.112-.423S26.56 10 27.116 10s1.112.141 1.53.282.695.422.973.704.417.563.556.986.139.704.139 1.127v.563h-1.947c-1.113 0-2.086.141-3.059.282s-1.808.422-2.503.845-1.251.845-1.669 1.549c-.417.563-.556 1.409-.556 2.254 0 .704.139 1.268.417 1.831s.556.986 1.113 1.268c.417.423.973.563 1.53.845.556.141 1.252.282 1.808.282 1.112 0 1.947-.141 2.781-.563s1.53-.986 2.086-1.972c0 .704 0 1.408.139 2.113h2.364c0-.423 0-.704-.139-1.127.417-.423.278-.845.278-1.408zm-2.364-3.239c0 .423 0 .986-.139 1.408s-.417.986-.695 1.268c-.278.422-.695.704-1.251.986s-1.112.422-1.808.422c-.973 0-1.669-.141-2.225-.563s-.834-.986-.834-1.69c0-.563.139-.986.556-1.408.278-.423.834-.563 1.391-.845.556-.141 1.112-.282 1.808-.423.695 0 1.252-.141 1.947-.141h1.391v.986h-.139zM56.039 10c-.417-.563-.973-.986-1.669-1.408s-1.53-.563-2.642-.563c-.834 0-1.669.282-2.503.704s-1.53 1.127-1.947 1.972c-.417-.845-.973-1.549-1.808-1.972-.695-.423-1.53-.704-2.642-.704-.695 0-1.251.141-1.669.282-.556.141-.973.423-1.391.704s-.695.563-.973.845-.417.563-.417.704V8.31h-2.503v14.085h2.642V15.07c0-.845.139-1.549.278-2.113s.417-1.127.834-1.408c.278-.423.695-.704 1.113-.845s.834-.282 1.39-.282c.695 0 1.113.141 1.53.282.417.282.695.563.834.986s.278.845.417 1.409c0 .563.139 1.127.139 1.831v7.324h2.642v-7.746c0-1.268.278-2.253.834-3.098s1.53-1.127 2.781-1.127c.695 0 1.112.141 1.53.282.417.282.695.563.973.845.278.422.417.845.417 1.268 0 .563.139.986.139 1.549v7.887h2.642v-8.169c0-.845-.139-1.549-.278-2.254 0-.422-.278-1.127-.695-1.69zm16.826.141c-.556-.704-1.391-1.127-2.225-1.549s-1.808-.563-2.92-.563c-.973 0-1.947.282-2.781.704s-1.53.986-2.086 1.69V0h-2.642v22.394h2.642v-1.972a6.17 6.17 0 0 0 2.086 1.69c.834.422 1.808.563 2.781.563 1.112 0 2.086-.141 2.92-.563s1.669-.845 2.225-1.549 1.112-1.408 1.391-2.394c.278-.845.556-1.831.556-2.958 0-.986-.139-1.972-.556-2.958-.278-.704-.695-1.408-1.391-2.113zm-1.252 7.183c-.278.563-.556 1.127-.973 1.549s-.834.704-1.391.986-1.251.422-1.947.422-1.391-.141-1.947-.422-1.112-.563-1.391-.986c-.417-.422-.695-.986-.973-1.549s-.278-1.268-.278-1.972.139-1.408.278-1.972c.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.391-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.391.141 1.947.423 1.112.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c.139.704 0 1.409-.278 1.972zM82.46 8.169c-.417.141-.834.282-1.112.563-.417.282-.695.423-.973.845-.278.282-.556.704-.695.986V8.451h-2.642v14.085h2.642v-7.042c0-1.549.278-2.676.973-3.38s1.669-1.127 2.92-1.127h.695c.278 0 .417.141.695.141l.139-2.817c-.417-.141-.695-.141-1.112-.141a2.82 2.82 0 0 0-1.53 0zm5.145 14.225h2.642V8.31h-2.642v14.085zm1.252-20.986a1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.391.563c-.278.423-.556.845-.556 1.408s.139.986.556 1.408a1.77 1.77 0 0 0 1.391.563 1.77 1.77 0 0 0 1.39-.563c.417-.423.556-.845.556-1.408s-.139-.986-.556-1.408a1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.39-.563zm15.574 9.014a6.17 6.17 0 0 0-2.085-1.69c-.835-.423-1.808-.704-2.781-.704-1.112 0-2.086.141-2.92.563s-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-1.112 1.409-1.391 2.394c-.278.845-.556 1.831-.556 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.556 2.958.278.845.834 1.69 1.391 2.394s1.391 1.268 2.225 1.549c.834.422 1.808.563 2.92.563.974 0 1.807-.141 2.781-.563a6.17 6.17 0 0 0 2.085-1.69v1.972h2.643V0h-2.643v10.423zm-.417 6.901c-.278.563-.556 1.127-.973 1.549s-.834.704-1.391.986-1.251.422-1.946.422-1.391-.141-1.947-.422-1.112-.563-1.39-.986c-.417-.422-.695-.986-.973-1.549s-.278-1.268-.278-1.972.139-1.408.278-1.972c.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.39-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.39.141 1.946.423 1.113.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c.139.704 0 1.409-.278 1.972zm17.104-6.901c-.556-.704-1.251-1.268-2.225-1.69-.834-.423-1.808-.563-2.781-.563-1.112 0-2.086.141-2.92.563s-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-1.112 1.408-1.39 2.394c-.279.845-.557 1.831-.557 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.557 2.817s.834 1.69 1.529 2.253c.695.704 1.391 1.127 2.225 1.549s1.808.563 2.781.563 1.947-.141 2.781-.563a5.21 5.21 0 0 0 2.086-1.831h.139v2.113c0 .563-.139 1.127-.278 1.831-.139.563-.417 1.127-.834 1.549s-.835.845-1.53 1.127-1.53.422-2.503.422-1.947-.141-2.781-.563-1.53-.986-2.225-1.69l-1.808 2.253c.974.986 2.086 1.549 3.199 1.972s2.364.563 3.615.563c1.112 0 2.225-.141 3.059-.563.974-.422 1.808-.845 2.364-1.549.695-.704 1.252-1.408 1.53-2.253.417-.845.556-1.831.556-2.958V8.732h-2.642v1.69h.278zm-1.251 8.451c-.835.845-1.947 1.268-3.338 1.268s-2.503-.422-3.337-1.268-1.252-1.972-1.252-3.38c0-.704.139-1.408.279-1.972.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.39-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.391.141 1.947.423 1.112.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c0 1.408-.417 2.535-1.251 3.38zm18.633-8.451c-.556-.704-1.251-1.268-2.086-1.69s-1.947-.704-3.198-.704c-1.113 0-1.947.141-2.92.563-.835.423-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-.695.704-1.113 1.409-1.53 2.394-.417.845-.556 1.831-.556 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.556 2.958.278.845.835 1.69 1.391 2.394s1.39 1.127 2.225 1.549 1.946.563 3.059.563c2.642 0 4.728-.986 6.257-2.817l-2.085-1.831c-.557.704-1.113 1.127-1.669 1.549s-1.391.563-2.086.563c-.556 0-1.251-.141-1.808-.282s-1.112-.422-1.529-.845-.835-.845-1.113-1.268a3.79 3.79 0 0 1-.417-1.69h11.264v-.845c0-.845-.139-1.831-.418-2.676-.139-.986-.556-1.69-1.112-2.394zm-9.734 3.803c0-.423.139-.986.278-1.408s.556-.986.835-1.268c.417-.423.834-.704 1.39-.986a3.81 3.81 0 0 1 1.808-.423c.695 0 1.251.141 1.808.282s.973.563 1.251.845c.278.422.556.845.695 1.268.139.563.278.986.278 1.69h-8.343zm30.592 3.944c-.695.422-1.529.563-2.503.563-.834 0-1.529-.141-2.364-.563-.695-.282-1.39-.845-1.807-1.408-.557-.563-.974-1.268-1.252-2.113a8.3 8.3 0 0 1-.417-2.676 8.3 8.3 0 0 1 .417-2.676c.278-.845.695-1.549 1.252-2.113s1.112-1.127 1.946-1.408c.696-.282 1.53-.563 2.364-.563s1.669.141 2.225.423c.695.282 1.252.704 1.669 1.268l3.476-2.958c-.417-.563-.973-1.127-1.529-1.408-.557-.423-1.113-.704-1.808-.986-.556-.282-1.252-.423-1.947-.563s-1.251-.141-1.808-.141c-1.668 0-3.198.282-4.449.704a12.06 12.06 0 0 0-3.616 2.254c-.973.986-1.807 2.113-2.364 3.521s-.834 2.958-.834 4.507c0 1.69.278 3.239.834 4.507.557 1.409 1.391 2.535 2.364 3.521s2.225 1.69 3.616 2.253 2.92.704 4.449.704c1.391 0 2.782-.282 4.172-.845s2.503-1.549 3.337-2.817l-3.893-2.817c-.139.845-.834 1.409-1.53 1.831zm32.539-10.563c-.973 0-1.808.282-2.503.704s-1.251 1.127-1.668 1.972V8.028h-4.45v14.366h4.45v-6.056c0-.704 0-1.408.139-1.972s.278-1.127.556-1.549.695-.704 1.112-.986c.556-.282 1.113-.422 1.947-.422.278 0 .695 0 .973.141.279 0 .557.141.974.282V7.746c-.278 0-.417-.141-.695-.141h-.835zm16.965 7.606c0-1.127-.139-2.254-.417-3.099a5.18 5.18 0 0 0-1.391-2.394c-.556-.704-1.251-1.127-2.086-1.549s-1.807-.563-2.781-.563c-1.112 0-2.086.141-3.059.563s-1.808.845-2.503 1.549-1.251 1.408-1.669 2.394-.556 1.972-.556 3.099.139 2.254.556 3.099c.418.986.974 1.69 1.669 2.394s1.53 1.127 2.503 1.549 1.947.563 3.059.563 2.225-.282 3.338-.704A8.03 8.03 0 0 0 208.166 20l-3.06-2.253c-.417.563-.834.986-1.251 1.268-.556.282-1.112.422-1.808.422-.834 0-1.529-.282-2.225-.704-.556-.563-.973-1.127-1.112-1.972H209v-1.549h-.139zm-10.29-1.549c0-.423.139-.704.278-.986s.417-.563.556-.845c.278-.282.556-.422.974-.563s.834-.282 1.251-.282c.834 0 1.53.282 1.947.845.556.563.695 1.127.695 1.972h-5.701v-.141z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="apl-container apl-container--no-padding apl-platform-header__navigation-mobile-container" data-v-2169278d><div data-v-2169278d><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--icon-only apl-platform-header__button apl-platform-header__button--icon" aria-label="Log in by institution"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--institution apl-button__icon--center" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></div><div class="apl-search apl-search--collapse apl-search--md apl-platform-header__search" data-v-811ce219 data-v-2169278d><input class="apl-search__input" type="search" placeholder="Search..." autocomplete="off" value data-v-811ce219><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--md apl-button--icon-only apl-search__btn-search apl-search__btn-search--mobile" aria-label="Search" data-v-3dc43ba0 data-v-811ce219><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--search apl-button__icon--center" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--md apl-search__btn-search apl-search__btn-search--desktop" aria-label="Search" data-v-28a98aec data-v-811ce219><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--search apl-button__icon--left" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div><span>Search</span></button></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--icon-only apl-platform-header__button apl-platform-header__button--icon apl-menu__options--mobile" aria-label="Expand menu options" aria-expanded="false" id="apl-menu__mobile-menu-toggle" data-v-b4a8da84 data-v-2169278d><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--menu apl-button__icon--center" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></div></div><div class="apl-container apl-platform-header__container apl-platform-header__container--desktop" data-v-92c77fd6 data-v-acbd3a3e><div class="apl-container apl-container--no-padding apl-platform-header__logo-and-menu-container" data-v-92c77fd6><div class="apl-platform-header__branding" data-v-92c77fd6><a href="/core/" class="platform-logo" title="Cambridge Core homepage"><div><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 209 20" fill="none" role="img" width="140" height="30"><title> Logo for Cambridge Core from Cambridge University Press. Click to return to homepage. </title><path d="M173.541 7.465c-4.172 0-7.648 3.521-7.648 7.747s3.476 7.746 7.648 7.746 7.648-3.521 7.648-7.746-3.337-7.747-7.648-7.747zm0 11.408c-2.086 0-3.616-1.69-3.616-3.662s1.669-3.662 3.616-3.662c2.086 0 3.615 1.69 3.615 3.662.139 2.113-1.529 3.662-3.615 3.662zm-159.357.704c-.973.563-1.947.704-3.198.704a8.31 8.31 0 0 1-3.337-.704c-.973-.423-1.808-.986-2.503-1.831-.695-.704-1.112-1.69-1.53-2.676s-.556-1.972-.556-3.099.139-2.253.556-3.38.834-1.972 1.53-2.676 1.53-1.408 2.503-1.831 2.086-.704 3.198-.704c.973 0 1.947.141 2.781.563.973.423 1.669.986 2.225 1.831l2.364-1.831c-.834-1.127-1.947-1.972-3.198-2.394-1.391-.563-2.642-.845-4.033-.845-1.669 0-3.059.282-4.45.845S4.033 2.817 3.059 3.944C2.086 4.93 1.391 6.197.834 7.465.278 8.873 0 10.282 0 11.972c0 1.268.278 2.676.695 3.944.556 1.268 1.251 2.394 2.086 3.521.973.986 2.086 1.831 3.337 2.535 1.391.563 2.781.986 4.45.986 1.252 0 2.225-.141 3.198-.422s1.669-.704 2.364-1.127 1.112-.845 1.53-1.268.695-.704.834-.986l-2.364-1.831c-.278.986-.973 1.69-1.947 2.254zm18.773.282v-7.183c0-.563-.139-1.268-.278-1.831-.278-.563-.556-1.127-1.112-1.549-.417-.423-1.112-.845-1.808-.986-.695-.282-1.669-.423-2.642-.423s-1.947.141-2.92.563c-.973.282-1.808.845-2.642 1.549l1.53 1.69c.278-.141.417-.422.695-.563s.556-.423.834-.563.695-.282 1.112-.423S26.56 10 27.116 10s1.112.141 1.53.282.695.422.973.704.417.563.556.986.139.704.139 1.127v.563h-1.947c-1.113 0-2.086.141-3.059.282s-1.808.422-2.503.845-1.251.845-1.669 1.549c-.417.563-.556 1.409-.556 2.254 0 .704.139 1.268.417 1.831s.556.986 1.113 1.268c.417.423.973.563 1.53.845.556.141 1.252.282 1.808.282 1.112 0 1.947-.141 2.781-.563s1.53-.986 2.086-1.972c0 .704 0 1.408.139 2.113h2.364c0-.423 0-.704-.139-1.127.417-.423.278-.845.278-1.408zm-2.364-3.239c0 .423 0 .986-.139 1.408s-.417.986-.695 1.268c-.278.422-.695.704-1.251.986s-1.112.422-1.808.422c-.973 0-1.669-.141-2.225-.563s-.834-.986-.834-1.69c0-.563.139-.986.556-1.408.278-.423.834-.563 1.391-.845.556-.141 1.112-.282 1.808-.423.695 0 1.252-.141 1.947-.141h1.391v.986h-.139zM56.039 10c-.417-.563-.973-.986-1.669-1.408s-1.53-.563-2.642-.563c-.834 0-1.669.282-2.503.704s-1.53 1.127-1.947 1.972c-.417-.845-.973-1.549-1.808-1.972-.695-.423-1.53-.704-2.642-.704-.695 0-1.251.141-1.669.282-.556.141-.973.423-1.391.704s-.695.563-.973.845-.417.563-.417.704V8.31h-2.503v14.085h2.642V15.07c0-.845.139-1.549.278-2.113s.417-1.127.834-1.408c.278-.423.695-.704 1.113-.845s.834-.282 1.39-.282c.695 0 1.113.141 1.53.282.417.282.695.563.834.986s.278.845.417 1.409c0 .563.139 1.127.139 1.831v7.324h2.642v-7.746c0-1.268.278-2.253.834-3.098s1.53-1.127 2.781-1.127c.695 0 1.112.141 1.53.282.417.282.695.563.973.845.278.422.417.845.417 1.268 0 .563.139.986.139 1.549v7.887h2.642v-8.169c0-.845-.139-1.549-.278-2.254 0-.422-.278-1.127-.695-1.69zm16.826.141c-.556-.704-1.391-1.127-2.225-1.549s-1.808-.563-2.92-.563c-.973 0-1.947.282-2.781.704s-1.53.986-2.086 1.69V0h-2.642v22.394h2.642v-1.972a6.17 6.17 0 0 0 2.086 1.69c.834.422 1.808.563 2.781.563 1.112 0 2.086-.141 2.92-.563s1.669-.845 2.225-1.549 1.112-1.408 1.391-2.394c.278-.845.556-1.831.556-2.958 0-.986-.139-1.972-.556-2.958-.278-.704-.695-1.408-1.391-2.113zm-1.252 7.183c-.278.563-.556 1.127-.973 1.549s-.834.704-1.391.986-1.251.422-1.947.422-1.391-.141-1.947-.422-1.112-.563-1.391-.986c-.417-.422-.695-.986-.973-1.549s-.278-1.268-.278-1.972.139-1.408.278-1.972c.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.391-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.391.141 1.947.423 1.112.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c.139.704 0 1.409-.278 1.972zM82.46 8.169c-.417.141-.834.282-1.112.563-.417.282-.695.423-.973.845-.278.282-.556.704-.695.986V8.451h-2.642v14.085h2.642v-7.042c0-1.549.278-2.676.973-3.38s1.669-1.127 2.92-1.127h.695c.278 0 .417.141.695.141l.139-2.817c-.417-.141-.695-.141-1.112-.141a2.82 2.82 0 0 0-1.53 0zm5.145 14.225h2.642V8.31h-2.642v14.085zm1.252-20.986a1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.391.563c-.278.423-.556.845-.556 1.408s.139.986.556 1.408a1.77 1.77 0 0 0 1.391.563 1.77 1.77 0 0 0 1.39-.563c.417-.423.556-.845.556-1.408s-.139-.986-.556-1.408a1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.39-.563zm15.574 9.014a6.17 6.17 0 0 0-2.085-1.69c-.835-.423-1.808-.704-2.781-.704-1.112 0-2.086.141-2.92.563s-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-1.112 1.409-1.391 2.394c-.278.845-.556 1.831-.556 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.556 2.958.278.845.834 1.69 1.391 2.394s1.391 1.268 2.225 1.549c.834.422 1.808.563 2.92.563.974 0 1.807-.141 2.781-.563a6.17 6.17 0 0 0 2.085-1.69v1.972h2.643V0h-2.643v10.423zm-.417 6.901c-.278.563-.556 1.127-.973 1.549s-.834.704-1.391.986-1.251.422-1.946.422-1.391-.141-1.947-.422-1.112-.563-1.39-.986c-.417-.422-.695-.986-.973-1.549s-.278-1.268-.278-1.972.139-1.408.278-1.972c.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.39-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.39.141 1.946.423 1.113.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c.139.704 0 1.409-.278 1.972zm17.104-6.901c-.556-.704-1.251-1.268-2.225-1.69-.834-.423-1.808-.563-2.781-.563-1.112 0-2.086.141-2.92.563s-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-1.112 1.408-1.39 2.394c-.279.845-.557 1.831-.557 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.557 2.817s.834 1.69 1.529 2.253c.695.704 1.391 1.127 2.225 1.549s1.808.563 2.781.563 1.947-.141 2.781-.563a5.21 5.21 0 0 0 2.086-1.831h.139v2.113c0 .563-.139 1.127-.278 1.831-.139.563-.417 1.127-.834 1.549s-.835.845-1.53 1.127-1.53.422-2.503.422-1.947-.141-2.781-.563-1.53-.986-2.225-1.69l-1.808 2.253c.974.986 2.086 1.549 3.199 1.972s2.364.563 3.615.563c1.112 0 2.225-.141 3.059-.563.974-.422 1.808-.845 2.364-1.549.695-.704 1.252-1.408 1.53-2.253.417-.845.556-1.831.556-2.958V8.732h-2.642v1.69h.278zm-1.251 8.451c-.835.845-1.947 1.268-3.338 1.268s-2.503-.422-3.337-1.268-1.252-1.972-1.252-3.38c0-.704.139-1.408.279-1.972.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.39-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.391.141 1.947.423 1.112.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c0 1.408-.417 2.535-1.251 3.38zm18.633-8.451c-.556-.704-1.251-1.268-2.086-1.69s-1.947-.704-3.198-.704c-1.113 0-1.947.141-2.92.563-.835.423-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-.695.704-1.113 1.409-1.53 2.394-.417.845-.556 1.831-.556 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.556 2.958.278.845.835 1.69 1.391 2.394s1.39 1.127 2.225 1.549 1.946.563 3.059.563c2.642 0 4.728-.986 6.257-2.817l-2.085-1.831c-.557.704-1.113 1.127-1.669 1.549s-1.391.563-2.086.563c-.556 0-1.251-.141-1.808-.282s-1.112-.422-1.529-.845-.835-.845-1.113-1.268a3.79 3.79 0 0 1-.417-1.69h11.264v-.845c0-.845-.139-1.831-.418-2.676-.139-.986-.556-1.69-1.112-2.394zm-9.734 3.803c0-.423.139-.986.278-1.408s.556-.986.835-1.268c.417-.423.834-.704 1.39-.986a3.81 3.81 0 0 1 1.808-.423c.695 0 1.251.141 1.808.282s.973.563 1.251.845c.278.422.556.845.695 1.268.139.563.278.986.278 1.69h-8.343zm30.592 3.944c-.695.422-1.529.563-2.503.563-.834 0-1.529-.141-2.364-.563-.695-.282-1.39-.845-1.807-1.408-.557-.563-.974-1.268-1.252-2.113a8.3 8.3 0 0 1-.417-2.676 8.3 8.3 0 0 1 .417-2.676c.278-.845.695-1.549 1.252-2.113s1.112-1.127 1.946-1.408c.696-.282 1.53-.563 2.364-.563s1.669.141 2.225.423c.695.282 1.252.704 1.669 1.268l3.476-2.958c-.417-.563-.973-1.127-1.529-1.408-.557-.423-1.113-.704-1.808-.986-.556-.282-1.252-.423-1.947-.563s-1.251-.141-1.808-.141c-1.668 0-3.198.282-4.449.704a12.06 12.06 0 0 0-3.616 2.254c-.973.986-1.807 2.113-2.364 3.521s-.834 2.958-.834 4.507c0 1.69.278 3.239.834 4.507.557 1.409 1.391 2.535 2.364 3.521s2.225 1.69 3.616 2.253 2.92.704 4.449.704c1.391 0 2.782-.282 4.172-.845s2.503-1.549 3.337-2.817l-3.893-2.817c-.139.845-.834 1.409-1.53 1.831zm32.539-10.563c-.973 0-1.808.282-2.503.704s-1.251 1.127-1.668 1.972V8.028h-4.45v14.366h4.45v-6.056c0-.704 0-1.408.139-1.972s.278-1.127.556-1.549.695-.704 1.112-.986c.556-.282 1.113-.422 1.947-.422.278 0 .695 0 .973.141.279 0 .557.141.974.282V7.746c-.278 0-.417-.141-.695-.141h-.835zm16.965 7.606c0-1.127-.139-2.254-.417-3.099a5.18 5.18 0 0 0-1.391-2.394c-.556-.704-1.251-1.127-2.086-1.549s-1.807-.563-2.781-.563c-1.112 0-2.086.141-3.059.563s-1.808.845-2.503 1.549-1.251 1.408-1.669 2.394-.556 1.972-.556 3.099.139 2.254.556 3.099c.418.986.974 1.69 1.669 2.394s1.53 1.127 2.503 1.549 1.947.563 3.059.563 2.225-.282 3.338-.704A8.03 8.03 0 0 0 208.166 20l-3.06-2.253c-.417.563-.834.986-1.251 1.268-.556.282-1.112.422-1.808.422-.834 0-1.529-.282-2.225-.704-.556-.563-.973-1.127-1.112-1.972H209v-1.549h-.139zm-10.29-1.549c0-.423.139-.704.278-.986s.417-.563.556-.845c.278-.282.556-.422.974-.563s.834-.282 1.251-.282c.834 0 1.53.282 1.947.845.556.563.695 1.127.695 1.972h-5.701v-.141z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div></a></div><hr class="apl-platform-header__logo-and-menu-divider" data-v-92c77fd6><nav data-v-92c77fd6><div class="apl-container apl-container--no-padding apl-menu__options--desktop" data-v-1e1e1426 data-v-92c77fd6><ul class="apl-menu__list" data-v-1e1e1426><li id="menu_item-0" class="apl-menu__list-item" data-v-1e1e1426><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--text apl-platform-header__button apl-menu__item"><span>Browse</span><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down apl-button__icon--right" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></li><li id="menu_item-1" class="apl-menu__list-item" data-v-1e1e1426><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--text apl-platform-header__button apl-menu__item"><span>Services</span><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down apl-button__icon--right" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></li><li id="menu_item-2" class="apl-menu__list-item" data-v-1e1e1426><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--text apl-platform-header__button apl-menu__item"><span>Open research</span><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down apl-button__icon--right" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></li></ul></div></nav></div><div class="apl-container apl-container--no-padding apl-platform-header__account-and-search-container" data-v-92c77fd6><div class="apl-platform-header__authenticated-by" data-v-92c77fd6><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--text apl-platform-header__button"><span>Institution Login</span></button></div><div class="apl-search apl-search--collapse apl-search--md apl-platform-header__search" data-v-811ce219 data-v-92c77fd6><input class="apl-search__input" type="search" placeholder="Search..." autocomplete="off" value data-v-811ce219><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--md apl-button--icon-only apl-search__btn-search apl-search__btn-search--mobile" aria-label="Search" data-v-3dc43ba0 data-v-811ce219><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--search apl-button__icon--center" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--md apl-search__btn-search apl-search__btn-search--desktop" aria-label="Search" data-v-28a98aec data-v-811ce219><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--search apl-button__icon--left" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div><span>Search</span></button></div></div></div></div></div></section></div><noscript><div><div><p>Menu links</p><ol><li>Browse</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Subjects</li><ol></ol><ol><li> Subjects (A-D)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/anthropology" target="">Anthropology</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/archaeology" target="">Archaeology</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/area-studies" target="">Area Studies</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/art" target="">Art</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/chemistry" target="">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/classical-studies" target="">Classical Studies</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/computer-science" target="">Computer Science</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/drama-and-theatre" target="">Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies</a></li></ol><li> Subjects (E-K)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/earth-and-environmental-sciences" target="">Earth and Environmental Science</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/economics" target="">Economics</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/education" target="">Education</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/engineering" target="">Engineering</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/english-language-teaching-resources-for-teachers" target="">English Language Teaching – Resources for Teachers</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/film-media-mass-ommunication" target="">Film, Media, Mass Communication</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/general-science" target="">General Science</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/geography" target="">Geography</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/history" target="">History</a></li></ol><li> Subjects (L-O)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/language-and-linguistics" target="">Language and Linguistics</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/law" target="">Law</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/life-sciences" target="">Life Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/literature" target="">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/management" target="">Management</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/materials-science" target="">Materials Science</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/mathematics" target="">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/medicine" target="">Medicine</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/music" target="">Music</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/nutrition" target="">Nutrition</a></li></ol><li> Subjects (P-Z)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/philosophy" target="">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/physics" target="">Physics and Astronomy</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/politics-and-international-relations" target="">Politics and International Relations</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/psychiatry" target="">Psychiatry</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/psychology" target="">Psychology</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/religion" target="">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/social-science-research-methods" target="">Social Science Research Methods</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/sociology" target="">Sociology</a></li><li><a href="/core/browse-subjects/statistics-and-probability" target="">Statistics and Probability</a></li></ol></ol><li>Open access</li><ol></ol><ol><li>All open access publishing</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/open-access" target="">Open access</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc" target="">Open access journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/open-access/research-open?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc" target="">Research open journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/open-access/hybrid-open-access-journals?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc" target="">Journals containing open access</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL_ARTICLE" target="">Open access articles</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc" target="">Open access books</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BopenAccess%5D%5Bfilters%5D=7275BA1E84CA769210167A6A66523B47&aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493" target="">Open access Elements</a></li></ol></ol><li>Journals</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Explore</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/journals" target="">All journal subjects</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/journals" target="">Search journals</a></li></ol><li>Open access</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc" target="">Open access journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/open-access/research-open?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc" target="">Research open journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/open-access/hybrid-open-access-journals?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc" target="">Journals containing open access</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL_ARTICLE" target="">Open access articles</a></li></ol><li>Collections</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-forum" target="">Cambridge Forum</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-law-reports-collection" target="">Cambridge Law Reports Collection</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-prisms" target="">Cambridge Prisms</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/research-directions" target="">Research Directions</a></li></ol></ol><li>Books</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Explore</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/books" target="">Books</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc" target="">Open access books</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/books/listing?aggs[productDate][filters]=Last+3+months&aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc" target="">New books</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open" target="">Flip it Open</a></li></ol><li>Collections</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-companions" target="">Cambridge Companions</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-editions" target="">Cambridge Editions</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-histories" target="">Cambridge Histories</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-library-collection" target="">Cambridge Library Collection</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-shakespeare" target="">Cambridge Shakespeare</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridgehandbooks" target="">Cambridge Handbooks</a></li></ol><li> Collections (cont.)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/dispute-settlement-reports-online" target="">Dispute Settlement Reports Online</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open" target="">Flip it Open</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/hemingway-letters" target="">Hemingway Letters</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/shakespeare-survey" target="">Shakespeare Survey</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/stahl-online" target="">Stahl Online</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/the-correspondence-of-isaac-newton" target="">The Correspondence of Isaac Newton</a></li></ol></ol><li>Elements</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Explore</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/elements" target="">About Elements</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/elements/cambridge-elements-series" target="">Elements series</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BopenAccess%5D%5Bfilters%5D=7275BA1E84CA769210167A6A66523B47&aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493" target="">Open access Elements</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&aggs%5BproductDate%5D%5Bfilters%5D=Last%203%20months&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493" target="">New Elements</a></li></ol><li>Subjects (A-E)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Anthropology/2E44A5AF2838E017617A26DD79FAEAEE" target="">Anthropology</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Archaeology/63A50B5368A9F97F8AA2D6AB965B5F4C" target="">Archaeology</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Classical%20Studies/DDC63B7F5792FE2A95D1FB15F76E3F42" target="">Classical Studies</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Computer%20Science/A57E10708F64FB69CE78C81A5C2A6555" target="">Computer Science</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Drama,%20Theatre,%20Performance%20Studies/2825E4E39F2D641B36543EE80FB1DEA3" target="">Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Earth%20and%20Environmental%20Sciences/F470FBF5683D93478C7CAE5A30EF9AE8" target="">Earth and Environmental Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Economics/FA44491F1F55F917C43E9832715B9DE7" target="">Economics</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Education/550D00F8DF590F2598CF7CC0038E24D1" target="">Education</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Engineering/CCC62FE56DCC1D050CA1340C1CCF46F5" target="">Engineering</a></li></ol><li> Subjects (F-O)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Film,%20Media,%20Mass%20Communication/4B91F10E834814A90CE718E7831E492F" target="">Film, Media, Mass Communication</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/History/66BE42A30172E280FDE64F8EE2F485B0" target="">History</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Language%20and%20Linguistics/140D314098408C26BDF3009F7FF858E9" target="">Language and Linguistics</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Law/7C9FB6788DD8D7E6696263BC774F4D5B" target="">Law</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Life%20Sciences/E044EF2F61B601378786E9EDA901B2D5" target="">Life Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Literature/F2434ADC122145767C6C3B988A8E9BD5" target="">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Management/0EDCC0540639B06A5669BDEEF50C4CBE" target="">Management</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Mathematics/FA1467C44B5BD46BB8AA6E58C2252153" target="">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Medicine/66FF02B2A4F83D9A645001545197F287" target="">Medicine</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Music/A370B5604591CB3C7F9AFD892DDF7BD1" target="">Music</a></li></ol><li> Subjects (P-Z)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Philosophy/2D1AC3C0E174F1F1A93F8C7DE19E0FAB" target="">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Physics%20and%20Astronomy/DBFB610E9FC5E012C011430C0573CC06" target="">Physics and Astronomy</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Politics%20and%20International%20Relations/3BF83347E5E456DAC34F3FABFC8BBF4E" target="">Politics and International Relations</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Psychology/21B42A72BA3E4CB0E3315E5B1B71B07F" target="">Psychology</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Religion/53E51D24FB488962B9364A2C4B45D1C3" target="">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Sociology/0E2CD53A93003DF17E52D753F6E90683" target="">Sociology</a></li><li><a href="/core/elements/subject/Statistics%20and%20Probability/3150B8B0D1B0B4E8DC17EC9EDFD9CA26" target="">Statistics and Probability</a></li></ol></ol><li>Textbooks</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Explore</li><ol><li><a href="/highereducation/" target="">Cambridge Higher Education</a></li><li><a href="/highereducation/services/librarians/title-list" target="">Title list</a></li><li><a href="/highereducation/search?sortBy=publication_date&aggs=%24productDate%24Last%25206%2520months%3Atrue%26Last%252012%2520months%3Atrue%26Last%25203%2520years%3Atrue%26Over%25203%2520years%3Atrue%3B%3B&event=SE-AU_PREF" target="">New titles</a></li></ol></ol><li>Collections</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Book collections</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-companions" target="">Cambridge Companions</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-editions" target="">Cambridge Editions</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-histories" target="">Cambridge Histories</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-library-collection" target="">Cambridge Library Collection</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-shakespeare" target="">Cambridge Shakespeare</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridgehandbooks" target="">Cambridge Handbooks</a></li></ol><li> Book collections (cont.)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/dispute-settlement-reports-online" target="">Dispute Settlement Reports Online</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open" target="">Flip it Open</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/hemingway-letters" target="">Hemingway Letters</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/shakespeare-survey" target="">Shakespeare Survey</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/stahl-online" target="">Stahl Online</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/the-correspondence-of-isaac-newton" target="">The Correspondence of Isaac Newton</a></li></ol><li>Journal collections</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-forum" target="">Cambridge Forum</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-law-reports-collection" target="">Cambridge Law Reports Collection</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/cambridge-prisms" target="">Cambridge Prisms</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/research-directions" target="">Research Directions</a></li></ol><li>Series</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/collections/series" target="">All series</a></li></ol></ol><li>Partners</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Partners</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/agenda-publishing" target="">Agenda Publishing</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/amsterdam-university-press" target="">Amsterdam University Press</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/anthem-press" target="">Anthem Press</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/boydell-brewer" target="">Boydell & Brewer</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/bristol-university-press" target="">Bristol University Press</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/edinburgh-university-press" target="">Edinburgh University Press</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/emirates-center" target="">Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/facet-publishing" target="">Facet Publishing</a></li></ol><li> Partners (cont.)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/foundation-books" target="">Foundation Books</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/intersentia" target="">Intersentia</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/iseas" target="">ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/jagiellonian-university-press" target="">Jagiellonian University Press</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/royal-economic-society" target="">Royal Economic Society</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/unisa-press" target="">Unisa Press</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/university-adelaide-press" target="">The University of Adelaide Press</a></li><li><a href="/core/publications/publishing-partners/wits-university-press" target="">Wits University Press</a></li></ol></ol></ol><li>Services</li><ol></ol><ol><li>About</li><ol></ol><ol><li>About Cambridge Core</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/about/about" target="">About</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/about/accessibility" target="">Accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/about/crossmark-policy" target="">CrossMark policy</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/about/ethical-standards" target="">Ethical Standards</a></li></ol><li>Environment and sustainability</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/about/environment-and-sustainability" target="">Environment and sustainability</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/about/reducing-print" target="">Reducing print</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/about/journals-moving-to-online-only" target="">Journals moving to online only</a></li></ol><li>Guides</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/about/user-guides" target="">User guides</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/about/user-guides-and-videos" target="">User Guides and Videos</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/about/support-videos" target="">Support Videos</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/about/training" target="">Training</a></li></ol><li>Help</li><ol><li><a href="https://corehelp.cambridge.org/" target="">Cambridge Core help</a></li><li><a href="https://corehelp.cambridge.org/hc/en-gb/p/contact-information" target="">Contact us</a></li><li><a href="https://corehelp.cambridge.org/hc/en-gb/requests/new" target="">Technical support</a></li></ol></ol><li>Agents</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Services for agents</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/agents/services-for-agents" target="">Services for agents</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/agents/journals-for-agents" target="">Journals for agents</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/agents/books-for-agents" target="">Books for agents</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/agents/price-list" target="">Price list</a></li></ol></ol><li>Authors</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Journals</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/authors/journals" target="">Journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/journal-publishing-statistics" target="">Journal publishing statistics</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/corresponding-author" target="">Corresponding author</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/seeking-permission-to-use-copyrighted-material" target="">Seeking permission to use copyrighted material</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/publishing-supplementary-material" target="">Publishing supplementary material</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/writing-an-effective-abstract" target="">Writing an effective abstract</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/journal-production-faqs" target="">Journal production - FAQs</a></li></ol><li>Journals (cont.)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/authors/author-affiliations" target="">Author affiliations</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/co-reviewing-policy" target="">Co-reviewing policy</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/digital-author-publishing-agreement-faqs" target="">Digital Author Publishing Agreement - FAQs</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/anonymising-your-manuscript" target="">Anonymising your manuscript</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/publishing-open-access" target="">Publishing open access</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/converting-your-article-to-open-access" target="">Converting your article to open access</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/publishing-open-access-webinars" target="">Publishing Open Access - webinars</a></li></ol><li>Journals (cont.)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/authors/preparing-and-submitting-your-paper" target="">Preparing and submitting your paper</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/publishing-an-accepted-paper" target="">Publishing an accepted paper</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/promoting-your-published-paper" target="">Promoting your published paper</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/measuring-impact" target="">Measuring impact</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/journals-artwork-guide" target="">Journals artwork guide</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/using-orcid" target="">Using ORCID</a></li></ol><li>Books</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/authors/books" target="">Books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/marketing-your-book" target="">Marketing your book</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/authors/elements-user-guides" target="">Author guides for Cambridge Elements</a></li></ol></ol><li>Corporates</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Corporates</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/corporates/commercial-reprints" target="">Commercial reprints</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/corporates/advertising" target="">Advertising</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/corporates/sponsorship" target="">Sponsorship</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/corporates/book-special-sales" target="">Book special sales</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/corporates/contact-us" target="">Contact us</a></li></ol></ol><li>Editors</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Information</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/editors/journal-development" target="">Journal development</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/editors/peer-review-for-editors" target="">Peer review for editors</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/editors/open-access-for-editors" target="">Open access for editors</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/editors/policies-and-guidelines" target="">Policies and guidelines</a></li></ol><li>Resources</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/editors/the-editors-role" target="">The editor's role</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/editors/open-research-for-editors" target="">Open research for editors</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/editors/engagement-and-promotion" target="">Engagement and promotion</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/editors/blogging" target="">Blogging</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/editors/social-media" target="">Social media</a></li></ol></ol><li>Librarians</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Information</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/open-access-for-librarians" target="">Open Access for Librarians</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/read-and-publish-agreements" target="">Transformative agreements</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/transformative-agreements-faqs" target="">Transformative Agreements - FAQs</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/evidence-based-acquisition" target="">Evidence based acquisition</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/ebook-news-and-updates" target="">ebook news & updates</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/cambridge-libraries-of-the-world-podcast" target="">Cambridge libraries of the world podcast</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/purchasing-models" target="">Purchasing models</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/journals-publishing-updates" target="">Journals Publishing Updates</a></li></ol><li>Products</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/cambridge-frontlist" target="">Cambridge frontlist</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/cambridge-journals-digital-archive" target="">Cambridge journals digital archive</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/hot-topics" target="">Hot topics</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/other-digital-products" target="">Other digital products</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/perpetual-access-products" target="">Perpetual access products</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/price-list" target="">Price list</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/developing-country-programme" target="">Developing country programme</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/new-content" target="">New content</a></li></ol><li>Tools</li><ol><li><a href="/core/eligibility-checker" target="">Eligibility checker</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/read-and-publish-agreements" target="">Transformative agreements</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/librarians/kbart" target="">KBART</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/librarians/marc-records" target="">MARC records</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/using-marcedit-for-marc-records" target="">Using MARCEdit for MARC records</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/inbound-openurl-specifications" target="">Inbound OpenURL specifications</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/counter-report-types" target="">COUNTER report types</a></li></ol><li>Resources</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/catalogues-and-resources" target="">Catalogues and resources</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/making-the-most-of-your-eba" target="">Making the most of your EBA</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/posters" target="">Posters</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/leaflets-and-brochures" target="">Leaflets and brochures</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/additional-resources" target="">Additional resources</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/find-my-sales-contact" target="">Find my sales contact</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/webinars" target="">Webinars</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/librarians/read-and-publish-resources" target="">Read and publish resources</a></li></ol></ol><li>Peer review</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Peer review</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/peer-review/how-to-peer-review-journal-articles" target="">How to peer review journal articles</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/peer-review/how-to-peer-review-book-proposals" target="">How to peer review book proposals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/peer-review/how-to-peer-review-registered-reports" target="">How to peer review Registered Reports</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/peer-review/peer-review-faqs" target="">Peer review FAQs</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/peer-review/ethics-in-peer-review" target="">Ethics in peer review</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/peer-review/online-peer-review-systems" target="">Online peer review systems</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/peer-review/a-guide-to-publons" target="">A guide to Publons</a></li></ol></ol><li>Publishing ethics</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Journals </li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/publishing-ethics-guidelines-journals" target="">Publishing ethics guidelines for journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/core-editorial-policies-journals" target="">Core editorial policies for journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/authorship-and-contributorship-journals" target="">Authorship and contributorship for journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/affiliations-journals" target="">Affiliations for journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/research-ethics-journals" target="">Research ethics for journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/competing-interests-and-funding-journals" target="">Competing interests and funding for journals</a></li></ol><li>Journals (cont.)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/data-and-supporting-evidence-for-journals" target="">Data and supporting evidence for journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/misconduct-journals" target="">Misconduct for journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/corrections-retractions-and-removals-journals" target="">Corrections, retractions and removals for journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/versions-and-adaptations-journals" target="">Versions and adaptations for journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/libel-defamation-and-freedom-of-expression" target="">Libel, defamation and freedom of expression</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/business-ethics-journals" target="">Business ethics journals</a></li></ol><li>Books</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/publishing-ethics-guidelines-books" target="">Publishing ethics guidelines for books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/core-editorial-policies-books" target="">Core editorial policies for books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/authorship-and-contributorship-books" target="">Authorship and contributorship for books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/affiliations-books" target="">Affiliations for books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/research-ethics-books" target="">Research ethics for books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/competing-interests-and-funding-books" target="">Competing interests and funding for books</a></li></ol><li>Books (cont.)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/data-and-supporting-evidence-books" target="">Data and supporting evidence for books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/misconduct-books" target="">Misconduct for books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/corrections-retractions-and-removals-books" target="">Corrections, retractions and removals for books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/versions-and-adaptations-books" target="">Versions and adaptations for books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/libel-defamation-and-freedom-of-expression" target="">Libel, defamation and freedom of expression</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-ethics/business-ethics-books" target="">Business ethics books</a></li></ol></ol><li>Publishing partners</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Publishing partners</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-partners/publishing-partnerships" target="">Publishing partnerships</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-partners/partner-books" target="">Partner books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-partners/ebook-publishing-partnerships" target="">eBook publishing partnerships</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-partners/journal-publishing-partnerships" target="">Journal publishing partnerships</a></li></ol><li>Publishing partners (cont.)</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-partners/journals-publishing" target="">Journals publishing</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-partners/customer-support" target="">Customer support</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-partners/membership-services" target="">Membership Services</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/publishing-partners/our-team" target="">Our Team</a></li></ol></ol></ol><li>Open research</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Open access policies</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Open access policies</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/open-research" target="">Open research</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-policies" target="">Open access policies</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/cambridge-university-press-and-plan-s" target="">Cambridge University Press and Plan S</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/text-and-data-mining" target="">Text and data mining</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/preprint-policy" target="">Preprint policy</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/social-sharing" target="">Social sharing</a></li></ol><li>Journals</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-journals" target="">Open access journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/gold-open-access-journals" target="">Gold Open Access journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/transformative-journals" target="">Transformative journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/green-open-access-policy-for-journals" target="">Green Open Access policy for journals</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/transparent-pricing-policy-for-journals" target="">Transparent pricing policy for journals</a></li></ol><li>Books and Elements</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-books" target="">Open access books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/gold-open-access-books" target="">Gold open access books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/green-open-access-policy-for-books" target="">Green Open Access policy for books</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-elements" target="">Open access Elements</a></li></ol></ol><li>Open access publishing</li><ol></ol><ol><li>About open access</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-research" target="">Open research</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-week" target="">Open Access Week</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access" target="">What is open access?</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-glossary" target="">Open access glossary</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-myths" target="">Open access myths</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/hybrid-open-access-faqs" target="">Hybrid Open Access FAQs</a></li><li><a href="/core/eligibility-checker" target="">Eligibility checker</a></li></ol><li>Open access resources</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-resources" target="">Open access resources</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/benefits-of-open-access" target="">Benefits of open access</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/creative-commons-licenses" target="">Creative commons licences</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/funder-policies-and-mandates" target="">Funder policies and mandates</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/article-type-definitions" target="">Article type definitions</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/convert-your-article-to-open-access" target="">Convert your article to Open Access</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-video-resources" target="">Open access video resources</a></li></ol></ol><li>Open research initiatives</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Research transparency</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-initiatives/transparency-and-openness" target="">Transparency and openness</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-initiatives/open-practice-badges" target="">Open Practice Badges</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-initiatives/oa-organisations-initiatives-and-directories" target="">OA organisations, initiatives & directories</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-initiatives/registered-reports" target="">Registered Reports</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-initiatives/annotation-for-transparent-inquiry-ati" target="">Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI)</a></li></ol><li>Journal flips</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-initiatives/open-access-journal-flips" target="">Open access journal flips</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-initiatives/oa-journal-flip-faqs" target="">OA Journal Flip FAQs</a></li></ol><li>Flip it Open</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-initiatives/flip-it-open" target="">Flip it Open</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-research-initiatives/flip-it-open-faqs" target="">Flip it Open FAQs</a></li></ol></ol><li>Open access funding</li><ol></ol><ol><li>Open access funding</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-funding/funding-open-access-publication" target="">Funding open access publication</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-funding/cambridge-open-equity-initiative" target="">Cambridge Open Equity Initiative</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/open-access-funding/completing-a-rightslink-open-access-transaction" target="">Completing a RightsLink (open access) transaction</a></li></ol></ol><li> Cambridge Open Engage</li><ol></ol><ol><li> Cambridge Open Engage</li><ol><li><a href="/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/cambridge-open-engage" target="">Cambridge Open Engage</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-partner-with-us" target="">Partner With Us</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-branded-hubs" target="">Branded Hubs</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-event-workspaces" target="">Event Workspaces</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-partner-resources" target="">Partner Resources</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-apsa-preprints" target="">APSA Preprints</a></li><li><a href="/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-apsa-preprints-faqs" target="">APSA Preprints FAQs</a></li></ol></ol></ol></ol></div></div></noscript></div> </div></div><script>window.__PLATFORM_HEADER_DATA__ = {"megaMenuData":{"menuItems":[{"id":"menu_item-0","label":"Browse","openExternal":null,"url":"","isMegaMenu":true,"menuCats":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0","label":"Subjects","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/browse-subjects","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0","label":" Subjects (A-D)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Anthropology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/anthropology"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Archaeology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/archaeology"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Area Studies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/area-studies"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Art","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/art"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Chemistry","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/chemistry"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Classical Studies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/classical-studies"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Computer Science","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/computer-science"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-7","label":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/drama-and-theatre"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1","label":" Subjects (E-K)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Earth and Environmental Science","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/earth-and-environmental-sciences"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Economics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/economics"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Education","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/education"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Engineering","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/engineering"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-4","label":"English Language Teaching – Resources for Teachers","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/english-language-teaching-resources-for-teachers"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Film, Media, Mass Communication","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/film-media-mass-ommunication"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-6","label":"General Science","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/general-science"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-7","label":"Geography","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/geography"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-8","label":"History","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/history"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2","label":" Subjects (L-O)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Language and Linguistics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/language-and-linguistics"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Law","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/law"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Life Sciences","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/life-sciences"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Literature","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/literature"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Management","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/management"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-5","label":"Materials Science","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/materials-science"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-6","label":"Mathematics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/mathematics"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-7","label":"Medicine","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/medicine"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-8","label":"Music","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/music"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-9","label":"Nutrition","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/nutrition"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3","label":" Subjects (P-Z)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Philosophy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/philosophy"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Physics and Astronomy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/physics"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Politics and International Relations","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/politics-and-international-relations"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-3","label":"Psychiatry","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/psychiatry"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-4","label":"Psychology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/psychology"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-5","label":"Religion","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/religion"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-6","label":"Social Science Research Methods","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/social-science-research-methods"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-7","label":"Sociology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/sociology"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-8","label":"Statistics and Probability","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/statistics-and-probability"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1","label":"Open access","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/open-access","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0","label":"All open access publishing","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Open access journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Research open journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/research-open?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Journals containing open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/hybrid-open-access-journals?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Open access articles","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL_ARTICLE"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Open access books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Open access Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BopenAccess%5D%5Bfilters%5D=7275BA1E84CA769210167A6A66523B47&aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2","label":"Journals","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/journals","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-0","label":"Explore","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-0_link-0","label":"All journal subjects","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/journals"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Search journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/journals"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-1","label":"Open access","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Open access journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Research open journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/research-open?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Journals containing open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/hybrid-open-access-journals?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Open access articles","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL_ARTICLE"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-2","label":"Collections","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Cambridge Forum","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-forum"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-law-reports-collection"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Cambridge Prisms","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-prisms"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Research Directions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/research-directions"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3","label":"Books","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/books","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-0","label":"Explore","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/books"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Open access books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-0_link-2","label":"New books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/books/listing?aggs[productDate][filters]=Last+3+months&aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Flip it Open","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1","label":"Collections","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Cambridge Companions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-companions"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Cambridge Editions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-editions"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Cambridge Histories","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-histories"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Cambridge Library Collection","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-library-collection"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Cambridge Shakespeare","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-shakespeare"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Cambridge Handbooks","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridgehandbooks"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2","label":" Collections (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/dispute-settlement-reports-online"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Flip it Open","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Hemingway Letters","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/hemingway-letters"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Shakespeare Survey","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/shakespeare-survey"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Stahl Online","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/stahl-online"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-5","label":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/the-correspondence-of-isaac-newton"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4","label":"Elements","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/elements","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-0","label":"Explore","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-0_link-0","label":"About Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/elements"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Elements series","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/elements/cambridge-elements-series"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Open access Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BopenAccess%5D%5Bfilters%5D=7275BA1E84CA769210167A6A66523B47&aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-0_link-3","label":"New Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&aggs%5BproductDate%5D%5Bfilters%5D=Last%203%20months&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1","label":"Subjects (A-E)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Anthropology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Anthropology/2E44A5AF2838E017617A26DD79FAEAEE"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Archaeology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Archaeology/63A50B5368A9F97F8AA2D6AB965B5F4C"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Classical Studies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Classical%20Studies/DDC63B7F5792FE2A95D1FB15F76E3F42"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Computer Science","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Computer%20Science/A57E10708F64FB69CE78C81A5C2A6555"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Drama,%20Theatre,%20Performance%20Studies/2825E4E39F2D641B36543EE80FB1DEA3"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Earth and Environmental Sciences","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Earth%20and%20Environmental%20Sciences/F470FBF5683D93478C7CAE5A30EF9AE8"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-6","label":"Economics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Economics/FA44491F1F55F917C43E9832715B9DE7"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-7","label":"Education","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Education/550D00F8DF590F2598CF7CC0038E24D1"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-8","label":"Engineering","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Engineering/CCC62FE56DCC1D050CA1340C1CCF46F5"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2","label":" Subjects (F-O)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Film, Media, Mass Communication","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Film,%20Media,%20Mass%20Communication/4B91F10E834814A90CE718E7831E492F"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-1","label":"History","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/History/66BE42A30172E280FDE64F8EE2F485B0"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Language and Linguistics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Language%20and%20Linguistics/140D314098408C26BDF3009F7FF858E9"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Law","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Law/7C9FB6788DD8D7E6696263BC774F4D5B"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Life Sciences","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Life%20Sciences/E044EF2F61B601378786E9EDA901B2D5"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-5","label":"Literature","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Literature/F2434ADC122145767C6C3B988A8E9BD5"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-6","label":"Management","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Management/0EDCC0540639B06A5669BDEEF50C4CBE"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-7","label":"Mathematics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Mathematics/FA1467C44B5BD46BB8AA6E58C2252153"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-8","label":"Medicine","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Medicine/66FF02B2A4F83D9A645001545197F287"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-9","label":"Music","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Music/A370B5604591CB3C7F9AFD892DDF7BD1"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3","label":" Subjects (P-Z)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Philosophy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Philosophy/2D1AC3C0E174F1F1A93F8C7DE19E0FAB"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Physics and Astronomy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Physics%20and%20Astronomy/DBFB610E9FC5E012C011430C0573CC06"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Politics and International Relations","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Politics%20and%20International%20Relations/3BF83347E5E456DAC34F3FABFC8BBF4E"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-3","label":"Psychology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Psychology/21B42A72BA3E4CB0E3315E5B1B71B07F"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-4","label":"Religion","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Religion/53E51D24FB488962B9364A2C4B45D1C3"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-5","label":"Sociology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Sociology/0E2CD53A93003DF17E52D753F6E90683"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-6","label":"Statistics and Probability","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Statistics%20and%20Probability/3150B8B0D1B0B4E8DC17EC9EDFD9CA26"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-5","label":"Textbooks","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/textbooks","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-5_subCat-0","label":"Explore","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-5_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Cambridge Higher Education","openExternal":false,"url":"/highereducation/"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-5_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Title list","openExternal":false,"url":"/highereducation/services/librarians/title-list"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-5_subCat-0_link-2","label":"New titles","openExternal":false,"url":"/highereducation/search?sortBy=publication_date&aggs=%24productDate%24Last%25206%2520months%3Atrue%26Last%252012%2520months%3Atrue%26Last%25203%2520years%3Atrue%26Over%25203%2520years%3Atrue%3B%3B&event=SE-AU_PREF"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6","label":"Collections","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/collections","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0","label":"Book collections","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Cambridge Companions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-companions"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Cambridge Editions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-editions"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Cambridge Histories","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-histories"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Cambridge Library Collection","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-library-collection"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Cambridge Shakespeare","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-shakespeare"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Cambridge Handbooks","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridgehandbooks"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1","label":" Book collections (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/dispute-settlement-reports-online"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Flip it Open","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Hemingway Letters","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/hemingway-letters"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Shakespeare Survey","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/shakespeare-survey"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Stahl Online","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/stahl-online"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-5","label":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/the-correspondence-of-isaac-newton"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-2","label":"Journal collections","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Cambridge Forum","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-forum"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-law-reports-collection"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Cambridge Prisms","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-prisms"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Research Directions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/research-directions"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-3","label":"Series","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-3_link-0","label":"All series","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/series"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7","label":"Partners","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0","label":"Partners","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Agenda Publishing","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/agenda-publishing"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Amsterdam University Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/amsterdam-university-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Anthem Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/anthem-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Boydell & Brewer","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/boydell-brewer"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Bristol University Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/bristol-university-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Edinburgh University Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/edinburgh-university-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/emirates-center"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-7","label":"Facet Publishing","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/facet-publishing"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1","label":" Partners (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Foundation Books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/foundation-books"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Intersentia","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/intersentia"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-2","label":"ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/iseas"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Jagiellonian University Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/jagiellonian-university-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Royal Economic Society","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/royal-economic-society"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Unisa Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/unisa-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-6","label":"The University of Adelaide Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/university-adelaide-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-7","label":"Wits University Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/wits-university-press"}]}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1","label":"Services","openExternal":null,"url":"","isMegaMenu":true,"menuCats":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0","label":"About","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/about/about","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-0","label":"About Cambridge Core","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-0_link-0","label":"About","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/about"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Accessibility","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/accessibility"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-0_link-2","label":"CrossMark policy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/crossmark-policy"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Ethical Standards","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/ethical-standards"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-1","label":"Environment and sustainability","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Environment and sustainability","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/environment-and-sustainability"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Reducing print","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/reducing-print"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Journals moving to online only","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/journals-moving-to-online-only"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-2","label":"Guides","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-2_link-0","label":"User guides","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/user-guides"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-2_link-1","label":"User Guides and Videos","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/user-guides-and-videos"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Support Videos","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/support-videos"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Training","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/training"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-3","label":"Help","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Cambridge Core help","openExternal":false,"url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Contact us","openExternal":false,"url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/hc/en-gb/p/contact-information"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Technical support","openExternal":false,"url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/hc/en-gb/requests/new"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1","label":"Agents","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/agents/services-for-agents","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1_subCat-0","label":"Services for agents","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Services for agents","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/agents/services-for-agents"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Journals for agents","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/agents/journals-for-agents"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Books for agents","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/agents/books-for-agents"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Price list","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/agents/price-list"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2","label":"Authors","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/authors/authors","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0","label":"Journals","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Journal publishing statistics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/journal-publishing-statistics"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Corresponding author","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/corresponding-author"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Seeking permission to use copyrighted material","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/seeking-permission-to-use-copyrighted-material"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Publishing supplementary material","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/publishing-supplementary-material"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Writing an effective abstract","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/writing-an-effective-abstract"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Journal production - FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/journal-production-faqs"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1","label":"Journals (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Author affiliations","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/author-affiliations"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Co-reviewing policy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/co-reviewing-policy"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Digital Author Publishing Agreement - FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/digital-author-publishing-agreement-faqs"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Anonymising your manuscript","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/anonymising-your-manuscript"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Publishing open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/publishing-open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Converting your article to open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/converting-your-article-to-open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-6","label":"Publishing Open Access - webinars","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/publishing-open-access-webinars"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2","label":"Journals (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Preparing and submitting your paper","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/preparing-and-submitting-your-paper"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Publishing an accepted paper","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/publishing-an-accepted-paper"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Promoting your published paper","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/promoting-your-published-paper"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Measuring impact","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/measuring-impact"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Journals artwork guide","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/journals-artwork-guide"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-5","label":"Using ORCID","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/using-orcid"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-3","label":"Books","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Marketing your book","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/marketing-your-book"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Author guides for Cambridge Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/elements-user-guides"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3","label":"Corporates","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/corporates/services-for-corporates","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0","label":"Corporates","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Commercial reprints","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/corporates/commercial-reprints"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Advertising","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/corporates/advertising"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Sponsorship","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/corporates/sponsorship"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Book special sales","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/corporates/book-special-sales"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Contact us","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/corporates/contact-us"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4","label":"Editors","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/editors/editors","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-0","label":"Information","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Journal development","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/journal-development"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Peer review for editors","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/peer-review-for-editors"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Open access for editors","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/open-access-for-editors"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Policies and guidelines","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/policies-and-guidelines"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1","label":"Resources","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1_link-0","label":"The editor's role","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/the-editors-role"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Open research for editors","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/open-research-for-editors"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Engagement and promotion","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/engagement-and-promotion"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Blogging","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/blogging"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Social media","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/social-media"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5","label":"Librarians","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/librarians/librarians","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0","label":"Information","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Open Access for Librarians","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/open-access-for-librarians"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Transformative agreements","openExternal":false,"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/read-and-publish-agreements"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Transformative Agreements - FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/transformative-agreements-faqs"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Evidence based acquisition","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/evidence-based-acquisition"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-4","label":"ebook news & updates","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/ebook-news-and-updates"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Cambridge libraries of the world podcast","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/cambridge-libraries-of-the-world-podcast"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Purchasing models","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/purchasing-models"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-7","label":"Journals Publishing Updates","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/journals-publishing-updates"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1","label":"Products","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Cambridge frontlist","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/cambridge-frontlist"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Cambridge journals digital archive","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/cambridge-journals-digital-archive"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Hot topics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/hot-topics"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Other digital products","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/other-digital-products"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Perpetual access products","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/perpetual-access-products"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Price list","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/price-list"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-6","label":"Developing country programme","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/developing-country-programme"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-7","label":"New content","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/new-content"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2","label":"Tools","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Eligibility checker","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/eligibility-checker"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Transformative agreements","openExternal":false,"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/read-and-publish-agreements"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-2","label":"KBART","openExternal":false,"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/librarians/kbart"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-3","label":"MARC records","openExternal":false,"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/librarians/marc-records"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Using MARCEdit for MARC records","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/using-marcedit-for-marc-records"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-5","label":"Inbound OpenURL specifications","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/inbound-openurl-specifications"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-6","label":"COUNTER report types","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/counter-report-types"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3","label":"Resources","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Catalogues and resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/catalogues-and-resources"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Making the most of your EBA","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/making-the-most-of-your-eba"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Posters","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/posters"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-3","label":"Leaflets and brochures","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/leaflets-and-brochures"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-4","label":"Additional resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/additional-resources"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-5","label":"Find my sales contact","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/find-my-sales-contact"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-6","label":"Webinars","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/webinars"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-7","label":"Read and publish resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/read-and-publish-resources"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6","label":"Peer review","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/peer-review","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0","label":"Peer review","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-0","label":"How to peer review journal articles","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/how-to-peer-review-journal-articles"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-1","label":"How to peer review book proposals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/how-to-peer-review-book-proposals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-2","label":"How to peer review Registered Reports","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/how-to-peer-review-registered-reports"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Peer review FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/peer-review-faqs"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Ethics in peer review","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/ethics-in-peer-review"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Online peer review systems","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/online-peer-review-systems"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-6","label":"A guide to Publons","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/a-guide-to-publons"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7","label":"Publishing ethics","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/publishing-ethics","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0","label":"Journals ","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Publishing ethics guidelines for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/publishing-ethics-guidelines-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Core editorial policies for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/core-editorial-policies-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Authorship and contributorship for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/authorship-and-contributorship-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Affiliations for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/affiliations-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Research ethics for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/research-ethics-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Competing interests and funding for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/competing-interests-and-funding-journals"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1","label":"Journals (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Data and supporting evidence for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/data-and-supporting-evidence-for-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Misconduct for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/misconduct-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Corrections, retractions and removals for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/corrections-retractions-and-removals-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Versions and adaptations for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/versions-and-adaptations-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/libel-defamation-and-freedom-of-expression"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Business ethics journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/business-ethics-journals"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2","label":"Books","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Publishing ethics guidelines for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/publishing-ethics-guidelines-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Core editorial policies for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/core-editorial-policies-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Authorship and contributorship for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/authorship-and-contributorship-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Affiliations for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/affiliations-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Research ethics for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/research-ethics-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-5","label":"Competing interests and funding for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/competing-interests-and-funding-books"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3","label":"Books (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Data and supporting evidence for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/data-and-supporting-evidence-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Misconduct for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/misconduct-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Corrections, retractions and removals for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/corrections-retractions-and-removals-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-3","label":"Versions and adaptations for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/versions-and-adaptations-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-4","label":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/libel-defamation-and-freedom-of-expression"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-5","label":"Business ethics books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/business-ethics-books"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8","label":"Publishing partners","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/publishing-partnerships","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-0","label":"Publishing partners","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Publishing partnerships","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/publishing-partnerships"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Partner books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/partner-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-0_link-2","label":"eBook publishing partnerships","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/ebook-publishing-partnerships"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Journal publishing partnerships","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/journal-publishing-partnerships"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-1","label":"Publishing partners (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Journals publishing","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/journals-publishing"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Customer support","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/customer-support"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Membership Services","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/membership-services"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Our Team","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/our-team"}]}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-2","label":"Open research","openExternal":null,"url":"","isMegaMenu":true,"menuCats":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0","label":"Open access policies","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-policies","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0","label":"Open access policies","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Open research","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-research"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Open access policies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-policies"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Cambridge University Press and Plan S","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/cambridge-university-press-and-plan-s"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Text and data mining","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/text-and-data-mining"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Preprint policy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/preprint-policy"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Social sharing","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/social-sharing"}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1","label":"Journals","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Open access journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Gold Open Access journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/gold-open-access-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Transformative journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/transformative-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Green Open Access policy for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/green-open-access-policy-for-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Transparent pricing policy for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/transparent-pricing-policy-for-journals"}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-2","label":"Books and Elements","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Open access books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-books"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Gold open access books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/gold-open-access-books"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Green Open Access policy for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/green-open-access-policy-for-books"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Open access Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-elements"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1","label":"Open access publishing","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0","label":"About open access","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Open research","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-research"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Open Access Week","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-week"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-2","label":"What is open access?","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Open access glossary","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-glossary"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Open access myths","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-myths"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Hybrid Open Access FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/hybrid-open-access-faqs"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Eligibility checker","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/eligibility-checker"}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1","label":"Open access resources","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Open access resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-resources"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Benefits of open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/benefits-of-open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Creative commons licences","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/creative-commons-licenses"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Funder policies and mandates","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/funder-policies-and-mandates"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Article type definitions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/article-type-definitions"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Convert your article to Open Access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/convert-your-article-to-open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-6","label":"Open access video resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-video-resources"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2","label":"Open research initiatives","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0","label":"Research transparency","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Transparency and openness","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/transparency-and-openness"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Open Practice Badges","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/open-practice-badges"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0_link-2","label":"OA organisations, initiatives & directories","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/oa-organisations-initiatives-and-directories"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Registered Reports","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/registered-reports"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI)","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/annotation-for-transparent-inquiry-ati"}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-1","label":"Journal flips","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Open access journal flips","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/open-access-journal-flips"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-1_link-1","label":"OA Journal Flip FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/oa-journal-flip-faqs"}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-2","label":"Flip it Open","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Flip it Open","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/flip-it-open"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Flip it Open FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/flip-it-open-faqs"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-3","label":"Open access funding","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/open-access-funding/funding-open-access-publication","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-3_subCat-0","label":"Open access funding","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-3_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Funding open access publication","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-funding/funding-open-access-publication"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-3_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Cambridge Open Equity Initiative","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-funding/cambridge-open-equity-initiative"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-3_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Completing a RightsLink (open access) transaction","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-funding/completing-a-rightslink-open-access-transaction"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4","label":" Cambridge Open Engage","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/cambridge-open-engage","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0","label":" Cambridge Open Engage","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Cambridge Open Engage","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/cambridge-open-engage"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Partner With Us","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-partner-with-us"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Branded Hubs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-branded-hubs"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Event Workspaces","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-event-workspaces"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Partner Resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-partner-resources"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-5","label":"APSA Preprints","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-apsa-preprints"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-6","label":"APSA Preprints FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-apsa-preprints-faqs"}]}]}]}]}}</script> </div> <platform-header id='platform-header-wc' platform='core' env='prod' institution-log-in-url='https://shibboleth.cambridge.org/CJOShibb2/index?app=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fshibboleth%3Fref%3D%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquity%2Farticle%2Fintestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries%2F0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF' manage-account-url='/core/login' base-url='/core/services/' class='platform-header-wc' search-phrase='' is-preview='false' hide-search='false' style="display: none" ></platform-header> <script> const platformHeader = $('#platform-header'); const platformHeaderWc = $('#platform-header-wc'); platformHeaderWc.prop('initialData', window.__PLATFORM_HEADER_DATA__); platformHeaderWc.on('initialized', function () { platformHeader.hide(); platformHeaderWc.show(); }); const createForm = function (searchPhrase) { const form = document.createElement('form'); form.style.display = 'none'; form.method = 'GET'; form.action = '/core/search'; const input = document.createElement('input'); input.type = 'hidden'; input.name = 'q'; input.value = searchPhrase; form.appendChild(input); return form; }; platformHeaderWc.on('search', function (e) { const searchPhrase = e?.originalEvent?.detail[0]?.phrase; if (!searchPhrase) { return; } const form = createForm(searchPhrase); document.body.appendChild(form); $('form').submit(); document.body.removeChild(form); }); </script><div class="flash-message-container" role="alert"> <div class="flash-message"> <script> var AOP = AOP || {}; $( document ).ready(function() { if (AOP.onLoadfocusTriggered !== true) { if($(".alert-box").length) { AOP.enableKeyboardAccess($(".alert-box")); } AOP.onLoadfocusTriggered = true; } }); </script> <div id="ajaxMessages" class="ajaxMessages"></div> </div> </div> <div class="article-wrapper"> <link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/06cd607.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/20147ec.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/css/styles.css?hash=5ecdf40" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/66884fb.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/css/app.css?hash=f1e6144" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/6f4302c.js" as="script"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/page-component/css/styles.css?hash=5ecdf40"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/page-component/css/app.css?hash=f1e6144"> <div role="main" class="page-component"> <div data-server-rendered="true" id="__nuxt"><div id="__layout"><div><div data-v-01274b1d><div style="display: none;" data-v-01274b1d> Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-gr6zb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-15T18:36:20.775Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false </div> <div class="container-fluid breadcrumbs-wrapper" data-v-3692cf84 data-v-01274b1d><div class="row crumbs-row" data-v-3692cf84><div class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__list" data-v-3692cf84><div class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__list__wrapper" data-v-3692cf84> <div role="navigation" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__list__wrapper__crumbs" data-v-3692cf84><ul data-test-id="breadcrumbs" class="page-breadcrumbs" data-v-3692cf84><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><a href="/core" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Home</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><a href="/core/publications/journals" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Journals</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><a href="/core/journals/antiquity" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Antiquity</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><a href="/core/journals/antiquity/issue/239B1D4D343BD0DA9E8B18BC89888DA6" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 98 Issue 400</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><span data-v-3692cf84>Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval...</span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="language" data-v-3692cf84><ul class="language-switch" data-v-6b1118dd data-v-3692cf84><li aria-label="English" data-v-6b1118dd><span class="language-option current divider" data-v-6b1118dd>English</span></li><li aria-label="Français" data-v-6b1118dd><span role="button" tabindex="0" href="#" lang="fr" class="language-option" data-v-6b1118dd> Français </span></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="container container__modified" data-v-01274b1d>  <div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div role="complementary" aria-label="table of content" class="column__left" data-v-01274b1d><div class="col journal-container row" data-v-146270e8 data-v-01274b1d><img src="https://static.cambridge.org/covers/AQY_0_0_0/antiquity.jpg" alt="" class="journal__image" data-v-146270e8> <a href="/core/journals/antiquity" class="app-link journal__title app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-146270e8><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Antiquity </span> </a> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-146270e8></div>  <div id="toc" class="table-of-content" data-v-01274b1d><h2>Article contents</h2> <div id="toc-list-wrapper" class="table-of-content__wrapper"><ul id="toc-list" class="list"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Abstract</span></a></li> <li class="list__item"><a href="#sec1" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Introduction</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec2" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Materials</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec3" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Methods</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec4" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Results</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec5" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Discussion</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec6" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Conclusion</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec-fs1" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Funding</div></span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="column__main" data-v-01274b1d><div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div class="column__main__left" data-v-01274b1d><div id="maincontent" class="col" data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval Leiden, the Low Countries</h1> </hgroup>    <div class="row part-of" data-v-862424e6><span class="part-of__label" data-v-862424e6> Part of: </span> <a href="/core/product/identifier/AQY_MAPS_AND_THE_MEDIEVAL_LANDSCAPE/type/BESPOKE_COLLECTION" class="part-of__collection" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-862424e6> Medieval European Archaeology </a></div> <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>31 May 2024</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Sophie%20Rabinow&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Sophie Rabinow</span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-8994" data-test-orcid="Sophie Rabinow" class="app-link contributor-type__contributor__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="Open the ORCID record for Sophie Rabinow" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tianyi%20Wang&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Tianyi Wang</span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0776-9387" data-test-orcid="Tianyi Wang" class="app-link contributor-type__contributor__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0idXRmLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMjIiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgaWQ9IkxheWVyXzEiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgeG1sbnM6eGxpbms9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkveGxpbmsiIHg9IjBweCIgeT0iMHB4IgoJIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyNTYgMjU2IiBzdHlsZT0iZW5hYmxlLWJhY2tncm91bmQ6bmV3IDAgMCAyNTYgMjU2OyIgeG1sOnNwYWNlPSJwcmVzZXJ2ZSI+CjxzdHlsZSB0eXBlPSJ0ZXh0L2NzcyI+Cgkuc3Qwe2ZpbGw6I0E2Q0UzOTt9Cgkuc3Qxe2ZpbGw6I0ZGRkZGRjt9Cjwvc3R5bGU+CjxwYXRoIGNsYXNzPSJzdDAiIGQ9Ik0yNTYsMTI4YzAsNzAuNy01Ny4zLDEyOC0xMjgsMTI4QzU3LjMsMjU2LDAsMTk4LjcsMCwxMjhDMCw1Ny4zLDU3LjMsMCwxMjgsMEMxOTguNywwLDI1Niw1Ny4zLDI1NiwxMjh6Ii8+CjxnPgoJPHBhdGggY2xhc3M9InN0MSIgZD0iTTg2LjMsMTg2LjJINzAuOVY3OS4xaDE1LjR2NDguNFYxODYuMnoiLz4KCTxwYXRoIGNsYXNzPSJzdDEiIGQ9Ik0xMDguOSw3OS4xaDQxLjZjMzkuNiwwLDU3LDI4LjMsNTcsNTMuNmMwLDI3LjUtMjEuNSw1My42LTU2LjgsNTMuNmgtNDEuOFY3OS4xeiBNMTI0LjMsMTcyLjRoMjQuNQoJCWMzNC45LDAsNDIuOS0yNi41LDQyLjktMzkuN2MwLTIxLjUtMTMuNy0zOS43LTQzLjctMzkuN2gtMjMuN1YxNzIuNHoiLz4KCTxwYXRoIGNsYXNzPSJzdDEiIGQ9Ik04OC43LDU2LjhjMCw1LjUtNC41LDEwLjEtMTAuMSwxMC4xYy01LjYsMC0xMC4xLTQuNi0xMC4xLTEwLjFjMC01LjYsNC41LTEwLjEsMTAuMS0xMC4xCgkJQzg0LjIsNDYuNyw4OC43LDUxLjMsODguNyw1Ni44eiIvPgo8L2c+Cjwvc3ZnPgo=" alt="Open the ORCID record for Tianyi Wang" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roos%20van%20Oosten&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Roos van Oosten</span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4323-5120" data-test-orcid="Roos van Oosten" class="app-link contributor-type__contributor__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="Open the ORCID record for Roos van Oosten" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Yolande%20Meijer&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Yolande Meijer</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce> and</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Piers%20D.%20Mitchell&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Piers D. Mitchell</span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-697X" data-test-orcid="Piers D. Mitchell" class="app-link contributor-type__contributor__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="Open the ORCID record for Piers D. Mitchell" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-2 collapse-link" data-v-99f6eb26><a href="#authors-details" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="authors-details" class="app-link collapsed app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-99f6eb26><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon arrow-down" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Show author details </span> </a></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-99f6eb26> <dl id="authors-details" class="authors-details collapse" data-v-2edb8da6 data-v-99f6eb26><div data-test-author="Sophie Rabinow" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Sophie Rabinow</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, UK</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Tianyi Wang" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Tianyi Wang</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, UK</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Roos van Oosten" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Roos van Oosten</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, The Netherlands</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Yolande Meijer" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Yolande Meijer</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>IDDS Archeologie, Noordwijk, The Netherlands</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Piers D. Mitchell" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Piers D. Mitchell*</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, UK</span> </span></div></dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-sm-2 col-12 title" data-v-2edb8da6> * </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-2edb8da6><div class="row" data-v-2edb8da6><div class="d-sm-flex d-inline flex-sm-1 flex-sm-wrap" data-v-2edb8da6><div class="d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><div class="corresp"><span class="label">*</span>Author for correspondence ✉ <a href="mailto:pdm39@cam.ac.uk">pdm39@cam.ac.uk</a></div></span></div></div></div></dd></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-2edb8da6></dl></div></div> <div id="app-tabs" class="tabs" data-v-1d90c6ce data-v-01274b1d><div id="app-tabs-wrapper" class="tabs__wrapper" data-v-1d90c6ce><div role="navigation" aria-label="tab navigation" class="container" data-v-1d90c6ce><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#appTabs" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="appTabs" class="tabs__collapse collapsed d-sm-none d-print-none" data-v-1d90c6ce><span data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-up" data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-down" data-v-1d90c6ce></span></a> <ul id="appTabs" role="tablist" class="nav nav-tabs tabs__list collapse show" data-v-1d90c6ce><li role="none" class="tabs__tab" data-v-1d90c6ce><a aria-selected="true" href="#article-tab" role="tab" aria-controls="article-tab" tabindex="-1" class="active" data-v-1d90c6ce>Article </a></li><li role="none" class="tabs__tab" data-v-1d90c6ce><a href="#figures-tab" role="tab" aria-controls="figures-tab" tabindex="-1" data-v-1d90c6ce>Figures </a></li><li role="none" class="tabs__tab" data-v-1d90c6ce><a href="#metrics-tab" role="tab" aria-controls="metrics-tab" tabindex="-1" data-v-1d90c6ce>Metrics </a></li></ul></div></div> <div tabindex="0" role="region" aria-label="Tab content" class="tab-content" data-v-1d90c6ce><div id="article-tab" class="tab-pane active" data-v-43a4d572><div id="toc-mobile" class="table-of-content-mobile d-sm-none" data-v-43a4d572><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#toc-list-mobile" role="button" aria-expanded="false" class="toc-collapse-switch collapsed"><span class="default-heading">Article contents</span>  <span class="toc-arrow-up"></span> <span class="toc-arrow-down"></span></a> <ul id="toc-list-mobile" class="list collapse"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Abstract</span></a></li> <li class="list__item"><a href="#sec1" class="list__item__link"> <span>Introduction</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec2" class="list__item__link"> <span>Materials</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec3" class="list__item__link"> <span>Methods</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec4" class="list__item__link"> <span>Results</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec5" class="list__item__link"> <span>Discussion</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec6" class="list__item__link"> <span>Conclusion</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec-fs1" class="list__item__link"> <span>Funding</span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div> <div class="action-bar" data-v-43a4d572><div class="row items"> <div class="app-dropdown d-print-none" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-113567da data-v-43a4d572><button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonSavePDFOptions" id="save-pdf-dropdown" class="app-button dropdown-menu-button app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary" data-v-2a038744 data-v-fab090b8><img src="/core/page-component/img/save-pdf-icon.080470e.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon save-pdf" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Save PDF</span></button> <div aria-labelledby="save-pdf-dropdown" class="app-dropdown__menu" style="display:none;" data-v-fab090b8><div class="pdf-buttons" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-113567da><a href="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF/S0003598X24000723a.pdf/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries.pdf" download="" role="link" class="app-link dropdown-item app-link__text-icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-113567da><img src="/core/page-component/img/pdf-download-icon.c7fb40c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon pdf-download" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Save PDF (4 mb) </span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF/S0003598X24000723a.pdf/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries.pdf" role="link" class="app-link dropdown-item app-link__text-icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-113567da><img src="/core/page-component/img/pdf-download-icon.c7fb40c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon pdf-download" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>View PDF </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a>   <button aria-expanded="false" data-reveal-id="dropboxModal" role="button" class="app-button dropdown-item app-button__text-icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-113567da><img src="/core/page-component/img/dropbox-icon.3d57046.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon dropbox" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Save to Dropbox</span></button> <button aria-expanded="false" data-reveal-id="googleDriveModal" role="button" class="app-button dropdown-item app-button__text-icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-113567da><img src="/core/page-component/img/google-drive-icon.a50193b.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon google-drive" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Save to Google Drive</span></button> <button aria-expanded="false" data-reveal-id="kindleModal" data-location="landingPage" role="button" class="app-button dropdown-item app-button__text-icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-113567da><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon kindle" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Save to Kindle</span></button> </div> <button aria-label="Close Save PDF dropdown" aria-expanded="false" class="app-button close-icon app-button__icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-fab090b8><img src="/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon close" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> </button></div></div> <div class="app-dropdown d-print-none share-dropdown" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-beffd87c data-v-43a4d572><button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonShareOptions" id="share-dropdown" class="app-button dropdown-menu-button app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary" data-v-2a038744 data-v-fab090b8><img src="/core/page-component/img/share-icon.cbcfad8.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon share" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Share</span></button> <div aria-labelledby="share-dropdown" class="app-dropdown__menu" style="display:none;" data-v-fab090b8><div aria-labelledby="dropdown-share-button" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-beffd87c> <div class="social-share-container" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-beffd87c></div></div> <button aria-label="Close Share dropdown" aria-expanded="false" class="app-button close-icon app-button__icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-fab090b8><img src="/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon close" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> </button></div></div> <button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonCiteOptions" data-prod-id="0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" data-toggle="modal" href="#cite-modal" class="app-button cite-button d-print-none app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary export-citation-product" data-v-2a038744 data-v-2ce5f61d data-v-43a4d572><img src="/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon cite" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button>  <a target="_blank" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=AQY&title=Intestinal%20parasite%20infection%20and%20sanitation%20in%20medieval%20Leiden%2C%20the%20Low%20Countries&publicationDate=31%20May%202024&author=Sophie%20Rabinow%2C%20Tianyi%20Wang%2C%20Roos%20van%20Oosten%2C%20Yolande%20Meijer%2C%20Piers%20D.%20Mitchell©right=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20The%20Author(s)%2C%202024.%20Published%20by%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%20on%20behalf%20of%20Antiquity%20Publications%20Ltd&contentID=10.15184%2Faqy.2024.72&startPage=1006&endPage=1022&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=98&issueNum=400&oa=CC-BY" data-test-id="buttonRightLink" class="app-link rights-link d-print-none app-link__text-icon app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-92ee52a2 data-v-43a4d572><img src="/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon rights" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Rights & Permissions </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572>  <div class="abstract-graphical" data-v-2fa8b348><h2>Abstract</h2> <div class="abstract-graphical__content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="graphical"><p><img class="graphic" orientation mimesubtype="png" mimetype="image" position type href="S0003598X24000723_figAb.png" src="https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0003598X24000723/resource/name/S0003598X24000723_figAb.png?pub-status=live" /></p></div></div> <div class="abstract-graphical__text"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>In the absence of written records, disease and parasite loads are often used as indicators of sanitation in past populations. Here, the authors adopt the novel approach of integrating the bioarchaeological analysis of cesspits in an area of medieval Leiden (the Netherlands) with historical property records to explore living conditions. Using light microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) they identify evidence of parasites associated with ineffective sanitation (whipworm, roundworm and the protozoan <span class='italic'>Giardia duodenalis</span>)—at residences of all social levels—and the consumption of infected livestock and freshwater fish (Diphyllobothriidae, cf. <span class='italic'>Echinostoma</span> sp., cf. <span class='italic'>Fasciola hepatica</span> and <span class='italic'>Dicrocoelium</span> sp.).</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> </div>  <div class="keywords" data-v-86c27100 data-v-43a4d572><h2 data-v-86c27100>Keywords</h2> <div class="row keywords__pills" data-v-86c27100><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=Netherlands" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>Netherlands</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=medieval" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>medieval</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=palaeoparasitology" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>palaeoparasitology</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=ELISA" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>ELISA</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=cesspits" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>cesspits</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=diarrhoea" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>diarrhoea</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=Echinostoma" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>Echinostoma</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=fish tapeworm" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>fish tapeworm</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-86c27100></div>  <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Research Article</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/antiquity" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Antiquity </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/antiquity/volume/87C69FC9A297320915DFC82CFAE65D83" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 98 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/antiquity/issue/239B1D4D343BD0DA9E8B18BC89888DA6" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Issue 400 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161>, August 2024</span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, pp. 1006 - 1022</span> </div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.72" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.72 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div> <div class="row creative-commons" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 creative-commons__title"> Creative Commons </dt> <dd class="col"><div class="creative-commons__content"><div class="creative-commons__icons"><img src="/core/page-component/img/license-cc-icon.e3a74ed.svg" alt="Creative Common License - CC" class="app-icon creative-commons__icon license-cc" data-v-d2c09870><img src="/core/page-component/img/license-by-icon.33e212c.svg" alt="Creative Common License - BY" class="app-icon creative-commons__icon license-by" data-v-d2c09870></div> <div class="creative-commons__description">This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</div></div></dd></div>  <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Antiquity Publications Ltd </div></dd></div></dl>  <div id="content-container" class="content-container" data-v-43a4d572><div class="content-box"><div class="article research-article NLM"> <div class="body"> <p class="p"> </p><section><div class="fig"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_figU1.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="768" height="768" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_figU1.png" data-zoomable="true"></div></div></section> <div class="sec intro" data-magellan-destination="sec1" id="sec1"><h2 class="A"> Introduction</h2> <p class="p"> In the Low Countries, many artefacts are recovered from cesspits (Hupperetz <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref17"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Hupperetz, De Groote, Tys and Pieters</span>2010</a>: 279; van Oosten <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref39"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference van Oosten, Sosna and Brunclíková</span>2016a</a>: 41, 49), but the archaeological value of the material (the cess) that these pits contain is often underestimated. This article examines material from six medieval cesspits in a Low Countries town, integrating analysis of organic remains with textual records relating to town regulations and to the households within which the cesspits were located. Leiden was selected due to its promising archaeological record and the survival of documents detailing medieval street plans and inhabitants.</p> <p class="p"> Eggs from a broad range of endoparasites have been identified in soil samples from cesspits in other regions of the Low Countries (Rocha <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref28"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Rocha, Harter-Lailheugue, Le Bailly, Araújo, Ferreira, Serra-Freire and Bouchet</span>2006</a>; Appelt <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref2"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Appelt, Armougom, Le Bailly, Robert and Drancourt</span>2014</a>; Deforce <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref12"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Deforce, Van Hove and Willems</span>2015</a>; Rácz <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref27"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Rácz</span>2015</a>; Graff <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref15"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Graff</span>2020</a>; De Cupere <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref11"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference De Cupere</span>2021</a>; Rabinow <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref26"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Rabinow, Deforce and Mitchell</span>2023</a>). The presence of these eggs—and the attendant infection by genera or species of parasites that may be identified—can help us to create a picture of parasitic infection and its interplay with social practices such as diet and sanitation in past populations (Mitchell <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref21"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Mitchell</span>2015a</a>, <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref23"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Mitchell</span>2023</a>). The nematodes <em class="italic">Ascaris</em> (roundworm) and <em class="italic">Trichuris</em> (whipworm), for example, can trigger such symptoms as abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, anorexia, nausea and vomiting (Stephenson <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref31"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Stephenson, Latham and Ottensen</span>2000</a>). Certain species of protozoa, including <em class="italic">Entamoeba histolytica</em>, <em class="italic">Giardia</em> sp. and <em class="italic">Cryptosporidium</em> sp., can also cause diarrhoea and dysentery. <em class="italic">Ascaris, Trichuris</em> and these protozoa are therefore generally considered to be indicators of sanitation conditions. Species of the genera <em class="italic">Taenia</em> (pork and beef tapeworm), <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> (intestinal flukes) and <em class="italic">Dibothriocephalus</em> (fish tapeworm) are zoonotic parasites, which can be transferred from non-human animals to humans by eating raw or undercooked meat and fish (Ledger & Mitchell <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref20"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ledger and Mitchell</span>2022</a>). By assessing cesspit contents and determining the types of parasites present in the medieval population of Leiden, we can improve our understanding of the health and lifestyle of the city's inhabitants. We can also address the question of whether households with indicators of more costly or poorer diet (potentially indicators of income or status) were infected by the same parasites, or if differences in infection might exist between these two groups.</p> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1-1" id="sec1-1"><h3 class="B"> Leiden</h3> <p class="p"> The town of Leiden (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig01">Figure 1</a>), known primarily for its textile industry, was home to approximately 13 000 inhabitants at around AD 1500 (Brand <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref5"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Brand</span>2008</a>: 96; van Steensel <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref42"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Van Steensel and Nigro</span>2020</a>: 372), making it one of the larger urban centres of the Northern Netherlands at this time (van Oosten <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref38"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference van Oosten</span>2015</a>: 28). In the later Middle Ages (up to AD 1500), textile production was already significantly higher than in other Dutch cities (Posthumus <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref25"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Posthumus</span>1908</a>: 368–9) and by the seventeenth century Leiden became known as the largest textile producer in Europe (de Vries <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref13"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference De Vries, Lucassen, Lourens, Nijboer and Groenveld</span>2003</a>: 88). From the last quarter of the sixteenth century, Leiden grew at a rapid pace and the city welcomed thousands of religious refugees, mostly textile workers from what is now Belgium. A significant increase in the number and sizes of houses in the city and an expansion in its territory is therefore seen in the seventeenth century. During the early modern period (<em class="italic">c</em>. AD 1500–1800) for which significantly more detailed written records are available than for the Middle Ages, it has been estimated that two-thirds of the population was involved in the textile industry (de Vries <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref13"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference De Vries, Lucassen, Lourens, Nijboer and Groenveld</span>2003</a>: 88). </p><section><div class="fig fig" data-magellan-destination="fig01" id="fig01"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig1.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="1583" height="638" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig1.png" data-zoomable="true"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 1.</span> a) location of Leiden within the Netherlands; b) a site plan of locations of pits excavated (figure by authors).</p></div></div></section> </div> </div> <div class="sec materials" data-magellan-destination="sec2" id="sec2"><h2 class="A"> Materials</h2> <p class="p"> In 2019 an area in Leiden demarked by the present-day Haarlemmerstraat to the north and the Stille Rijn to the south was excavated (administratively known as Haarlemmerstraat 101–111/Stille Rijn 8–9). The Rhine, running on the other side of the Stille Rijn, was an important transport route in the Middle Ages and the Haarlemmerstraat, then called Marendorp, was a key street connecting the Zijlpoort in the east of the city to the Rijnsburgerpoort in the west.</p> <p class="p"> Thanks to the ongoing project <em class="italic">Historisch Leiden in Kaart</em> (Mapping Historical Leiden), which provides access to historical data via a website, it is possible to look up the owners of properties that stood on the excavated site during the period <em class="italic">c</em>. 1550–1606. Map 28 from the so-called <em class="italic">Stratenboek</em> (Book of streets) (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig02">Figure 2</a>) presents a good starting point, as it shows that in 1591 the excavated area was occupied by one large square ‘plot’ and two smaller ones. The purpose of this map was not, however, to accurately depict the contours of each plot but to record façade width, presumably to determine a proportional cost for street maintenance paid by the owners (de Baar <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref10"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference de Baar</span>1985</a>). As a result, adjacent plots owned by the same individual were schematically drawn as one ‘plot’. <a class="xref fig" href="#fig02">Figure 2</a> shows the number of houses occupying the block for three sample years (1561, 1581 and 1606). While in 1561 the block consisted of only five properties (two of which were rented), this had increased to seven in 1581 and to 26 (including 12 rentals) in 1606. This increase in property numbers, and particularly in the number of rental properties, is a development that is also observed elsewhere in Leiden as population density increases significantly in the last quarter of the sixteenth century (van Oosten <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref40"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference van Oosten</span>2016b</a>: 715, fig. 8). </p><section><div class="fig fig" data-magellan-destination="fig02" id="fig02"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig2.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="1583" height="1269" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig2.png" data-zoomable="true"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 2.</span> Detail from <em class="italic">Stratenboek</em> (Book of streets) 28 ‘Kaart van Marendorp van de Vrouwenkerk tot de Marebrug’ dd. 1591 (Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken, 501A, inv. nr. 5153 Stratenboek 28, available at: <a class="uri" href="https://www.erfgoedleiden.nl/collecties/archieven/archievenoverzicht/details/NL-LdnRAL-0501A/path/1.2.2.8.1.6.5.1/deep:view/scans/deep:highlight/8/deep:start/50/deep:limit/10">https://www.erfgoedleiden.nl/collecties/archieven/archievenoverzicht/details/NL-LdnRAL-0501A/path/1.2.2.8.1.6.5.1/deep:view/scans/deep:highlight/8/deep:start/50/deep:limit/10</a>). The occupations of the main occupants (not the owners) of the houses are indicated with dots in the years 1561, 1581 and 1606. The numbers correspond with Mapping Historical Leiden (<a class="uri" href="https://www.historischleideninkaart.nl">www.historischleideninkaart.nl</a>) and can be looked up via Looproutes, 1561 Tiende Penning (Tenth Penny), 1581 Volkstelling (Census) and 1606 Schoorsteengeld (Hearth tax) and then by selecting the ward Overmare Rijnzijde (RvO) (figure by authors).</p></div></div></section> <p class="p"> There is a remarkable difference in social status between the residents of this block. Most were middle-class or poor residents: they rented instead of owning (hence their occupations were not recorded), the size of each plot was small and the tax they paid was low. In contrast, the largest plot was occupied from at least 1498 until <em class="italic">c.</em> 1605 by the brewery and home of a family of wealthy brewers who paid high taxes. While the business was located on the Stille Rijn side of the block, as map 2 of the <em class="italic">Grachtenboek</em> (Book of Canals) (Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken, 0501A, inventory number 5113) shows, the home of the brewer was located on the Haarlemmerstraat. When the 1591 map was made (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig02">Figure 2</a>), brewer Cornelis Adriaensz van Barrevelt owned the plot. He had been the owner since 1558. A few years earlier, in 1543, his father Adriaen Jans van Barrevelt (also a brewer) was the owner and it is very likely that as early as 1498 this site was already a brewery (van Steensel <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref41"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Van Steensel</span>2016</a>).</p> <p class="p"> Leiden had at least 22 brewers in 1498 (van Steensel <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref41"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Van Steensel</span>2016</a>) and 15 brewers in 1607 (Walle & Hooymans <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref43"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Walle and Hooymans</span>2021</a>). Brewers in the mid-sixteenth century belonged to the financial elite (Noordam <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref24"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Noordam</span>2001</a>: 31). That their wealth was visibly greater than that of other residents can be illustrated by the size of the area occupied by breweries. The plot of Cornelis Adriaensz is five to six times wider than the average plot within the city. A further illustration of their prominent role in society is that quite a few brewers had seats on the city council. Cornelis Adriaensz served on the town council for 30 years, following in the footsteps of his father who served for 23 years.</p> <p class="p"> A total of 14 features within the excavated area were interpreted as potential cesspits (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig03">Figure 3</a>, <a class="xref table" href="#tab01">Table 1</a>). One or more sediment samples of at least 1 litre were taken from each pit, and where more than one sample was available from the same cesspit, these were taken from different sediment layers. The samples were assessed using the quickscan approach for the presence of botanical macro remains (van Haaster <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref37"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Van Haaster and Meijer</span>2020</a>). Based on this assessment, six of the pits were regarded as cesspits used for human faecal waste and submitted for further analysis for organic macro remains (van Amerongen <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref34"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Van Amerongen and Meijer</span>2022</a>) and intestinal parasites. Analysing samples for parasite eggs also allowed us to double check whether the quick-scan approach was a reliable method for identifying cesspits. Two of the features disregarded based on the quick-scan results were tested for parasite eggs and both were found to be negative (marked in green on <a class="xref fig" href="#fig01">Figure 1b</a>), supporting the original interpretation. Feature S724 did contain three parasite eggs (two whipworm and one trematode) but the paucity of parasite eggs compared with other samples (which contained in excess of a thousand times more eggs) suggests that these may represent contamination, perhaps having been washed in by flooding in the past. It cannot, however, be excluded that the feature was originally a cesspit that was subsequently emptied and filled with other material. </p><section><div class="fig fig" data-magellan-destination="fig03" id="fig03"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig3.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="1583" height="1056" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig3.png" data-zoomable="true"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 3.</span> a) cesspit S859 during excavation, showing round brick lining; b) its cross-section (cesspit use dates from 1475–1525) (figure by authors).</p></div></div></section> <div class="table-wrap" data-magellan-destination="tab01" id="tab01"><div class="caption"><p class="p"><span class="label">Table 1.</span> Details of the cesspits analysed in this study.</p></div> <span> <div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab1.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="708" height="319" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab1.png" data-zoomable="true"></div> </span> </div> </div> <div class="sec methods" data-magellan-destination="sec3" id="sec3"><h2 class="A"> Methods</h2> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec3-1" id="sec3-1"><h3 class="B"> Microscopy for intestinal parasite eggs</h3> <p class="p"> Fourteen sediment samples from the six cesspits dating from AD 1250–1600 underwent analysis for intestinal parasites. They were dated from pottery fragments recovered from the cesspit fill, and the type and size of the bricks used to construct the cesspits. Analysis was performed at the Ancient Parasites Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, following the modified RHM (rehydration, homogenization, micro-sieving) protocol described by Anastasiou and Mitchell (<a class="xref bibr" href="#ref1"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Anastasiou and Mitchell</span>2013</a>). A 0.2g subsample was measured and disaggregated (placed into suspension) using 0.5% trisodium phosphate. The suspension was washed through three microsieves (mesh sizes 300, 160 and 20μm). The material trapped on the 20μm micro-sieve was rinsed free with distilled water, collected in a 15mL tube, centrifuged for five minutes at 4000rpm, and the supernatant removed. The concentrated material at the base of the tube was mixed with glycerol, mounted on microscope slides and analysed with digital light microscopy at 400× magnification (Olympus BX40F microscope with GXCAM-9 digital camera). The eggs of intestinal parasitic worms were identified by their shape, colour, dimensions and special characteristics using reference manuals such as Garcia (<a class="xref bibr" href="#ref14"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Garcia</span>2016</a>). Egg dimensions were measured using the GX Capture-T software. Egg counts per gram were calculated by multiplying the number of eggs noted in each 0.2g sample by five.</p> </div> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec3-2" id="sec3-2"><h3 class="B"> ELISA for intestinal protozoa</h3> <p class="p"> Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, <em class="italic">Entamoeba histolytica</em> II<sup class="sup">TM</sup>, <em class="italic">Giardia</em> II<sup class="sup">TM</sup> and <em class="italic">Cryptosporidium</em> II<sup class="sup">TM</sup>, produced by TECHLAB® (Blacksburg, Virginia, USA), were used to analyse five of the samples for three species of protozoan parasites which can cause diarrhoea and dysentery. We did not test all 14 samples for reasons of cost, but the samples chosen covered the full time depth while focusing on those samples with good parasite egg survival. A 1g subsample was measured and disaggregated (placed into suspension) using 0.5% trisodium phosphate and passed through the sieves. The material from the catchment container measuring less than 20μm was collected, as the cysts and oocysts of protozoa that cause diarrhoea and dysentery in humans typically measure 5–19μm in diameter. The fluid was centrifuged to concentrate it to the volume required for the ELISA analysis. Eight wells were tested for each sample. Each ELISA analysis was repeated one month after the first run using a new sample prepared using the same method, and results were only considered positive if both tests were positive. Following manufacturer instructions, a positive and negative control were included in each plate. The absorbance values for each well were generated using an ELISA plate reader (BioTek Synergy HT). Past research has indicated these test kits have 97–100% sensitivity and specificity in modern samples (Boone <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref4"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Boone, Wilkins, Nash, Brandon, Macias, Jerris and Lyerly</span>1999</a>; Silva <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref30"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Silva</span>2016</a>).</p> </div> </div> <div class="sec results" data-magellan-destination="sec4" id="sec4"><h2 class="A"> Results</h2> <p class="p"> All 14 samples from the six cesspits analysed contained intestinal parasite eggs (<a class="xref table" href="#tab02">Table 2</a>). We identified six species of helminth parasite in total: whipworm (<em class="italic">Trichuris</em> sp.), roundworm (<em class="italic">Ascaris</em> sp.), fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothriidae), <em class="italic">Dicrocoelium</em> sp., cf. <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> sp. fluke and cf. <em class="italic">Fasciola hepatica</em> fluke (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig04">Figure 4</a>). </p><div class="table-wrap" data-magellan-destination="tab02" id="tab02"><div class="caption"><p class="p"><span class="label">Table 2.</span> Digital-light microscopy and ELISA results. ‘Trematode’ indicates eggs whose measurements fit both with <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> sp. and <em class="italic">Fasciola</em> sp. Egg counts represent an estimate of number of eggs per gram (raw counts for 0.2g multiplied by 5). ELISA results are not quantified, positive samples are shown with ‘+ve’, negative samples are shown with ‘-ve’.</p></div> <span> <div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab2.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="1049" height="395" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab2.png" data-zoomable="true"></div> </span> </div> <section><div class="fig fig" data-magellan-destination="fig04" id="fig04"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig4.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="2362" height="1550" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig4.png" data-zoomable="true"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 4.</span> Parasite eggs from the Leiden cesspits. Top left: cf. <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> sp. (dimensions 119 × 72μm); top centre: Diphyllobothriidae (52 × 36μm); top right: cf. <em class="italic">Dicrocoelium</em> sp. (36 × 22μm); bottom left: roundworm (78 × 48μm); bottom centre: whipworm (53 × 26μm); bottom right: cf. <em class="italic">Fasciola hepatica</em> (141 × 73μm) (figure by authors).</p></div></div></section> <p class="p"> The dominant parasites were whipworm and roundworm, which were found in all samples (<a class="xref table" href="#tab02">Table 2</a>). Whipworm was identified by its lemon shape, polar plugs, smooth wall, and dimensions, while roundworm was identified by its mamillated coat, oval shape, brown colour and dimensions. The eggs of trematodes from the genera <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> and <em class="italic">Fasciola</em> are morphologically similar and overlap in size: the size range for <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> eggs (80–135μm long by 55–80μm wide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref8">2019a</a>) is only slightly lower than for <em class="italic">Fasciola</em> (130–150μm long by 60–90μm wide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref9">2019b</a>), although Valero and colleagues (<a class="xref bibr" href="#ref32"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Valero, Panova, Comes, Fons and Mas-Coma</span>2002</a>) report <em class="italic">Fasciola</em> eggs as short as 125μm in modern cattle). Significantly however, the literature reports different size ranges for trematode eggs (for example, compare the ranges described in Ash and Orihel (<a class="xref bibr" href="#ref3"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ash and Orihel</span>2015</a>: 177) with those in Garcia (<a class="xref bibr" href="#ref14"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Garcia</span>2016</a>)); egg sizes were also noted to vary regionally and by host (Valero <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref33"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Valero, Perez-Crespo, Periago, Khoubbane and Mas-Coma</span>2009</a>). Here we rely on the egg size ranges provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) because these references are easily accessible (<a class="uri" href="https://www.cdc.gov/">https://www.cdc.gov/</a>) for no charge and are commonly employed in the palaeoparasitological literature. The eggs of the fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothriidae) cestodes are oval and range between 55–75μm long and 40–50μm wide, although Leštinová and colleagues (<a class="xref bibr" href="#ref19"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Leštinová, Soldánova, Scholz and Kuchta</span>2016</a>) report eggs of <em class="italic">Dibothriocephalus latus</em> as long as 59–81μm in modern human populations in Italy. <em class="italic">Dicrocoelium</em> was identified by its dimensions (typically 35–45μm long and 20–30μm wide), operculum, wall thickness and shape, often with one side flatter and the other more curved.</p> <p class="p"> ELISA analysis was positive in two cesspits (S728, dated 1375–1500, and S703, dated 1375–1550) for the protozoan <em class="italic">Giardia duodenalis</em>, which causes severe watery diarrhoea (<a class="xref table" href="#tab03">Table 3</a>). All ELISA tests were negative for <em class="italic">Entamoeba histolytica</em> and <em class="italic">Cryptosporidium parvum</em>. </p><div class="table-wrap" data-magellan-destination="tab03" id="tab03"><div class="caption"><p class="p"><span class="label">Table 3.</span> Raw data for the samples positive for <em class="italic">Giardia duodenalis</em> on ELISA analysis. Manufacturer guidance for the ELISA test kits state that a result with absorbance value greater than 0.150 is positive.</p></div> <span> <div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab3.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="708" height="414" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab3.png" data-zoomable="true"></div> </span> </div> </div> <div class="sec discussion" data-magellan-destination="sec5" id="sec5"><h2 class="A"> Discussion</h2> <p class="p"> The taxonomic diversity of parasites and the dominance of roundworm and whipworm are consistent with previous findings from the Low Countries (Rocha <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref28"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Rocha, Harter-Lailheugue, Le Bailly, Araújo, Ferreira, Serra-Freire and Bouchet</span>2006</a>; Appelt <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref2"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Appelt, Armougom, Le Bailly, Robert and Drancourt</span>2014</a>; Deforce <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref12"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Deforce, Van Hove and Willems</span>2015</a>; Rácz <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref27"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Rácz</span>2015</a>; Graff <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref15"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Graff</span>2020</a>; De Cupere <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref11"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference De Cupere</span>2021</a>; Rabinow <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref26"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Rabinow, Deforce and Mitchell</span>2023</a>). Roundworm, whipworm and the protozoan <em class="italic">Giardia duodenalis</em> are all spread via the faecal-oral route of parasite transmission. Their presence within cesspits indicates that the level of sanitation in medieval Leiden was insufficient to prevent the contamination of food and drink with faeces and the reinfection of the population with these parasites.</p> <p class="p"> Parasites spread by the consumption of raw freshwater fish or other freshwater foods (cf. <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> and Diphyllobothriidae) were also present in some cesspits. Both these helminths can infect humans through the consumption of raw, undercooked, smoked or pickled freshwater fish; <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> can also infect freshwater shellfish and waterfowl and may be passed to humans if consumed (Huffman & Fried <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref16"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Huffman and Fried</span>1990</a>; Garcia <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref14"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Garcia</span>2016</a>). We should bear in mind the possibility that <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> eggs might theoretically be found in cesspit sediments in the absence of human infection, for example if infected rodents accessed the cesspits, or if the offal discarded from infected waterfowl was tossed into the cesspit. While mussel shells were found discarded in two of the cesspits, these were of marine species and not freshwater species, so could not have spread <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em>. Similarly, low numbers of <em class="italic">Dicrocoelium</em> and <em class="italic">Fasciola hepatica</em> eggs in human faeces are unlikely to indicate true human infection. These parasites generally infect the liver of ruminant animals such as sheep and cattle. If humans then eat raw or undercooked animal liver, the eggs can pass through the digestive system largely unaltered. Use of cesspits for the disposal of animal manure could also explain the presence of these parasite eggs.</p> <p class="p"> Whipworm and roundworm eggs were consistently found in all six cesspits in high counts relative to the zoonotic parasites present, as is common in palaeoparasitological studies of medieval populations (Mitchell <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref22"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Mitchell</span>2015b</a>). Zoonotic parasites are often present in much lower counts (Graff <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref15"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Graff</span>2020</a>; Rabinow <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref26"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Rabinow, Deforce and Mitchell</span>2023</a>). In our study area, zoonotic parasites were not found in every sample, or even in every latrine. This suggests parasites contracted by eating meat or seafood caused considerably fewer infections among the population of Leiden than did parasites caused by poor sanitation. We have chosen not to statistically interrogate differences in the egg counts for whipworm and roundworm in the different cesspits, as such differences could be caused by taphonomic and depositional factors irrelevant to infection burdens, for example the number of eggs produced (which varies by individual worm), the number of people using the cesspits, and the degree to which the eggs may have been diluted with non-faecal refuse.</p> <p class="p"> Modern clinical understanding of the health consequences of parasitic infections suggests that <em class="italic">Giardia duodenalis</em> would have had the greatest impact upon the population of medieval Leiden. This protozoan can cause outbreaks of severe diarrhoea, which can lead to dehydration and death, especially in children (Ryan <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref29"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ryan, Hijjawi, Feng and Xiao</span>2019</a>). The cesspits positive for <em class="italic">Giardia duodenalis</em> date from 1375–1500/1550. From just two samples it is hard to tell if this was by chance or if it might indicate that diarrhoea was more of a public health problem around the 1400s compared with earlier or later centuries. Roundworm and whipworm infection may cause malnutrition, stunted growth and reduced intelligence in children when significant numbers of worms are present (Brooker <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref7"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Brooker</span>2010</a>). In adults with a healthy diet, roundworm and whipworm in low numbers may be tolerated without significant symptoms.</p> <p class="p"> Given the similarity in dating and location, it seems possible that cesspit S467 was used by the household of the brewer Cornelis Adriaensz van Barrevelt. The cesspit contained crab or lobster (<a class="xref table" href="#tab04">Table 4</a>), a typical high-status food (Brinkhuizen <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref6"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Brinkhuizen, Cooremans, Ervynck, Stoops and Van Neer</span>2018</a>), similar to the abundance illustrated in many late sixteenth- and seventeenth-century still-life paintings (Kwak <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref18"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Kwak</span>2014</a>). Cesspit S859 is located closer to the Stille Rijn, directly next to a fire pit and therefore probably belonged to the business premises. This cesspit fell into disuse in 1525–1550, long before Cornelis Adriaensz Barrevelt was in charge of the brewery, but at this time it was probably already a brewery and was potentially run by his grandfather. The archaeological assessment of the cess identified pomegranate seeds (<a class="xref table" href="#tab04">Table 4</a>), a typical food of the upper-class (Van Haaster <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref36"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Van Haaster</span>2008</a>: 11). </p><div class="table-wrap" data-magellan-destination="tab04" id="tab04"><div class="caption"><p class="p"><span class="label">Table 4.</span> Summary of organic macro remains, parasitological and historical data by cesspit. ‘Trematode’ indicates eggs whose measurements fit both with <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> sp. and <em class="italic">Fasciola</em> sp. Archaeological macro remains results from Van Haaster (2020) and Van Amerongen (2022).</p></div> <span> <div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab4.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="708" height="910" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab4.png" data-zoomable="true"></div> </span> </div> <p class="p"> Map 28 from the <em class="italic">Stratenboek</em> indicates that cesspit S598 was located within a much smaller plot in the second half of the sixteenth century so was probably used by craftsmen. This is likely to also have been the case around 1450–1500—the date for the layer analysed from this pit—because quite a few marine mussel shells were found in the cesspit. Marine mussels were a typical food of the less fortunate, as illustrated in the print ‘The Lean Kitchen’ from 1563: while the table in ‘The Fat Kitchen’ is lavish with fresh meat, mussels are the only food depicted in ‘The Lean Kitchen’ (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig05">Figure 5</a>) (van der Heyden <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref35"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Van Der Heyden</span>1563</a>). Cesspits S703 and S728 also belong to plots that were inhabited by craftsmen, at least in the second half of the sixteenth century (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig02">Figure 2</a>). The cesspits may have been used by several households as they were located near the property boundary. The finds in cesspit S703 include marine mussels, as well as grains, the seeds of fig, apple, black mulberry, cherry, plum and grape, and bone from cattle and sheep/goat. </p><section><div class="fig fig" data-magellan-destination="fig05" id="fig05"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig5.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="1583" height="1705" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig5.png" data-zoomable="true"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 5.</span> Engravings by P. Van der Heyden<span class="sc">,</span> after P. Bruegel. Printed in Antwerp in 1563: a) Magere Keuken (lean kitchen); b) Vette Keuken (fat kitchen) (© Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; figure by authors).</p></div></div></section> <p class="p"> The archaeological organic data seem to be consistent with historical records: cesspits S467 (1350–1600) and S859 (1475–1525) contained rare and exotic taxa, while S598 (1450–1500), S703 (1375–1550) and S728 (1375–1500) did not and are therefore interpreted as households of low or moderate wealth. Despite this, parasite data did not identify variation between different households and professions. Roundworm and whipworm were the dominant species of parasite in all the cesspits and the eggs of zoonotic trematodes occurred in cesspits from both the poorer (S728) and possibly wealthier (S736, S859) families.</p> </div> <div class="sec conclusions" data-magellan-destination="sec6" id="sec6"><h2 class="A"> Conclusion</h2> <p class="p"> Here we present the parasite analysis of samples from six cesspits in use from 1250 to 1600 in Leiden, and integrate our findings with archaeological organic and historical evidence for the same properties. Most of the eggs identified within the cess were from roundworm and whipworm, and ELISA tests indicated the presence of the protozoan <em class="italic">Giardia duodenalis</em> within two cesspits. These species can all infect humans, causing symptoms that include diarrhoea, and are spread by poor sanitation. The zoonotic parasites Diphyllobothriidae and <em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> fluke were also likely present in the population. Identification of <em class="italic">Dicrocoelium</em> and <em class="italic">Fasciola hepatica</em> eggs within the cess likely indicates the consumption of infected ruminant livers rather than infection of the human population by these parasites. Parasite analyses also verified archaeological organic findings by contributing to the characterisation of the function of the six archaeological features as cesspits (AD 1250–1600).</p> <p class="p"> Combined macro and micro analysis of animal and plant remains and parasite eggs can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the lifestyle, diet and disease of past groups, while historical records can be valuable for contextualising archaeological data. However, the narrative they provide cannot be understood as a faithful or unbiased record for specific archaeological contexts. Earlier pre-urban contexts may also lack any historical records. For these reasons the potential for analysing the contents of cesspits as a proxy for intestinal health is more straightforward than when considering the wealth and social status of their users, which remains a complex and challenging area.</p> <p class="p"> Here, the taxonomic diversity of the parasites identified showed similarity between the different professions of the Leiden households, which may suggest broad consistency in lifestyle between different households or the shared use of the cesspits. These findings contrast with the archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data, which showed variation between households, consistent with the professions outlined in historical records. Parasites therefore appear to be a less effective proxy for identifying social variation, but remain significant as broad dietary markers and for characterising the function of archaeological features.</p> </div> </div> <div class="back"> <div class="ack"><h2 class="A"> Acknowledgements</h2> <p class="p"> We are grateful to Techlab<sup class="sup">©</sup>, Blacksburg, USA for donating the ELISA test kits used in this study. Thanks also go to Martin Hooymans (Leiden, coordinator Mapping Historical Leiden), Nina Linde Jaspers (Amsterdam, Terra Cotta Incognita) and Otto Brinkkemper (Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands). Use of material from the CDC does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by the United States Government or CDC. All material from the CDC is available on the agency website (<a class="uri" href="https://www.cdc.gov/">https://www.cdc.gov/</a>) for no charge.</p> </div><div class="sec funding-statement" data-magellan-destination="sec-fs1" id="sec-fs1"><h2 class="A"> Funding</h2> <p class="p"> SR would like to acknowledge the following funding bodies: the H.M. Chadwick Fund Studentship (University of Cambridge, UK), the Mary P. Dole Medical Fellowship (Mount Holyoke College, USA) and The Louise Fitz-Randolph Fellowship (Mount Holyoke College, USA).</p></div> </div> </div></div>   <hr aria-hidden="true" class="list-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a> <div id="references-list" class="circle-list"><h2>References</h2> <div id="ref1" aria-flowto="reference-1-content reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 1 in the content" id="reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-1-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Anastasiou</span>, <span class="given-names">E.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Mitchell</span>, <span class="given-names">P.D.</span></span>. <span class="year">2013</span>. <span class="article-title">Simplifying the process of extracting intestinal parasite eggs from archaeological sediment samples: a comparative study of the efficacy of widely-used disaggregation techniques</span>. <span class="source">International Journal of Paleopathology</span> <span class="volume">3</span>: <span class="fpage">204</span>–7. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1016/j.ijpp.2013.04.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2013.04.004</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Simplifying the process of extracting intestinal parasite eggs from archaeological sediment samples: a comparative study of the efficacy of widely-used disaggregation techniques' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2013.04.004>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Simplifying the process of extracting intestinal parasite eggs from archaeological sediment samples: a comparative study of the efficacy of widely-used disaggregation techniques' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Simplifying+the+process+of+extracting+intestinal+parasite+eggs+from+archaeological+sediment+samples%3A+a+comparative+study+of+the+efficacy+of+widely-used+disaggregation+techniques&author=Anastasiou+E.&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2013&journal=International+Journal+of+Paleopathology&volume=3&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpp.2013.04.004>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Simplifying the process of extracting intestinal parasite eggs from archaeological sediment samples: a comparative study of the efficacy of widely-used disaggregation techniques' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29539457>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref2" aria-flowto="reference-2-content reference-2-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 2 in the content" id="reference-2-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-2-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Appelt</span>, <span class="given-names">S.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Armougom</span>, <span class="given-names">F.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Le Bailly</span>, <span class="given-names">M.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Robert</span>, <span class="given-names">C.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Drancourt</span>, <span class="given-names">M.</span></span>. <span class="year">2014</span>. <span class="article-title">Polyphasic analysis of a Middle Ages coprolite microbiota, Belgium</span>. <span class="source">PLoS ONE</span> <span class="volume">9</span>: <span class="fpage">e88376</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1371/journal.pone.0088376">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088376</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Polyphasic analysis of a Middle Ages coprolite microbiota, Belgium' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088376>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Polyphasic analysis of a Middle Ages coprolite microbiota, Belgium' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Polyphasic+analysis+of+a+Middle+Ages+coprolite+microbiota%2C+Belgium&author=Appelt+S.&author=Armougom+F.&author=Le+Bailly+M.&author=Robert+C.&author=Drancourt+M.&publication+year=2014&journal=PLoS+ONE&volume=9&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0088376>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Polyphasic analysis of a Middle Ages coprolite microbiota, Belgium' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24586319>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref3" aria-flowto="reference-3-content reference-3-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 3 in the content" id="reference-3-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-3-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Ash</span>, <span class="given-names">L.R.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Orihel</span>, <span class="given-names">T.C.</span></span>. <span class="year">2015</span>. <span class="source">Atlas of human parasitology</span>. Fifth Edition. <span class="publisher-loc">Chicago</span>: <span class="publisher-name">American Society for Clinical Pathology Press</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.3201/eid1306.070321">https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1306.070321</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Atlas of human parasitology' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Atlas+of+human+parasitology&author=Ash+L.R.&author=Orihel+T.C.&publication+year=2015>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref4" aria-flowto="reference-4-content reference-4-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 4 in the content" id="reference-4-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-4-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Boone</span>, <span class="given-names">J.H.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Wilkins</span>, <span class="given-names">T.D.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Nash</span>, <span class="given-names">T.E.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Brandon</span>, <span class="given-names">J.E.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Macias</span>, <span class="given-names">E.A.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Jerris</span>, <span class="given-names">R.C.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Lyerly</span>, <span class="given-names">D.M.</span></span>. <span class="year">1999</span>. <span class="article-title">TechLab and alexon <em class="italic">Giardia</em> enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits detect cyst wall protein 1</span>. <span class="source">Journal of Clinical Microbiology</span> <span class="volume">37</span>: <span class="fpage">611</span>–<span class="lpage">614</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1128/jcm.37.3.611-614.1999">https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.3.611-614.1999</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for TechLab and alexon Giardia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits detect cyst wall protein 1' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.37.3.611-614.1999>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for TechLab and alexon Giardia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits detect cyst wall protein 1' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=TechLab+and+alexon+Giardia+enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay+kits+detect+cyst+wall+protein+1&author=Boone+J.H.&author=Wilkins+T.D.&author=Nash+T.E.&author=Brandon+J.E.&author=Macias+E.A.&author=Jerris+R.C.&author=Lyerly+D.M.&publication+year=1999&journal=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&volume=37&doi=10.1128%2FJCM.37.3.611-614.1999&pages=611-614>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for TechLab and alexon Giardia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits detect cyst wall protein 1' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9986821>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref5" aria-flowto="reference-5-content reference-5-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 5 in the content" id="reference-5-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-5-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Brand</span>, <span class="given-names">H</span></span>. <span class="year">2008</span>. <span class="article-title">Een pre-industriële samenleving onder spanning. Leiden rond 1500</span>. <span class="source">Leids Jaarboekje. Eeuwig Leiden</span> <span class="volume">100</span>: <span class="fpage">95</span>–<span class="lpage">120</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Een pre-industriële samenleving onder spanning. Leiden rond 1500' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Een+pre-industri%C3%ABle+samenleving+onder+spanning.+Leiden+rond+1500&author=Brand+H&publication+year=2008&journal=Leids+Jaarboekje.+Eeuwig+Leiden&volume=100&pages=95-120>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref6" aria-flowto="reference-6-content reference-6-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 6 in the content" id="reference-6-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-6-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Brinkhuizen</span>, <span class="given-names">D.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Cooremans</span>, <span class="given-names">B.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Ervynck</span>, <span class="given-names">A.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Stoops</span>, <span class="given-names">S.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Van Neer</span>, <span class="given-names">W.</span></span>. <span class="year">2018</span>. <span class="article-title">Schepenhuisstraat - Hoogpoort: aan tafel bij de Gentse bourgeoisie uit de eerste helft van de 18de eeuw</span>. <span class="source">Stadsarcheologie. Bodem en monument in Gent</span> <span class="volume">2</span>: <span class="fpage">113</span>–42.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Schepenhuisstraat - Hoogpoort: aan tafel bij de Gentse bourgeoisie uit de eerste helft van de 18de eeuw' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Schepenhuisstraat+-+Hoogpoort%3A+aan+tafel+bij+de+Gentse+bourgeoisie+uit+de+eerste+helft+van+de+18de+eeuw&author=Brinkhuizen+D.&author=Cooremans+B.&author=Ervynck+A.&author=Stoops+S.&author=Van+Neer+W.&publication+year=2018&journal=Stadsarcheologie.+Bodem+en+monument+in+Gent&volume=2>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref7" aria-flowto="reference-7-content reference-7-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 7 in the content" id="reference-7-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-7-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Brooker</span>, <span class="given-names">S</span></span>. <span class="year">2010</span>. <span class="article-title">Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infections: adding up the numbers – a review</span>. <span class="source">International Journal for Parasitology</span> <span class="volume">40</span>: <span class="fpage">1137</span>–44. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.04.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.04.004</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infections: adding up the numbers – a review' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.04.004>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infections: adding up the numbers – a review' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Estimating+the+global+distribution+and+disease+burden+of+intestinal+nematode+infections%3A+adding+up+the+numbers+%E2%80%93+a+review&author=Brooker+S&publication+year=2010&journal=International+Journal+for+Parasitology&volume=40&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpara.2010.04.004>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infections: adding up the numbers – a review' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430032>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref8" aria-flowto="reference-8-content reference-8-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 8 in the content" id="reference-8-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-8-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="collab">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</span>. <span class="year">2019a</span>. Echinostomiasis. Available at: <a class="uri" href="https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/echinostomiasis/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/echinostomiasis/index.html</a> (accessed <span class="date-in-citation access-date">1 July 2023</span>).<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019a. Echinostomiasis. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/echinostomiasis/index.html (accessed 1 July 2023).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention.+2019a.+Echinostomiasis.+Available+at:+https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/echinostomiasis/index.html+(accessed+1+July+2023).>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref9" aria-flowto="reference-9-content reference-9-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 9 in the content" id="reference-9-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-9-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="collab">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</span>. <span class="year">2019b</span>. Fascioliasis. Available at: <a class="uri" href="https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/fascioliasis/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/fascioliasis/index.html</a> (accessed <span class="date-in-citation access-date">1 July 2023</span>).<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019b. Fascioliasis. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/fascioliasis/index.html (accessed 1 July 2023).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention.+2019b.+Fascioliasis.+Available+at:+https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/fascioliasis/index.html+(accessed+1+July+2023).>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref10" aria-flowto="reference-10-content reference-10-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 10 in the content" id="reference-10-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-10-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">de Baar</span>, <span class="given-names">P.J.M.</span></span> <span class="year">1985</span>. <span class="chapter-title">Jan van Hout en zijn Straten- en Grachtenboek</span>, in <span class="source">Ups en Downer. Bundel artikelen bij het afscheid van mr. W. Downer als gemeentearchivaris van Leiden</span>: <span class="fpage">5</span>–<span class="lpage">18</span>. <span class="publisher-loc">Leiden</span>. Available at: <a class="uri" href="https://oudleiden.nl/images/janvanhout/publicaties/elo/Jan%20van%20Hout%20en%20zijn%20Straten-%20en%20Grachtenboek%20met%20voetnoten%20V4%2020160701.pdf">https://oudleiden.nl/images/janvanhout/publicaties/elo/Jan%20van%20Hout%20en%20zijn%20Straten-%20en%20Grachtenboek%20met%20voetnoten%20V4%2020160701.pdf</a> (accessed <span class="date-in-citation access-date">22 April 2023</span>).<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Ups en Downer. Bundel artikelen bij het afscheid van mr. W. Downer als gemeentearchivaris van Leiden' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ups+en+Downer.+Bundel+artikelen+bij+het+afscheid+van+mr.+W.+Downer+als+gemeentearchivaris+van+Leiden&author=de+Baar+P.J.M.&publication+year=1985&pages=5-18>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref11" aria-flowto="reference-11-content reference-11-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 11 in the content" id="reference-11-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-11-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">De Cupere</span>, <span class="given-names">B.</span></span> <span class="etal">et al.</span> <span class="year">2021</span>. <span class="article-title">A multidisciplinary analysis of cesspits from late medieval and post-medieval Brussels, Belgium: diet and health in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries</span>. <span class="source">International Journal of Historical Archaeology</span> <span class="volume">26</span>: <span class="fpage">531</span>–72. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1007/s10761-021-00613-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-021-00613-8</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for A multidisciplinary analysis of cesspits from late medieval and post-medieval Brussels, Belgium: diet and health in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-021-00613-8>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A multidisciplinary analysis of cesspits from late medieval and post-medieval Brussels, Belgium: diet and health in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+multidisciplinary+analysis+of+cesspits+from+late+medieval+and+post-medieval+Brussels%2C+Belgium%3A+diet+and+health+in+the+fourteenth+to+seventeenth+centuries&author=De+Cupere+B.&publication+year=2021&journal=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&volume=26&doi=10.1007%2Fs10761-021-00613-8>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref12" aria-flowto="reference-12-content reference-12-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 12 in the content" id="reference-12-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-12-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Deforce</span>, <span class="given-names">K.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Van Hove</span>, <span class="given-names">M.L.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Willems</span>, <span class="given-names">D.</span></span>. <span class="year">2015</span>. <span class="article-title">Analysis of pollen and intestinal parasite eggs from medieval graves from Nivelles, Belgium: taphonomy of the burial ritual</span>. <span class="source">Journal of Archaeological Sciences: Reports</span> <span class="volume">4</span>: <span class="fpage">596</span>–<span class="lpage">604</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.10.027">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.10.027</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Analysis of pollen and intestinal parasite eggs from medieval graves from Nivelles, Belgium: taphonomy of the burial ritual' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Analysis+of+pollen+and+intestinal+parasite+eggs+from+medieval+graves+from+Nivelles%2C+Belgium%3A+taphonomy+of+the+burial+ritual&author=Deforce+K.&author=Van+Hove+M.L.&author=Willems+D.&publication+year=2015&journal=Journal+of+Archaeological+Sciences%3A+Reports&volume=4&pages=596-604>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref13" aria-flowto="reference-13-content reference-13-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 13 in the content" id="reference-13-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-13-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">De Vries</span>, <span class="given-names">B.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Lucassen</span>, <span class="given-names">J.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Lourens</span>, <span class="given-names">J.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Nijboer</span>, <span class="given-names">H.</span></span>. <span class="year">2003</span>. <span class="chapter-title">Het economisch leven: spectaculair succes en diep verval</span>, in <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Groenveld</span>, <span class="given-names">S.</span></span> (ed.) <span class="source">Leiden de geschiedenis van een Hollandse stad, 1574–1795</span>: <span class="fpage">85</span>–<span class="lpage">107</span>. <span class="publisher-loc">Leiden</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Stichting Geschiedschrijving</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Leiden de geschiedenis van een Hollandse stad, 1574–1795' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Leiden+de+geschiedenis+van+een+Hollandse+stad%2C+1574%E2%80%931795&author=De+Vries+B.&author=Lucassen+J.&author=Lourens+J.&author=Nijboer+H.&author=Groenveld+S.&publication+year=2003&pages=85-107>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref14" aria-flowto="reference-14-content reference-14-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 14 in the content" id="reference-14-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-14-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Garcia</span>, <span class="given-names">L.S.</span></span> <span class="year">2016</span>. <span class="source">Diagnostic medical parasitology</span>. <span class="publisher-loc">Washington, D.C.</span>: <span class="publisher-name">ASM Books</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Diagnostic medical parasitology' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555819002>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Diagnostic medical parasitology' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Diagnostic+medical+parasitology&author=Garcia+L.S.&publication+year=2016>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref15" aria-flowto="reference-15-content reference-15-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 15 in the content" id="reference-15-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-15-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Graff</span>, <span class="given-names">A.</span></span>, <span class="etal">et al.</span> <span class="year">2020</span>. <span class="article-title">A comparative study of parasites in three latrines from medieval and Renaissance Brussels, Belgium (14th–17th centuries)</span>. <span class="source">Parasitology</span> <span class="volume">147</span>: <span class="fpage">1443</span>–51. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1017/S0031182020001298">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182020001298</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for A comparative study of parasites in three latrines from medieval and Renaissance Brussels, Belgium (14th–17th centuries)' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182020001298>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A comparative study of parasites in three latrines from medieval and Renaissance Brussels, Belgium (14th–17th centuries)' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+comparative+study+of+parasites+in+three+latrines+from+medieval+and+Renaissance+Brussels%2C+Belgium+(14th%E2%80%9317th+centuries)&author=Graff+A.&publication+year=2020&journal=Parasitology&volume=147&doi=10.1017%2FS0031182020001298>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for A comparative study of parasites in three latrines from medieval and Renaissance Brussels, Belgium (14th–17th centuries)' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32741422>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref16" aria-flowto="reference-16-content reference-16-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 16 in the content" id="reference-16-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-16-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Huffman</span>, <span class="given-names">J.E.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Fried</span>, <span class="given-names">B.</span></span>. <span class="year">1990</span>. <span class="article-title"><em class="italic">Echinostoma</em> and Echinostomiasis</span>. <span class="source">Advances in Parasitology</span> <span class="volume">29</span>: <span class="fpage">215</span>–<span class="lpage">269</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Echinostoma and Echinostomiasis' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60107-4>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Echinostoma and Echinostomiasis' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Echinostoma+and+Echinostomiasis&author=Huffman+J.E.&author=Fried+B.&publication+year=1990&journal=Advances+in+Parasitology&volume=29&doi=10.1016%2FS0065-308X(08)60107-4&pages=215-269>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Echinostoma and Echinostomiasis' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2181828>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref17" aria-flowto="reference-17-content reference-17-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 17 in the content" id="reference-17-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-17-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Hupperetz</span>, <span class="given-names">W.</span></span> <span class="year">2010</span>. <span class="chapter-title">Micro history, archaeology and the study of housing culture. Some thoughts on archaeological and historical data from a cesspit in 17th-century Breda</span>, in <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">De Groote</span>, <span class="given-names">K.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Tys</span>, <span class="given-names">D.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Pieters</span>, <span class="given-names">M.</span></span> (ed.) <span class="source">Exchanging medieval material culture</span>: <span class="fpage">279</span>–84. <span class="publisher-loc">Brussels</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Vlaams Institut voor het Onroerend Erfgoed</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Exchanging medieval material culture' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Exchanging+medieval+material+culture&author=Hupperetz+W.&author=De+Groote+K.&author=Tys+D.&author=Pieters+M.&publication+year=2010>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref18" aria-flowto="reference-18-content reference-18-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 18 in the content" id="reference-18-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-18-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Kwak</span>, <span class="given-names">Z.S.M.</span></span> <span class="year">2014</span>. <span class="source"><em class="italic">‘Proeft de kost en kauwtse met uw’ oogen’. Beeldtraditie, betekenis en functie van het Noord-Nederlandse keukentafereel (ca. 1590–1650)</em></span>. Unpublished PhD dissertation, <span class="publisher-name">University of Amsterdam</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Kwak, Z.S.M. 2014. ‘Proeft de kost en kauwtse met uw’ oogen’. Beeldtraditie, betekenis en functie van het Noord-Nederlandse keukentafereel (ca. 1590–1650). Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kwak,+Z.S.M.+2014.+‘Proeft+de+kost+en+kauwtse+met+uw’+oogen’.+Beeldtraditie,+betekenis+en+functie+van+het+Noord-Nederlandse+keukentafereel+(ca.+1590–1650).+Unpublished+PhD+dissertation,+University+of+Amsterdam.>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref20" aria-flowto="reference-19-content reference-19-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 19 in the content" id="reference-19-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-19-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Ledger</span>, <span class="given-names">M.L.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Mitchell</span>, <span class="given-names">P.D.</span></span>. <span class="year">2022</span>. <span class="article-title">Tracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution</span>. <span class="source">International Journal of Osteoarchaeology</span> <span class="volume">32</span>: <span class="fpage">553</span>–64. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1002/oa.2786">https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2786</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Tracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.2786>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Tracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Tracing+zoonotic+parasite+infections+throughout+human+evolution&author=Ledger+M.L.&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2022&journal=International+Journal+of+Osteoarchaeology&volume=32&doi=10.1002%2Foa.2786>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref19" aria-flowto="reference-20-content reference-20-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 20 in the content" id="reference-20-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-20-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Leštinová</span>, <span class="given-names">K.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Soldánova</span>, <span class="given-names">M.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Scholz</span>, <span class="given-names">T.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Kuchta</span>, <span class="given-names">R.</span></span>. <span class="year">2016</span>. <span class="article-title">Eggs as a suitable tool for species diagnosis of causative agents of human Diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda)</span>. <span class="source">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</span> <span class="volume">10</span>: <span class="fpage">e0004721</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1371/journal.pntd.0004721">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004721</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Eggs as a suitable tool for species diagnosis of causative agents of human Diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda)' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004721>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Eggs as a suitable tool for species diagnosis of causative agents of human Diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda)' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Eggs+as+a+suitable+tool+for+species+diagnosis+of+causative+agents+of+human+Diphyllobothriosis+(Cestoda)&author=Le%C5%A1tinov%C3%A1+K.&author=Sold%C3%A1nova+M.&author=Scholz+T.&author=Kuchta+R.&publication+year=2016&journal=PLoS+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases&volume=10&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0004721>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Eggs as a suitable tool for species diagnosis of causative agents of human Diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda)' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27224015>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref21" aria-flowto="reference-21-content reference-21-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 21 in the content" id="reference-21-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-21-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Mitchell</span>, <span class="given-names">P.D.</span></span> (ed.) <span class="year">2015a</span>. <span class="source">Sanitation, latrines and intestinal parasites in past populations</span>. <span class="publisher-loc">Farnham</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Ashgate</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Sanitation, latrines and intestinal parasites in past populations' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sanitation%2C+latrines+and+intestinal+parasites+in+past+populations&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2015a>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref22" aria-flowto="reference-22-content reference-22-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 22 in the content" id="reference-22-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-22-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Mitchell</span>, <span class="given-names">P.D.</span></span> (ed.) <span class="year">2015b</span>. <span class="article-title">Human parasites in medieval Europe: lifestyle, sanitation and medical treatment</span>. <span class="source">Advances in Parasitology</span> <span class="volume">90</span>: <span class="fpage">389</span>–<span class="lpage">420</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1016/bs.apar.2015.05.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2015.05.001</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Human parasites in medieval Europe: lifestyle, sanitation and medical treatment' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2015.05.001>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Human parasites in medieval Europe: lifestyle, sanitation and medical treatment' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Human+parasites+in+medieval+Europe%3A+lifestyle%2C+sanitation+and+medical+treatment&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2015b&journal=Advances+in+Parasitology&volume=90&doi=10.1016%2Fbs.apar.2015.05.001&pages=389-420>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Human parasites in medieval Europe: lifestyle, sanitation and medical treatment' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26597073>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref23" aria-flowto="reference-23-content reference-23-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 23 in the content" id="reference-23-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-23-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Mitchell</span>, <span class="given-names">P.D.</span></span> <span class="year">2023</span>. <span class="source">Parasites in past civilizations and their impact upon health</span>. <span class="publisher-loc">Cambridge</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Cambridge University Press</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Parasites in past civilizations and their impact upon health' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9780511732386>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Parasites in past civilizations and their impact upon health' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Parasites+in+past+civilizations+and+their+impact+upon+health&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2023>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref24" aria-flowto="reference-24-content reference-24-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 24 in the content" id="reference-24-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-24-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Noordam</span>, <span class="given-names">D.J</span></span>. <span class="year">2001</span>. <span class="article-title">Leiden in Last. De financiële positie van de Leidenaren aan het einde van de Middeleeuwen</span>. <span class="source">Jaarboek der sociale en economische geschiedenis van Leiden en omstreken</span> <span class="volume">2001</span>: <span class="fpage">16</span>–<span class="lpage">40</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Leiden in Last. De financiële positie van de Leidenaren aan het einde van de Middeleeuwen' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Leiden+in+Last.+De+financi%C3%ABle+positie+van+de+Leidenaren+aan+het+einde+van+de+Middeleeuwen&author=Noordam+D.J&publication+year=2001&journal=Jaarboek+der+sociale+en+economische+geschiedenis+van+Leiden+en+omstreken&volume=2001&pages=16-40>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref25" aria-flowto="reference-25-content reference-25-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 25 in the content" id="reference-25-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-25-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Posthumus</span>, <span class="given-names">N.W.</span></span> <span class="year">1908</span>. <span class="source">De geschiedenis van de Leidsche lakenindustrie</span>, vol. 1. <span class="publisher-loc">Gravenhage</span>: <span class="publisher-name">M. Nijhoff</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for De geschiedenis van de Leidsche lakenindustrie' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=De+geschiedenis+van+de+Leidsche+lakenindustrie&author=Posthumus+N.W.&publication+year=1908>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref26" aria-flowto="reference-26-content reference-26-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 26 in the content" id="reference-26-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-26-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Rabinow</span>, <span class="given-names">S.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Deforce</span>, <span class="given-names">K.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Mitchell</span>, <span class="given-names">P.D.</span></span>. <span class="year">2023</span>. <span class="article-title">Continuity in intestinal parasite infection in Aalst (Belgium) from the medieval to early modern period (12th-17th centuries)</span>. <span class="source">International Journal of Paleopathology</span> <span class="volume">41</span>: <span class="fpage">43</span>–<span class="lpage">49</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.03.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.03.001</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Continuity in intestinal parasite infection in Aalst (Belgium) from the medieval to early modern period (12th-17th centuries)' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.03.001>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Continuity in intestinal parasite infection in Aalst (Belgium) from the medieval to early modern period (12th-17th centuries)' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Continuity+in+intestinal+parasite+infection+in+Aalst+(Belgium)+from+the+medieval+to+early+modern+period+(12th-17th+centuries)&author=Rabinow+S.&author=Deforce+K.&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2023&journal=International+Journal+of+Paleopathology&volume=41&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpp.2023.03.001&pages=43-49>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Continuity in intestinal parasite infection in Aalst (Belgium) from the medieval to early modern period (12th-17th centuries)' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36947954>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref27" aria-flowto="reference-27-content reference-27-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 27 in the content" id="reference-27-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-27-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Rácz</span>, <span class="given-names">S.E.</span></span> <span class="etal">et al.</span> <span class="year">2015</span>. <span class="article-title">Parasitology in an archaeological context: analysis of medieval burials in Nivelles, Belgium</span>. <span class="source">Journal of Archaeological Sciences</span> <span class="volume">53</span>: <span class="fpage">304</span>–15. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.023">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.023</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Parasitology in an archaeological context: analysis of medieval burials in Nivelles, Belgium' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.023>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Parasitology in an archaeological context: analysis of medieval burials in Nivelles, Belgium' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Parasitology+in+an+archaeological+context%3A+analysis+of+medieval+burials+in+Nivelles%2C+Belgium&author=R%C3%A1cz+S.E.&publication+year=2015&journal=Journal+of+Archaeological+Sciences&volume=53&doi=10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.10.023>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref28" aria-flowto="reference-28-content reference-28-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 28 in the content" id="reference-28-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-28-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Rocha</span>, <span class="given-names">G.C.D.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Harter-Lailheugue</span>, <span class="given-names">S.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Le Bailly</span>, <span class="given-names">M.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Araújo</span>, <span class="given-names">A.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Ferreira</span>, <span class="given-names">L.F.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Serra-Freire</span>, <span class="given-names">N.M.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Bouchet</span>, <span class="given-names">F.</span></span>. <span class="year">2006</span>. <span class="article-title">Paleoparasitological remains revealed by seven historic contexts from ‘Place d'Armes’, Namur, Belgium</span>. <span class="source">Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz</span> <span class="volume">101</span>(<span class="issue">S2</span>): <span class="fpage">43</span>–<span class="lpage">52</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1590/s0074-02762006001000008">https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762006001000008</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Paleoparasitological remains revealed by seven historic contexts from ‘Place d'Armes’, Namur, Belgium' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762006001000008>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Paleoparasitological remains revealed by seven historic contexts from ‘Place d'Armes’, Namur, Belgium' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Paleoparasitological+remains+revealed+by+seven+historic+contexts+from+%E2%80%98Place+d'Armes%E2%80%99%2C+Namur%2C+Belgium&author=Rocha+G.C.D.&author=Harter-Lailheugue+S.&author=Le+Bailly+M.&author=Ara%C3%BAjo+A.&author=Ferreira+L.F.&author=Serra-Freire+N.M.&author=Bouchet+F.&publication+year=2006&journal=Memorias+do+Instituto+Oswaldo+Cruz&volume=101&doi=10.1590%2FS0074-02762006001000008&pages=43-52>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref29" aria-flowto="reference-29-content reference-29-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 29 in the content" id="reference-29-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-29-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Ryan</span>, <span class="given-names">Una</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Hijjawi</span>, <span class="given-names">Nawal</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Feng</span>, <span class="given-names">Yaoyu</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Xiao</span>, <span class="given-names">Lihua</span></span>. <span class="year">2019</span>. <span class="article-title"><em class="italic">Giardia</em>: an under-reported foodborne parasite</span>. <span class="source">International Journal for Parasitology</span> <span class="volume">49</span>: <span class="fpage">1</span>–<span class="lpage">11</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.003</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.003>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Giardia%3A+an+under-reported+foodborne+parasite&author=Ryan+Una&author=Hijjawi+Nawal&author=Feng+Yaoyu&author=Xiao+Lihua&publication+year=2019&journal=International+Journal+for+Parasitology&volume=49&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpara.2018.07.003&pages=1-11>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30391227>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref30" aria-flowto="reference-30-content reference-30-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 30 in the content" id="reference-30-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-30-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Silva</span>, <span class="given-names">R.K.N.R.</span></span> <span class="etal">et al.</span> <span class="year">2016</span>. <span class="article-title">Performance of microscopy and ELISA for diagnosing <em class="italic">Giardia duodenalis</em> infection in different pediatric groups</span>. <span class="source">Parasitology International</span> <span class="volume">65</span>: <span class="fpage">635</span>–40. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.012</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Performance of microscopy and ELISA for diagnosing Giardia duodenalis infection in different pediatric groups' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.012>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Performance of microscopy and ELISA for diagnosing Giardia duodenalis infection in different pediatric groups' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Performance+of+microscopy+and+ELISA+for+diagnosing+Giardia+duodenalis+infection+in+different+pediatric+groups&author=Silva+R.K.N.R.&publication+year=2016&journal=Parasitology+International&volume=65&doi=10.1016%2Fj.parint.2016.08.012>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Performance of microscopy and ELISA for diagnosing Giardia duodenalis infection in different pediatric groups' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27586394>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref31" aria-flowto="reference-31-content reference-31-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 31 in the content" id="reference-31-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-31-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Stephenson</span>, <span class="given-names">L.S.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Latham</span>, <span class="given-names">M.C.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Ottensen</span>, <span class="given-names">E.A.</span></span>. <span class="year">2000</span>. <span class="article-title">Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections</span>. <span class="source">Parasitology</span> <span class="volume">121</span>(<span class="issue">S1</span>): <span class="fpage">S23</span>–<span class="lpage">S38</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1017/S0031182000006491">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000006491</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000006491>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Malnutrition+and+parasitic+helminth+infections&author=Stephenson+L.S.&author=Latham+M.C.&author=Ottensen+E.A.&publication+year=2000&journal=Parasitology&volume=121&doi=10.1017%2FS0031182000006491&pages=S23-S38>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11386688>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref32" aria-flowto="reference-32-content reference-32-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 32 in the content" id="reference-32-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-32-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Valero</span>, <span class="given-names">M.A.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Panova</span>, <span class="given-names">M.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Comes</span>, <span class="given-names">A.M.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Fons</span>, <span class="given-names">R.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Mas-Coma</span>, <span class="given-names">A.</span></span>. <span class="year">2002</span>. <span class="article-title">Patterns in size and shedding of <em class="italic">Fasciola hepatica</em> eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents</span>. <span class="source">Journal of Parasitology</span> <span class="volume">88</span>: <span class="fpage">308</span>–13. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0308:PISASO]2.0.CO;2">https://doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0308:PISASO]2.0.CO;2</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Patterns in size and shedding of Fasciola hepatica eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0308:PISASO]2.0.CO;2>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Patterns in size and shedding of Fasciola hepatica eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Patterns+in+size+and+shedding+of+Fasciola+hepatica+eggs+by+naturally+and+experimentally+infected+murid+rodents&author=Valero+M.A.&author=Panova+M.&author=Comes+A.M.&author=Fons+R.&author=Mas-Coma+A.&publication+year=2002&journal=Journal+of+Parasitology&volume=88&doi=10.1645%2F0022-3395(2002)088%5B0308%3APISASO%5D2.0.CO%3B2>Google Scholar</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Patterns in size and shedding of Fasciola hepatica eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents' href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12054003>PubMed</a></div></div></div><div id="ref33" aria-flowto="reference-33-content reference-33-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 33 in the content" id="reference-33-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-33-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Valero</span>, <span class="given-names">M.A.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Perez-Crespo</span>, <span class="given-names">I.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Periago</span>, <span class="given-names">M.V.</span></span>, <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Khoubbane</span>, <span class="given-names">M.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Mas-Coma</span>, <span class="given-names">S.</span></span>. <span class="year">2009</span>. <span class="article-title">Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by <em class="italic">Fasciola hepatica</em> and <em class="italic">F. gigantica</em></span>. <span class="source">Acta Tropica</span> <span class="volume">111</span>(<span class="issue">2</span>): <span class="fpage">150</span>–59. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.04.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.04.005</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.04.005>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Fluke+egg+characteristics+for+the+diagnosis+of+human+and+animal+fascioliasis+by+Fasciola+hepatica+and+F.+gigantica&author=Valero+M.A.&author=Perez-Crespo+I.&author=Periago+M.V.&author=Khoubbane+M.&author=Mas-Coma+S.&publication+year=2009&journal=Acta+Tropica&volume=111&doi=10.1016%2Fj.actatropica.2009.04.005>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref34" aria-flowto="reference-34-content reference-34-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 34 in the content" id="reference-34-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-34-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Van Amerongen</span>, <span class="given-names">Y.F.</span></span> <span class="year">2022</span>. <span class="chapter-title">Macrobotanie</span>, in <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Meijer</span>, <span class="given-names">Y.</span></span> (ed.) <span class="source">Archeologische opgraving Haarlemmerstraat 101–111 tot Stille Rijn 8–9 in Leiden, gemeente Leiden</span>: <span class="fpage">597</span>–<span class="lpage">606</span>. <span class="publisher-loc">Noordwijk</span>: <span class="publisher-name">IDDS Rapport 2335</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.17026/AR/P6RH8X">https://doi.org/10.17026/AR/P6RH8X</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Archeologische opgraving Haarlemmerstraat 101–111 tot Stille Rijn 8–9 in Leiden, gemeente Leiden' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Archeologische+opgraving+Haarlemmerstraat+101%E2%80%93111+tot+Stille+Rijn+8%E2%80%939+in+Leiden%2C+gemeente+Leiden&author=Van+Amerongen+Y.F.&author=Meijer+Y.&publication+year=2022&pages=597-606>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref35" aria-flowto="reference-35-content reference-35-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 35 in the content" id="reference-35-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-35-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Van Der Heyden</span>, <span class="given-names">P.</span></span> <span class="year">1563</span>. Engravings entitled <em class="italic">Magere Keuken</em> (lean kitchen) and <em class="italic">Vette Keuken</em> (fat kitchen) after P. Bruegel. Printed in Antwerp. Curated in Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Available at: <a class="uri" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.344470">http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.344470</a> and <a class="uri" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.344471">http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.344471</a> (accessed <span class="date-in-citation access-date">22 April 2023</span>).<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Van Der Heyden, P. 1563. Engravings entitled Magere Keuken (lean kitchen) and Vette Keuken (fat kitchen) after P. Bruegel. Printed in Antwerp. Curated in Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.344470 and http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.344471 (accessed 22 April 2023).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Van+Der+Heyden,+P.+1563.+Engravings+entitled+Magere+Keuken+(lean+kitchen)+and+Vette+Keuken+(fat+kitchen)+after+P.+Bruegel.+Printed+in+Antwerp.+Curated+in+Rijksmuseum+Amsterdam.+Available+at:+http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.344470+and+http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.344471+(accessed+22+April+2023).>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref36" aria-flowto="reference-36-content reference-36-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 36 in the content" id="reference-36-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-36-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Van Haaster</span>, <span class="given-names">H.</span></span> <span class="year">2008</span>. <span class="source">Archeobotanica uit ‘s-Hertogenbosch. Milieuomstandigheden, bewoningsgeschiedenis en economische ontwikkelingen in en rond een (post)Middeleeuwse groeistad <em class="italic">(Groningen Archaeological Studies 6)</em></span>. <span class="publisher-loc">Groningen</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Barkhuis</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Archeobotanica uit ‘s-Hertogenbosch. Milieuomstandigheden, bewoningsgeschiedenis en economische ontwikkelingen in en rond een (post)Middeleeuwse groeistad (Groningen Archaeological Studies 6)' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Archeobotanica+uit+%E2%80%98s-Hertogenbosch.+Milieuomstandigheden%2C+bewoningsgeschiedenis+en+economische+ontwikkelingen+in+en+rond+een+(post)Middeleeuwse+groeistad+(Groningen+Archaeological+Studies+6)&author=Van+Haaster+H.&publication+year=2008>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref37" aria-flowto="reference-37-content reference-37-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 37 in the content" id="reference-37-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-37-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Van Haaster</span>, <span class="given-names">H.</span></span> <span class="year">2020</span>. <span class="chapter-title"><em class="italic">Leiden, Haarlemmerstraat/Stille Rijn: Waarderend onderzoek van botanische macroresten en voorstel voor selectieadvies</em></span>, in <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Meijer</span>, <span class="given-names">Y.</span></span> (ed.) <span class="source">Archeologische opgraving Haarlemmerstraat 101–111 tot Stille Rijn 8–9 in Leiden, gemeente Leiden</span>: <span class="fpage">565</span>–96. <span class="publisher-loc">Noordwijk</span>: <span class="publisher-name">IDDS Rapport 2335</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.17026/AR/P6RH8X">https://doi.org/10.17026/AR/P6RH8X</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Archeologische opgraving Haarlemmerstraat 101–111 tot Stille Rijn 8–9 in Leiden, gemeente Leiden' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Archeologische+opgraving+Haarlemmerstraat+101%E2%80%93111+tot+Stille+Rijn+8%E2%80%939+in+Leiden%2C+gemeente+Leiden&author=Van+Haaster+H.&author=Meijer+Y.&publication+year=2020>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref38" aria-flowto="reference-38-content reference-38-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 38 in the content" id="reference-38-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-38-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">van Oosten</span>, <span class="given-names">R.M.R.</span></span> <span class="year">2015</span>. <span class="source">De stad, het vuil en de beerput: de opkomst, verbreiding en neergang van de beerput in stedelijke context</span>. <span class="publisher-loc">Leiden</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Sidestone</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for De stad, het vuil en de beerput: de opkomst, verbreiding en neergang van de beerput in stedelijke context' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=De+stad%2C+het+vuil+en+de+beerput%3A+de+opkomst%2C+verbreiding+en+neergang+van+de+beerput+in+stedelijke+context&author=van+Oosten+R.M.R.&publication+year=2015>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref39" aria-flowto="reference-39-content reference-39-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 39 in the content" id="reference-39-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-39-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">van Oosten</span>, <span class="given-names">R.M.R.</span></span> <span class="year">2016a</span>. <span class="chapter-title">Nightman's muck, gong farmer's treasure: local differences in the clearing-out of cesspits in the Low Countries, 1600–1900</span>, in <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Sosna</span>, <span class="given-names">D.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Brunclíková</span>, <span class="given-names">L.</span></span> (ed.) <span class="source">Archaeologies of waste: encounters with the unwanted</span>: <span class="fpage">41</span>–<span class="lpage">56</span>. <span class="publisher-loc">Oxford</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Oxbow</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Archaeologies of waste: encounters with the unwanted' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Archaeologies+of+waste%3A+encounters+with+the+unwanted&author=van+Oosten+R.M.R.&author=Sosna+D.&author=Bruncl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1+L.&publication+year=2016a&pages=41-56>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref40" aria-flowto="reference-40-content reference-40-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 40 in the content" id="reference-40-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-40-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">van Oosten</span>, <span class="given-names">R.M.R.</span></span> <span class="year">2016b</span>. <span class="article-title">The Dutch Great Stink: the end of the cesspit era in the pre-industrial towns of Leiden and Haarlem</span>. <span class="source">European Journal of Archaeology</span> <span class="volume">19</span>: <span class="fpage">704</span>–27. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1080/14619571.2016.1147677">https://doi.org/10.1080/14619571.2016.1147677</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Dutch Great Stink: the end of the cesspit era in the pre-industrial towns of Leiden and Haarlem' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14619571.2016.1147677>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Dutch Great Stink: the end of the cesspit era in the pre-industrial towns of Leiden and Haarlem' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Dutch+Great+Stink%3A+the+end+of+the+cesspit+era+in+the+pre-industrial+towns+of+Leiden+and+Haarlem&author=van+Oosten+R.M.R.&publication+year=2016b&journal=European+Journal+of+Archaeology&volume=19&doi=10.1080%2F14619571.2016.1147677>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref41" aria-flowto="reference-41-content reference-41-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 41 in the content" id="reference-41-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-41-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Van Steensel</span>, <span class="given-names">A.</span></span> <span class="year">2016</span>. <span class="source">Historisch Leiden in Kaart: Vermogensbelasting, 1498</span>. <span class="publisher-name">DANS Dataset</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.17026/dans-zfa-srjh">https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-zfa-srjh</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Historisch Leiden in Kaart: Vermogensbelasting, 1498' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Historisch+Leiden+in+Kaart%3A+Vermogensbelasting%2C+1498&author=Van+Steensel+A.&publication+year=2016>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref42" aria-flowto="reference-42-content reference-42-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 42 in the content" id="reference-42-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-42-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Van Steensel</span>, <span class="given-names">A.</span></span> <span class="year">2020</span>. <span class="chapter-title">Measuring urban inequalities. Spatial patterns of service access in sixteenth-century Leiden</span>, in <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Nigro</span>, <span class="given-names">G.</span></span> (ed.) <span class="source">Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect</span>: <span class="fpage">369</span>–88. <span class="publisher-loc">Florence</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Firenze University Press</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Economic+inequality+in+pre-industrial+societies%3A+causes+and+effect&author=Van+Steensel+A.&author=Nigro+G.&publication+year=2020>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref43" aria-flowto="reference-43-content reference-43-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 43 in the content" id="reference-43-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-43-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Walle</span>, <span class="given-names">K.</span></span> & <span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Hooymans</span>, <span class="given-names">M.</span></span>. <span class="year">2021</span>. Brouwerijen 1607, een transcriptie van het rapport van Jan van Hout over de bierfraude (SAII, inv. nr. 1969). Historischleideninkaart (Mapping Historical Leiden). Available at: <a class="uri" href="https://www.historischleideninkaart.nl/brouwerijen1607/">https://www.historischleideninkaart.nl/brouwerijen1607/</a> (accessed <span class="date-in-citation access-date">22 April 2023</span>).<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Walle, K. & Hooymans, M.. 2021. Brouwerijen 1607, een transcriptie van het rapport van Jan van Hout over de bierfraude (SAII, inv. nr. 1969). Historischleideninkaart (Mapping Historical Leiden). Available at: https://www.historischleideninkaart.nl/brouwerijen1607/ (accessed 22 April 2023).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Walle,+K.+&+Hooymans,+M..+2021.+Brouwerijen+1607,+een+transcriptie+van+het+rapport+van+Jan+van+Hout+over+de+bierfraude+(SAII,+inv.+nr.+1969).+Historischleideninkaart+(Mapping+Historical+Leiden).+Available+at:+https://www.historischleideninkaart.nl/brouwerijen1607/+(accessed+22+April+2023).>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div>  <div id="figures-tab" class="figures tab-pane" data-v-241a4b23><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 0" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-28560-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24000723_fig1.jpg" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-74928-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24000723_fig1.jpg" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Figure 1.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">a) location of Leiden within the Netherlands; b) a site plan of locations of pits excavated (figure by authors).</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 1" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-57217-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24000723_fig2.jpg" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-47264-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24000723_fig2.jpg" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Figure 2.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">Detail from <span class="italic">Stratenboek</span> (Book of streets) 28 ‘Kaart van Marendorp van de Vrouwenkerk tot de Marebrug’ dd. 1591 (Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken, 501A, inv. nr. 5153 Stratenboek 28, available at: <span class="uri" href="https://www.erfgoedleiden.nl/collecties/archieven/archievenoverzicht/details/NL-LdnRAL-0501A/path/1.2.2.8.1.6.5.1/deep:view/scans/deep:highlight/8/deep:start/50/deep:limit/10"><a href="https://www.erfgoedleiden.nl/collecties/archieven/archievenoverzicht/details/NL-LdnRAL-0501A/path/1.2.2.8.1.6.5.1/deep:view/scans/deep:highlight/8/deep:start/50/deep:limit/10">https://www.erfgoedleiden.nl/collecties/archieven/archievenoverzicht/details/NL-LdnRAL-0501A/path/1.2.2.8.1.6.5.1/deep:view/scans/deep:highlight/8/deep:start/50/deep:limit/10</a></span>). The occupations of the main occupants (not the owners) of the houses are indicated with dots in the years 1561, 1581 and 1606. The numbers correspond with Mapping Historical Leiden (<span class="uri" href="https://www.historischleideninkaart.nl"><a href="http://www.historischleideninkaart.nl">www.historischleideninkaart.nl</a></span>) and can be looked up via Looproutes, 1561 Tiende Penning (Tenth Penny), 1581 Volkstelling (Census) and 1606 Schoorsteengeld (Hearth tax) and then by selecting the ward Overmare Rijnzijde (RvO) (figure by authors).</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 2" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-97868-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24000723_fig3.jpg" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-01436-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24000723_fig3.jpg" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Figure 3.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">a) cesspit S859 during excavation, showing round brick lining; b) its cross-section (cesspit use dates from 1475–1525) (figure by authors).</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 3" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab1.png" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab1.png" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Table 1.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">Details of the cesspits analysed in this study.</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 4" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab2.png" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab2.png" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Table 2.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">Digital-light microscopy and ELISA results. ‘Trematode’ indicates eggs whose measurements fit both with <span class="italic">Echinostoma</span> sp. and <span class="italic">Fasciola</span> sp. Egg counts represent an estimate of number of eggs per gram (raw counts for 0.2g multiplied by 5). ELISA results are not quantified, positive samples are shown with ‘+ve’, negative samples are shown with ‘-ve’.</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 5" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-79369-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24000723_fig4.jpg" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-30440-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24000723_fig4.jpg" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Figure 4.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">Parasite eggs from the Leiden cesspits. Top left: cf. <span class="italic">Echinostoma</span> sp. (dimensions 119 × 72μm); top centre: Diphyllobothriidae (52 × 36μm); top right: cf. <span class="italic">Dicrocoelium</span> sp. (36 × 22μm); bottom left: roundworm (78 × 48μm); bottom centre: whipworm (53 × 26μm); bottom right: cf. <span class="italic">Fasciola hepatica</span> (141 × 73μm) (figure by authors).</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 6" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab3.png" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab3.png" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Table 3.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">Raw data for the samples positive for <span class="italic">Giardia duodenalis</span> on ELISA analysis. Manufacturer guidance for the ELISA test kits state that a result with absorbance value greater than 0.150 is positive.</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 7" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab4.png" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab4.png" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Table 4.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">Summary of organic macro remains, parasitological and historical data by cesspit. ‘Trematode’ indicates eggs whose measurements fit both with <span class="italic">Echinostoma</span> sp. and <span class="italic">Fasciola</span> sp. Archaeological macro remains results from Van Haaster (2020) and Van Amerongen (2022).</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 8" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-11930-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24000723_fig5.jpg" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-88337-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24000723_fig5.jpg" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Figure 5.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">Engravings by P. Van der Heyden<span class="sc">,</span> after P. Bruegel. Printed in Antwerp in 1563: a) Magere Keuken (lean kitchen); b) Vette Keuken (fat kitchen) (© Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; figure by authors).</span></span></p></div> </div></div> </div></div>         <div id="metrics-tab" publication-date="31 May 2024" class="metrics tab-pane" data-v-c41a0c86><div class="app-loader" data-v-c41a0c86></div></div></div></div> </div> <div role="complementary" aria-label="related contents" class="column__main__right" data-v-01274b1d><div class="access-block row access-status" data-v-5fad35b8 data-v-01274b1d><span class="has-access" data-v-5fad35b8><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon access" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-5fad35b8> <span class="sr-only" data-v-5fad35b8>You have </span> Access </span> <span class="open-access" data-v-5fad35b8><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon open-access" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-5fad35b8> Open access </span></div> <div class="cited-by-wrapper" data-v-01274b1d><div class="cited-by"><dl class="cited-by__col"><dt class="cited-by__number">3</dt> <dd><a tabindex="0" data-toggle="modal" aria-label="Open cited by modal 3 existing citations" class="cited-by__link"><span class="number">Cited by</span></a></dd></dl></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator white" data-v-7036083a></div>   </div></div></div></div></div> <div id="cited-by-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="Cited by modal" aria-hidden="true" class="modal fade" data-v-34d47c8d data-v-01274b1d><div class="modal-dialog modal-xl cited-by-modal" data-v-34d47c8d><div tabindex="-1" class="modal-content" data-v-34d47c8d><div class="modal-header" data-v-34d47c8d><h1 class="modal-header__heading" data-v-34d47c8d>Cited by</h1></div> <div class="modal-body" data-v-34d47c8d><div class="modal-body__loader" data-v-34d47c8d><div class="modal-body__loader__spinner" data-v-34d47c8d></div> <p class="modal-body__loader__message" data-v-34d47c8d>Loading...</p></div></div> <button aria-label="Close Cited by" aria-expanded="false" data-dismiss="modal" class="app-button cited-by-modal__button--close app-button__icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-34d47c8d><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon close-modal" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> </button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>window.__NUXT__=(function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z,_,$,aa,ab,ac,ad,ae,af,ag,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,ap,aq,ar,as,at,au,av,aw,ax,ay,az,aA,aB,aC,aD,aE,aF,aG,aH,aI,aJ,aK,aL,aM,aN,aO,aP,aQ,aR,aS,aT,aU,aV,aW,aX,aY,aZ,a_,a$,ba,bb,bc,bd,be,bf,bg,bh,bi,bj){return {layout:"default",data:[{article:{id:"0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF",metadata:{title:w,htmlTitle:w,subtitle:a,authorsGroup:{authors:{contributors:[{givenNames:"Sophie",surname:"Rabinow",nameStyle:l,affiliations:[{text:x}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Sophie Rabinow",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Sophie%20Rabinow&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-7457-8994"},{givenNames:"Tianyi",surname:"Wang",nameStyle:l,affiliations:[{text:x}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Tianyi Wang",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tianyi%20Wang&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-0776-9387"},{givenNames:"Roos",surname:"van Oosten",nameStyle:l,affiliations:[{text:"Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, The Netherlands"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Roos van Oosten",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roos%20van%20Oosten&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-4323-5120"},{givenNames:"Yolande",surname:"Meijer",nameStyle:l,affiliations:[{text:"IDDS Archeologie, Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Yolande Meijer",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Yolande%20Meijer&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:f},{givenNames:"Piers D.",surname:"Mitchell",nameStyle:l,affiliations:[{text:x}],isCorresponding:c,notes:"\u003Cdiv class=\"corresp\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E*\u003C\u002Fspan\u003EAuthor for correspondence ✉ \u003Ca href=\"mailto:pdm39@cam.ac.uk\"\u003Epdm39@cam.ac.uk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Piers D. Mitchell",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Piers%20D.%20Mitchell&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-1009-697X"}]},translators:{contributors:[],label:"Translated by"}},collections:[{link:"\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FAQY_MAPS_AND_THE_MEDIEVAL_LANDSCAPE\u002Ftype\u002FBESPOKE_COLLECTION",id:"AQY_MAPS_AND_THE_MEDIEVAL_LANDSCAPE",title:"Medieval European Archaeology"}],publishedDate:"31 May 2024",keywords:[{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=Netherlands",name:"Netherlands"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=medieval",name:"medieval"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=palaeoparasitology",name:"palaeoparasitology"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=ELISA",name:"ELISA"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=cesspits",name:"cesspits"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=diarrhoea",name:"diarrhoea"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=Echinostoma",name:"Echinostoma"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=fish tapeworm",name:"fish tapeworm"}],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.15184\u002Faqy.2024.72",value:"10.15184\u002Faqy.2024.72"},copyright:{statement:["Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Antiquity Publications Ltd"],holder:["The Author(s)"],year:[2024]},creativeCommons:{descriptions:["This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."],oaLicenseType:"CC-BY",licenses:["CC","BY"]},acceptedManuscript:b,type:"research-article",pageRange:{range:"1006 - 1022",firstPage:"1006",lastPage:"1022"},typeDescription:"Research Article",commentsCount:M,topicsAndSubtopics:f},journal:{id:N,title:o,titleSlug:O,mnemonic:"AQY",titleHistory:[],isFirstView:b,journalSlug:O,isCompanion:b,parentCompanionJournalName:o,associatedParentCollection:f,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:16,sku:p,skuNew:m,currency:"£"},"€":{price:19,sku:p,skuNew:m,currency:"€"},US$:{price:26,sku:p,skuNew:m,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:31,sku:p,skuNew:m,currency:"AU$"}}},url:P,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FAQY_0_0_0\u002Fantiquity.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:b,latestTitle:o,latestId:N,hasPastTitle:b,issue:{id:"239B1D4D343BD0DA9E8B18BC89888DA6",number:"400",title:"Issue 400",publishedDate:"August 2024",printPublishTimestamp:1722470400000,url:Q},volume:{id:"87C69FC9A297320915DFC82CFAE65D83",number:"98",title:"Volume 98",publishedDate:"October 2024",printPublishTimestamp:1727740800000,url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity\u002Fvolume\u002F87C69FC9A297320915DFC82CFAE65D83"}},abstract:{graphicalAbstract:{title:"Abstract",graphicalContent:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"graphical\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"graphic\" orientation mimesubtype=\"png\" mimetype=\"image\" position type href=\"S0003598X24000723_figAb.png\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fid\u002Furn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0003598X24000723\u002Fresource\u002Fname\u002FS0003598X24000723_figAb.png?pub-status=live\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",textContent:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the absence of written records, disease and parasite loads are often used as indicators of sanitation in past populations. Here, the authors adopt the novel approach of integrating the bioarchaeological analysis of cesspits in an area of medieval Leiden (the Netherlands) with historical property records to explore living conditions. Using light microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) they identify evidence of parasites associated with ineffective sanitation (whipworm, roundworm and the protozoan \u003Cspan class='italic'\u003EGiardia duodenalis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)—at residences of all social levels—and the consumption of infected livestock and freshwater fish (Diphyllobothriidae, cf. \u003Cspan class='italic'\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E sp., cf. \u003Cspan class='italic'\u003EFasciola hepatica\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class='italic'\u003EDicrocoelium\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E sp.).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}},content:{html:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article research-article NLM\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"body\"\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_figU1.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_figU1.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec intro\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1\" id=\"sec1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E In the Low Countries, many artefacts are recovered from cesspits (Hupperetz \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref17\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Hupperetz, De Groote, Tys and Pieters\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 279; van Oosten \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref39\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference van Oosten, Sosna and Brunclíková\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016a\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 41, 49), but the archaeological value of the material (the cess) that these pits contain is often underestimated. This article examines material from six medieval cesspits in a Low Countries town, integrating analysis of organic remains with textual records relating to town regulations and to the households within which the cesspits were located. Leiden was selected due to its promising archaeological record and the survival of documents detailing medieval street plans and inhabitants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Eggs from a broad range of endoparasites have been identified in soil samples from cesspits in other regions of the Low Countries (Rocha \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref28\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Rocha, Harter-Lailheugue, Le Bailly, Araújo, Ferreira, Serra-Freire and Bouchet\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Appelt \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref2\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Appelt, Armougom, Le Bailly, Robert and Drancourt\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Deforce \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref12\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Deforce, Van Hove and Willems\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Rácz \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref27\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Rácz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Graff \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref15\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Graff\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; De Cupere \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref11\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference De Cupere\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Rabinow \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref26\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Rabinow, Deforce and Mitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The presence of these eggs—and the attendant infection by genera or species of parasites that may be identified—can help us to create a picture of parasitic infection and its interplay with social practices such as diet and sanitation in past populations (Mitchell \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref21\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Mitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2015a\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref23\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Mitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The nematodes \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAscaris\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (roundworm) and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ETrichuris\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (whipworm), for example, can trigger such symptoms as abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, anorexia, nausea and vomiting (Stephenson \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref31\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Stephenson, Latham and Ottensen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Certain species of protozoa, including \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEntamoeba histolytica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp. and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ECryptosporidium\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp., can also cause diarrhoea and dysentery. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAscaris, Trichuris\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and these protozoa are therefore generally considered to be indicators of sanitation conditions. Species of the genera \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ETaenia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (pork and beef tapeworm), \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (intestinal flukes) and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EDibothriocephalus\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (fish tapeworm) are zoonotic parasites, which can be transferred from non-human animals to humans by eating raw or undercooked meat and fish (Ledger & Mitchell \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref20\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ledger and Mitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). By assessing cesspit contents and determining the types of parasites present in the medieval population of Leiden, we can improve our understanding of the health and lifestyle of the city's inhabitants. We can also address the question of whether households with indicators of more costly or poorer diet (potentially indicators of income or status) were infected by the same parasites, or if differences in infection might exist between these two groups.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1-1\" id=\"sec1-1\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E Leiden\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The town of Leiden (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig01\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), known primarily for its textile industry, was home to approximately 13 000 inhabitants at around AD 1500 (Brand \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref5\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Brand\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 96; van Steensel \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref42\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Van Steensel and Nigro\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 372), making it one of the larger urban centres of the Northern Netherlands at this time (van Oosten \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref38\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference van Oosten\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 28). In the later Middle Ages (up to AD 1500), textile production was already significantly higher than in other Dutch cities (Posthumus \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref25\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Posthumus\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 368–9) and by the seventeenth century Leiden became known as the largest textile producer in Europe (de Vries \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref13\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference De Vries, Lucassen, Lourens, Nijboer and Groenveld\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 88). From the last quarter of the sixteenth century, Leiden grew at a rapid pace and the city welcomed thousands of religious refugees, mostly textile workers from what is now Belgium. A significant increase in the number and sizes of houses in the city and an expansion in its territory is therefore seen in the seventeenth century. During the early modern period (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ec\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. AD 1500–1800) for which significantly more detailed written records are available than for the Middle Ages, it has been estimated that two-thirds of the population was involved in the textile industry (de Vries \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref13\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference De Vries, Lucassen, Lourens, Nijboer and Groenveld\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 88).\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig01\" id=\"fig01\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig1.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"1583\" height=\"638\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig1.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E a) location of Leiden within the Netherlands; b) a site plan of locations of pits excavated (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec materials\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec2\" id=\"sec2\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Materials\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E In 2019 an area in Leiden demarked by the present-day Haarlemmerstraat to the north and the Stille Rijn to the south was excavated (administratively known as Haarlemmerstraat 101–111\u002FStille Rijn 8–9). The Rhine, running on the other side of the Stille Rijn, was an important transport route in the Middle Ages and the Haarlemmerstraat, then called Marendorp, was a key street connecting the Zijlpoort in the east of the city to the Rijnsburgerpoort in the west.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Thanks to the ongoing project \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EHistorisch Leiden in Kaart\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Mapping Historical Leiden), which provides access to historical data via a website, it is possible to look up the owners of properties that stood on the excavated site during the period \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ec\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. 1550–1606. Map 28 from the so-called \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EStratenboek\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Book of streets) (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig02\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) presents a good starting point, as it shows that in 1591 the excavated area was occupied by one large square ‘plot’ and two smaller ones. The purpose of this map was not, however, to accurately depict the contours of each plot but to record façade width, presumably to determine a proportional cost for street maintenance paid by the owners (de Baar \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref10\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference de Baar\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1985\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). As a result, adjacent plots owned by the same individual were schematically drawn as one ‘plot’. \u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig02\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shows the number of houses occupying the block for three sample years (1561, 1581 and 1606). While in 1561 the block consisted of only five properties (two of which were rented), this had increased to seven in 1581 and to 26 (including 12 rentals) in 1606. This increase in property numbers, and particularly in the number of rental properties, is a development that is also observed elsewhere in Leiden as population density increases significantly in the last quarter of the sixteenth century (van Oosten \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref40\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference van Oosten\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 715, fig. 8).\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig02\" id=\"fig02\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig2.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"1583\" height=\"1269\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig2.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Detail from \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EStratenboek\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Book of streets) 28 ‘Kaart van Marendorp van de Vrouwenkerk tot de Marebrug’ dd. 1591 (Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken, 501A, inv. nr. 5153 Stratenboek 28, available at: \u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.erfgoedleiden.nl\u002Fcollecties\u002Farchieven\u002Farchievenoverzicht\u002Fdetails\u002FNL-LdnRAL-0501A\u002Fpath\u002F1.2.2.8.1.6.5.1\u002Fdeep:view\u002Fscans\u002Fdeep:highlight\u002F8\u002Fdeep:start\u002F50\u002Fdeep:limit\u002F10\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.erfgoedleiden.nl\u002Fcollecties\u002Farchieven\u002Farchievenoverzicht\u002Fdetails\u002FNL-LdnRAL-0501A\u002Fpath\u002F1.2.2.8.1.6.5.1\u002Fdeep:view\u002Fscans\u002Fdeep:highlight\u002F8\u002Fdeep:start\u002F50\u002Fdeep:limit\u002F10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The occupations of the main occupants (not the owners) of the houses are indicated with dots in the years 1561, 1581 and 1606. The numbers correspond with Mapping Historical Leiden (\u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historischleideninkaart.nl\"\u003Ewww.historischleideninkaart.nl\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and can be looked up via Looproutes, 1561 Tiende Penning (Tenth Penny), 1581 Volkstelling (Census) and 1606 Schoorsteengeld (Hearth tax) and then by selecting the ward Overmare Rijnzijde (RvO) (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E There is a remarkable difference in social status between the residents of this block. Most were middle-class or poor residents: they rented instead of owning (hence their occupations were not recorded), the size of each plot was small and the tax they paid was low. In contrast, the largest plot was occupied from at least 1498 until \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ec.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E 1605 by the brewery and home of a family of wealthy brewers who paid high taxes. While the business was located on the Stille Rijn side of the block, as map 2 of the \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGrachtenboek\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Book of Canals) (Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken, 0501A, inventory number 5113) shows, the home of the brewer was located on the Haarlemmerstraat. When the 1591 map was made (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig02\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), brewer Cornelis Adriaensz van Barrevelt owned the plot. He had been the owner since 1558. A few years earlier, in 1543, his father Adriaen Jans van Barrevelt (also a brewer) was the owner and it is very likely that as early as 1498 this site was already a brewery (van Steensel \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref41\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Van Steensel\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Leiden had at least 22 brewers in 1498 (van Steensel \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref41\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Van Steensel\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and 15 brewers in 1607 (Walle & Hooymans \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref43\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Walle and Hooymans\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Brewers in the mid-sixteenth century belonged to the financial elite (Noordam \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref24\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Noordam\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2001\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 31). That their wealth was visibly greater than that of other residents can be illustrated by the size of the area occupied by breweries. The plot of Cornelis Adriaensz is five to six times wider than the average plot within the city. A further illustration of their prominent role in society is that quite a few brewers had seats on the city council. Cornelis Adriaensz served on the town council for 30 years, following in the footsteps of his father who served for 23 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E A total of 14 features within the excavated area were interpreted as potential cesspits (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig03\"\u003EFigure 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca class=\"xref table\" href=\"#tab01\"\u003ETable 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). One or more sediment samples of at least 1 litre were taken from each pit, and where more than one sample was available from the same cesspit, these were taken from different sediment layers. The samples were assessed using the quickscan approach for the presence of botanical macro remains (van Haaster \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref37\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Van Haaster and Meijer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Based on this assessment, six of the pits were regarded as cesspits used for human faecal waste and submitted for further analysis for organic macro remains (van Amerongen \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref34\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Van Amerongen and Meijer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and intestinal parasites. Analysing samples for parasite eggs also allowed us to double check whether the quick-scan approach was a reliable method for identifying cesspits. Two of the features disregarded based on the quick-scan results were tested for parasite eggs and both were found to be negative (marked in green on \u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig01\"\u003EFigure 1b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), supporting the original interpretation. Feature S724 did contain three parasite eggs (two whipworm and one trematode) but the paucity of parasite eggs compared with other samples (which contained in excess of a thousand times more eggs) suggests that these may represent contamination, perhaps having been washed in by flooding in the past. It cannot, however, be excluded that the feature was originally a cesspit that was subsequently emptied and filled with other material.\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig03\" id=\"fig03\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig3.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"1583\" height=\"1056\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig3.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E a) cesspit S859 during excavation, showing round brick lining; b) its cross-section (cesspit use dates from 1475–1525) (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" data-magellan-destination=\"tab01\" id=\"tab01\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003ETable 1.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Details of the cesspits analysed in this study.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab1.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"708\" height=\"319\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab1.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec methods\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec3\" id=\"sec3\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Methods\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec3-1\" id=\"sec3-1\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E Microscopy for intestinal parasite eggs\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Fourteen sediment samples from the six cesspits dating from AD 1250–1600 underwent analysis for intestinal parasites. They were dated from pottery fragments recovered from the cesspit fill, and the type and size of the bricks used to construct the cesspits. Analysis was performed at the Ancient Parasites Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, following the modified RHM (rehydration, homogenization, micro-sieving) protocol described by Anastasiou and Mitchell (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref1\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Anastasiou and Mitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). A 0.2g subsample was measured and disaggregated (placed into suspension) using 0.5% trisodium phosphate. The suspension was washed through three microsieves (mesh sizes 300, 160 and 20μm). The material trapped on the 20μm micro-sieve was rinsed free with distilled water, collected in a 15mL tube, centrifuged for five minutes at 4000rpm, and the supernatant removed. The concentrated material at the base of the tube was mixed with glycerol, mounted on microscope slides and analysed with digital light microscopy at 400× magnification (Olympus BX40F microscope with GXCAM-9 digital camera). The eggs of intestinal parasitic worms were identified by their shape, colour, dimensions and special characteristics using reference manuals such as Garcia (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref14\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Garcia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Egg dimensions were measured using the GX Capture-T software. Egg counts per gram were calculated by multiplying the number of eggs noted in each 0.2g sample by five.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec3-2\" id=\"sec3-2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E ELISA for intestinal protozoa\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEntamoeba histolytica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E II\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003ETM\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E II\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003ETM\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ECryptosporidium\u003C\u002Fem\u003E II\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003ETM\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, produced by TECHLAB® (Blacksburg, Virginia, USA), were used to analyse five of the samples for three species of protozoan parasites which can cause diarrhoea and dysentery. We did not test all 14 samples for reasons of cost, but the samples chosen covered the full time depth while focusing on those samples with good parasite egg survival. A 1g subsample was measured and disaggregated (placed into suspension) using 0.5% trisodium phosphate and passed through the sieves. The material from the catchment container measuring less than 20μm was collected, as the cysts and oocysts of protozoa that cause diarrhoea and dysentery in humans typically measure 5–19μm in diameter. The fluid was centrifuged to concentrate it to the volume required for the ELISA analysis. Eight wells were tested for each sample. Each ELISA analysis was repeated one month after the first run using a new sample prepared using the same method, and results were only considered positive if both tests were positive. Following manufacturer instructions, a positive and negative control were included in each plate. The absorbance values for each well were generated using an ELISA plate reader (BioTek Synergy HT). Past research has indicated these test kits have 97–100% sensitivity and specificity in modern samples (Boone \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref4\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Boone, Wilkins, Nash, Brandon, Macias, Jerris and Lyerly\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1999\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Silva \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref30\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Silva\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec results\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec4\" id=\"sec4\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Results\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E All 14 samples from the six cesspits analysed contained intestinal parasite eggs (\u003Ca class=\"xref table\" href=\"#tab02\"\u003ETable 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). We identified six species of helminth parasite in total: whipworm (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ETrichuris\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp.), roundworm (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAscaris\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp.), fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothriidae), \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EDicrocoelium\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp., cf. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp. fluke and cf. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola hepatica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E fluke (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig04\"\u003EFigure 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" data-magellan-destination=\"tab02\" id=\"tab02\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003ETable 2.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Digital-light microscopy and ELISA results. ‘Trematode’ indicates eggs whose measurements fit both with \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp. and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp. Egg counts represent an estimate of number of eggs per gram (raw counts for 0.2g multiplied by 5). ELISA results are not quantified, positive samples are shown with ‘+ve’, negative samples are shown with ‘-ve’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab2.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"1049\" height=\"395\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab2.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig04\" id=\"fig04\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig4.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"2362\" height=\"1550\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig4.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 4.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Parasite eggs from the Leiden cesspits. Top left: cf. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp. (dimensions 119 × 72μm); top centre: Diphyllobothriidae (52 × 36μm); top right: cf. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EDicrocoelium\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp. (36 × 22μm); bottom left: roundworm (78 × 48μm); bottom centre: whipworm (53 × 26μm); bottom right: cf. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola hepatica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (141 × 73μm) (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The dominant parasites were whipworm and roundworm, which were found in all samples (\u003Ca class=\"xref table\" href=\"#tab02\"\u003ETable 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Whipworm was identified by its lemon shape, polar plugs, smooth wall, and dimensions, while roundworm was identified by its mamillated coat, oval shape, brown colour and dimensions. The eggs of trematodes from the genera \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola\u003C\u002Fem\u003E are morphologically similar and overlap in size: the size range for \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E eggs (80–135μm long by 55–80μm wide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref8\"\u003E2019a\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) is only slightly lower than for \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (130–150μm long by 60–90μm wide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref9\"\u003E2019b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), although Valero and colleagues (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref32\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Valero, Panova, Comes, Fons and Mas-Coma\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) report \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola\u003C\u002Fem\u003E eggs as short as 125μm in modern cattle). Significantly however, the literature reports different size ranges for trematode eggs (for example, compare the ranges described in Ash and Orihel (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref3\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ash and Orihel\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 177) with those in Garcia (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref14\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Garcia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)); egg sizes were also noted to vary regionally and by host (Valero \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref33\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Valero, Perez-Crespo, Periago, Khoubbane and Mas-Coma\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Here we rely on the egg size ranges provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) because these references are easily accessible (\u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) for no charge and are commonly employed in the palaeoparasitological literature. The eggs of the fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothriidae) cestodes are oval and range between 55–75μm long and 40–50μm wide, although Leštinová and colleagues (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref19\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Leštinová, Soldánova, Scholz and Kuchta\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) report eggs of \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EDibothriocephalus latus\u003C\u002Fem\u003E as long as 59–81μm in modern human populations in Italy. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EDicrocoelium\u003C\u002Fem\u003E was identified by its dimensions (typically 35–45μm long and 20–30μm wide), operculum, wall thickness and shape, often with one side flatter and the other more curved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E ELISA analysis was positive in two cesspits (S728, dated 1375–1500, and S703, dated 1375–1550) for the protozoan \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia duodenalis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which causes severe watery diarrhoea (\u003Ca class=\"xref table\" href=\"#tab03\"\u003ETable 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). All ELISA tests were negative for \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEntamoeba histolytica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ECryptosporidium parvum\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" data-magellan-destination=\"tab03\" id=\"tab03\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003ETable 3.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Raw data for the samples positive for \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia duodenalis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E on ELISA analysis. Manufacturer guidance for the ELISA test kits state that a result with absorbance value greater than 0.150 is positive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab3.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"708\" height=\"414\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab3.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec discussion\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec5\" id=\"sec5\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Discussion\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The taxonomic diversity of parasites and the dominance of roundworm and whipworm are consistent with previous findings from the Low Countries (Rocha \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref28\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Rocha, Harter-Lailheugue, Le Bailly, Araújo, Ferreira, Serra-Freire and Bouchet\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Appelt \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref2\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Appelt, Armougom, Le Bailly, Robert and Drancourt\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Deforce \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref12\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Deforce, Van Hove and Willems\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Rácz \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref27\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Rácz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Graff \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref15\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Graff\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; De Cupere \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref11\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference De Cupere\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Rabinow \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref26\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Rabinow, Deforce and Mitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Roundworm, whipworm and the protozoan \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia duodenalis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E are all spread via the faecal-oral route of parasite transmission. Their presence within cesspits indicates that the level of sanitation in medieval Leiden was insufficient to prevent the contamination of food and drink with faeces and the reinfection of the population with these parasites.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Parasites spread by the consumption of raw freshwater fish or other freshwater foods (cf. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and Diphyllobothriidae) were also present in some cesspits. Both these helminths can infect humans through the consumption of raw, undercooked, smoked or pickled freshwater fish; \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E can also infect freshwater shellfish and waterfowl and may be passed to humans if consumed (Huffman & Fried \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref16\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Huffman and Fried\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1990\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Garcia \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref14\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Garcia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). We should bear in mind the possibility that \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E eggs might theoretically be found in cesspit sediments in the absence of human infection, for example if infected rodents accessed the cesspits, or if the offal discarded from infected waterfowl was tossed into the cesspit. While mussel shells were found discarded in two of the cesspits, these were of marine species and not freshwater species, so could not have spread \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Similarly, low numbers of \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EDicrocoelium\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola hepatica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E eggs in human faeces are unlikely to indicate true human infection. These parasites generally infect the liver of ruminant animals such as sheep and cattle. If humans then eat raw or undercooked animal liver, the eggs can pass through the digestive system largely unaltered. Use of cesspits for the disposal of animal manure could also explain the presence of these parasite eggs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Whipworm and roundworm eggs were consistently found in all six cesspits in high counts relative to the zoonotic parasites present, as is common in palaeoparasitological studies of medieval populations (Mitchell \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref22\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Mitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2015b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Zoonotic parasites are often present in much lower counts (Graff \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref15\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Graff\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Rabinow \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref26\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Rabinow, Deforce and Mitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). In our study area, zoonotic parasites were not found in every sample, or even in every latrine. This suggests parasites contracted by eating meat or seafood caused considerably fewer infections among the population of Leiden than did parasites caused by poor sanitation. We have chosen not to statistically interrogate differences in the egg counts for whipworm and roundworm in the different cesspits, as such differences could be caused by taphonomic and depositional factors irrelevant to infection burdens, for example the number of eggs produced (which varies by individual worm), the number of people using the cesspits, and the degree to which the eggs may have been diluted with non-faecal refuse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Modern clinical understanding of the health consequences of parasitic infections suggests that \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia duodenalis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E would have had the greatest impact upon the population of medieval Leiden. This protozoan can cause outbreaks of severe diarrhoea, which can lead to dehydration and death, especially in children (Ryan \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref29\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ryan, Hijjawi, Feng and Xiao\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The cesspits positive for \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia duodenalis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E date from 1375–1500\u002F1550. From just two samples it is hard to tell if this was by chance or if it might indicate that diarrhoea was more of a public health problem around the 1400s compared with earlier or later centuries. Roundworm and whipworm infection may cause malnutrition, stunted growth and reduced intelligence in children when significant numbers of worms are present (Brooker \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref7\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Brooker\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). In adults with a healthy diet, roundworm and whipworm in low numbers may be tolerated without significant symptoms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Given the similarity in dating and location, it seems possible that cesspit S467 was used by the household of the brewer Cornelis Adriaensz van Barrevelt. The cesspit contained crab or lobster (\u003Ca class=\"xref table\" href=\"#tab04\"\u003ETable 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), a typical high-status food (Brinkhuizen \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref6\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Brinkhuizen, Cooremans, Ervynck, Stoops and Van Neer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), similar to the abundance illustrated in many late sixteenth- and seventeenth-century still-life paintings (Kwak \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref18\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Kwak\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Cesspit S859 is located closer to the Stille Rijn, directly next to a fire pit and therefore probably belonged to the business premises. This cesspit fell into disuse in 1525–1550, long before Cornelis Adriaensz Barrevelt was in charge of the brewery, but at this time it was probably already a brewery and was potentially run by his grandfather. The archaeological assessment of the cess identified pomegranate seeds (\u003Ca class=\"xref table\" href=\"#tab04\"\u003ETable 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), a typical food of the upper-class (Van Haaster \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref36\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Van Haaster\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 11).\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" data-magellan-destination=\"tab04\" id=\"tab04\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003ETable 4.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Summary of organic macro remains, parasitological and historical data by cesspit. ‘Trematode’ indicates eggs whose measurements fit both with \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp. and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola\u003C\u002Fem\u003E sp. Archaeological macro remains results from Van Haaster (2020) and Van Amerongen (2022).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab4.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"708\" height=\"910\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab4.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Map 28 from the \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EStratenboek\u003C\u002Fem\u003E indicates that cesspit S598 was located within a much smaller plot in the second half of the sixteenth century so was probably used by craftsmen. This is likely to also have been the case around 1450–1500—the date for the layer analysed from this pit—because quite a few marine mussel shells were found in the cesspit. Marine mussels were a typical food of the less fortunate, as illustrated in the print ‘The Lean Kitchen’ from 1563: while the table in ‘The Fat Kitchen’ is lavish with fresh meat, mussels are the only food depicted in ‘The Lean Kitchen’ (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig05\"\u003EFigure 5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) (van der Heyden \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref35\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Van Der Heyden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1563\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Cesspits S703 and S728 also belong to plots that were inhabited by craftsmen, at least in the second half of the sixteenth century (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig02\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The cesspits may have been used by several households as they were located near the property boundary. The finds in cesspit S703 include marine mussels, as well as grains, the seeds of fig, apple, black mulberry, cherry, plum and grape, and bone from cattle and sheep\u002Fgoat.\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig05\" id=\"fig05\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig5.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"1583\" height=\"1705\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_fig5.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 5.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Engravings by P. Van der Heyden\u003Cspan class=\"sc\"\u003E,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E after P. Bruegel. Printed in Antwerp in 1563: a) Magere Keuken (lean kitchen); b) Vette Keuken (fat kitchen) (© Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The archaeological organic data seem to be consistent with historical records: cesspits S467 (1350–1600) and S859 (1475–1525) contained rare and exotic taxa, while S598 (1450–1500), S703 (1375–1550) and S728 (1375–1500) did not and are therefore interpreted as households of low or moderate wealth. Despite this, parasite data did not identify variation between different households and professions. Roundworm and whipworm were the dominant species of parasite in all the cesspits and the eggs of zoonotic trematodes occurred in cesspits from both the poorer (S728) and possibly wealthier (S736, S859) families.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec conclusions\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec6\" id=\"sec6\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Conclusion\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Here we present the parasite analysis of samples from six cesspits in use from 1250 to 1600 in Leiden, and integrate our findings with archaeological organic and historical evidence for the same properties. Most of the eggs identified within the cess were from roundworm and whipworm, and ELISA tests indicated the presence of the protozoan \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia duodenalis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E within two cesspits. These species can all infect humans, causing symptoms that include diarrhoea, and are spread by poor sanitation. The zoonotic parasites Diphyllobothriidae and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E fluke were also likely present in the population. Identification of \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EDicrocoelium\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola hepatica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E eggs within the cess likely indicates the consumption of infected ruminant livers rather than infection of the human population by these parasites. Parasite analyses also verified archaeological organic findings by contributing to the characterisation of the function of the six archaeological features as cesspits (AD 1250–1600).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Combined macro and micro analysis of animal and plant remains and parasite eggs can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the lifestyle, diet and disease of past groups, while historical records can be valuable for contextualising archaeological data. However, the narrative they provide cannot be understood as a faithful or unbiased record for specific archaeological contexts. Earlier pre-urban contexts may also lack any historical records. For these reasons the potential for analysing the contents of cesspits as a proxy for intestinal health is more straightforward than when considering the wealth and social status of their users, which remains a complex and challenging area.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Here, the taxonomic diversity of the parasites identified showed similarity between the different professions of the Leiden households, which may suggest broad consistency in lifestyle between different households or the shared use of the cesspits. These findings contrast with the archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data, which showed variation between households, consistent with the professions outlined in historical records. Parasites therefore appear to be a less effective proxy for identifying social variation, but remain significant as broad dietary markers and for characterising the function of archaeological features.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"back\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"ack\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Acknowledgements\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E We are grateful to Techlab\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E©\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, Blacksburg, USA for donating the ELISA test kits used in this study. Thanks also go to Martin Hooymans (Leiden, coordinator Mapping Historical Leiden), Nina Linde Jaspers (Amsterdam, Terra Cotta Incognita) and Otto Brinkkemper (Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands). Use of material from the CDC does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by the United States Government or CDC. All material from the CDC is available on the agency website (\u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) for no charge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec funding-statement\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec-fs1\" id=\"sec-fs1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Funding\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E SR would like to acknowledge the following funding bodies: the H.M. Chadwick Fund Studentship (University of Cambridge, UK), the Mary P. Dole Medical Fellowship (Mount Holyoke College, USA) and The Louise Fitz-Randolph Fellowship (Mount Holyoke College, USA).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",tableOfContent:[{level:i,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EIntroduction\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec1"},{level:i,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EMaterials\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec2"},{level:i,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EMethods\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec3"},{level:i,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EResults\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec4"},{level:i,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EDiscussion\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec5"},{level:i,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EConclusion\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec6"},{level:i,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EFunding\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec-fs1"}],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"ref1",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAnastasiou\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EE.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP.D.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ESimplifying the process of extracting intestinal parasite eggs from archaeological sediment samples: a comparative study of the efficacy of widely-used disaggregation techniques\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EInternational Journal of Paleopathology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E204\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–7. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.ijpp.2013.04.004\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpp.2013.04.004\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Simplifying the process of extracting intestinal parasite eggs from archaeological sediment samples: a comparative study of the efficacy of widely-used disaggregation techniques' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpp.2013.04.004\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Simplifying the process of extracting intestinal parasite eggs from archaeological sediment samples: a comparative study of the efficacy of widely-used disaggregation techniques' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Simplifying+the+process+of+extracting+intestinal+parasite+eggs+from+archaeological+sediment+samples%3A+a+comparative+study+of+the+efficacy+of+widely-used+disaggregation+techniques&author=Anastasiou+E.&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2013&journal=International+Journal+of+Paleopathology&volume=3&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpp.2013.04.004\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Simplifying the process of extracting intestinal parasite eggs from archaeological sediment samples: a comparative study of the efficacy of widely-used disaggregation techniques' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F29539457\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Simplifying+the+process+of+extracting+intestinal+parasite+eggs+from+archaeological+sediment+samples%3A+a+comparative+study+of+the+efficacy+of+widely-used+disaggregation+techniques&author=Anastasiou+E.&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2013&journal=International+Journal+of+Paleopathology&volume=3&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpp.2013.04.004",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:R,jtitle:q,title:q,volume:"3",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec709",spage:"204",epage:f,date:"2013",sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:S,au:a},innerRefId:"cite1",title:R,pubMedId:"29539457",doi:S,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpp.2013.04.004",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F29539457"}]},{id:"ref2",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAppelt\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EArmougom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EF.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELe Bailly\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERobert\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EC.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDrancourt\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2014\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EPolyphasic analysis of a Middle Ages coprolite microbiota, Belgium\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EPLoS ONE\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003Ee88376\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0088376\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0088376\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Polyphasic analysis of a Middle Ages coprolite microbiota, Belgium' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0088376\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Polyphasic analysis of a Middle Ages coprolite microbiota, Belgium' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Polyphasic+analysis+of+a+Middle+Ages+coprolite+microbiota%2C+Belgium&author=Appelt+S.&author=Armougom+F.&author=Le+Bailly+M.&author=Robert+C.&author=Drancourt+M.&publication+year=2014&journal=PLoS+ONE&volume=9&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0088376\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Polyphasic analysis of a Middle Ages coprolite microbiota, Belgium' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F24586319\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Polyphasic+analysis+of+a+Middle+Ages+coprolite+microbiota%2C+Belgium&author=Appelt+S.&author=Armougom+F.&author=Le+Bailly+M.&author=Robert+C.&author=Drancourt+M.&publication+year=2014&journal=PLoS+ONE&volume=9&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0088376",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:T,jtitle:U,title:U,volume:"9",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec70a",spage:"e88376",epage:f,date:V,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:W,au:a},innerRefId:"cite2",title:T,pubMedId:"24586319",doi:W,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0088376",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F24586319"}]},{id:"ref3",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAsh\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EL.R.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EOrihel\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ET.C.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAtlas of human parasitology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Fifth Edition. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EChicago\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EAmerican Society for Clinical Pathology Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.3201\u002Feid1306.070321\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3201\u002Feid1306.070321\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Atlas of human parasitology' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Atlas+of+human+parasitology&author=Ash+L.R.&author=Orihel+T.C.&publication+year=2015\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Atlas+of+human+parasitology&author=Ash+L.R.&author=Orihel+T.C.&publication+year=2015",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:y,title:y,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"American Society for Clinical Pathology Press",date:r,tpages:f,doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite3",title:y,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref4",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBoone\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJ.H.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWilkins\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ET.D.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENash\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ET.E.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBrandon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJ.E.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMacias\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EE.A.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EJerris\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ER.C.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELyerly\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ED.M.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1999\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ETechLab and alexon \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits detect cyst wall protein 1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJournal of Clinical Microbiology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E37\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E611\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E614\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1128\u002Fjcm.37.3.611-614.1999\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1128\u002Fjcm.37.3.611-614.1999\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for TechLab and alexon Giardia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits detect cyst wall protein 1' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1128\u002FJCM.37.3.611-614.1999\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for TechLab and alexon Giardia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits detect cyst wall protein 1' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=TechLab+and+alexon+Giardia+enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay+kits+detect+cyst+wall+protein+1&author=Boone+J.H.&author=Wilkins+T.D.&author=Nash+T.E.&author=Brandon+J.E.&author=Macias+E.A.&author=Jerris+R.C.&author=Lyerly+D.M.&publication+year=1999&journal=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&volume=37&doi=10.1128%2FJCM.37.3.611-614.1999&pages=611-614\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for TechLab and alexon Giardia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits detect cyst wall protein 1' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F9986821\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=TechLab+and+alexon+Giardia+enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay+kits+detect+cyst+wall+protein+1&author=Boone+J.H.&author=Wilkins+T.D.&author=Nash+T.E.&author=Brandon+J.E.&author=Macias+E.A.&author=Jerris+R.C.&author=Lyerly+D.M.&publication+year=1999&journal=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&volume=37&doi=10.1128%2FJCM.37.3.611-614.1999&pages=611-614",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:X,jtitle:Y,title:Y,volume:"37",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec70c",spage:"611",epage:"614",date:"1999",sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:Z,au:a},innerRefId:"cite4",title:X,pubMedId:"9986821",doi:Z,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1128\u002FJCM.37.3.611-614.1999",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F9986821"}]},{id:"ref5",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBrand\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EH\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EEen pre-industriële samenleving onder spanning. Leiden rond 1500\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELeids Jaarboekje. Eeuwig Leiden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E100\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E95\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E120\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Een pre-industriële samenleving onder spanning. Leiden rond 1500' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Een+pre-industri%C3%ABle+samenleving+onder+spanning.+Leiden+rond+1500&author=Brand+H&publication+year=2008&journal=Leids+Jaarboekje.+Eeuwig+Leiden&volume=100&pages=95-120\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Een+pre-industri%C3%ABle+samenleving+onder+spanning.+Leiden+rond+1500&author=Brand+H&publication+year=2008&journal=Leids+Jaarboekje.+Eeuwig+Leiden&volume=100&pages=95-120",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:_,jtitle:$,title:$,volume:"100",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec70d",spage:"95",epage:"120",date:aa,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"cite5",title:_,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref6",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBrinkhuizen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECooremans\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EB.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EErvynck\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EStoops\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVan Neer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EW.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ESchepenhuisstraat - Hoogpoort: aan tafel bij de Gentse bourgeoisie uit de eerste helft van de 18de eeuw\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EStadsarcheologie. Bodem en monument in Gent\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E113\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–42.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Schepenhuisstraat - Hoogpoort: aan tafel bij de Gentse bourgeoisie uit de eerste helft van de 18de eeuw' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Schepenhuisstraat+-+Hoogpoort%3A+aan+tafel+bij+de+Gentse+bourgeoisie+uit+de+eerste+helft+van+de+18de+eeuw&author=Brinkhuizen+D.&author=Cooremans+B.&author=Ervynck+A.&author=Stoops+S.&author=Van+Neer+W.&publication+year=2018&journal=Stadsarcheologie.+Bodem+en+monument+in+Gent&volume=2\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Schepenhuisstraat+-+Hoogpoort%3A+aan+tafel+bij+de+Gentse+bourgeoisie+uit+de+eerste+helft+van+de+18de+eeuw&author=Brinkhuizen+D.&author=Cooremans+B.&author=Ervynck+A.&author=Stoops+S.&author=Van+Neer+W.&publication+year=2018&journal=Stadsarcheologie.+Bodem+en+monument+in+Gent&volume=2",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:ab,jtitle:ac,title:ac,volume:"2",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec70e",spage:"113",epage:f,date:"2018",sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"cite6",title:ab,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref7",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBrooker\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EEstimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infections: adding up the numbers – a review\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EInternational Journal for Parasitology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E40\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1137\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–44. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.ijpara.2010.04.004\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpara.2010.04.004\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infections: adding up the numbers – a review' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpara.2010.04.004\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infections: adding up the numbers – a review' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Estimating+the+global+distribution+and+disease+burden+of+intestinal+nematode+infections%3A+adding+up+the+numbers+%E2%80%93+a+review&author=Brooker+S&publication+year=2010&journal=International+Journal+for+Parasitology&volume=40&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpara.2010.04.004\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infections: adding up the numbers – a review' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F20430032\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Estimating+the+global+distribution+and+disease+burden+of+intestinal+nematode+infections%3A+adding+up+the+numbers+%E2%80%93+a+review&author=Brooker+S&publication+year=2010&journal=International+Journal+for+Parasitology&volume=40&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpara.2010.04.004",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:ad,jtitle:s,title:s,volume:ae,artnum:"674a11271921644800fec70f",spage:"1137",epage:f,date:af,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:ag,au:a},innerRefId:"cite7",title:ad,pubMedId:"20430032",doi:ag,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpara.2010.04.004",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F20430032"}]},{id:"ref8",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"collab\"\u003ECenters for Disease Control and Prevention\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2019a\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Echinostomiasis. Available at: \u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Fechinostomiasis\u002Findex.html\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Fechinostomiasis\u002Findex.html\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (accessed \u003Cspan class=\"date-in-citation access-date\"\u003E1 July 2023\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019a. Echinostomiasis. Available at: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Fechinostomiasis\u002Findex.html (accessed 1 July 2023).' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention.+2019a.+Echinostomiasis.+Available+at:+https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Fechinostomiasis\u002Findex.html+(accessed+1+July+2023).\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention.+2019a.+Echinostomiasis.+Available+at:+https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Fechinostomiasis\u002Findex.html+(accessed+1+July+2023).",openUrlParams:{genre:n,date:"2019a",sid:e,title:f},innerRefId:"cite8",title:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019a. Echinostomiasis. Available at: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Fechinostomiasis\u002Findex.html (accessed 1 July 2023).",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref9",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"collab\"\u003ECenters for Disease Control and Prevention\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2019b\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Fascioliasis. Available at: \u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Ffascioliasis\u002Findex.html\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Ffascioliasis\u002Findex.html\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (accessed \u003Cspan class=\"date-in-citation access-date\"\u003E1 July 2023\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019b. Fascioliasis. Available at: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Ffascioliasis\u002Findex.html (accessed 1 July 2023).' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention.+2019b.+Fascioliasis.+Available+at:+https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Ffascioliasis\u002Findex.html+(accessed+1+July+2023).\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention.+2019b.+Fascioliasis.+Available+at:+https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Ffascioliasis\u002Findex.html+(accessed+1+July+2023).",openUrlParams:{genre:n,date:"2019b",sid:e,title:f},innerRefId:"cite9",title:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019b. Fascioliasis. Available at: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdpdx\u002Ffascioliasis\u002Findex.html (accessed 1 July 2023).",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref10",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Ede Baar\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP.J.M.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1985\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EJan van Hout en zijn Straten- en Grachtenboek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EUps en Downer. Bundel artikelen bij het afscheid van mr. W. Downer als gemeentearchivaris van Leiden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELeiden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Available at: \u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foudleiden.nl\u002Fimages\u002Fjanvanhout\u002Fpublicaties\u002Felo\u002FJan%20van%20Hout%20en%20zijn%20Straten-%20en%20Grachtenboek%20met%20voetnoten%20V4%2020160701.pdf\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Foudleiden.nl\u002Fimages\u002Fjanvanhout\u002Fpublicaties\u002Felo\u002FJan%20van%20Hout%20en%20zijn%20Straten-%20en%20Grachtenboek%20met%20voetnoten%20V4%2020160701.pdf\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (accessed \u003Cspan class=\"date-in-citation access-date\"\u003E22 April 2023\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Ups en Downer. Bundel artikelen bij het afscheid van mr. W. Downer als gemeentearchivaris van Leiden' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Ups+en+Downer.+Bundel+artikelen+bij+het+afscheid+van+mr.+W.+Downer+als+gemeentearchivaris+van+Leiden&author=de+Baar+P.J.M.&publication+year=1985&pages=5-18\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Ups+en+Downer.+Bundel+artikelen+bij+het+afscheid+van+mr.+W.+Downer+als+gemeentearchivaris+van+Leiden&author=de+Baar+P.J.M.&publication+year=1985&pages=5-18",openUrlParams:{genre:j,btitle:z,title:z,atitle:"Jan van Hout en zijn Straten- en Grachtenboek",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:f,date:"1985",spage:"5",epage:"18",doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite10",title:z,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref11",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDe Cupere\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EB.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"etal\"\u003Eet al.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EA multidisciplinary analysis of cesspits from late medieval and post-medieval Brussels, Belgium: diet and health in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EInternational Journal of Historical Archaeology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E531\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–72. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1007\u002Fs10761-021-00613-8\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10761-021-00613-8\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for A multidisciplinary analysis of cesspits from late medieval and post-medieval Brussels, Belgium: diet and health in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10761-021-00613-8\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A multidisciplinary analysis of cesspits from late medieval and post-medieval Brussels, Belgium: diet and health in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+multidisciplinary+analysis+of+cesspits+from+late+medieval+and+post-medieval+Brussels%2C+Belgium%3A+diet+and+health+in+the+fourteenth+to+seventeenth+centuries&author=De+Cupere+B.&publication+year=2021&journal=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&volume=26&doi=10.1007%2Fs10761-021-00613-8\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+multidisciplinary+analysis+of+cesspits+from+late+medieval+and+post-medieval+Brussels%2C+Belgium%3A+diet+and+health+in+the+fourteenth+to+seventeenth+centuries&author=De+Cupere+B.&publication+year=2021&journal=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&volume=26&doi=10.1007%2Fs10761-021-00613-8",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:ah,jtitle:ai,title:ai,volume:"26",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec713",spage:"531",epage:f,date:aj,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:ak,au:a},innerRefId:"cite11",title:ah,doi:ak,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10761-021-00613-8",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref12",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDeforce\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EK.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVan Hove\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.L.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWillems\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EAnalysis of pollen and intestinal parasite eggs from medieval graves from Nivelles, Belgium: taphonomy of the burial ritual\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJournal of Archaeological Sciences: Reports\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E596\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E604\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.jasrep.2015.10.027\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jasrep.2015.10.027\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Analysis of pollen and intestinal parasite eggs from medieval graves from Nivelles, Belgium: taphonomy of the burial ritual' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Analysis+of+pollen+and+intestinal+parasite+eggs+from+medieval+graves+from+Nivelles%2C+Belgium%3A+taphonomy+of+the+burial+ritual&author=Deforce+K.&author=Van+Hove+M.L.&author=Willems+D.&publication+year=2015&journal=Journal+of+Archaeological+Sciences%3A+Reports&volume=4&pages=596-604\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Analysis+of+pollen+and+intestinal+parasite+eggs+from+medieval+graves+from+Nivelles%2C+Belgium%3A+taphonomy+of+the+burial+ritual&author=Deforce+K.&author=Van+Hove+M.L.&author=Willems+D.&publication+year=2015&journal=Journal+of+Archaeological+Sciences%3A+Reports&volume=4&pages=596-604",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:al,jtitle:am,title:am,volume:"4",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec714",spage:"596",epage:"604",date:r,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"cite12",title:al,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref13",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDe Vries\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EB.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELucassen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELourens\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENijboer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EH.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EHet economisch leven: spectaculair succes en diep verval\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGroenveld\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.) \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELeiden de geschiedenis van een Hollandse stad, 1574–1795\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E85\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E107\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELeiden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EStichting Geschiedschrijving\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Leiden de geschiedenis van een Hollandse stad, 1574–1795' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Leiden+de+geschiedenis+van+een+Hollandse+stad%2C+1574%E2%80%931795&author=De+Vries+B.&author=Lucassen+J.&author=Lourens+J.&author=Nijboer+H.&author=Groenveld+S.&publication+year=2003&pages=85-107\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Leiden+de+geschiedenis+van+een+Hollandse+stad%2C+1574%E2%80%931795&author=De+Vries+B.&author=Lucassen+J.&author=Lourens+J.&author=Nijboer+H.&author=Groenveld+S.&publication+year=2003&pages=85-107",openUrlParams:{genre:j,btitle:A,title:A,atitle:"Het economisch leven: spectaculair succes en diep verval",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Stichting Geschiedschrijving",date:"2003",spage:"85",epage:"107",doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite13",title:A,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref14",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGarcia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EL.S.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDiagnostic medical parasitology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EWashington, D.C.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EASM Books\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Diagnostic medical parasitology' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1128\u002F9781555819002\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Diagnostic medical parasitology' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Diagnostic+medical+parasitology&author=Garcia+L.S.&publication+year=2016\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Diagnostic+medical+parasitology&author=Garcia+L.S.&publication+year=2016",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:B,title:B,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"ASM Books",date:t,tpages:f,doi:an,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite14",title:B,doi:an,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1128\u002F9781555819002",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref15",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGraff\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"etal\"\u003Eet al.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EA comparative study of parasites in three latrines from medieval and Renaissance Brussels, Belgium (14th–17th centuries)\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EParasitology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E147\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1443\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–51. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1017\u002FS0031182020001298\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0031182020001298\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for A comparative study of parasites in three latrines from medieval and Renaissance Brussels, Belgium (14th–17th centuries)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0031182020001298\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A comparative study of parasites in three latrines from medieval and Renaissance Brussels, Belgium (14th–17th centuries)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+comparative+study+of+parasites+in+three+latrines+from+medieval+and+Renaissance+Brussels%2C+Belgium+(14th%E2%80%9317th+centuries)&author=Graff+A.&publication+year=2020&journal=Parasitology&volume=147&doi=10.1017%2FS0031182020001298\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for A comparative study of parasites in three latrines from medieval and Renaissance Brussels, Belgium (14th–17th centuries)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F32741422\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+comparative+study+of+parasites+in+three+latrines+from+medieval+and+Renaissance+Brussels%2C+Belgium+(14th%E2%80%9317th+centuries)&author=Graff+A.&publication+year=2020&journal=Parasitology&volume=147&doi=10.1017%2FS0031182020001298",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:ao,jtitle:u,title:u,volume:"147",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec717",spage:"1443",epage:f,date:C,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:ap,au:a},innerRefId:"cite15",title:ao,pubMedId:"32741422",doi:ap,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0031182020001298",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F32741422"}]},{id:"ref16",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHuffman\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJ.E.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EFried\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EB.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1990\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003E\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and Echinostomiasis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAdvances in Parasitology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E215\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E269\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Echinostoma and Echinostomiasis' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0065-308X(08)60107-4\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Echinostoma and Echinostomiasis' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Echinostoma+and+Echinostomiasis&author=Huffman+J.E.&author=Fried+B.&publication+year=1990&journal=Advances+in+Parasitology&volume=29&doi=10.1016%2FS0065-308X(08)60107-4&pages=215-269\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Echinostoma and Echinostomiasis' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F2181828\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Echinostoma+and+Echinostomiasis&author=Huffman+J.E.&author=Fried+B.&publication+year=1990&journal=Advances+in+Parasitology&volume=29&doi=10.1016%2FS0065-308X(08)60107-4&pages=215-269",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aq,jtitle:v,title:v,volume:"29",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec718",spage:"215",epage:"269",date:"1990",sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:ar,au:a},innerRefId:"cite16",title:aq,pubMedId:"2181828",doi:ar,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0065-308X(08)60107-4",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F2181828"}]},{id:"ref17",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHupperetz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EW.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EMicro history, archaeology and the study of housing culture. Some thoughts on archaeological and historical data from a cesspit in 17th-century Breda\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDe Groote\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EK.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETys\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPieters\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.) \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EExchanging medieval material culture\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E279\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–84. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBrussels\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EVlaams Institut voor het Onroerend Erfgoed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Exchanging medieval material culture' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Exchanging+medieval+material+culture&author=Hupperetz+W.&author=De+Groote+K.&author=Tys+D.&author=Pieters+M.&publication+year=2010\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Exchanging+medieval+material+culture&author=Hupperetz+W.&author=De+Groote+K.&author=Tys+D.&author=Pieters+M.&publication+year=2010",openUrlParams:{genre:j,btitle:D,title:D,atitle:"Micro history, archaeology and the study of housing culture. Some thoughts on archaeological and historical data from a cesspit in 17th-century Breda",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Vlaams Institut voor het Onroerend Erfgoed",date:af,spage:"279",epage:f,doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite17",title:D,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref18",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKwak\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EZ.S.M.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2014\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003E\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003E‘Proeft de kost en kauwtse met uw’ oogen’. Beeldtraditie, betekenis en functie van het Noord-Nederlandse keukentafereel (ca. 1590–1650)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Unpublished PhD dissertation, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EUniversity of Amsterdam\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Kwak, Z.S.M. 2014. ‘Proeft de kost en kauwtse met uw’ oogen’. Beeldtraditie, betekenis en functie van het Noord-Nederlandse keukentafereel (ca. 1590–1650). Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Kwak,+Z.S.M.+2014.+‘Proeft+de+kost+en+kauwtse+met+uw’+oogen’.+Beeldtraditie,+betekenis+en+functie+van+het+Noord-Nederlandse+keukentafereel+(ca.+1590–1650).+Unpublished+PhD+dissertation,+University+of+Amsterdam.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Kwak,+Z.S.M.+2014.+‘Proeft+de+kost+en+kauwtse+met+uw’+oogen’.+Beeldtraditie,+betekenis+en+functie+van+het+Noord-Nederlandse+keukentafereel+(ca.+1590–1650).+Unpublished+PhD+dissertation,+University+of+Amsterdam.",openUrlParams:{genre:n,date:V,sid:e,title:f},innerRefId:"cite18",title:"Kwak, Z.S.M. 2014. ‘Proeft de kost en kauwtse met uw’ oogen’. Beeldtraditie, betekenis en functie van het Noord-Nederlandse keukentafereel (ca. 1590–1650). Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref20",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELedger\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.L.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP.D.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ETracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EInternational Journal of Osteoarchaeology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E32\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E553\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–64. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1002\u002Foa.2786\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Foa.2786\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Tracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Foa.2786\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Tracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Tracing+zoonotic+parasite+infections+throughout+human+evolution&author=Ledger+M.L.&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2022&journal=International+Journal+of+Osteoarchaeology&volume=32&doi=10.1002%2Foa.2786\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Tracing+zoonotic+parasite+infections+throughout+human+evolution&author=Ledger+M.L.&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2022&journal=International+Journal+of+Osteoarchaeology&volume=32&doi=10.1002%2Foa.2786",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:as,jtitle:at,title:at,volume:"32",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec71b",spage:"553",epage:f,date:au,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:av,au:a},innerRefId:"cite20",title:as,doi:av,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Foa.2786",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref19",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELeštinová\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EK.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESoldánova\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EScholz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ET.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKuchta\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ER.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EEggs as a suitable tool for species diagnosis of causative agents of human Diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda)\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003Ee0004721\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1371\u002Fjournal.pntd.0004721\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pntd.0004721\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Eggs as a suitable tool for species diagnosis of causative agents of human Diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pntd.0004721\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Eggs as a suitable tool for species diagnosis of causative agents of human Diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Eggs+as+a+suitable+tool+for+species+diagnosis+of+causative+agents+of+human+Diphyllobothriosis+(Cestoda)&author=Le%C5%A1tinov%C3%A1+K.&author=Sold%C3%A1nova+M.&author=Scholz+T.&author=Kuchta+R.&publication+year=2016&journal=PLoS+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases&volume=10&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0004721\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Eggs as a suitable tool for species diagnosis of causative agents of human Diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F27224015\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Eggs+as+a+suitable+tool+for+species+diagnosis+of+causative+agents+of+human+Diphyllobothriosis+(Cestoda)&author=Le%C5%A1tinov%C3%A1+K.&author=Sold%C3%A1nova+M.&author=Scholz+T.&author=Kuchta+R.&publication+year=2016&journal=PLoS+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases&volume=10&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0004721",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aw,jtitle:ax,title:ax,volume:"10",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec71c",spage:"e0004721",epage:f,date:t,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:ay,au:a},innerRefId:"cite19",title:aw,pubMedId:"27224015",doi:ay,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pntd.0004721",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F27224015"}]},{id:"ref21",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP.D.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.) \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2015a\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ESanitation, latrines and intestinal parasites in past populations\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EFarnham\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EAshgate\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Sanitation, latrines and intestinal parasites in past populations' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Sanitation%2C+latrines+and+intestinal+parasites+in+past+populations&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2015a\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Sanitation%2C+latrines+and+intestinal+parasites+in+past+populations&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2015a",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:E,title:E,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Ashgate",date:"2015a",tpages:f,doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite21",title:E,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref22",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP.D.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.) \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2015b\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EHuman parasites in medieval Europe: lifestyle, sanitation and medical treatment\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAdvances in Parasitology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E90\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E389\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E420\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fbs.apar.2015.05.001\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fbs.apar.2015.05.001\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Human parasites in medieval Europe: lifestyle, sanitation and medical treatment' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fbs.apar.2015.05.001\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Human parasites in medieval Europe: lifestyle, sanitation and medical treatment' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Human+parasites+in+medieval+Europe%3A+lifestyle%2C+sanitation+and+medical+treatment&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2015b&journal=Advances+in+Parasitology&volume=90&doi=10.1016%2Fbs.apar.2015.05.001&pages=389-420\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Human parasites in medieval Europe: lifestyle, sanitation and medical treatment' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F26597073\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Human+parasites+in+medieval+Europe%3A+lifestyle%2C+sanitation+and+medical+treatment&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2015b&journal=Advances+in+Parasitology&volume=90&doi=10.1016%2Fbs.apar.2015.05.001&pages=389-420",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:az,jtitle:v,title:v,volume:"90",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec71e",spage:"389",epage:"420",date:"2015b",sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:aA,au:a},innerRefId:"cite22",title:az,pubMedId:"26597073",doi:aA,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fbs.apar.2015.05.001",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F26597073"}]},{id:"ref23",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP.D.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EParasites in past civilizations and their impact upon health\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ECambridge\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ECambridge University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Parasites in past civilizations and their impact upon health' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002F9780511732386\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Parasites in past civilizations and their impact upon health' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Parasites+in+past+civilizations+and+their+impact+upon+health&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2023\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Parasites+in+past+civilizations+and+their+impact+upon+health&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2023",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:F,title:F,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Cambridge University Press",date:aB,tpages:f,doi:aC,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite23",title:F,doi:aC,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002F9780511732386",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref24",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENoordam\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ED.J\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2001\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ELeiden in Last. De financiële positie van de Leidenaren aan het einde van de Middeleeuwen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJaarboek der sociale en economische geschiedenis van Leiden en omstreken\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E2001\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E40\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Leiden in Last. De financiële positie van de Leidenaren aan het einde van de Middeleeuwen' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Leiden+in+Last.+De+financi%C3%ABle+positie+van+de+Leidenaren+aan+het+einde+van+de+Middeleeuwen&author=Noordam+D.J&publication+year=2001&journal=Jaarboek+der+sociale+en+economische+geschiedenis+van+Leiden+en+omstreken&volume=2001&pages=16-40\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Leiden+in+Last.+De+financi%C3%ABle+positie+van+de+Leidenaren+aan+het+einde+van+de+Middeleeuwen&author=Noordam+D.J&publication+year=2001&journal=Jaarboek+der+sociale+en+economische+geschiedenis+van+Leiden+en+omstreken&volume=2001&pages=16-40",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aD,jtitle:aE,title:aE,volume:aF,artnum:"674a11271921644800fec720",spage:"16",epage:ae,date:aF,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"cite24",title:aD,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref25",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPosthumus\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EN.W.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDe geschiedenis van de Leidsche lakenindustrie\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, vol. 1. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EGravenhage\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EM. Nijhoff\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for De geschiedenis van de Leidsche lakenindustrie' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=De+geschiedenis+van+de+Leidsche+lakenindustrie&author=Posthumus+N.W.&publication+year=1908\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=De+geschiedenis+van+de+Leidsche+lakenindustrie&author=Posthumus+N.W.&publication+year=1908",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:G,title:G,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"M. Nijhoff",date:"1908",tpages:f,doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite25",title:G,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref26",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERabinow\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDeforce\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EK.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMitchell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP.D.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EContinuity in intestinal parasite infection in Aalst (Belgium) from the medieval to early modern period (12th-17th centuries)\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EInternational Journal of Paleopathology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E41\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E43\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E49\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.ijpp.2023.03.001\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpp.2023.03.001\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Continuity in intestinal parasite infection in Aalst (Belgium) from the medieval to early modern period (12th-17th centuries)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpp.2023.03.001\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Continuity in intestinal parasite infection in Aalst (Belgium) from the medieval to early modern period (12th-17th centuries)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Continuity+in+intestinal+parasite+infection+in+Aalst+(Belgium)+from+the+medieval+to+early+modern+period+(12th-17th+centuries)&author=Rabinow+S.&author=Deforce+K.&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2023&journal=International+Journal+of+Paleopathology&volume=41&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpp.2023.03.001&pages=43-49\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Continuity in intestinal parasite infection in Aalst (Belgium) from the medieval to early modern period (12th-17th centuries)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F36947954\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Continuity+in+intestinal+parasite+infection+in+Aalst+(Belgium)+from+the+medieval+to+early+modern+period+(12th-17th+centuries)&author=Rabinow+S.&author=Deforce+K.&author=Mitchell+P.D.&publication+year=2023&journal=International+Journal+of+Paleopathology&volume=41&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpp.2023.03.001&pages=43-49",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aG,jtitle:q,title:q,volume:aH,artnum:"674a11271921644800fec722",spage:aI,epage:aJ,date:aB,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:aK,au:a},innerRefId:"cite26",title:aG,pubMedId:"36947954",doi:aK,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpp.2023.03.001",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F36947954"}]},{id:"ref27",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERácz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES.E.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"etal\"\u003Eet al.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EParasitology in an archaeological context: analysis of medieval burials in Nivelles, Belgium\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJournal of Archaeological Sciences\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E53\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E304\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–15. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.jas.2014.10.023\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jas.2014.10.023\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Parasitology in an archaeological context: analysis of medieval burials in Nivelles, Belgium' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jas.2014.10.023\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Parasitology in an archaeological context: analysis of medieval burials in Nivelles, Belgium' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Parasitology+in+an+archaeological+context%3A+analysis+of+medieval+burials+in+Nivelles%2C+Belgium&author=R%C3%A1cz+S.E.&publication+year=2015&journal=Journal+of+Archaeological+Sciences&volume=53&doi=10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.10.023\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Parasitology+in+an+archaeological+context%3A+analysis+of+medieval+burials+in+Nivelles%2C+Belgium&author=R%C3%A1cz+S.E.&publication+year=2015&journal=Journal+of+Archaeological+Sciences&volume=53&doi=10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.10.023",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aL,jtitle:aM,title:aM,volume:"53",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec723",spage:"304",epage:f,date:r,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:aN,au:a},innerRefId:"cite27",title:aL,doi:aN,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jas.2014.10.023",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref28",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERocha\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EG.C.D.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHarter-Lailheugue\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELe Bailly\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAraújo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EFerreira\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EL.F.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESerra-Freire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EN.M.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBouchet\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EF.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EPaleoparasitological remains revealed by seven historic contexts from ‘Place d'Armes’, Namur, Belgium\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMemorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E101\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E(\u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003ES2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E): \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E43\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E52\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1590\u002Fs0074-02762006001000008\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1590\u002Fs0074-02762006001000008\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Paleoparasitological remains revealed by seven historic contexts from ‘Place d'Armes’, Namur, Belgium' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1590\u002FS0074-02762006001000008\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Paleoparasitological remains revealed by seven historic contexts from ‘Place d'Armes’, Namur, Belgium' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Paleoparasitological+remains+revealed+by+seven+historic+contexts+from+%E2%80%98Place+d'Armes%E2%80%99%2C+Namur%2C+Belgium&author=Rocha+G.C.D.&author=Harter-Lailheugue+S.&author=Le+Bailly+M.&author=Ara%C3%BAjo+A.&author=Ferreira+L.F.&author=Serra-Freire+N.M.&author=Bouchet+F.&publication+year=2006&journal=Memorias+do+Instituto+Oswaldo+Cruz&volume=101&doi=10.1590%2FS0074-02762006001000008&pages=43-52\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Paleoparasitological+remains+revealed+by+seven+historic+contexts+from+%E2%80%98Place+d'Armes%E2%80%99%2C+Namur%2C+Belgium&author=Rocha+G.C.D.&author=Harter-Lailheugue+S.&author=Le+Bailly+M.&author=Ara%C3%BAjo+A.&author=Ferreira+L.F.&author=Serra-Freire+N.M.&author=Bouchet+F.&publication+year=2006&journal=Memorias+do+Instituto+Oswaldo+Cruz&volume=101&doi=10.1590%2FS0074-02762006001000008&pages=43-52",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aO,jtitle:aP,title:aP,volume:"101",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec724",spage:aI,epage:"52",date:"2006",sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:aQ,au:a},innerRefId:"cite28",title:aO,doi:aQ,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1590\u002FS0074-02762006001000008",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref29",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERyan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EUna\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHijjawi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ENawal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EFeng\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EYaoyu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EXiao\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELihua\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2019\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003E\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E: an under-reported foodborne parasite\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EInternational Journal for Parasitology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E49\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.ijpara.2018.07.003\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpara.2018.07.003\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpara.2018.07.003\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Giardia%3A+an+under-reported+foodborne+parasite&author=Ryan+Una&author=Hijjawi+Nawal&author=Feng+Yaoyu&author=Xiao+Lihua&publication+year=2019&journal=International+Journal+for+Parasitology&volume=49&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpara.2018.07.003&pages=1-11\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F30391227\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Giardia%3A+an+under-reported+foodborne+parasite&author=Ryan+Una&author=Hijjawi+Nawal&author=Feng+Yaoyu&author=Xiao+Lihua&publication+year=2019&journal=International+Journal+for+Parasitology&volume=49&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijpara.2018.07.003&pages=1-11",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aR,jtitle:s,title:s,volume:aJ,artnum:"674a11271921644800fec725",spage:"1",epage:"11",date:"2019",sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:aS,au:a},innerRefId:"cite29",title:aR,pubMedId:"30391227",doi:aS,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ijpara.2018.07.003",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F30391227"}]},{id:"ref30",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESilva\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ER.K.N.R.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"etal\"\u003Eet al.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EPerformance of microscopy and ELISA for diagnosing \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia duodenalis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E infection in different pediatric groups\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EParasitology International\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E65\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E635\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–40. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.parint.2016.08.012\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.parint.2016.08.012\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Performance of microscopy and ELISA for diagnosing Giardia duodenalis infection in different pediatric groups' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.parint.2016.08.012\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Performance of microscopy and ELISA for diagnosing Giardia duodenalis infection in different pediatric groups' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Performance+of+microscopy+and+ELISA+for+diagnosing+Giardia+duodenalis+infection+in+different+pediatric+groups&author=Silva+R.K.N.R.&publication+year=2016&journal=Parasitology+International&volume=65&doi=10.1016%2Fj.parint.2016.08.012\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Performance of microscopy and ELISA for diagnosing Giardia duodenalis infection in different pediatric groups' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F27586394\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Performance+of+microscopy+and+ELISA+for+diagnosing+Giardia+duodenalis+infection+in+different+pediatric+groups&author=Silva+R.K.N.R.&publication+year=2016&journal=Parasitology+International&volume=65&doi=10.1016%2Fj.parint.2016.08.012",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aT,jtitle:aU,title:aU,volume:"65",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec726",spage:"635",epage:f,date:t,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:aV,au:a},innerRefId:"cite30",title:aT,pubMedId:"27586394",doi:aV,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.parint.2016.08.012",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F27586394"}]},{id:"ref31",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EStephenson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EL.S.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELatham\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.C.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EOttensen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EE.A.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2000\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EMalnutrition and parasitic helminth infections\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EParasitology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E121\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E(\u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003ES1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E): \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003ES23\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003ES38\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1017\u002FS0031182000006491\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0031182000006491\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0031182000006491\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Malnutrition+and+parasitic+helminth+infections&author=Stephenson+L.S.&author=Latham+M.C.&author=Ottensen+E.A.&publication+year=2000&journal=Parasitology&volume=121&doi=10.1017%2FS0031182000006491&pages=S23-S38\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F11386688\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Malnutrition+and+parasitic+helminth+infections&author=Stephenson+L.S.&author=Latham+M.C.&author=Ottensen+E.A.&publication+year=2000&journal=Parasitology&volume=121&doi=10.1017%2FS0031182000006491&pages=S23-S38",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aW,jtitle:u,title:u,volume:"121",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec727",spage:"S23",epage:"S38",date:"2000",sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:aX,au:a},innerRefId:"cite31",title:aW,pubMedId:"11386688",doi:aX,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0031182000006491",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F11386688"}]},{id:"ref32",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EValero\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.A.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPanova\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EComes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.M.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EFons\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ER.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMas-Coma\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EPatterns in size and shedding of \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola hepatica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJournal of Parasitology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E88\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E308\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–13. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1645\u002F0022-3395(2002)088[0308:PISASO]2.0.CO;2\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1645\u002F0022-3395(2002)088[0308:PISASO]2.0.CO;2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Patterns in size and shedding of Fasciola hepatica eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1645\u002F0022-3395(2002)088[0308:PISASO]2.0.CO;2\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Patterns in size and shedding of Fasciola hepatica eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Patterns+in+size+and+shedding+of+Fasciola+hepatica+eggs+by+naturally+and+experimentally+infected+murid+rodents&author=Valero+M.A.&author=Panova+M.&author=Comes+A.M.&author=Fons+R.&author=Mas-Coma+A.&publication+year=2002&journal=Journal+of+Parasitology&volume=88&doi=10.1645%2F0022-3395(2002)088%5B0308%3APISASO%5D2.0.CO%3B2\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='PubMed link for Patterns in size and shedding of Fasciola hepatica eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents' href=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F12054003\u003EPubMed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Patterns+in+size+and+shedding+of+Fasciola+hepatica+eggs+by+naturally+and+experimentally+infected+murid+rodents&author=Valero+M.A.&author=Panova+M.&author=Comes+A.M.&author=Fons+R.&author=Mas-Coma+A.&publication+year=2002&journal=Journal+of+Parasitology&volume=88&doi=10.1645%2F0022-3395(2002)088%5B0308%3APISASO%5D2.0.CO%3B2",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aY,jtitle:aZ,title:aZ,volume:"88",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec728",spage:"308",epage:f,date:"2002",sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a_,au:a},innerRefId:"cite32",title:aY,pubMedId:"12054003",doi:a_,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1645\u002F0022-3395(2002)088[0308:PISASO]2.0.CO;2",pubMedLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F12054003"}]},{id:"ref33",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EValero\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.A.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPerez-Crespo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EI.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPeriago\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.V.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKhoubbane\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMas-Coma\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EFluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola hepatica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EF. gigantica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EActa Tropica\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E111\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E(\u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E): \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E150\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–59. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2009.04.005\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2009.04.005\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2009.04.005\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Fluke+egg+characteristics+for+the+diagnosis+of+human+and+animal+fascioliasis+by+Fasciola+hepatica+and+F.+gigantica&author=Valero+M.A.&author=Perez-Crespo+I.&author=Periago+M.V.&author=Khoubbane+M.&author=Mas-Coma+S.&publication+year=2009&journal=Acta+Tropica&volume=111&doi=10.1016%2Fj.actatropica.2009.04.005\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Fluke+egg+characteristics+for+the+diagnosis+of+human+and+animal+fascioliasis+by+Fasciola+hepatica+and+F.+gigantica&author=Valero+M.A.&author=Perez-Crespo+I.&author=Periago+M.V.&author=Khoubbane+M.&author=Mas-Coma+S.&publication+year=2009&journal=Acta+Tropica&volume=111&doi=10.1016%2Fj.actatropica.2009.04.005",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:a$,jtitle:ba,title:ba,volume:"111",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec729",spage:"150",epage:f,date:"2009",sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:bb,au:a},innerRefId:"cite33",title:a$,doi:bb,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2009.04.005",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref34",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVan Amerongen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EY.F.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EMacrobotanie\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMeijer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EY.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.) \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EArcheologische opgraving Haarlemmerstraat 101–111 tot Stille Rijn 8–9 in Leiden, gemeente Leiden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E597\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E606\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENoordwijk\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EIDDS Rapport 2335\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.17026\u002FAR\u002FP6RH8X\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.17026\u002FAR\u002FP6RH8X\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Archeologische opgraving Haarlemmerstraat 101–111 tot Stille Rijn 8–9 in Leiden, gemeente Leiden' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Archeologische+opgraving+Haarlemmerstraat+101%E2%80%93111+tot+Stille+Rijn+8%E2%80%939+in+Leiden%2C+gemeente+Leiden&author=Van+Amerongen+Y.F.&author=Meijer+Y.&publication+year=2022&pages=597-606\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Archeologische+opgraving+Haarlemmerstraat+101%E2%80%93111+tot+Stille+Rijn+8%E2%80%939+in+Leiden%2C+gemeente+Leiden&author=Van+Amerongen+Y.F.&author=Meijer+Y.&publication+year=2022&pages=597-606",openUrlParams:{genre:j,btitle:k,title:k,atitle:"Macrobotanie",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:bc,date:au,spage:"597",epage:"606",doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite34",title:k,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref35",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVan Der Heyden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1563\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Engravings entitled \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMagere Keuken\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (lean kitchen) and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EVette Keuken\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (fat kitchen) after P. Bruegel. Printed in Antwerp. Curated in Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Available at: \u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344470\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344470\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344471\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344471\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (accessed \u003Cspan class=\"date-in-citation access-date\"\u003E22 April 2023\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Van Der Heyden, P. 1563. Engravings entitled Magere Keuken (lean kitchen) and Vette Keuken (fat kitchen) after P. Bruegel. Printed in Antwerp. Curated in Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344470 and http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344471 (accessed 22 April 2023).' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Van+Der+Heyden,+P.+1563.+Engravings+entitled+Magere+Keuken+(lean+kitchen)+and+Vette+Keuken+(fat+kitchen)+after+P.+Bruegel.+Printed+in+Antwerp.+Curated+in+Rijksmuseum+Amsterdam.+Available+at:+http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344470+and+http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344471+(accessed+22+April+2023).\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Van+Der+Heyden,+P.+1563.+Engravings+entitled+Magere+Keuken+(lean+kitchen)+and+Vette+Keuken+(fat+kitchen)+after+P.+Bruegel.+Printed+in+Antwerp.+Curated+in+Rijksmuseum+Amsterdam.+Available+at:+http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344470+and+http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344471+(accessed+22+April+2023).",openUrlParams:{genre:n,date:"1563",sid:e,title:f},innerRefId:"cite35",title:"Van Der Heyden, P. 1563. Engravings entitled Magere Keuken (lean kitchen) and Vette Keuken (fat kitchen) after P. Bruegel. Printed in Antwerp. Curated in Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344470 and http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F10934\u002FRM0001.COLLECT.344471 (accessed 22 April 2023).",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref36",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVan Haaster\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EH.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EArcheobotanica uit ‘s-Hertogenbosch. Milieuomstandigheden, bewoningsgeschiedenis en economische ontwikkelingen in en rond een (post)Middeleeuwse groeistad \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003E(Groningen Archaeological Studies 6)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EGroningen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EBarkhuis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Archeobotanica uit ‘s-Hertogenbosch. Milieuomstandigheden, bewoningsgeschiedenis en economische ontwikkelingen in en rond een (post)Middeleeuwse groeistad (Groningen Archaeological Studies 6)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Archeobotanica+uit+%E2%80%98s-Hertogenbosch.+Milieuomstandigheden%2C+bewoningsgeschiedenis+en+economische+ontwikkelingen+in+en+rond+een+(post)Middeleeuwse+groeistad+(Groningen+Archaeological+Studies+6)&author=Van+Haaster+H.&publication+year=2008\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Archeobotanica+uit+%E2%80%98s-Hertogenbosch.+Milieuomstandigheden%2C+bewoningsgeschiedenis+en+economische+ontwikkelingen+in+en+rond+een+(post)Middeleeuwse+groeistad+(Groningen+Archaeological+Studies+6)&author=Van+Haaster+H.&publication+year=2008",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:H,title:H,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Barkhuis",date:aa,tpages:f,doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite36",title:H,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref37",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVan Haaster\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EH.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003E\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ELeiden, Haarlemmerstraat\u002FStille Rijn: Waarderend onderzoek van botanische macroresten en voorstel voor selectieadvies\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMeijer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EY.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.) \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EArcheologische opgraving Haarlemmerstraat 101–111 tot Stille Rijn 8–9 in Leiden, gemeente Leiden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E565\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–96. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENoordwijk\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EIDDS Rapport 2335\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.17026\u002FAR\u002FP6RH8X\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.17026\u002FAR\u002FP6RH8X\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Archeologische opgraving Haarlemmerstraat 101–111 tot Stille Rijn 8–9 in Leiden, gemeente Leiden' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Archeologische+opgraving+Haarlemmerstraat+101%E2%80%93111+tot+Stille+Rijn+8%E2%80%939+in+Leiden%2C+gemeente+Leiden&author=Van+Haaster+H.&author=Meijer+Y.&publication+year=2020\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Archeologische+opgraving+Haarlemmerstraat+101%E2%80%93111+tot+Stille+Rijn+8%E2%80%939+in+Leiden%2C+gemeente+Leiden&author=Van+Haaster+H.&author=Meijer+Y.&publication+year=2020",openUrlParams:{genre:j,btitle:k,title:k,atitle:"Leiden, Haarlemmerstraat\u002FStille Rijn: Waarderend onderzoek van botanische macroresten en voorstel voor selectieadvies",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:bc,date:C,spage:"565",epage:f,doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite37",title:k,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref38",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Evan Oosten\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ER.M.R.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDe stad, het vuil en de beerput: de opkomst, verbreiding en neergang van de beerput in stedelijke context\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELeiden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ESidestone\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for De stad, het vuil en de beerput: de opkomst, verbreiding en neergang van de beerput in stedelijke context' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=De+stad%2C+het+vuil+en+de+beerput%3A+de+opkomst%2C+verbreiding+en+neergang+van+de+beerput+in+stedelijke+context&author=van+Oosten+R.M.R.&publication+year=2015\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=De+stad%2C+het+vuil+en+de+beerput%3A+de+opkomst%2C+verbreiding+en+neergang+van+de+beerput+in+stedelijke+context&author=van+Oosten+R.M.R.&publication+year=2015",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:I,title:I,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Sidestone",date:r,tpages:f,doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite38",title:I,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref39",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Evan Oosten\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ER.M.R.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2016a\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003ENightman's muck, gong farmer's treasure: local differences in the clearing-out of cesspits in the Low Countries, 1600–1900\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESosna\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ED.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBrunclíková\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EL.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.) \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EArchaeologies of waste: encounters with the unwanted\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E41\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E56\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EOxford\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EOxbow\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Archaeologies of waste: encounters with the unwanted' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Archaeologies+of+waste%3A+encounters+with+the+unwanted&author=van+Oosten+R.M.R.&author=Sosna+D.&author=Bruncl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1+L.&publication+year=2016a&pages=41-56\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Archaeologies+of+waste%3A+encounters+with+the+unwanted&author=van+Oosten+R.M.R.&author=Sosna+D.&author=Bruncl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1+L.&publication+year=2016a&pages=41-56",openUrlParams:{genre:j,btitle:J,title:J,atitle:"Nightman's muck, gong farmer's treasure: local differences in the clearing-out of cesspits in the Low Countries, 1600–1900",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Oxbow",date:"2016a",spage:aH,epage:"56",doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite39",title:J,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref40",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Evan Oosten\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ER.M.R.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2016b\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EThe Dutch Great Stink: the end of the cesspit era in the pre-industrial towns of Leiden and Haarlem\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEuropean Journal of Archaeology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E704\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–27. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1080\u002F14619571.2016.1147677\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F14619571.2016.1147677\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Dutch Great Stink: the end of the cesspit era in the pre-industrial towns of Leiden and Haarlem' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F14619571.2016.1147677\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Dutch Great Stink: the end of the cesspit era in the pre-industrial towns of Leiden and Haarlem' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Dutch+Great+Stink%3A+the+end+of+the+cesspit+era+in+the+pre-industrial+towns+of+Leiden+and+Haarlem&author=van+Oosten+R.M.R.&publication+year=2016b&journal=European+Journal+of+Archaeology&volume=19&doi=10.1080%2F14619571.2016.1147677\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Dutch+Great+Stink%3A+the+end+of+the+cesspit+era+in+the+pre-industrial+towns+of+Leiden+and+Haarlem&author=van+Oosten+R.M.R.&publication+year=2016b&journal=European+Journal+of+Archaeology&volume=19&doi=10.1080%2F14619571.2016.1147677",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:bd,jtitle:be,title:be,volume:"19",artnum:"674a11271921644800fec730",spage:"704",epage:f,date:"2016b",sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:bf,au:a},innerRefId:"cite40",title:bd,doi:bf,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F14619571.2016.1147677",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref41",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVan Steensel\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHistorisch Leiden in Kaart: Vermogensbelasting, 1498\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EDANS Dataset\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.17026\u002Fdans-zfa-srjh\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.17026\u002Fdans-zfa-srjh\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Historisch Leiden in Kaart: Vermogensbelasting, 1498' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Historisch+Leiden+in+Kaart%3A+Vermogensbelasting%2C+1498&author=Van+Steensel+A.&publication+year=2016\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Historisch+Leiden+in+Kaart%3A+Vermogensbelasting%2C+1498&author=Van+Steensel+A.&publication+year=2016",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:K,title:K,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"DANS Dataset",date:t,tpages:f,doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite41",title:K,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref42",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVan Steensel\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EMeasuring urban inequalities. Spatial patterns of service access in sixteenth-century Leiden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENigro\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EG.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.) \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEconomic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E369\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–88. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EFlorence\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EFirenze University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Economic+inequality+in+pre-industrial+societies%3A+causes+and+effect&author=Van+Steensel+A.&author=Nigro+G.&publication+year=2020\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Economic+inequality+in+pre-industrial+societies%3A+causes+and+effect&author=Van+Steensel+A.&author=Nigro+G.&publication+year=2020",openUrlParams:{genre:j,btitle:L,title:L,atitle:"Measuring urban inequalities. Spatial patterns of service access in sixteenth-century Leiden",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Firenze University Press",date:C,spage:"369",epage:f,doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"cite42",title:L,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"ref43",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWalle\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EK.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHooymans\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Brouwerijen 1607, een transcriptie van het rapport van Jan van Hout over de bierfraude (SAII, inv. nr. 1969). Historischleideninkaart (Mapping Historical Leiden). Available at: \u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historischleideninkaart.nl\u002Fbrouwerijen1607\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.historischleideninkaart.nl\u002Fbrouwerijen1607\u002F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (accessed \u003Cspan class=\"date-in-citation access-date\"\u003E22 April 2023\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Walle, K. & Hooymans, M.. 2021. Brouwerijen 1607, een transcriptie van het rapport van Jan van Hout over de bierfraude (SAII, inv. nr. 1969). Historischleideninkaart (Mapping Historical Leiden). Available at: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historischleideninkaart.nl\u002Fbrouwerijen1607\u002F (accessed 22 April 2023).' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Walle,+K.+&+Hooymans,+M..+2021.+Brouwerijen+1607,+een+transcriptie+van+het+rapport+van+Jan+van+Hout+over+de+bierfraude+(SAII,+inv.+nr.+1969).+Historischleideninkaart+(Mapping+Historical+Leiden).+Available+at:+https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historischleideninkaart.nl\u002Fbrouwerijen1607\u002F+(accessed+22+April+2023).\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Walle,+K.+&+Hooymans,+M..+2021.+Brouwerijen+1607,+een+transcriptie+van+het+rapport+van+Jan+van+Hout+over+de+bierfraude+(SAII,+inv.+nr.+1969).+Historischleideninkaart+(Mapping+Historical+Leiden).+Available+at:+https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historischleideninkaart.nl\u002Fbrouwerijen1607\u002F+(accessed+22+April+2023).",openUrlParams:{genre:n,date:aj,sid:e,title:f},innerRefId:"cite43",title:"Walle, K. & Hooymans, M.. 2021. Brouwerijen 1607, een transcriptie van het rapport van Jan van Hout over de bierfraude (SAII, inv. nr. 1969). Historischleideninkaart (Mapping Historical Leiden). Available at: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historischleideninkaart.nl\u002Fbrouwerijen1607\u002F (accessed 22 April 2023).",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]}],figures:[{contentId:"fig01",label:"Figure 1.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003Ea) location of Leiden within the Netherlands; b) a site plan of locations of pits excavated (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-28560-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24000723_fig1.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-74928-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24000723_fig1.jpg",attrib:[]},{contentId:"fig02",label:"Figure 2.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EDetail from \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003EStratenboek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (Book of streets) 28 ‘Kaart van Marendorp van de Vrouwenkerk tot de Marebrug’ dd. 1591 (Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken, 501A, inv. nr. 5153 Stratenboek 28, available at: \u003Cspan class=\"uri\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.erfgoedleiden.nl\u002Fcollecties\u002Farchieven\u002Farchievenoverzicht\u002Fdetails\u002FNL-LdnRAL-0501A\u002Fpath\u002F1.2.2.8.1.6.5.1\u002Fdeep:view\u002Fscans\u002Fdeep:highlight\u002F8\u002Fdeep:start\u002F50\u002Fdeep:limit\u002F10\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.erfgoedleiden.nl\u002Fcollecties\u002Farchieven\u002Farchievenoverzicht\u002Fdetails\u002FNL-LdnRAL-0501A\u002Fpath\u002F1.2.2.8.1.6.5.1\u002Fdeep:view\u002Fscans\u002Fdeep:highlight\u002F8\u002Fdeep:start\u002F50\u002Fdeep:limit\u002F10\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E). The occupations of the main occupants (not the owners) of the houses are indicated with dots in the years 1561, 1581 and 1606. The numbers correspond with Mapping Historical Leiden (\u003Cspan class=\"uri\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historischleideninkaart.nl\"\u003Ewww.historischleideninkaart.nl\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) and can be looked up via Looproutes, 1561 Tiende Penning (Tenth Penny), 1581 Volkstelling (Census) and 1606 Schoorsteengeld (Hearth tax) and then by selecting the ward Overmare Rijnzijde (RvO) (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-57217-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24000723_fig2.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-47264-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24000723_fig2.jpg",attrib:[]},{contentId:"fig03",label:"Figure 3.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003Ea) cesspit S859 during excavation, showing round brick lining; b) its cross-section (cesspit use dates from 1475–1525) (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-97868-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24000723_fig3.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-01436-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24000723_fig3.jpg",attrib:[]},{contentId:"tab01",label:"Table 1.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EDetails of the cesspits analysed in this study.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:bg,enlargedSrc:bg,attrib:[]},{contentId:"tab02",label:"Table 2.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EDigital-light microscopy and ELISA results. ‘Trematode’ indicates eggs whose measurements fit both with \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E sp. and \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E sp. Egg counts represent an estimate of number of eggs per gram (raw counts for 0.2g multiplied by 5). ELISA results are not quantified, positive samples are shown with ‘+ve’, negative samples are shown with ‘-ve’.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:bh,enlargedSrc:bh,attrib:[]},{contentId:"fig04",label:"Figure 4.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EParasite eggs from the Leiden cesspits. Top left: cf. \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E sp. (dimensions 119 × 72μm); top centre: Diphyllobothriidae (52 × 36μm); top right: cf. \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003EDicrocoelium\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E sp. (36 × 22μm); bottom left: roundworm (78 × 48μm); bottom centre: whipworm (53 × 26μm); bottom right: cf. \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola hepatica\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (141 × 73μm) (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-79369-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24000723_fig4.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-30440-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24000723_fig4.jpg",attrib:[]},{contentId:"tab03",label:"Table 3.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003ERaw data for the samples positive for \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003EGiardia duodenalis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E on ELISA analysis. Manufacturer guidance for the ELISA test kits state that a result with absorbance value greater than 0.150 is positive.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:bi,enlargedSrc:bi,attrib:[]},{contentId:"tab04",label:"Table 4.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003ESummary of organic macro remains, parasitological and historical data by cesspit. ‘Trematode’ indicates eggs whose measurements fit both with \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003EEchinostoma\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E sp. and \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003EFasciola\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E sp. Archaeological macro remains results from Van Haaster (2020) and Van Amerongen (2022).\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:bj,enlargedSrc:bj,attrib:[]},{contentId:"fig05",label:"Figure 5.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EEngravings by P. Van der Heyden\u003Cspan class=\"sc\"\u003E,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E after P. Bruegel. Printed in Antwerp in 1563: a) Magere Keuken (lean kitchen); b) Vette Keuken (fat kitchen) (© Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-11930-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24000723_fig5.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241202104931-88337-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24000723_fig5.jpg",attrib:[]}]},pdf:{standardResolution:{fileUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fservices\u002Faop-cambridge-core\u002Fcontent\u002Fview\u002F0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF\u002FS0003598X24000723a.pdf\u002Fintestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries.pdf",fileSizeInMb:4,articleTitle:w,slugTitle:"intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries"},highResolution:f,media:f},classification:[],supplementaryMaterials:[],relations:{corrections:[],correctionsOriginals:[],retractions:[],retractionsOriginals:[],addendums:[],addendumsOriginals:[],hasAnyRelations:b,hasAnyOriginalArticle:b},settings:{hasAccess:c,isOpenAccess:c,displayRightsLink:c,shouldDisplayCrossMark:b,shouldDisplayNasaAds:b,suppressPdf:b,isShareable:c,isAnnotationsEnabled:b,disableArticleCommentary:b,displayArticleCommentaryAsDiscussionLinks:b,isCommentsEnabled:b,hasContent:c,shouldDisplaySubmitContent:b,isResearchDirections:b,isQuestionCollection:b,isMathjaxEnabled:b},citationCount:3,openUrlParams:"?genre=article&atitle=Intestinal%20parasite%20infection%20and%20sanitation%20in%20medieval%20Leiden%2C%20the%20Low%20Countries&jtitle=Antiquity&title=Antiquity&date=2024&volume=98&issue=400&spage=1006&epage=1022&sid=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore&aulast=Rabinow&aufirst=Sophie&doi=10.15184\u002Faqy.2024.72",ecommerceProducts:{digitalSku:m,paperBackSku:f,hardBackSku:f},subject:[],permissionUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fs100.copyright.com\u002FAppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=AQY&title=Intestinal%20parasite%20infection%20and%20sanitation%20in%20medieval%20Leiden%2C%20the%20Low%20Countries&publicationDate=31%20May%202024&author=Sophie%20Rabinow%2C%20Tianyi%20Wang%2C%20Roos%20van%20Oosten%2C%20Yolande%20Meijer%2C%20Piers%20D.%20Mitchell&copyright=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20The%20Author(s)%2C%202024.%20Published%20by%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%20on%20behalf%20of%20Antiquity%20Publications%20Ltd&contentID=10.15184%2Faqy.2024.72&startPage=1006&endPage=1022&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=98&issueNum=400&oa=CC-BY"},breadcrumbs:[{name:"Home",url:"\u002Fcore"},{name:"Journals",url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fpublications\u002Fjournals"},{name:o,url:P},{name:"Volume 98 Issue 400",url:Q},{name:"Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval..."}],lang:"en",isShare:b,coreCmsConfig:{shouldUseShareProductTool:c,shouldUseHypothesis:c,isUnsiloEnabled:c},debugHostName:"page-component-6bf8c574d5-gr6zb",debugTotalLoadingTime:M,debugRenderDate:"2025-02-15T18:36:20.775Z",debugHasDataIssue:b,debugHasContentIssue:b}],fetch:{},error:f,state:{errors:{hasAnyIssue:b,hasContentIssue:b},tabs:{supportedTabs:[],currentTab:a,stickyTabsEnabled:b},unleash:{repo:[{name:"authentication.useNewGlobalHeader",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"authentication.useNewGlobalHeader.showDiscoveryTool",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"car-sup-mats",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"cart.useNewGlobalHeaderUrl",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"checkout.newGlobalHeader",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"checkout.newGlobalHeader.showDiscoveryTool",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"checkout.useNewGlobalHeaderUrl",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreDisplayGlobalHeader",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreDisplayKBARTAutomation",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreDisplayResearchOpen",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CorePageComponentGetUserInfoFromSharedSession",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CorePageComponentUseNewCombobox",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreUseCitationToolApi",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreUseKbartMetafile",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreUseNewCms",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreUseOmnichannel",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"DT.newGlobalHeader",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"DT.useUsageEvents",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"Ecommerce",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableContinueProcessReminderPolling",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableEmailMessagesSqsPolling",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableFirstProcessReminderPolling",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableInternalArticlesPostProcessingSqsPolling",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableInternalArticlesSqsPolling",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableInternalJournalsSqsPolling",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableJmsMessagesPolling",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableLogObfuscation",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnablePostPaymentEnrolment",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableSecondProcessReminderPolling",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableZendeskRedirects",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.loadSupMatFolderMetrics",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.newCitationApi",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.NewReadAsGuestPopup",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.Omnichannel",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.platformHeader-micro-ui",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.readOnlinePrimaryButton",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"he.resourcesWidgetLandingPage",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useDefaultDigitalCopy",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useFixedLoginUrl",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useNewTitlesSections",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useQuickAccessPanel",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useRedesignedPill",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useResourcesRequestRedesigned",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useStudyLevels",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.verifySalesforceApiKey",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"homsy.Omnichannel",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"new-publication-embargo-delivery-cron-job",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"sendEmailsToTargetRecipients",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"shoppingCart.newGlobalHeader.showDiscoveryTool",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"showSearchDashboardSortDropdown",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"showSearchDashboardVersionAndPublishedDate",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"use-new-publication-service",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseB2bPages",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseBlog",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseCourseWelcomeEmail",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseGroupBooking",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseKeycloakAuth",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"useNewGlobalHeader",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"useOrcidAuthorSync",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UsePayByQuote",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UsePayPalPayment",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseSocialShareButton",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"wayf.newGlobalHeader",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"wayf.newGlobalHeader.showDiscoveryTool",enabled:c,variant:{name:d,enabled:b},impressionData:b}]},i18n:{routeParams:{}}},serverRendered:c,routePath:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002FjournalName\u002Farticle\u002FarticleName\u002F0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF",config:{assetsService:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org",publicApi:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fpage-component\u002Fapi\u002Fv2",domainUrl:e,shibbolethUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fshibboleth.cambridge.org",seamlessAccessPs:"https:\u002F\u002Fservice.seamlessaccess.org\u002Fps\u002F",seamlessAccessContext:"seamlessaccess.org",shareaholicScript:"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.shareaholic.net\u002Fassets\u002Fpub\u002Fshareaholic.js",shareaholicSiteId:"b60ec523a5bee2ad04c630bf0d3aa388",shareaholicAppId:33113081,unleashProxyUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fcore-features.cambridge.org\u002Fproxy",unleashProxyClientKey:"B43LrdgqNKlNsaHfVzQ7l78gkVH0K7tf",cloudflareAuth:a,_app:{basePath:"\u002F",assetsPath:"\u002Fcore\u002Fpage-component\u002F",cdnURL:f}}}}("",false,true,"disabled","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org",null,"article","book",1,"chapter","Archeologische opgraving Haarlemmerstraat 101–111 tot Stille Rijn 8–9 in Leiden, gemeente Leiden","western","S0003598X24000723","unknown","Antiquity","article_aqy_ind_pur","International Journal of Paleopathology","2015","International Journal for Parasitology","2016","Parasitology","Advances in Parasitology","Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval Leiden, the Low Countries","Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, UK","Atlas of human parasitology","Ups en Downer. Bundel artikelen bij het afscheid van mr. W. Downer als gemeentearchivaris van Leiden","Leiden de geschiedenis van een Hollandse stad, 1574–1795","Diagnostic medical parasitology","2020","Exchanging medieval material culture","Sanitation, latrines and intestinal parasites in past populations","Parasites in past civilizations and their impact upon health","De geschiedenis van de Leidsche lakenindustrie","Archeobotanica uit ‘s-Hertogenbosch. Milieuomstandigheden, bewoningsgeschiedenis en economische ontwikkelingen in en rond een (post)Middeleeuwse groeistad (Groningen Archaeological Studies 6)","De stad, het vuil en de beerput: de opkomst, verbreiding en neergang van de beerput in stedelijke context","Archaeologies of waste: encounters with the unwanted","Historisch Leiden in Kaart: Vermogensbelasting, 1498","Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect",0,"C06207AB2CE3EE948718B5F6E30870D7","antiquity","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity\u002Fissue\u002F239B1D4D343BD0DA9E8B18BC89888DA6","Simplifying the process of extracting intestinal parasite eggs from archaeological sediment samples: a comparative study of the efficacy of widely-used disaggregation techniques","10.1016\u002Fj.ijpp.2013.04.004","Polyphasic analysis of a Middle Ages coprolite microbiota, Belgium","PLoS ONE","2014","10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0088376","TechLab and alexon Giardia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits detect cyst wall protein 1","Journal of Clinical Microbiology","10.1128\u002FJCM.37.3.611-614.1999","Een pre-industriële samenleving onder spanning. Leiden rond 1500","Leids Jaarboekje. Eeuwig Leiden","2008","Schepenhuisstraat - Hoogpoort: aan tafel bij de Gentse bourgeoisie uit de eerste helft van de 18de eeuw","Stadsarcheologie. Bodem en monument in Gent","Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infections: adding up the numbers – a review","40","2010","10.1016\u002Fj.ijpara.2010.04.004","A multidisciplinary analysis of cesspits from late medieval and post-medieval Brussels, Belgium: diet and health in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries","International Journal of Historical Archaeology","2021","10.1007\u002Fs10761-021-00613-8","Analysis of pollen and intestinal parasite eggs from medieval graves from Nivelles, Belgium: taphonomy of the burial ritual","Journal of Archaeological Sciences: Reports","10.1128\u002F9781555819002","A comparative study of parasites in three latrines from medieval and Renaissance Brussels, Belgium (14th–17th centuries)","10.1017\u002FS0031182020001298","Echinostoma and Echinostomiasis","10.1016\u002FS0065-308X(08)60107-4","Tracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution","International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","2022","10.1002\u002Foa.2786","Eggs as a suitable tool for species diagnosis of causative agents of human Diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda)","PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases","10.1371\u002Fjournal.pntd.0004721","Human parasites in medieval Europe: lifestyle, sanitation and medical treatment","10.1016\u002Fbs.apar.2015.05.001","2023","10.1017\u002F9780511732386","Leiden in Last. De financiële positie van de Leidenaren aan het einde van de Middeleeuwen","Jaarboek der sociale en economische geschiedenis van Leiden en omstreken","2001","Continuity in intestinal parasite infection in Aalst (Belgium) from the medieval to early modern period (12th-17th centuries)","41","43","49","10.1016\u002Fj.ijpp.2023.03.001","Parasitology in an archaeological context: analysis of medieval burials in Nivelles, Belgium","Journal of Archaeological Sciences","10.1016\u002Fj.jas.2014.10.023","Paleoparasitological remains revealed by seven historic contexts from ‘Place d'Armes’, Namur, Belgium","Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","10.1590\u002FS0074-02762006001000008","Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite","10.1016\u002Fj.ijpara.2018.07.003","Performance of microscopy and ELISA for diagnosing Giardia duodenalis infection in different pediatric groups","Parasitology International","10.1016\u002Fj.parint.2016.08.012","Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections","10.1017\u002FS0031182000006491","Patterns in size and shedding of Fasciola hepatica eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents","Journal of Parasitology","10.1645\u002F0022-3395(2002)088[0308:PISASO]2.0.CO;2","Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica","Acta Tropica","10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2009.04.005","IDDS Rapport 2335","The Dutch Great Stink: the end of the cesspit era in the pre-industrial towns of Leiden and Haarlem","European Journal of Archaeology","10.1080\u002F14619571.2016.1147677","https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab1.png","https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab2.png","https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab3.png","https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241129190724458-0811:S0003598X24000723:S0003598X24000723_tab4.png"));</script><script src="/core/page-component/06cd607.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/20147ec.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/66884fb.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/6f4302c.js" defer></script> </div> </div> <div id="article-new-home-productCitations" class="product-citations-modal reveal-modal medium" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader"> <div class="header"> <div class="heading_07 margin-bottom" id="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader">Cited by</div> </div> <div class="citation-content"> <div class="row collapse header margin-top productCitations-content"> <ul class="small-12 small-centered columns citations"> <li class="fade-in section-container active"> <a href="#" class="section-button" data-id="article-new-home-crossref-citations"> <div class="circular medium citation"> <img src="https://assets.crossref.org/logo/crossref-logo-100.png" alt="Crossref logo"> <span class="citation-count">3</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="fade-in section-container"> <a href="#" class="section-button" data-id="article-new-home-scholar-citations"> <div class="circular medium citation"> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Google_Scholar_logo_2015.PNG" alt="Google Scholar logo"> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="row wrapper no-padding-top section-content"> <div class="small-10 small-centered columns"> <section class="content" id="article-new-home-crossref-citations"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div class="panel margin-top-small citation-container"> <div class="row"> <div class="medium-12 columns"> <div class="print-only print-heading margin-bottom-large">Crossref Citations</div> <div class="row margin-bottom"> <div class="small-1 columns"> <a href="http://www.crossref.org/citedby/index.html" target="_blank"> <img src="https://assets.crossref.org/logo/crossref-logo-100.png" alt="Crossref logo"> </a> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <h5 class="heading_10"> This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by <a href="http://www.crossref.org/citedby/index.html" target="_blank">Crossref</a>.</h5> </div> </div> <hr />  <div class="reference-display"> Ledger, Marissa L. Poulain, Maxime and Deforce, Koen 2024. <i>Paleoparasitological analysis of a 15th–16th c. CE latrine from the merchant quarter of Bruges, Belgium: Evidence for local and exotic parasite infections</i>. Parasitology, p. 1. </div> <ul class="reference-list"> <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182024001100" target="_blank">CrossRef</a></li> <li><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Paleoparasitological+analysis+of+a+15th–16th+c.+CE+latrine+from+the+merchant+quarter+of+Bruges+Belgium:+Evidence+for+local+and+exotic+parasite+infections&author=Ledger+Marissa+L.&author=Poulain+Maxime&author=Deforce+Koen&publication_year=2024" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></li> </ul> <hr/>  <div class="reference-display"> Wang, Tianyi Deforce, Koen De Gryse, Janiek Eggermont, Shari Vanoverbeke, Robrecht and Mitchell, Piers D. 2024. <i>Evidence for parasites in burials and cesspits used by the clergy and general population of 13th-18th century Ghent, Belgium</i>. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, Vol. 53, Issue. , p. 104394. </div> <ul class="reference-list"> <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104394" target="_blank">CrossRef</a></li> <li><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evidence+for+parasites+in+burials+and+cesspits+used+by+the+clergy+and+general+population+of+13th-18th+century+Ghent+Belgium&author=Wang+Tianyi&author=Deforce+Koen&author=De+Gryse+Janiek&author=Eggermont+Shari&author=Vanoverbeke+Robrecht&author=Mitchell+Piers+D.&publication_year=2024" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></li> </ul> <hr/>  <div class="reference-display"> Mitchell, Piers D. 2024. <i>Ancient parasite analysis: Exploring infectious diseases in past societies</i>. Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol. 170, Issue. , p. 106067. </div> <ul class="reference-list"> <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2024.106067" target="_blank">CrossRef</a></li> <li><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ancient+parasite+analysis:+Exploring+infectious+diseases+in+past+societies&author=Mitchell+Piers+D.&publication_year=2024" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></li> </ul> <hr/> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section style="display:none" class="content" id="article-new-home-scholar-citations"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div class="panel margin-top-small citation-container"> <div class="row"> <div class="medium-12 columns"> <div class="print-only print-heading margin-bottom-large">Google Scholar Citations</div> <p>View all <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&cites=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" target="_blank">Google Scholar citations</a> for this article. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close cited by"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $('body').on('click', '#article-new-home-productCitations .section-button', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); var id = $(this).attr('data-id'); $('#article-new-home-productCitations .section-content section').hide(); $('#article-new-home-productCitations .section-container').removeClass('active'); $(this).parent('.section-container').addClass('active'); $('#' + id).show(); }); }); </script> <div id='platform-footer'> <div class="__shared-elements-html ShEl"><div class="__shared-elements-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/entry.D9LY0ri8.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-404.B06nACMW.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-500.WGRfNq7F.css"> </div><div class="__shared-elements-body"><div id="__sharedElements-ba75xj"><div class="apl"><footer class="apl-footer apl-theme--core" data-v-20efd383><section class="apl-footer__top" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-container apl-footer__container-top" data-v-20efd383><a href="/" class="apl-footer__logo-link" data-v-20efd383><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Cambridge University Press" class="apl-footer__logo-image" data-v-20efd383></a><div class="apl-footer__nav-and-location" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-footer__nav" data-v-20efd383><nav class="apl-link-block__nav" data-v-7c018d72 data-v-20efd383><h2 class="apl-link-block__heading" data-v-7c018d72>Our Site</h2><ul class="apl-link-block__list-platforms" data-v-7c018d72><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="/core/accessibility" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Core accessibility page" data-v-7c018d72><span>Accessibility</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="/core/help/FAQs" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Core contact & help page" data-v-7c018d72><span>Contact & Help</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="/core/legal-notices/terms" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Core legal notices page" data-v-7c018d72><span>Legal Notices</span></a></li></ul></nav><nav class="apl-link-block__nav" data-v-7c018d72 data-v-20efd383><h2 class="apl-link-block__heading" data-v-7c018d72>Our Platforms</h2><ul class="apl-link-block__list-platforms" data-v-7c018d72><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Core. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Cambridge Core</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/engage/coe/public-dashboard" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Open Engage. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Cambridge Open Engage</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Higher Education. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Cambridge Higher Education</span></a></li></ul></nav><nav class="apl-link-block__nav" data-v-7c018d72 data-v-20efd383><h2 class="apl-link-block__heading" data-v-7c018d72>Our Products</h2><ul class="apl-link-block__list-platforms" data-v-7c018d72><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/publications/journals" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Journals. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Journals</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/search?aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=BOOK" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Books. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Books</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/publications/elements" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Elements. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Elements</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/search?aggs=%24productTypes%24BOOK%3Atrue%3B%3B" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Textbooks. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Textbooks</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/search?aggs=%24productTypes%24COURSEWARE%3Atrue%3B%3B" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Courseware. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Courseware</span></a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="apl-footer__socials-and-location" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-footer__socials" data-v-20efd383><h2 class="apl-footer__heading" data-v-20efd383>Join us online</h2><ul class="apl-footer__list-socials" data-v-20efd383><li class="apl-footer__list-item" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTK8KRW19hUVucVRHbIx73oLKUro8HXt0" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__list-item-link" aria-label="Visit Cambridge University Press Youtube account. Opens in a new tab." data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--youtube" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://twitter.com/CambridgeCore" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__list-item-link" aria-label="Visit Cambridge University Press X account. Opens in a new tab." data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--x" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.facebook.com/CambridgeCore" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__list-item-link" aria-label="Visit Cambridge University Press Facebook account. Opens in a new tab." data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--facebook" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.instagram.com/cambridgeuniversitypress/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__list-item-link" aria-label="Visit Cambridge University Press Instagram account. Opens in a new tab." data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--instagram" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/11096649" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__list-item-link" aria-label="Visit Cambridge University Press Linkedin account. Opens in a new tab." data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--linkedin" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="apl-footer__location apl-footer__location--desktop" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-dropdown" data-v-6114426c data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-location" data-v-ae305bb6 data-v-6114426c><div class="apl-location__main" data-v-ae305bb6><div class="apl-location__location-picker" data-v-ae305bb6><label class="apl-location__label" for="footer-location-picker" aria-label="Select your location" data-v-ae305bb6>Location</label><div class="apl-location__input-wrapper" data-v-ae305bb6><input id="footer-location-picker" type="text" role="combobox" aria-expanded="false" placeholder="Choose your location" class="apl-location__input" value="GBR" data-v-ae305bb6><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--globe-web apl-location__globe" style="color:;" aria-hidden="true" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-ae305bb6></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--icon-only apl-location__chevron-btn" aria-label="open location list" data-v-ae305bb6><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down apl-button__icon--center" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button><div class="apl-location__error" data-v-ae305bb6><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--error apl-location__error-icon" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-ae305bb6></div><p class="apl-location__error-message" data-v-ae305bb6> Please choose a valid location. </p></div></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--sm apl-location__button" aria-label="Submit to update location preference" data-v-ae305bb6><span>Update</span></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="apl-footer__bottom" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-container apl-footer__container-bottom" data-v-20efd383><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-footer__btn-collapse" aria-label="Click to open legal information links list" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="apl-footer__legal-links" data-v-20efd383><span>Legal Information</span><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down apl-button__icon--right" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button><ul class="apl-footer__list-legal" id="apl-footer__legal-links" data-v-20efd383><li class="apl-footer__list-item apl-footer__list-item-legal" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/rights-permissions/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__btn-link apl-footer__btn-link-legal" aria-label="Rights and Permissions. Opens in a new window." data-v-20efd383><span>Rights & Permissions</span></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item apl-footer__list-item-legal" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/legal-notices/copyright/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__btn-link apl-footer__btn-link-legal" aria-label="Copyright. Opens in a new window." data-v-20efd383><span>Copyright</span></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item apl-footer__list-item-legal" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/legal-notices/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__btn-link apl-footer__btn-link-legal" aria-label="Privacy Notice. Opens in a new window." data-v-20efd383><span>Privacy Notice</span></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item apl-footer__list-item-legal" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/legal-notices/terms-use" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__btn-link apl-footer__btn-link-legal" aria-label="Terms of Use. Opens in a new window." data-v-20efd383><span>Terms of Use</span></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item apl-footer__list-item-legal" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/legal-notices/cookies-policy/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__btn-link apl-footer__btn-link-legal" aria-label="Cookies Policy. Opens in a new window." data-v-20efd383><span>Cookies Policy</span></a></li></ul><div class="apl-footer__copyright" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--copyright" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div><span data-v-20efd383> Cambridge University Press 2025</span></div></div></section></footer></div></div> </div></div><script>window.__PLATFORM_FOOTER_DATA__ = {"data":{"entry":{"slug":"global-config","platformLinks":[{"name":"navigationBarCategory","value":{"title":"Browse","navigationBarArea":[{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Subjects","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Subjects","url":"/core/browse-subjects","ariaLabel":"Subjects"}},"column1Heading":" Subjects (A-D)","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Anthropology","url":"/core/browse-subjects/anthropology","ariaLabel":"Anthropology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Archaeology","url":"/core/browse-subjects/archaeology","ariaLabel":"Archaeology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Area Studies","url":"/core/browse-subjects/area-studies","ariaLabel":"Area Studies"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Art","url":"/core/browse-subjects/art","ariaLabel":"Art"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Chemistry","url":"/core/browse-subjects/chemistry","ariaLabel":"Chemistry"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Classical Studies","url":"/core/browse-subjects/classical-studies","ariaLabel":"Classical Studies"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Computer Science","url":"/core/browse-subjects/computer-science","ariaLabel":"Computer Science"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies","url":"/core/browse-subjects/drama-and-theatre","ariaLabel":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies"}}],"column2Heading":" Subjects (E-K)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Earth and Environmental Science","url":"/core/browse-subjects/earth-and-environmental-sciences","ariaLabel":"Earth and Environmental Science"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Economics","url":"/core/browse-subjects/economics","ariaLabel":"Economics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Education","url":"/core/browse-subjects/education","ariaLabel":"Education"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Engineering","url":"/core/browse-subjects/engineering","ariaLabel":"Engineering"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"English Language Teaching – Resources for Teachers","url":"/core/browse-subjects/english-language-teaching-resources-for-teachers","ariaLabel":"English Language Teaching – Resources for Teachers"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Film, Media, Mass Communication","url":"/core/browse-subjects/film-media-mass-ommunication","ariaLabel":"Film, Media, Mass Communication"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"General Science","url":"/core/browse-subjects/general-science","ariaLabel":"General Science"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Geography","url":"/core/browse-subjects/geography","ariaLabel":"Geography"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"History","url":"/core/browse-subjects/history","ariaLabel":"History"}}],"column3Heading":" Subjects (L-O)","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Language and Linguistics","url":"/core/browse-subjects/language-and-linguistics","ariaLabel":"Language and Linguistics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Law","url":"/core/browse-subjects/law","ariaLabel":"Law"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Life Sciences","url":"/core/browse-subjects/life-sciences","ariaLabel":"Life Sciences"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Literature","url":"/core/browse-subjects/literature","ariaLabel":"Literature"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Management","url":"/core/browse-subjects/management","ariaLabel":"Management"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Materials Science","url":"/core/browse-subjects/materials-science","ariaLabel":"Materials Science"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Mathematics","url":"/core/browse-subjects/mathematics","ariaLabel":"Mathematics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Medicine","url":"/core/browse-subjects/medicine","ariaLabel":"Medicine"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Music","url":"/core/browse-subjects/music","ariaLabel":"Music"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Nutrition","url":"/core/browse-subjects/nutrition","ariaLabel":"Nutrition"}}],"column4Heading":" Subjects (P-Z)","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Philosophy","url":"/core/browse-subjects/philosophy","ariaLabel":"Philosophy"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Physics and Astronomy","url":"/core/browse-subjects/physics","ariaLabel":"Physics and Astronomy"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Politics and International Relations","url":"/core/browse-subjects/politics-and-international-relations","ariaLabel":"Politics and International Relations"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Psychiatry","url":"/core/browse-subjects/psychiatry","ariaLabel":"Psychiatry"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Psychology","url":"/core/browse-subjects/psychology","ariaLabel":"Psychology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Religion","url":"/core/browse-subjects/religion","ariaLabel":"Religion"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Social Science Research Methods","url":"/core/browse-subjects/social-science-research-methods","ariaLabel":"Social Science Research Methods"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Sociology","url":"/core/browse-subjects/sociology","ariaLabel":"Sociology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Statistics and Probability","url":"/core/browse-subjects/statistics-and-probability","ariaLabel":"Statistics and Probability"}}],"slug":"subjects"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Open access","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access","url":"/core/publications/open-access","ariaLabel":"Open access"}},"column1Heading":"All open access publishing","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access","url":"/core/publications/open-access","ariaLabel":"Open access"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access journals","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Open access journals"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Research open journals","url":"/core/publications/open-access/research-open?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Research open journals"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Journals containing open access","url":"/core/publications/open-access/hybrid-open-access-journals?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Journals containing open access"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access articles","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL_ARTICLE","ariaLabel":"Open access articles"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access books","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc","ariaLabel":"Open access books"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access Elements","url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BopenAccess%5D%5Bfilters%5D=7275BA1E84CA769210167A6A66523B47&aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493","ariaLabel":"Open access Elements"}}],"slug":"open-access"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Journals","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Journals","url":"/core/publications/journals","ariaLabel":"Journals"}},"column1Heading":"Explore","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"All journal subjects","url":"/core/publications/journals","ariaLabel":"All journal subjects"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Search journals","url":"/core/publications/journals","ariaLabel":"Search journals"}}],"column2Heading":"Open access","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access journals","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Open access journals"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Research open journals","url":"/core/publications/open-access/research-open?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Research open journals"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Journals containing open access","url":"/core/publications/open-access/hybrid-open-access-journals?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Journals containing open access"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access articles","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL_ARTICLE","ariaLabel":"Open access articles"}}],"column3Heading":"Collections","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Forum","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-forum","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Forum"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-law-reports-collection","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Prisms","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-prisms","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Prisms"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Research Directions","url":"/core/publications/collections/research-directions","ariaLabel":"Research Directions"}}],"slug":"journals"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Books","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Books","url":"/core/publications/books","ariaLabel":"Books"}},"column1Heading":"Explore","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Books","url":"/core/publications/books","ariaLabel":"Books"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access books","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc","ariaLabel":"Open access books"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"New books","url":"/core/publications/books/listing?aggs[productDate][filters]=Last+3+months&aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc","ariaLabel":"New books"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Flip it Open","url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open","ariaLabel":"Flip it Open"}}],"column2Heading":"Collections","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Companions","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-companions","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Companions"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Editions","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-editions","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Editions"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Histories","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-histories","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Histories"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Library Collection","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-library-collection","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Library Collection"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Shakespeare","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-shakespeare","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Shakespeare"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Handbooks","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridgehandbooks","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Handbooks"}}],"column3Heading":" Collections (cont.)","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online","url":"/core/publications/collections/dispute-settlement-reports-online","ariaLabel":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Flip it Open","url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open","ariaLabel":"Flip it Open"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Hemingway Letters","url":"/core/publications/collections/hemingway-letters","ariaLabel":"Hemingway Letters"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Shakespeare Survey","url":"/core/publications/collections/shakespeare-survey","ariaLabel":"Shakespeare Survey"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Stahl Online","url":"/core/publications/collections/stahl-online","ariaLabel":"Stahl Online"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton","url":"/core/publications/collections/the-correspondence-of-isaac-newton","ariaLabel":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton"}}],"slug":"books"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Elements","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Elements","url":"/core/publications/elements","ariaLabel":"Elements"}},"column1Heading":"Explore","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"About Elements","url":"/core/publications/elements","ariaLabel":"About Elements"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Elements series","url":"/core/publications/elements/cambridge-elements-series","ariaLabel":"Elements series"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access Elements","url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BopenAccess%5D%5Bfilters%5D=7275BA1E84CA769210167A6A66523B47&aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493","ariaLabel":"Open access Elements"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"New Elements","url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&aggs%5BproductDate%5D%5Bfilters%5D=Last%203%20months&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493","ariaLabel":"New Elements"}}],"column2Heading":"Subjects (A-E)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Anthropology","url":"/core/elements/subject/Anthropology/2E44A5AF2838E017617A26DD79FAEAEE","ariaLabel":"Anthropology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Archaeology","url":"/core/elements/subject/Archaeology/63A50B5368A9F97F8AA2D6AB965B5F4C","ariaLabel":"Archaeology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Classical Studies","url":"/core/elements/subject/Classical%20Studies/DDC63B7F5792FE2A95D1FB15F76E3F42","ariaLabel":"Classical Studies"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Computer Science","url":"/core/elements/subject/Computer%20Science/A57E10708F64FB69CE78C81A5C2A6555","ariaLabel":"Computer Science"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies","url":"/core/elements/subject/Drama,%20Theatre,%20Performance%20Studies/2825E4E39F2D641B36543EE80FB1DEA3","ariaLabel":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Earth and Environmental Sciences","url":"/core/elements/subject/Earth%20and%20Environmental%20Sciences/F470FBF5683D93478C7CAE5A30EF9AE8","ariaLabel":"Earth and Environmental Sciences"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Economics","url":"/core/elements/subject/Economics/FA44491F1F55F917C43E9832715B9DE7","ariaLabel":"Economics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Education","url":"/core/elements/subject/Education/550D00F8DF590F2598CF7CC0038E24D1","ariaLabel":"Education"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Engineering","url":"/core/elements/subject/Engineering/CCC62FE56DCC1D050CA1340C1CCF46F5","ariaLabel":"Engineering"}}],"column3Heading":" Subjects (F-O)","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Film, Media, Mass Communication","url":"/core/elements/subject/Film,%20Media,%20Mass%20Communication/4B91F10E834814A90CE718E7831E492F","ariaLabel":"Film, Media, Mass Communication"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"History","url":"/core/elements/subject/History/66BE42A30172E280FDE64F8EE2F485B0","ariaLabel":"History"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Language and Linguistics","url":"/core/elements/subject/Language%20and%20Linguistics/140D314098408C26BDF3009F7FF858E9","ariaLabel":"Language and Linguistics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Law","url":"/core/elements/subject/Law/7C9FB6788DD8D7E6696263BC774F4D5B","ariaLabel":"Law"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Life Sciences","url":"/core/elements/subject/Life%20Sciences/E044EF2F61B601378786E9EDA901B2D5","ariaLabel":"Life Sciences"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Literature","url":"/core/elements/subject/Literature/F2434ADC122145767C6C3B988A8E9BD5","ariaLabel":"Literature"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Management","url":"/core/elements/subject/Management/0EDCC0540639B06A5669BDEEF50C4CBE","ariaLabel":"Management"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Mathematics","url":"/core/elements/subject/Mathematics/FA1467C44B5BD46BB8AA6E58C2252153","ariaLabel":"Mathematics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Medicine","url":"/core/elements/subject/Medicine/66FF02B2A4F83D9A645001545197F287","ariaLabel":"Medicine"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Music","url":"/core/elements/subject/Music/A370B5604591CB3C7F9AFD892DDF7BD1","ariaLabel":"Music"}}],"column4Heading":" Subjects (P-Z)","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Philosophy","url":"/core/elements/subject/Philosophy/2D1AC3C0E174F1F1A93F8C7DE19E0FAB","ariaLabel":"Philosophy"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Physics and Astronomy","url":"/core/elements/subject/Physics%20and%20Astronomy/DBFB610E9FC5E012C011430C0573CC06","ariaLabel":"Physics and Astronomy"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Politics and International Relations","url":"/core/elements/subject/Politics%20and%20International%20Relations/3BF83347E5E456DAC34F3FABFC8BBF4E","ariaLabel":"Politics and International Relations"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Psychology","url":"/core/elements/subject/Psychology/21B42A72BA3E4CB0E3315E5B1B71B07F","ariaLabel":"Psychology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Religion","url":"/core/elements/subject/Religion/53E51D24FB488962B9364A2C4B45D1C3","ariaLabel":"Religion"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Sociology","url":"/core/elements/subject/Sociology/0E2CD53A93003DF17E52D753F6E90683","ariaLabel":"Sociology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Statistics and Probability","url":"/core/elements/subject/Statistics%20and%20Probability/3150B8B0D1B0B4E8DC17EC9EDFD9CA26","ariaLabel":"Statistics and Probability"}}],"slug":"elements"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Textbooks","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Textbooks","url":"/core/publications/textbooks","ariaLabel":"Textbooks"}},"column1Heading":"Explore","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Higher Education","url":"/highereducation/","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Higher Education"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Title list","url":"/highereducation/services/librarians/title-list","ariaLabel":"Title list"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"New titles","url":"/highereducation/search?sortBy=publication_date&aggs=%24productDate%24Last%25206%2520months%3Atrue%26Last%252012%2520months%3Atrue%26Last%25203%2520years%3Atrue%26Over%25203%2520years%3Atrue%3B%3B&event=SE-AU_PREF","ariaLabel":"New titles"}}],"slug":"textbooks"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Collections","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Collections","url":"/core/publications/collections","ariaLabel":"Collections"}},"column1Heading":"Book collections","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Companions","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-companions","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Companions"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Editions","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-editions","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Editions"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Histories","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-histories","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Histories"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Library Collection","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-library-collection","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Library Collection"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Shakespeare","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-shakespeare","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Shakespeare"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Handbooks","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridgehandbooks","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Handbooks"}}],"column2Heading":" Book collections (cont.)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online","url":"/core/publications/collections/dispute-settlement-reports-online","ariaLabel":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Flip it Open","url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open","ariaLabel":"Flip it Open"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Hemingway Letters","url":"/core/publications/collections/hemingway-letters","ariaLabel":"Hemingway Letters"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Shakespeare Survey","url":"/core/publications/collections/shakespeare-survey","ariaLabel":"Shakespeare Survey"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Stahl Online","url":"/core/publications/collections/stahl-online","ariaLabel":"Stahl Online"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton","url":"/core/publications/collections/the-correspondence-of-isaac-newton","ariaLabel":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton"}}],"column3Heading":"Journal collections","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Forum","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-forum","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Forum"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-law-reports-collection","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Prisms","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-prisms","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Prisms"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Research Directions","url":"/core/publications/collections/research-directions","ariaLabel":"Research Directions"}}],"column4Heading":"Series","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"All series","url":"/core/publications/collections/series","ariaLabel":"All series"}}],"slug":"collections"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Partners","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Publishing partners","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners","ariaLabel":"Publishing partners"}},"column1Heading":"Partners","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Agenda Publishing","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/agenda-publishing","ariaLabel":"Agenda Publishing"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Amsterdam University Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/amsterdam-university-press","ariaLabel":"Amsterdam University Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Anthem Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/anthem-press","ariaLabel":"Anthem Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Boydell & Brewer","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/boydell-brewer","ariaLabel":"Boydell & Brewer"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Bristol University Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/bristol-university-press","ariaLabel":"Bristol University Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Edinburgh University Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/edinburgh-university-press","ariaLabel":"Edinburgh University Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/emirates-center","ariaLabel":"Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Facet Publishing","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/facet-publishing","ariaLabel":"Facet Publishing"}}],"column2Heading":" Partners (cont.)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Foundation Books","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/foundation-books","ariaLabel":"Foundation Books"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Intersentia","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/intersentia","ariaLabel":"Intersentia"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/iseas","ariaLabel":"ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Jagiellonian University Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/jagiellonian-university-press","ariaLabel":"Jagiellonian University Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Royal Economic Society","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/royal-economic-society","ariaLabel":"Royal Economic Society"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Unisa Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/unisa-press","ariaLabel":"Unisa Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"The University of Adelaide Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/university-adelaide-press","ariaLabel":"The University of Adelaide Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Wits University Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/wits-university-press","ariaLabel":"Wits University Press"}}],"slug":"partners"}}]}},{"name":"navigationBarCategory","value":{"title":"Services","navigationBarArea":[{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"About","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"About","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Core is the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press. Built with our users in mind our online platform has been designed to help readers and researchers to make fast and easy journeys to a vast range of valuable content. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"about","introTitle":"About","introText":"Cambridge Core is the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press. Built with our users in mind our online platform has been designed to help readers and researchers to make fast and easy journeys to a vast range of valuable content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},"column1Heading":"About Cambridge Core","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"About","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Core is the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press. Built with our users in mind our online platform has been designed to help readers and researchers to make fast and easy journeys to a vast range of valuable content. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"about","introTitle":"About","introText":"Cambridge Core is the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press. Built with our users in mind our online platform has been designed to help readers and researchers to make fast and easy journeys to a vast range of valuable content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Accessibility","pageBlurb":"We want everyone who visits Cambridge Core to feel welcome and find the experience rewarding.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"accessibility","introTitle":"Accessibility","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"CrossMark policy","pageBlurb":"By applying the CrossMark logo, Cambridge University Press is committing to maintaining the content it publishes and to alerting readers to changes if and when they occur. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"crossmark-policy","introTitle":"CrossMark policy","introText":"CrossMark is a multi-publisher initiative to provide a standard way for readers to locate the current version of a piece of content. By applying the CrossMark logo, Cambridge University Press is committing to maintaining the content it publishes and to alerting readers to changes if and when they occur. Clicking on the CrossMark logo will tell you the current status of a document and may also give you additional publication record information about the document.","areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Ethical Standards","pageBlurb":"As a leading publisher of scholarly journals and books, Cambridge University Press is committed to meeting high standards of ethical behaviour at all stages of the publication process. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"ethical-standards","introTitle":"Ethical Standards","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}}],"column2Heading":"Environment and sustainability","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Environment and sustainability","pageBlurb":"At Cambridge, we publish research and share knowledge that informs, educates, and inspires others to drive positive environmental change.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"environment-and-sustainability","introTitle":"Environment and sustainability","introText":"At Cambridge, we publish research and share knowledge that informs, educates, and inspires others to drive positive environmental change.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Reducing print","pageBlurb":"As a department of the University of Cambridge, we are committed to reducing our carbon footprint. A significant reduction to the print component of our journals publishing activity will be a key element of realising this commitment. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"reducing-print","introTitle":"Reducing print","introText":"As a department of the University of Cambridge, we are committed to reducing our carbon footprint. A significant reduction to the print component of our journals publishing activity will be a key element of realising this commitment. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals moving to online only","pageBlurb":"As we work to reduce print in our journal publishing, more of our journals are moving to online only.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"journals-moving-to-online-only","introTitle":"Journals moving to online only","introText":"As we work to reduce print in our journal publishing, more of our journals are moving to online only.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}}],"column3Heading":"Guides","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"User guides","pageBlurb":"Below you will find a range of video user guides to help you navigate and use accounts on Cambridge Core.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"user-guides","introTitle":"User guides","introText":"Below you will find a range of video user guides to help you navigate and use accounts on Cambridge Core.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"User Guides and Videos","pageBlurb":"The content in the page offers video guidance to help you make full use of the features available on Cambridge Core.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"user-guides-and-videos","introTitle":"User Guides and Videos","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Support Videos","pageBlurb":"For helpful content to support your Transformative Agreement for librarians and administrators, check out our LIVE WORKSHOP recording and slide deck below.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"support-videos","introTitle":"Support Videos","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Training","pageBlurb":"Welcome to Training Services for Cambridge Core. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"training","introTitle":"Training","introText":"Welcome to Training Services for Cambridge Core. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}}],"column4Heading":"Help","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Core help","url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Core help pages"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Contact us","url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/hc/en-gb/p/contact-information","ariaLabel":"This will take you to a contact form for technical support","pageBlurb":"Visit our knowledge bases and contact our Technical Support team for direct help and support with any technical issues or questions you may have","thumbnailImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}}}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Technical support","url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/hc/en-gb/requests/new","ariaLabel":"Technical support diagnostics report"}}],"slug":"about"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Agents","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Services for agents","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press is pleased to work with subscription agents in every country, whether those agents are multinational or specialised local companies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"services-for-agents","introTitle":"Services for agents","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["agents"]}},"column1Heading":"Services for agents","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Services for agents","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press is pleased to work with subscription agents in every country, whether those agents are multinational or specialised local companies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"services-for-agents","introTitle":"Services for agents","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["agents"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals for agents","pageBlurb":"Cambridge is pleased to work with subscription agents in every country, whether those agents are multinational or specialised local companies. We now offer full content access to all Cambridge journals on Cambridge Core, including back issues.","linkImage":{"title":"GettyImages-2148427272","description":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1BYMYdALXI4YZz9sJKegO1/0c50d6ede207418c796a9b5691b5c20a/GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","details":{"size":185617,"image":{"width":1536,"height":1024}},"fileName":"GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","slug":"journals-for-agents","introTitle":"Journals for agents","introText":"Cambridge is pleased to work with subscription agents in every country, whether those agents are multinational or specialised local companies. We now offer full content access to all Cambridge journals on Cambridge Core, including access to back issues.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["agents"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Books for agents","pageBlurb":"There are a number of different ebook purchasing options available on Cambridge Core to suit all your needs.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"books-for-agents","introTitle":"Books for agents","introText":"There are a number of different ebook purchasing options available on Cambridge Core to suit all your needs.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["agents"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Price list","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press 2025 price lists for journals, books and Elements. For subscription agents and academic institutions.","linkImage":{"title":"GettyImages-2148427272","description":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1BYMYdALXI4YZz9sJKegO1/0c50d6ede207418c796a9b5691b5c20a/GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","details":{"size":185617,"image":{"width":1536,"height":1024}},"fileName":"GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","slug":"price-list","introTitle":"Price list","introText":"Cambridge University Press 2025 price lists for journals, books and Elements. For subscription agents and academic institutions.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians","agents"]}}],"slug":"agents"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Authors","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Authors","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press works closely with the global academic community to deliver the highest quality, peer-reviewed content, as well as a portfolio of innovative tools and services to advance learning and research.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"authors","introTitle":"Authors","introText":"Cambridge University Press works closely with the global academic community to deliver the highest quality, peer-reviewed content, as well as a portfolio of innovative tools and services to advance learning and research.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Journals","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press is proud to publish many of the world's leading journals across a wide range of subject areas in the humanities, social sciences and STM fields. We currently publish more than 400 peer-reviewed academic journals.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"journals","introTitle":"Journals","introText":"Cambridge University Press is proud to publish many of the world's leading journals across a wide range of subject areas in the humanities, social sciences and STM fields. We currently publish more than 400 peer-reviewed academic journals.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journal publishing statistics","pageBlurb":"During 2022 we are updating our journal home pages to provide new statistics on each journal's publishing activity. On this page we provide some information about how these statistics are calculated.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"journal-publishing-statistics","introTitle":"Journal publishing statistics","introText":"During 2022 we are updating our journal home pages to provide new statistics on each journal's publishing activity. On this page we provide some information about how these statistics are calculated.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Corresponding author","pageBlurb":"The Corresponding Author is the person who handles the manuscript and correspondence during the publication process, including approving the article proofs.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"corresponding-author","introTitle":"Corresponding author","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Seeking permission to use copyrighted material","pageBlurb":"If your article contains any material in which you do not own copyright, including figures, charts, tables, photographs or excerpts of text, you must obtain permission from the copyright holder to reuse that material.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"seeking-permission-to-use-copyrighted-material","introTitle":"Seeking permission to use copyrighted material","introText":"If your article contains any material in which you do not own copyright, including figures, charts, tables, photographs or excerpts of text, you must obtain permission from the copyright holder to reuse that material. As the author it is your responsibility to obtain this permission and pay any related fees, and you will need to send us a copy of each permission statement at acceptance.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing supplementary material","pageBlurb":"Supplementary materials are hosted online with the main article, and can include data sets, video files, sound clips, figures or tables.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-supplementary-material","introTitle":"Publishing supplementary material","introText":"Many of our journals encourage authors to submit and publish supplementary materials that are not essential for inclusion or cannot be accommodated in the main article, but would be of benefit to the reader. Supplementary materials are hosted online with the main article, and can include data sets, video files, sound clips, figures or tables. The main text of the article should stand alone without the supplementary material.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Writing an effective abstract","pageBlurb":"The title, abstract, and keywords you select for your manuscript play an important part in the discovery of your article after publication. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"writing-an-effective-abstract","introTitle":"Writing an effective abstract","introText":"The title, abstract, and keywords you select for your manuscript play an important part in the discovery of your article after publication. Since many researchers rely on search engines such as Google to find content relevant to their field, the careful selection of keywords in all of these can have a large impact on the life of an article, extending from readership through citation.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journal production - FAQs","pageBlurb":"If you have any questions on the production of your article check out our frequently asked questions.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"journal-production-faqs","introTitle":"Journal production - FAQs","introText":"Please click on a question below to go directly to the answer. If your question is not covered here, please direct it to your chosen journal’s editor or content manager.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}}],"column2Heading":"Journals (cont.)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Author affiliations","pageBlurb":"Author affiliations FAQs. A guide to determining, submitting and the display of your affiliations as a Cambridge journal author.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"author-affiliations","introTitle":"Author affiliations","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Co-reviewing policy","pageBlurb":"In journals that allow co-reviewing, an invited reviewer can work with a more junior colleague to review a manuscript for the purpose of reviewer training.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"co-reviewing-policy","introTitle":"Co-reviewing policy","introText":"In journals that allow co-reviewing, an invited reviewer can work with a more junior colleague to review a manuscript for the purpose of reviewer training. This allows the co-reviewer to gain experience with the review process and become a viable reviewer for a journal.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Digital Author Publishing Agreement - FAQs","pageBlurb":"Find out more about our digital author publishing agreements by checking out our frequently asked questions. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"digital-author-publishing-agreement-faqs","introTitle":"Digital Author Publishing Agreement FAQs","introText":"Click on a question below to see the corresponding answer. If your question is not covered here, please direct it to our author contracts team.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Anonymising your manuscript","pageBlurb":"To maintain this anonymity, authors will need to remove any details that may reveal their identity from their manuscript, before it is reviewed.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"anonymising-your-manuscript","introTitle":"Anonymising your manuscript","introText":"Some of our journals use a double-anonymous peer review process, meaning neither the author nor the reviewers know the identity of each other. To maintain this anonymity, authors will need to remove any details that may reveal their identity from their manuscript, before it is reviewed.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing open access","pageBlurb":"Publishing your research Gold Open Access (Gold OA) helps to advance discovery by allowing anyone, anywhere to find, read, and benefit from your research.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-open-access","introTitle":"Publishing open access","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Converting your article to open access","pageBlurb":"Find information about publishing your article as open access","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"converting-your-article-to-open-access","introTitle":"Converting your article to open access","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing Open Access - webinars","pageBlurb":"This session focuses on the basics of Open Access (OA) and presents evidence of the increased impact of choosing this option.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"publishing-open-access-webinars","introTitle":"Publishing Open Access - webinars","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}}],"column3Heading":"Journals (cont.)","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Preparing and submitting your paper","pageBlurb":"Each journal published by Cambridge University Press is unique, pursuing a specific set of editorial aims.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"preparing-and-submitting-your-paper","introTitle":"Preparing and submitting your paper","introText":"Each journal published by Cambridge University Press is unique, pursuing a specific set of editorial aims. We strongly encourage authors to read the Instructions for Contributors document associated with their chosen journal as early as possible during the manuscript preparation process, to ensure full understanding of the journal's audience and scope. This document can be found via the homepage of each journal on Cambridge Core.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing an accepted paper","pageBlurb":"Once a paper is accepted by a journal's editor(s) it will be sent to Cambridge University Press to be prepared for publication. Efficiency, accuracy and quality are at the heart of this process.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-an-accepted-paper","introTitle":"Publishing an accepted paper","introText":"Once a paper is accepted by a journal's editor(s) it will be sent to Cambridge University Press to be prepared for publication. Efficiency, accuracy and quality are at the heart of this process. Authors will have access to a dedicated content manager, who will be available to answer questions and offer support as their article progresses through the steps towards publication.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Promoting your published paper","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press is committed to making sure your paper reaches a broad international audience in order to maximise its scholarly impact. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"promoting-your-published-paper","introTitle":"Promoting your published paper","introText":"Cambridge University Press is committed to making sure your paper reaches a broad international audience in order to maximise its scholarly impact. Our marketing team runs regular promotions through a wide variety of marketing channels and Cambridge Core is designed to make your article easy to discover, access, read and cite.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Measuring impact","pageBlurb":"This page explains the most common metrics used within scholarly publishing to measure impact at a journal level.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"measuring-impact","introTitle":"Measuring impact","introText":"This page explains the most common metrics used within scholarly publishing to measure impact at a journal level.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals artwork guide","pageBlurb":"This guide will explain how to effectively prepare your artwork for electronic submission to our journals. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"journals-artwork-guide","introTitle":"Journals artwork guide","introText":"Submitting your illustrations, pictures and other artwork (such as multimedia and supplementary files) in an electronic format helps us produce your work to the best possible standards, ensuring accuracy, clarity, accessibility, and a high level of detail.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Using ORCID","pageBlurb":"ORCID is a not-for-profit organization governed by an elected board. It provides a persistent digital identifier (an ORCID ID) for individual researchers.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"using-orcid","introTitle":"Using ORCID","introText":"ORCID is a not-for-profit organization governed by an elected board. It provides a persistent digital identifier (an ORCID ID) for individual researchers, and a registry of those identifiers, to support automated linkages between researchers and their professional activities and affiliations, through integration in research workflows such as manuscript and grant submission.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}}],"column4Heading":"Books","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Books","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press works closely with the global academic community to deliver the highest quality, peer-reviewed content, as well as a portfolio of innovative tools and services to advance learning and research.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"books","introTitle":"Books","introText":"Cambridge University Press works closely with the global academic community to deliver the highest quality, peer-reviewed content, as well as a portfolio of innovative tools and services to advance learning and research. Together with Cambridge University, our mission is to advance the work of researchers, students, lecturers, and librarians worldwide.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Marketing your book","pageBlurb":"Cambridge provides marketing support across all relevant channels and will work closely with your Editor and the Sales team to ensure that your book reaches its target audience.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"marketing-your-book","introTitle":"Marketing your book","introText":"You will be assigned a dedicated Marketing Specialist who will be in touch soon to discuss the marketing plans for your book. They will provide marketing support across all relevant channels and will work closely with your Editor and the Sales team to ensure that your book reaches its target audience.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Author guides for Cambridge Elements","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Elements user guides. Author guides, FAQs and style guides: find all the information about writing Cambridge Elements here.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"elements-user-guides","introTitle":"User guides for Cambridge Elements","introText":"Cambridge Elements user guides. Author guides, FAQs and style guides: find all the information about writing Cambridge Elements here.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}}],"slug":"authors"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Corporates","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Services for corporates","pageBlurb":"Discover more about commercial reprints, advertising, sponsorship, special sales, foreign rights and permissions.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"services-for-corporates","introTitle":"Services for corporates","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Corporates","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Commercial reprints","pageBlurb":"Providing hard copy and electronic reprints of articles in the majority of our journals. Our commercial sales team can provide quotes for permission to translate articles and the reuse of our journal content for a corporate client.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"commercial-reprints","introTitle":"Commercial reprints","introText":"Cambridge University Press provides hard copy and electronic reprints of articles in the majority of our journals. Our commercial sales team can also provide quotes for permission to translate articles and any other permission that involves the reuse of our journal content for a corporate client.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["corporates"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Advertising","pageBlurb":"With over 400 titles to choose from, our extensive list of journals – spanning 45 subject areas – means you will always reach your target audience.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"advertising","introTitle":"Advertising","introText":"With over 400 titles to choose from, our extensive list of journals – spanning 45 subject areas – means you will always reach your target audience.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["corporates"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Sponsorship","pageBlurb":"Sponsorship of journals, supplements, special or themed issues, collections and questions allows your organisation to work with Cambridge University Press Publishing.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"sponsorship","introTitle":"Sponsorship","introText":"Sponsorship of journals, supplements, special or themed issues, collections and questions allows your organisation to work with Cambridge University Press Publishing.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["corporates"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Book special sales","pageBlurb":"We offer a range of flexible print and digital customisation options to suit your organization’s needs.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"book-special-sales","introTitle":"Book special sales","introText":"We offer a range of flexible print and digital customisation options to suit your organization’s needs, working with not-for-profit organisations, educational institutions, corporate customers and pharmaceutical companies to creating co-branded editions with our partners.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["corporates"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Contact us","pageBlurb":"Contact Cambridge University Press for Book special sales, advertising, sponsorship and commercial reprints.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"contact-us","introTitle":"Contact us","introText":"Contact Cambridge University Press for Book special sales, advertising, sponsorship and commercial reprints.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["corporates"]}}],"slug":"corporates"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Editors","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Editors","pageBlurb":"EditorTo empower our editors as advocates we provide dedicated tools, support and training throughout the publishing process, to raise journal visibility and cement its reputation in the field.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"editors","introTitle":"Editors","introText":"Editors make important contributions to the research community and ensure their journals feature work of the highest calibre. To empower our editors as advocates we provide dedicated tools, support and training throughout the publishing process, to raise journal visibility and cement its reputation in the field.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Information","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journal development","pageBlurb":"The editor is the journal’s ambassador, here are some of the ways to support the journal's development.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"journal-development","introTitle":"Journal development","introText":"Supporting the journal. The editor is the journal’s ambassador, here are some of the ways to support the journal's development:","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Peer review for editors","pageBlurb":"An Online Peer Review System (OPRS), works to help editors carry out the peer review process. A submission is anonymised before being uploaded to allow for unbiased assessment. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"peer-review-for-editors","introTitle":"Peer review for editors","introText":"An Online Peer Review System (OPRS), works to help editors carry out the peer review process. A submission is anonymised before being uploaded to allow for unbiased assessment. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access for editors","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) is an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"open-access-for-editors","introTitle":"Open access for editors","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Policies and guidelines","pageBlurb":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount, and as our editors, you are our partners in supporting this mission. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"policies-and-guidelines","introTitle":"Policies and guidelines","introText":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount, and as our editors, you are our partners in supporting this mission. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}}],"column2Heading":"Resources","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"The editor's role","pageBlurb":"Our editors ensure that their journals continue to evolve and have an impact on their research field.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"the-editors-role","introTitle":"The editor's role","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open research for editors","pageBlurb":"Open research refers to a range of practices that are dramatically improving how researchers are publishing and sharing their work.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"open-research-for-editors","introTitle":"Open research for editors","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Engagement and promotion","pageBlurb":"There are a number of ways an editor can support the visibility and dissemination of their journal(s).","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"engagement-and-promotion","introTitle":"Engagement and promotion","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Blogging","pageBlurb":"Blogs are great for profiling new and exciting research or features in the journal. It is also a key way to attract search traffic.","linkImage":{"title":"A Guide to Blogging","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/5sLUiDKTGCXxU9GKcPcHSA/36bf1c9ca78ae1e2a47293d27fb32647/A_Guide_to_Blogging.png","details":{"size":56411,"image":{"width":1824,"height":894}},"fileName":"A Guide to Blogging.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Editor Resources A Guide to Blogging","slug":"blogging","introTitle":"Blogging","introText":"Blogs are great for profiling new and exciting research or features in the journal. It is also a key way to attract search traffic.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Social media","pageBlurb":"Social media is a great way to raise the profile and visibility of your journal. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"social-media","introTitle":"Social media","introText":"Social media is a great way to raise the profile and visibility of your journal. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}}],"slug":"editors"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Librarians","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Librarians","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Core has primarily been designed to help your readers and researchers to make fast and easy journeys to valuable content.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"librarians","introTitle":"Librarians","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Information","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open Access for Librarians","pageBlurb":"Welcome to your librarian hub for Open Access at Cambridge University Press. Open Access (OA) can be quite daunting, so we've created this page to help you navigate our different resources.","linkImage":{"title":"OA Librarian Website Header Banner","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/6eyfpqZUi4KEeOt7lsGKJg/41ef6beae2eee1a8304a95313aa08b64/OA-Librarian-Website-Header-Banner-Image-1-1500x300.jpg","details":{"size":348959,"image":{"width":1500,"height":300}},"fileName":"OA-Librarian-Website-Header-Banner-Image-1-1500x300.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Open Access for Librarians: get all your information about OA from Cambridge","slug":"open-access-for-librarians","introTitle":"Open Access for Librarians","introText":"Welcome to your librarian hub for Open Access at Cambridge University Press. Open Access (OA) can be quite daunting, so we've created this page to help you navigate our different resources. Learn about our OA policies, what we publish OA and how you can support your institution when publishing OA journals, books, monographs and Elements.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Transformative agreements","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/read-and-publish-agreements","ariaLabel":"Transformative agreements"}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Transformative Agreements - FAQs","pageBlurb":"A transformative agreement is the combined provision of two services for one cost: OA publishing and reading access to all subscription journals.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"transformative-agreements-faqs","introTitle":"Transformative Agreements - FAQs","introText":"A transformative agreement is the combined provision of two services for one cost: OA publishing and reading access to all subscription journals.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Evidence based acquisition","pageBlurb":"Academic institutions can access Cambridge University Press ebook collections via an EBA - access more than 50,000 titles published by Cambridge and our publishing partners, before making decisions on which titles to buy in perpetuity. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"evidence-based-acquisition","introTitle":"Evidence based acquisition","introText":"Academic institutions can now access Cambridge University Press ebook collections via an EBA. Under this model, institutions are given access to an extensive online collection of more than 50,000 titles published by Cambridge and our publishing partners, before making decisions on which titles to buy in perpetuity. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"ebook news & updates","pageBlurb":"Welcome to your Cambridge University Press ebooks hub. This is your single reference page where you can learn the latest news on ebooks and Cambridge Core platform updates. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"ebook-news-and-updates","introTitle":"ebook news & updates","introText":"Welcome to your Cambridge University Press ebooks hub. This is your single reference page where you can learn the latest news on ebooks and Cambridge Core platform updates. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge libraries of the world podcast","pageBlurb":"A brand-new podcast series for librarians to listen to and learn about topics at the heart of academic discourse, via interviews conducted with professors, researchers, students, librarians, and Cambridge personnel.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"cambridge-libraries-of-the-world-podcast","introTitle":"Cambridge libraries of the world podcast","introText":"A brand-new podcast series for librarians to listen to and learn about topics at the heart of academic discourse, via interviews conducted with professors, researchers, students, librarians, and Cambridge personnel. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Purchasing models","pageBlurb":"Discover more about the purchasing options available to institutions for the content hosted on Cambridge Core.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"purchasing-models","introTitle":"Purchasing models","introText":"Below are a number of different purchasing options available to institutions for the content hosted on Cambridge Core.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals Publishing Updates","pageBlurb":"Another year of development for Cambridge University Press's journals publishing sees big changes coming for 2025.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"journals-publishing-updates","introTitle":"Journals Publishing Updates","introText":"Another year of development for Cambridge University Press's journals publishing sees big changes coming for 2025. Below is a preview of our list changes, including our new titles, titles that are converting to an open access publishing model, and details of our new series.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}}],"column2Heading":"Products","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge frontlist","pageBlurb":"Our frontlist ebook collection contains the most recent, award-winning publishing from Cambridge University Press.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"cambridge-frontlist","introTitle":"Cambridge frontlist","introText":"Our frontlist ebook collection contains the most recent, award-winning publishing from Cambridge University Press.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge journals digital archive","pageBlurb":"The Cambridge journals digital archive provides instant online access to two centuries of academic excellence and publishing history from Cambridge University Press. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"cambridge-journals-digital-archive","introTitle":"Cambridge journals digital archive","introText":"The Cambridge journals digital archive provides instant online access to two centuries of academic excellence and publishing history from Cambridge University Press. Our constantly growing digital archive takes knowledge off the shelf and makes it readily available online, alongside our current Cambridge Core content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Hot topics","pageBlurb":"Hot Topics from Cambridge are a series of bespoke ebook collections reflecting the latest research trends.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"hot-topics","introTitle":"Hot topics","introText":"Hot Topics from Cambridge are a series of bespoke ebook collections comprising titles from across a wide range of subjects, created to reflect the latest research trends. Drawing from the humanities and social sciences, in addition to the science, technology and medical disciplines, the collections highlight Cambridge’s depth of publishing.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Other digital products","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press publishes a wide variety of academic content online, some of which currently sits on other platforms.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"other-digital-products","introTitle":"Other digital products","introText":"Cambridge University Press publishes a wide variety of academic content online, some of which currently sits on other platforms.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Perpetual access products","pageBlurb":"Gain perpetual access to Cambridge University Press resources for a one-time payment. Details of products an offers can be found on this page.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"perpetual-access-products","introTitle":"Perpetual access products","introText":"Gain perpetual access to Cambridge University Press resources for a one-time payment. Details of products an offers can be found on this page.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Price list","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press 2025 price lists for journals, books and Elements. For subscription agents and academic institutions.","linkImage":{"title":"GettyImages-2148427272","description":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1BYMYdALXI4YZz9sJKegO1/0c50d6ede207418c796a9b5691b5c20a/GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","details":{"size":185617,"image":{"width":1536,"height":1024}},"fileName":"GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","slug":"price-list","introTitle":"Price list","introText":"Cambridge University Press 2025 price lists for journals, books and Elements. For subscription agents and academic institutions.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians","agents"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Developing country programme","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press has been working to improve the lives of people living in less economically developed parts of the world for nearly 500 years.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"developing-country-programme","introTitle":"Developing country programme","introText":"Cambridge University Press has been working to improve the lives of people living in less economically developed parts of the world for nearly 500 years.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"New content","pageBlurb":"Discover new books and journals published by Cambridge University Press on Cambridge Core. Including information on titles moving to online only.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"new-content","introTitle":"New content","introText":"Discover new books and journals published by Cambridge University Press on Cambridge Core. Including information on titles moving to online only.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}}],"column3Heading":"Tools","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Eligibility checker","url":"/core/eligibility-checker","ariaLabel":"Eligibility checker"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Transformative agreements","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/read-and-publish-agreements","ariaLabel":"Transformative agreements"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"KBART","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/librarians/kbart","ariaLabel":"KBART"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"MARC records","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/librarians/marc-records","ariaLabel":"MARC records"}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Using MARCEdit for MARC records","pageBlurb":"Using MARCEdit for MARC records. To open/use MARC records from Cambridge Core, we recommend you use MARCEdit.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"using-marcedit-for-marc-records","introTitle":"Using MARCEdit for MARC records","introText":"Using MARCEdit for MARC records. To open/use MARC records from Cambridge Core, we recommend you use MARCEdit.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Inbound OpenURL specifications","pageBlurb":"Specifications to link directly to an article, book, chapter or journal page on Cambridge Core using an OpenURL link.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"inbound-openurl-specifications","introTitle":"Inbound OpenURL specifications","introText":"Use the following specifications to link directly to an article, book, chapter or journal page on Cambridge Core using an OpenURL link.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"COUNTER report types","pageBlurb":"A librarian guide to COUNTER reporting and report types, as well as turnaway reports for books and journals.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"counter-report-types","introTitle":"COUNTER report types","introText":"A librarian guide to COUNTER reporting and report types, as well as turnaway reports for books and journals.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}}],"column4Heading":"Resources","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Catalogues and resources","pageBlurb":"Discover resources that have been created to help you get the most value out of content on Cambridge Core. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"catalogues-and-resources","introTitle":"Catalogues and resources","introText":"These resources have been created to help you get the most value out of content on Cambridge Core. By promoting your Cambridge publications, you can increase usage and help readers discover new titles.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Making the most of your EBA","pageBlurb":"Evidence Based Acquisition (EBA) is an ebook purchase model that allows you to make informed decisions about which titles to own based on usage data.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"making-the-most-of-your-eba","introTitle":"Making the most of your EBA","introText":"Evidence Based Acquisition (EBA) is an ebook purchase model that allows you to make informed decisions about which titles to own based on usage data. We want to make sure that your EBA with Cambridge is a success, so we’ve put together a selection of resources to help with both raising awareness and ensuring discoverability of content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Posters","pageBlurb":"Below are all posters for ebooks and journals available for you to download in two sizes - A3 and A4.","linkImage":{"title":"Posters","description":"An image showing the walkway between bookshelves in a library. The word \"Posters\" is superimposed over. ","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/3gpLCEAqNNQ89VoZWA6Aot/6ee8948bc1bd70553b19070431fc0818/Posters.jpg","details":{"size":64672,"image":{"width":424,"height":305}},"fileName":"Posters.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image showing the walkway between bookshelves in a library. The word \"Posters\" is superimposed over. ","slug":"posters","introTitle":"Posters","introText":"Below are all posters for ebooks and journals available for you to download in two sizes - A3 and A4.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Leaflets and brochures","pageBlurb":"View and download our latest leaflets, brochures and catalogues, for products and resources, on Cambridge Core.","linkImage":{"title":"leaflets-and-brochures","description":"A close up of fingertips holding a ballpoint pen. The pen hovers about a notepad. Superimposed are the words \"Leaflets & Brochures\".","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/2vuFy7rj3ER6B7sH4iCAQW/f6ba1d6a1e00c2dbbf6e36e83a082e22/leaflets-and-brochures.jpg","details":{"size":42247,"image":{"width":424,"height":305}},"fileName":"leaflets-and-brochures.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A close up of fingertips holding a ballpoint pen. The pen hovers about a notepad. Superimposed are the words \"Leaflets & Brochures\".","slug":"leaflets-and-brochures","introTitle":"Leaflets and brochures","introText":"View and download our latest leaflets, brochures and catalogues, for products and resources, on Cambridge Core.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Additional resources","pageBlurb":"Download the Cambridge Core desktop background and logo to use on your library screens and in publicity material.","linkImage":{"title":"Additional-resources","description":"A close up of hands typing on a computer keyboard. Superimposed over the image are the words \"Additional Resources\". ","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7IT9biHnN2eHG5WfwB7zmU/5cf73c7ade25233f31c709e359b2f78c/Additional-resources.jpg","details":{"size":39706,"image":{"width":424,"height":305}},"fileName":"Additional-resources.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A close up of hands typing on a computer keyboard. Superimposed over the image are the words \"Additional Resources\". ","slug":"additional-resources","introTitle":"Additional resources","introText":"Download the Cambridge Core desktop background and logo to use on your library screens and in publicity material.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Find my sales contact","pageBlurb":"Please find your sales contacts below by the appropriate region. Alternatively you can send general enquiries.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"find-my-sales-contact","introTitle":"Find my sales contact","introText":"Please find your sales contacts below by the appropriate region. Alternatively you can send general enquiries.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Webinars","pageBlurb":"The author publishing workflow and author outreach activities. How to approve articles using Rightslink Agreement Manager. How to analyse reporting from Cambridge University Press.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"webinars","introTitle":"Webinars","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Read and publish resources","pageBlurb":"This page is dedicated to providing resources, messaging and training to help make your deal a success.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"read-and-publish-resources","introTitle":"Read and publish resources","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}}],"slug":"librarians"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Peer review","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Peer review","pageBlurb":"Peer review is the foundation of quality in research for both books and journals, ensuring that published research is rigorous, ethical and significant to the discipline in question.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"peer-review","introTitle":"Peer review","introText":"Peer review is the foundation of quality in research for both books and journals, ensuring that published research is rigorous, ethical and significant to the discipline in question. On these pages you'll find information about how to review both books and journal articles, as well as some frequently asked questions, notes on ethics in review, and news from Cambridge University Press relating to developments in review.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Peer review","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"How to peer review journal articles","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press has created a guide to give a practical introduction to conducting effective peer reviews, especially for those who are new to the process. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"how-to-peer-review-journal-articles","introTitle":"How to peer review journal articles","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"How to peer review book proposals","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press has created a guide to give a practical introduction to conducting effective peer reviews, especially for those who are new to the process.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"how-to-peer-review-book-proposals","introTitle":"How to peer review book proposals","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"How to peer review Registered Reports","pageBlurb":"This page offers guidance for peer reviewers about Registered Reports, a publishing format where a research article is published in two stages, each stage undergoing a separate peer review process.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"how-to-peer-review-registered-reports","introTitle":"How to peer review Registered Reports","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Peer review FAQs","pageBlurb":"Please note that these frequently asked questions have been written with journal articles in mind, though some may be applicable to reviewing book proposals.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"peer-review-faqs","introTitle":"Peer review FAQs","introText":"Please note that these frequently asked questions have been written with journal articles in mind, though some may be applicable to reviewing book proposals.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Ethics in peer review","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press is committed to publishing ethics in all areas. Discover more about the five main areas of ethical considerations in peer review.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"ethics-in-peer-review","introTitle":"Ethics in peer review","introText":"Cambridge University Press is committed to publishing ethics in all areas. Discover more about the five main areas of ethical considerations in peer review.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Online peer review systems","pageBlurb":"Where you complete and/or submit your review will vary depending on the journal. At Cambridge University Press, we use two online peer review systems called Scholar One and Editorial Manager, where you'll be expected to submit your review.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"online-peer-review-systems","introTitle":"Online peer review systems","introText":"Where you complete and/or submit your review will vary depending on the journal. At Cambridge University Press, we use two online peer review systems called Scholar One and Editorial Manager, where you'll be expected to submit your review. These systems are user-friendly and should walk you through the process of submitting your review.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"A guide to Publons","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press has created a guide to Publons to explain what it is and the benefits of using it as a reviewer.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"a-guide-to-publons","introTitle":"A guide to Publons","introText":"Publons has recently been rebranded as the Web of Science Reviewer Recognition Service during its integration with the Web of Science. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}}],"slug":"peer-review"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Publishing ethics","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing ethics","pageBlurb":"As a leading publisher of scholarly journals and books, Cambridge University Press is committed to meeting high standards of ethical behaviour at all stages of the publication process.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-ethics","introTitle":"Publishing ethics","introText":"As a leading publisher of scholarly journals and books, Cambridge University Press is committed to meeting high standards of ethical behaviour at all stages of the publication process. Our research publishing ethics guidelines outline the publishing ethics responsibilities of Cambridge University Press, authors, peer reviewers and editors.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Journals ","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing ethics guidelines for journals","pageBlurb":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount. These guidelines outline the best practice principles that we apply to our Academic content. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-ethics-guidelines-journals","introTitle":"Publishing ethics guidelines for journals","introText":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount. These guidelines outline the best practice principles that we apply to our Academic content. We hope these guidelines will be useful to many different groups, including authors, peer reviewers, editors within and outside of Cambridge University Press, societies, publishing partners and funders.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Core editorial policies for journals","pageBlurb":"This page contains information about our publishing principles, research integrity and academic freedom - as well as a number of other aspects of our editorial policies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"core-editorial-policies-journals","introTitle":"Core editorial policies for journals","introText":"This page contains information about our publishing principles, research integrity and academic freedom - as well as a number of other aspects of our editorial policies.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Authorship and contributorship for journals","pageBlurb":"We acknowledge that different disciplines and publication formats have different norms for who is listed as an author.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"authorship-and-contributorship-journals","introTitle":"Authorship and contributorship for journals","introText":"We acknowledge that different disciplines and publication formats have different norms for who is listed as an author. We expect all authors on any content submitted to Cambridge to be in agreement that the authors listed would all be considered authors according to disciplinary norms, and that no authors who would reasonably be considered an author have been excluded. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Affiliations for journals","pageBlurb":"Any affiliations should represent the institution(s) at which the research presented was conducted and/or supported and/or approved.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"affiliations-journals","introTitle":"Affiliations for journals","introText":"Any affiliations should represent the institution(s) at which the research presented was conducted and/or supported and/or approved. For non-research content, any affiliations should represent the institution(s) with which each author is currently affiliated.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Research ethics for journals","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press expects all contributors to align with ethics of research when researching and writing.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"research-ethics-journals","introTitle":"Research ethics for journals","introText":"Cambridge University Press expects all contributors to align with ethics of research when researching and writing.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Competing interests and funding for journals","pageBlurb":"Authors submitting a journal manuscript to Cambridge University Press, employees, the SAPC, editors and reviewers of Cambridge University Press publications, are required to declare any potential competing interests.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"competing-interests-and-funding-journals","introTitle":"Competing interests and funding for journals","introText":"Authors submitting a journal manuscript to Cambridge University Press, employees, the SAPC, editors and reviewers of Cambridge University Press publications, are required to declare any potential competing interests that could interfere with the objectivity or integrity of a publication. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}}],"column2Heading":"Journals (cont.)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Data and supporting evidence for journals","pageBlurb":"We advocate for transparency and openness around data, code, and other materials associated with research, and we are a signatory of the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"data-and-supporting-evidence-for-journals","introTitle":"Data and supporting evidence for journals","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Misconduct for journals","pageBlurb":"The principles of research integrity - honesty, transparency, accountability, care and respect - are encompassed by our core editorial policies described above.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"misconduct-journals","introTitle":"Misconduct for journals","introText":"The principles of research integrity - honesty, transparency, accountability, care and respect - are encompassed by our core editorial policies described above.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Corrections, retractions and removals for journals","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press policies and information regarding corrections, retractions and removals in published content.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"corrections-retractions-and-removals-journals","introTitle":"Corrections, retractions and removals for journals","introText":"Cambridge University Press policies and information regarding corrections, retractions and removals in published content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Versions and adaptations for journals","pageBlurb":"Our publications are distributed in many different global, cultural, environmental and economic contexts. We may therefore issue different versions of some of our products in order to cater to these contexts. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"versions-and-adaptations-journals","introTitle":"Versions and adaptations for journals","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","pageBlurb":"Freedom of expression is critical to us as academic publishers, but we do not support publishing false statements that harm the reputation of individuals, groups or organisations. Our legal team will address allegations of libel in our publications.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"libel-defamation-and-freedom-of-expression","introTitle":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","introText":"Freedom of expression is critical to us as academic publishers, but we do not support publishing false statements that harm the reputation of individuals, groups or organisations. Our legal team will address allegations of libel in any of our publications.","areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Business ethics journals","pageBlurb":"Business ethics: fair access, censorship, marketing communication, advertising, sponsorship, PR / media and metrics, usage and reporting. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"business-ethics-journals","introTitle":"Business ethics journals","introText":"Business ethics: fair access, censorship, marketing communication, advertising, sponsorship, PR / media and metrics, usage and reporting. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}}],"column3Heading":"Books","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing ethics guidelines for books","pageBlurb":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount. These guidelines outline the best practice principles that we apply to our Academic content. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-ethics-guidelines-books","introTitle":"Publishing ethics guidelines for books","introText":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount. These guidelines outline the best practice principles that we apply to our Academic content. We hope these guidelines will be useful to many different groups, including authors, peer reviewers, editors within and outside of Cambridge University Press, societies, publishing partners and funders. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Core editorial policies for books","pageBlurb":"This page contains information about our publishing principles, research integrity and academic freedom - as well as a number of other aspects of our editorial policies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"core-editorial-policies-books","introTitle":"Core editorial policies for books","introText":"This page contains infromation about our publishing principles, research integrity and academic freedom - as well as a number of other aspects of our editorial policies.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Authorship and contributorship for books","pageBlurb":"We acknowledge that different disciplines and publication formats have different norms for who is listed as an author.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"authorship-and-contributorship-books","introTitle":"Authorship and contributorship for books","introText":"We acknowledge that different disciplines and publication formats have different norms for who is listed as an author. We expect all authors on any content submitted to Cambridge to be in agreement that the authors listed would all be considered authors according to disciplinary norms, and that no authors who would reasonably be considered an author have been excluded.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Affiliations for books","pageBlurb":"Any affiliations should represent the institution(s) at which the research presented was conducted and/or supported and/or approved.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"affiliations-books","introTitle":"Affiliations for books","introText":"Any affiliations should represent the institution(s) at which the research presented was conducted and/or supported and/or approved. For non-research content, any affiliations should represent the institution(s) with which each author is currently affiliated.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Research ethics for books","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press expects all contributors to align with ethics of research when researching and writing.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"research-ethics-books","introTitle":"Research ethics for books","introText":"Cambridge University Press expects all contributors to align with ethics of research when researching and writing.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Competing interests and funding for books","pageBlurb":"Authors submitting a book or Element manuscript to Cambridge University Press, employees, the SAPC, editors and reviewers of Cambridge University Press publications, must declare any potential competing interests.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"competing-interests-and-funding-books","introTitle":"Competing interests and funding for books","introText":"Authors submitting a book or Element manuscript to Cambridge University Press, employees, the SAPC, editors and reviewers of Cambridge University Press publications, are required to declare any potential competing interests that could interfere with the objectivity or integrity of a publication. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}}],"column4Heading":"Books (cont.)","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Data and supporting evidence for books","pageBlurb":"We advocate for transparency and openness around data, code, and other materials associated with research, and we are a signatory of the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"data-and-supporting-evidence-books","introTitle":"Data and supporting evidence for books","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Misconduct for books","pageBlurb":"The principles of research integrity - honesty, transparency, accountability, care and respect - are encompassed by our core editorial policies described above.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"misconduct-books","introTitle":"Misconduct for books","introText":"The principles of research integrity - honesty, transparency, accountability, care and respect - are encompassed by our core editorial policies described above.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Corrections, retractions and removals for books","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press policies and information regarding corrections, retractions and removals in published content.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"corrections-retractions-and-removals-books","introTitle":"Corrections, retractions and removals for books","introText":"Cambridge University Press policies and information regarding corrections, retractions and removals in published content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Versions and adaptations for books","pageBlurb":"Our publications are distributed in many different global, cultural, environmental and economic contexts. We may therefore issue different versions of some of our products in order to cater to these contexts. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"versions-and-adaptations-books","introTitle":"Versions and adaptations for books","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","pageBlurb":"Freedom of expression is critical to us as academic publishers, but we do not support publishing false statements that harm the reputation of individuals, groups or organisations. Our legal team will address allegations of libel in our publications.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"libel-defamation-and-freedom-of-expression","introTitle":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","introText":"Freedom of expression is critical to us as academic publishers, but we do not support publishing false statements that harm the reputation of individuals, groups or organisations. Our legal team will address allegations of libel in any of our publications.","areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Business ethics books","pageBlurb":"Business ethics: fair access, censorship, marketing communication, advertising, sponsorship, PR / media and metrics, usage and reporting. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"business-ethics-books","introTitle":"Business ethics books","introText":"Business ethics: fair access, censorship, marketing communication, advertising, sponsorship, PR / media and metrics, usage and reporting. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}}],"slug":"publishing-ethics"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Publishing partners","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing partnerships","pageBlurb":"Over 220 world-leading societies and presses partner with us on publications including journals, book series, early research and e-books. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"publishing-partnerships","introTitle":"Publishing partnerships","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},"column1Heading":"Publishing partners","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing partnerships","pageBlurb":"Over 220 world-leading societies and presses partner with us on publications including journals, book series, early research and e-books. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"publishing-partnerships","introTitle":"Publishing partnerships","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Partner books","pageBlurb":"Books published for our society partners are given the same high quality production as our own publications, and are published throughout the world in print and electronic formats as appropriate.","linkImage":{"title":"PartnersBooks","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/2U1gsLlZ2xJxn8N97MOIAt/2604acf1f3e6274808a94cc3e0562509/PartnersBooks.jpg","details":{"size":32409,"image":{"width":500,"height":300}},"fileName":"PartnersBooks.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A background of dark blue with the word 'Books' in white text. The background has a pattern of dots forming circles.","slug":"partner-books","introTitle":"Partner books","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"eBook publishing partnerships","pageBlurb":"Publishing partner ebook titles are delivered to customers on Cambridge Core. The publisher logo also appears on each individual book page, to ensure it is always clear that the ebook is published by a publishing partners.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"ebook-publishing-partnerships","introTitle":"eBook publishing partnerships","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journal publishing partnerships","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press has a proud history of forming productive and enduring publishing relationships with learned societies, universities, and professional associations.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"journal-publishing-partnerships","introTitle":"Journal publishing partnerships","introText":"Cambridge University Press has a proud history of forming productive and enduring publishing relationships with learned societies, universities, and professional associations. Our mission is to unlock people's potential with the best learning and research solutions.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}}],"column2Heading":"Publishing partners (cont.)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals publishing","pageBlurb":"We pride ourselves on offering a truly collaborative publishing service which has journal development at its core.","linkImage":{"title":"journals publishing","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/3pWJoXbWYEFDv5DOiBQs7I/8c4dedff525b7170cfe631f4f66b88e7/journals_publishing.JPG","details":{"size":7595,"image":{"width":177,"height":155}},"fileName":"journals publishing.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the outline of a book or journal with grey arrows around it. This is on a white circle, which is against a blue background.","slug":"journals-publishing","introTitle":"Journals publishing ","introText":"We pride ourselves on offering a truly collaborative publishing service which has journal development at its core. The range of services we provide includes:","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Customer support","pageBlurb":"Our Customer Services teams have units dedicated to library support, handling print fulfilment and claims, as well as online training and access","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, with stars and galaxies. The dark outline of the Cambridge shield is superimposed over the top. ","slug":"customer-support","introTitle":"Customer support","introText":"Our Customer Services teams have units dedicated to library support, handling print fulfilment and claims, as well as online training and access.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Membership Services","pageBlurb":"We provide a range of services to our society partners, including access to journal content, discounts on Cambridge University Press publications and customer service support.","linkImage":{"title":"membership services","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/74cDq9dHVmVPJDQwvqN9ed/00f3dfbab0c2b1f79dea2c40dabb47e6/membership_services.JPG","details":{"size":8177,"image":{"width":169,"height":156}},"fileName":"membership services.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Line image of a person in blue on a white circle background, against a blue square. Around the person is a curved circular arrow. ","slug":"membership-services","introTitle":"Membership Services","introText":"We provide a range of services to the members of our society partners, including access to journal content (current and archival), discounts on Cambridge University Press publications and customer service support to ensure that any queries or problems are resolved quickly.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Our Team","pageBlurb":"If you would like to discuss a potential journal publishing collaboration, please contact us to discuss your requirements or ideas.","linkImage":{"title":"Our team","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/3DbyRtmwHXuXmdpmkQTTd4/fb83164a4b8328415057478c6a81fde7/Our_team.JPG","details":{"size":8368,"image":{"width":184,"height":157}},"fileName":"Our team.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Line drawing of three people. One is shaded grey and the other two are without fill on a white circle. The circle is against a blue background.","slug":"our-team","introTitle":"Our Team","introText":"If you would like to discuss a potential journal publishing collaboration, please contact us to discuss your requirements or ideas.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}}],"slug":"publishing-partners"}}]}},{"name":"navigationBarCategory","value":{"title":"Open research","navigationBarArea":[{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Open access policies","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access policies","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) has become an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Open access serves authors and the wider community by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA content.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"open-access-policies","introTitle":"Open access policies","introText":"Open access (OA) has become an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Open access serves authors and the wider community by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA content. We support and promote all forms of OA that are financially sustainable. Our introduction to open access page provides some essential information about the types of OA we offer.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},"column1Heading":"Open access policies","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open research","pageBlurb":"The open research movement seeks to maximise the impact and benefits of research by prioritising barrier-free access to research findings, data and methodologies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"open-research","introTitle":"Open research","introText":"The open research movement seeks to maximise the impact and benefits of research by prioritising barrier-free access to research findings, data and methodologies. Open research reflects a fundamental belief that the pursuit of knowledge benefits directly from collaboration, transparency, rapid dissemination and accessibility.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing","open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access policies","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) has become an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Open access serves authors and the wider community by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA content.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"open-access-policies","introTitle":"Open access policies","introText":"Open access (OA) has become an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Open access serves authors and the wider community by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA content. We support and promote all forms of OA that are financially sustainable. Our introduction to open access page provides some essential information about the types of OA we offer.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge University Press and Plan S","pageBlurb":"Our goal to transform the journals we publish to open research depends on a continued, widespread move to funding for Open Access (OA) around the world.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"cambridge-university-press-and-plan-s","introTitle":"Cambridge University Press and Plan S","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Text and data mining","pageBlurb":"We believe that text and data mining (TDM) is an important and powerful research tool with incredible potential. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"text-and-data-mining","introTitle":"Text and data mining","introText":"We believe that text and data mining (TDM) is an important and powerful research tool with incredible potential. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Preprint policy","pageBlurb":"Discover full details of our Preprint policy at Cambridge University Press ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"preprint-policy","introTitle":"Preprint policy at Cambridge University Press","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Social sharing","pageBlurb":"Content sharing is a natural and vital part of research. It helps to disseminate and raise awareness about new findings and to stimulate discussion and further progress.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"social-sharing","introTitle":"Social Sharing","introText":"Many authors and readers share journal and book content with others. Some of the most common ways that content is shared are:","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}}],"column2Heading":"Journals","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access journals","pageBlurb":"We have a growing list of journals that publish Gold Open Access articles under Creative Commons licences.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"open-access-journals","introTitle":"Open access journals","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Gold Open Access journals","pageBlurb":"Many of our journals publish articles as Gold Open Access, under Creative commons (CC) licences, enabling readers to freely access and re-distribute their articles.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"gold-open-access-journals","introTitle":"Gold Open Access journals","introText":"Many of our journals publish articles as Gold Open Access, under Creative commons (CC) licences, enabling readers to freely access and re-distribute their articles. In some journals Gold OA is an option offered to authors, while in other journals, some or all article types are always published Gold OA.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Transformative journals","pageBlurb":"The journals below have committed to transition to open research and meet the transformative journals requirements of Plan S. Download our 2021 and 2022 TJ progress reports to see each journal's progression to full OA.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"transformative-journals","introTitle":"Transformative journals","introText":"The journals below have committed to transition to open research and meet the transformative journals requirements of Plan S. Download our 2021 and 2022 TJ progress reports to see each journal's progression to full OA.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Green Open Access policy for journals","pageBlurb":"Discover details of how our Green Open Access policy permits authors of journal articles published by Cambridge to share versions of their work online.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"green-open-access-policy-for-journals","introTitle":"Green Open Access policy for journals","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Transparent pricing policy for journals","pageBlurb":"We aim to price our journals fairly and transparently. In particular, our subscription prices should reflect the amount of subscription content in a journal.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"transparent-pricing-policy-for-journals","introTitle":"Transparent pricing policy for journals","introText":"We aim to price our journals fairly and transparently. In particular, our subscription prices should reflect the amount of subscription content in a journal.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}}],"column3Heading":"Books and Elements","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access books","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) is emerging as a new model for book publishing. We support OA books in line with our mission to disseminate knowledge at the highest international levels of excellence.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"open-access-books","introTitle":"Open access books","introText":"Open access (OA) is emerging as a new model for book publishing. We support OA books in line with our commitment to exploring publishing models that are financially sustainable, scalable and in accordance with our mission to disseminate knowledge at the highest international levels of excellence.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Gold open access books","pageBlurb":"We offer authors the option of publishing their work as open access. Discover more information about our gold open access books on our dedicated information page. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"gold-open-access-books","introTitle":"Gold open access books","introText":"We offer authors the option of publishing their work as open access to allow them to make their works freely available online without compromising any aspect of the publishing process. Typically, we offer this option only for monographs, which are books usually written by a single author to convey the results of their research and analysis in a particular field of study.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Green Open Access policy for books","pageBlurb":"Discover details of how our Green Open Access policy permits authors of books published by Cambridge to share versions of their work online.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"green-open-access-policy-for-books","introTitle":"Green Open Access policy for books","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access Elements","pageBlurb":"Discover information about how to publish an Element Gold Open Access, as well as details of our Green Open Access policy for Elements.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"open-access-elements","introTitle":"Open access Elements","introText":"We offer authors the option of publishing their Elements as open access to allow them to make their works freely available online without compromising any aspect of the publishing process.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}}],"slug":"open-research-policies"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Open access publishing","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"What is open access?","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) is an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view.","linkImage":{"title":"What is open access","description":"Dark yellow vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a light yellow background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7sEQ4K9gF64X6oCYQm5gHg/74f9d5bc0f37e8f4ffe68bd177a5118c/What_is_open_access.png","details":{"size":4791,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"What is open access.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Dark yellow vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a light yellow background.","slug":"open-access","introTitle":"What is open access?","introText":"Open access (OA) makes research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Authors will benefit from the open availability of their research to others, leading to an increase in the visibility and usage of their work. Open access allows authors to comply with the Gold and Green OA requirements of major funders.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},"banner":{"title":"1","description":"a mountain range in mist. a red shield is superimposed on the right.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/tg5ltxgzVAAUpHiLcO8IM/8799f338869f552c0974163f621af29a/1.png","details":{"size":2466105,"image":{"width":2560,"height":1440}},"fileName":"1.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"column1Heading":"About open access","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open research","pageBlurb":"The open research movement seeks to maximise the impact and benefits of research by prioritising barrier-free access to research findings, data and methodologies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"open-research","introTitle":"Open research","introText":"The open research movement seeks to maximise the impact and benefits of research by prioritising barrier-free access to research findings, data and methodologies. Open research reflects a fundamental belief that the pursuit of knowledge benefits directly from collaboration, transparency, rapid dissemination and accessibility.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing","open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open Access Week","pageBlurb":"Open Access Week 2024 | Explore how we're working to build an open equitable future for all authors. We believe in the quality of your research rather than your ability to pay; so explore our routes to fund your open access publication.","linkImage":{"title":"Open Access Week","description":"Cambridge Blue vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/116LrrCNfUgNVzHbAtJ8Xj/b8f072a1ffc9713d156e6c96c91ef5d4/OA_Week.png","details":{"size":4883,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"OA Week.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Cambridge Blue vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"open-access-week","introTitle":"Open Access Week","introText":"Welcome to Open Access Week 2024! We're working to build an open, equitable future for all authors around the world. Find out more about how we're supporting authors from low- and middle-income countries with our award-winning Cambridge Open Equity Initiative, our open access book-funding programme, Flip it Open, and more. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"What is open access?","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) is an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view.","linkImage":{"title":"What is open access","description":"Dark yellow vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a light yellow background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7sEQ4K9gF64X6oCYQm5gHg/74f9d5bc0f37e8f4ffe68bd177a5118c/What_is_open_access.png","details":{"size":4791,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"What is open access.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Dark yellow vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a light yellow background.","slug":"open-access","introTitle":"What is open access?","introText":"Open access (OA) makes research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Authors will benefit from the open availability of their research to others, leading to an increase in the visibility and usage of their work. Open access allows authors to comply with the Gold and Green OA requirements of major funders.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access glossary","pageBlurb":"Open access has many unique terms, acronyms and additional information. Read our useful glossary to discover more.","linkImage":{"title":"Open access glossary","description":"Bright pink dot pattern fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a dark pink background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7cLxXpMkrUCEEHVu2Brt1b/69ca9bc044cd4698fce66e6ca8224fd7/OA_glossary.png","details":{"size":58518,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"OA glossary.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Bright pink dot pattern fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a dark pink background.","slug":"open-access-glossary","introTitle":"Open access glossary","introText":"Open access has many unique terms, acronyms and additional information. Read our useful glossary to discover more.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access myths","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) is an important way to make high-quality, peer reviewed content freely available for anyone to access and view. ","linkImage":{"title":"Open access myths","description":"Bright orange dot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a dark orange background","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/6NIEmqNMzKKHvOHi9cLDUR/157e57a4457dce626d4c3469f15caff6/OA_Myths.png","details":{"size":50542,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"OA Myths.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"open-access-myths","introTitle":"Open access myths","introText":"Open access is an important way to make high-quality, peer reviewed content freely available for anyone to access and view. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Hybrid Open Access FAQs","pageBlurb":"Discover move about what hybrid open access is and what's possible in our frequently asked questions","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"hybrid-open-access-faqs","introTitle":"Hybrid open access - Frequently asked questions","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Eligibility checker","url":"/core/eligibility-checker","ariaLabel":"Eligibility checker"}}],"column2Heading":"Open access resources","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access resources","pageBlurb":"Find Open Access resources for authors, including; information on creative commons licences, funder mandates and policies and much more. ","linkImage":{"title":"Open Access - Resource for authors","description":"Open Access - Resource for authors image","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/nZUZJsiSdEQ92gahE9HVA/5ed0042cab7f26c29ce64460ccbbb273/Open-Access-button-v2.png","details":{"size":10991,"image":{"width":500,"height":300}},"fileName":"Open-Access-button-v2.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"A bright orange background, with light orange stripes has superimposed text in a white font that reads Open Access, resources for authors ","slug":"open-access-resources","introTitle":"Open access resources","introText":"Open access (OA) has become an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Open access serves authors and the wider community by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA content. We support and promote all forms of OA that are financially sustainable. Our open access resources page provides some essential information about the types of OA we offer.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Benefits of open access","pageBlurb":"Discover the benefits of open access on our dedicated page which covers; Discoverability and dissemination, Educational and other re-use and Public access and engagement.","linkImage":{"title":"Benefits of open access","description":"Pale yellow spot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a dark yellow background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/RzyZtGBB0v0qAeZdQG2lA/b986a003757ddb9089555b2388542208/benefits_of_open_access.png","details":{"size":53285,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"benefits of open access.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Pale yellow spot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a dark yellow background.","slug":"benefits-of-open-access","introTitle":"Benefits of open access","introText":"Publishing open access helps to advance discovery by allowing anyone, anywhere in the world with internet access to find, access, and benefit from your research. Open access plays an important part in allowing us to fulfil our mission of furthering the advancement of learning, knowledge and research worldwide.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Creative commons licences","pageBlurb":"Creative Commons (CC) licences play an important role in facilitating Gold Open Access publishing. They provide a legal framework for giving anyone the ability to freely view, download and re-use content.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"A light pink outline of a shield with vertical gaps running through it, on a dark mauve background.","slug":"creative-commons-licenses","introTitle":"Creative Commons (CC) licences","introText":"Creative Commons (CC) licences play an important role in facilitating Gold Open Access publishing. They provide a legal framework for giving users the ability to freely view, download and distribute content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Funder policies and mandates","pageBlurb":"Many funders around the world are introducing policies and mandates concerning public access to the research they fund. The policies vary and researchers should check the terms and conditions of their research grants.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"funder-policies-and-mandates","introTitle":"Funder policies and mandates","introText":"Many funders around the world are introducing policies and mandates concerning public access to the research they fund. The policies vary and researchers should check the terms and conditions of their research grants in order to be aware of the particular conditions they must abide by. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Article type definitions","pageBlurb":"Discover which article types are covered in transformative agreements via our dedicated article type definitions page","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"article-type-definitions","introTitle":"Article type definitions","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Convert your article to Open Access","pageBlurb":"If you would like to publish your article to Open Access, we ask that you select a creative commons licence. The CC licence you choose will determine how readers can use your content. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"convert-your-article-to-open-access","introTitle":"Publishing OA under a Read and Publish agreement","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access video resources","pageBlurb":"Comprise of Open Access (OA) Advantage: Webinar, benefits, myths, flipping journal to OA, publishing OA with Cambridge","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Comprise of Open Access (OA) Advantage: Webinar, benefits, myths, flipping journal to OA, publishing OA with Cambridge","slug":"open-access-video-resources","introTitle":"Open Access Video Resources","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}}],"slug":"open-access-publishing"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Open research initiatives","column1Heading":"Research transparency","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Transparency and openness","pageBlurb":"Transparency and openness are core values of academic research and are essential if new observations and discoveries are to fully contribute to advances in global knowledge. ","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"transparency-and-openness","introTitle":"Transparency and openness","introText":"Transparency and openness are core values of academic research and are essential if new observations and discoveries are to fully contribute to advances in global knowledge. Research articles serve their readers best when they provide sufficient information for new assertions and findings to be properly evaluated and built upon.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open Practice Badges","pageBlurb":"Open Practice Badges are incentives for researchers to share data, materials, or to preregister their work. They are designed to be displayed on published articles to show that authors have engaged in these open practices.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"open-practice-badges","introTitle":"Open Practice Badges","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"OA organisations, initiatives & directories","pageBlurb":"Discover more information on the Open Access organisations, initiatives and directories we are a member of.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"oa-organisations-initiatives-and-directories","introTitle":"OA organisations, initiatives and directories","introText":"Cambridge University Press is a member of a number of organisations, initiatives and directories which we have provided information on below;","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Registered Reports","pageBlurb":"Registered Reports are a publishing format developed by the Center for Open Science to incentivise and reward good research practices and study design. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"registered-reports","introTitle":"Registered Reports","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI)","pageBlurb":"Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) is a new tool designed to facilitate transparency in qualitative and mixed-methods research. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"annotation-for-transparent-inquiry-ati","introTitle":"Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI)","introText":"Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) is a new tool designed to facilitate transparency in qualitative and mixed-methods research. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}}],"column2Heading":"Journal flips","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access journal flips","pageBlurb":"We are transforming the vast majority of research publishing in our journals to open access by 2025. 41 journals have flipped to open access for 2024 as part of this transformation, and we are pleased to announce a further 79 flips for 2025.","linkImage":{"title":"Open access journal flips","description":"Orange background with a stylized representation of a shield composed of vertical stripes.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/12DeiUx4ALihi8EgNJ6WB1/e8f5094d9645f9d58250abe35e1550a5/Flips_page.png","details":{"size":6919,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Orange background with a stylized representation of a shield composed of vertical stripes.","slug":"open-access-journal-flips","introTitle":"Open access journal flips","introText":"We are transforming the vast majority of research publishing in our journals to open access by 2025. 41 journals have flipped to open access for 2024 as part of this transformation, and we are pleased to announce a further 79 flips for 2025.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"OA Journal Flip FAQs","pageBlurb":"Find answers to questions about open access journal flips for authors, readers, librarians, society members, editorial board members and publishing partners.","linkImage":{"title":"Flips FAQ page","description":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/86fdfe644104405c03a13f76a7d5a94e/Flips_FAQ_page.png","details":{"size":5367,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Flips FAQ page.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"A graphic of a purple shield with a striped pattern, consisting of vertical lines in a slightly lighter shade of purple.","slug":"oa-journal-flip-faqs","introTitle":"OA Journal Flip FAQs","introText":"Find answers to questions about open access journal flips for authors, readers, librarians, society members, editorial board members and publishing partners.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}}],"column3Heading":"Flip it Open","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Flip it Open","pageBlurb":"Flip it Open is our new programme which aims to fund the open access publication of titles through typical purchasing habits. Once titles meet a set amount of revenue, we have committed to make them freely available as open access books.","linkImage":{"title":"flip it open","description":"Image of a door, slightly ajar, with large pink and green balls bouncing through, against a grey background wall.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1Iumh0y51Li1h1czm7xT3s/ffb2baaf34ed6fd6ec5ecea8721a2e17/flip_it_open.JPG","details":{"size":9674,"image":{"width":354,"height":199}},"fileName":"flip it open.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Image of a door, slightly ajar, with large pink and green balls bouncing through, against a grey background wall.","slug":"flip-it-open","introTitle":"Flip it Open","introText":"Flip it Open is our new programme which aims to fund the open access publication of 100 titles through typical purchasing habits. Once titles meet a set amount of revenue, we have committed to make them freely available as open access books here on Cambridge Core and also as an affordable paperback. Just another way we're building an open future.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Flip it Open FAQs","pageBlurb":"Flip it Open is our new programme which aims to fund the open access publication of titles through typical purchasing habits. Once titles meet a set amount of revenue, we have committed to make them freely available as open access books.","linkImage":{"title":"flip it open","description":"Image of a door, slightly ajar, with large pink and green balls bouncing through, against a grey background wall.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1Iumh0y51Li1h1czm7xT3s/ffb2baaf34ed6fd6ec5ecea8721a2e17/flip_it_open.JPG","details":{"size":9674,"image":{"width":354,"height":199}},"fileName":"flip it open.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Image of a door, slightly ajar, with large pink and green balls bouncing through, against a grey background wall.","slug":"flip-it-open-faqs","introTitle":"Flip it Open FAQs","introText":"Flip it Open is our new programme which aims to fund the open access publication of 100 titles through typical purchasing habits. Once titles meet a set amount of revenue, we have committed to make them freely available as open access books here on Cambridge Core and also as an affordable paperback. Just another way we're building an open future.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}}],"slug":"open-research-initiatives"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Open access funding","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Funding open access publication","pageBlurb":"We believe that journals must publish articles based on the quality of the work rather than an author's ability to pay.","linkImage":{"title":"Funding open access publication","description":"Dark orange dot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a bright orange background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7te0Mjpty44biAUabJ5RPF/d6e37cd51d396f6ec99817b89b00b235/Funding_OA.png","details":{"size":53374,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Funding OA.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Dark orange dot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a bright orange background.","slug":"funding-open-access-publication","introTitle":"Funding open access publication","introText":"We believe that journals must publish articles based on the quality of the work rather than an author's ability to pay. The editorial process – including the decision of whether or not to accept an article for publication – should be independent of the author’s decision to publish Gold Open Access (OA), in cases where this is optional, as well as being independent of how the publication costs for a Gold OA article are funded.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-funding"]}},"banner":{"title":"3","description":"An image of prairie land and dusky skies with a green shield superimposed to the left.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7lbnCGEEZDq5LJSmPTzfqB/ff8d397038089070b71384ed0ce45028/3.jpg","details":{"size":313671,"image":{"width":2560,"height":1440}},"fileName":"3.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"column1Heading":"Open access funding","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Funding open access publication","pageBlurb":"We believe that journals must publish articles based on the quality of the work rather than an author's ability to pay.","linkImage":{"title":"Funding open access publication","description":"Dark orange dot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a bright orange background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7te0Mjpty44biAUabJ5RPF/d6e37cd51d396f6ec99817b89b00b235/Funding_OA.png","details":{"size":53374,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Funding OA.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Dark orange dot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a bright orange background.","slug":"funding-open-access-publication","introTitle":"Funding open access publication","introText":"We believe that journals must publish articles based on the quality of the work rather than an author's ability to pay. The editorial process – including the decision of whether or not to accept an article for publication – should be independent of the author’s decision to publish Gold Open Access (OA), in cases where this is optional, as well as being independent of how the publication costs for a Gold OA article are funded.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-funding"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge Open Equity Initiative","pageBlurb":"The Cambridge Open Equity Initiative is a new pilot designed to support authors in low- and middle-income countries who wish to publish their research open access in our journals but do not have access to funding.","linkImage":{"title":"Cambridge Open Equity Initiative","description":"Blue vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/6JjuLI91OqL5yWfpDCBabw/57656fcab1c004e52e2ac5221bf45ae3/COEI.png","details":{"size":7741,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"COEI.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Blue vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"cambridge-open-equity-initiative","introTitle":"Cambridge Open Equity Initiative","introText":"The Cambridge Open Equity Initiative is designed to support authors in low- and middle-income countries who wish to publish their research open access in our journals but do not have access to funding.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-funding"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Completing a RightsLink (open access) transaction","pageBlurb":"Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) act on behalf of Cambridge to process open access article transactions using their secure platform, RightsLink. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"completing-a-rightslink-open-access-transaction","introTitle":"Completing a RightsLink (open access) transaction","introText":"Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) act on behalf of Cambridge to process open access article transactions using their secure platform, RightsLink. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-funding"]}}],"slug":"open-access-funding"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":" Cambridge Open Engage","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge Open Engage","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Open Engage is the early research platform from Cambridge University Press. The site offers researchers a new space to rapidly disseminate early and open research, including preprints, posters, presentations and conference papers.","linkImage":{"title":"COE Banner for Core","description":"COE Banner for Core","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/11sHvd1kZ8Vow8Yew8U8Cb/5f69b2462388856cfdb9984c750c6d3c/COE-banner-for-Core-1200x175.jpg","details":{"size":30597,"image":{"width":1600,"height":233}},"fileName":"COE-banner-for-Core-1200x175.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage banner with its logo on the left side of the text and with a blue-green background color.","slug":"cambridge-open-engage","introTitle":"Cambridge Open Engage","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},"column1Heading":" Cambridge Open Engage","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge Open Engage","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Open Engage is the early research platform from Cambridge University Press. The site offers researchers a new space to rapidly disseminate early and open research, including preprints, posters, presentations and conference papers.","linkImage":{"title":"COE Banner for Core","description":"COE Banner for Core","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/11sHvd1kZ8Vow8Yew8U8Cb/5f69b2462388856cfdb9984c750c6d3c/COE-banner-for-Core-1200x175.jpg","details":{"size":30597,"image":{"width":1600,"height":233}},"fileName":"COE-banner-for-Core-1200x175.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage banner with its logo on the left side of the text and with a blue-green background color.","slug":"cambridge-open-engage","introTitle":"Cambridge Open Engage","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Partner With Us","pageBlurb":"We work with partners - such as learned societies, funders and departments or research centres within research institutions - in a range of ways.","linkImage":{"title":"Partner With Us","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/54Be88OUjKkNI6xbxmes8I/1196f9840ef75b6e7cf6aec599616505/partner-with-us.jpg","details":{"size":50015,"image":{"width":1250,"height":300}},"fileName":"partner-with-us.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage Partner with Us banner with a yellow background for the Cambridge Core website.","slug":"engage-partner-with-us","introTitle":"Partner With Us","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Branded Hubs","pageBlurb":"Work with us to build your own branded space within Cambridge Open Engage. We offer partners such as learned societies, departments, and many more.","linkImage":{"title":"Branded Hubs","description":"Cambridge Open Engage logo with Branded Hubs banner with yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1HYQfWBUMmFh5cxXT4ASk3/dd42f22e9034baad9e25666308f03055/Branded_hubs.JPG","details":{"size":13529,"image":{"width":318,"height":192}},"fileName":"Branded hubs.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage logo with Branded Hubs banner with yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","slug":"engage-branded-hubs","introTitle":"Branded Hubs","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Event Workspaces","pageBlurb":"We offer branded event spaces where you can share outputs from events, offer commenting features allowing attendees to ask questions, and much more.","linkImage":{"title":"Event Workspaces","description":"Cambridge Open Engage with logo Event Workspaces banner with a yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1JNYmsm8HkoalS94741ud2/0299af5939154363dff989acb51ae3b3/Event_workspaces.JPG","details":{"size":13881,"image":{"width":320,"height":192}},"fileName":"Event workspaces.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage with logo Event Workspaces banner with a yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","slug":"engage-event-workspaces","introTitle":"Event Workspaces","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Partner Resources","pageBlurb":"Spread the word to your researchers by sending them to Cambridge Open Engage, or contact us if you'd like to discuss tailored messaging for your community.","linkImage":{"title":"Partner Resources","description":"Cambridge Open Engage with logo Partner Resources banner with a yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/2NdKUR1NBikcoqYsjp1ePQ/0838ba4b5725badec595663d5ab08147/Partner_resources.JPG","details":{"size":13317,"image":{"width":316,"height":190}},"fileName":"Partner resources.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage with logo Partner Resources banner with a yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","slug":"engage-partner-resources","introTitle":"Partner Resources","introText":"A selection of resources to aid partners with informing their members, staff, authors and editors about the benefits and functionality of Cambridge Open Engage.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"APSA Preprints","pageBlurb":"APSA Preprints is a free-to-access pre-publication platform dedicated to early research outputs in political science, and developed through the collaboration of the American Political Science Association and Cambridge University Press.","linkImage":{"title":"APSA Preprints Banner","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/37QmpvOaJxxp9ksVaulObU/6ea66e49ff4f3d920eb5c43db27c02ce/APSA-Preprints.jpg","details":{"size":40928,"image":{"width":2000,"height":440}},"fileName":"APSA-Preprints.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"APSA Preprints American Political Science Association logo banner with blue and green text color at the right and a cut circle at the left.","slug":"engage-apsa-preprints","introTitle":"APSA Preprints","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"APSA Preprints FAQs","pageBlurb":"If you have any questions about APSA Preprints that are not addressed by the FAQs or User Guide, you can contact preprints@apsanet.org.","linkImage":{"title":"APSA Preprints Banner","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/37QmpvOaJxxp9ksVaulObU/6ea66e49ff4f3d920eb5c43db27c02ce/APSA-Preprints.jpg","details":{"size":40928,"image":{"width":2000,"height":440}},"fileName":"APSA-Preprints.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"APSA Preprints American Political Science Association logo banner with blue and green text color at the right and a cut circle at the left.","slug":"engage-apsa-preprints-faqs","introTitle":"APSA Preprints FAQs","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}}],"slug":"cambridge-open-engage"}}]}}],"youtube":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Youtube","url":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTK8KRW19hUVucVRHbIx73oLKUro8HXt0","ariaLabel":"Visit Cambridge University Press Youtube account. Opens in a new tab."}},"xTwitter":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"xTwitter","url":"https://twitter.com/CambridgeCore","ariaLabel":"Visit Cambridge University Press X account. Opens in a new tab."}},"facebook":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Facebook","url":"https://www.facebook.com/CambridgeCore","ariaLabel":"Visit Cambridge University Press Facebook account. Opens in a new tab."}},"instagram":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Instagram","url":"https://www.instagram.com/cambridgeuniversitypress/","ariaLabel":"Visit Cambridge University Press Instagram account. Opens in a new tab."}},"linkedin":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Linkedin","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/11096649","ariaLabel":"Visit Cambridge University Press Linkedin account. Opens in a new tab."}},"accessibility":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Accessibility","url":"/core/accessibility","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Core accessibility page"}},"contactAndHelp":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Contact & Help","url":"/core/help/FAQs","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Core contact & help page"}},"legalNotices":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Legal notices","url":"/core/legal-notices/terms","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Core legal notices page"}}}},"locations":[{"id":"4cceb186-9e0f-4a5c-9cae-5fb7faf7c98e","alpha2Code":"AF","alpha3Code":"AFG","shortName":"Afghanistan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"1","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7a8af489-758b-4a78-832d-dd9e754b5512","alpha2Code":"AX","alpha3Code":"ALA","shortName":"Aland Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"240","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6ec2aa7c-8144-4413-9a53-1e477c4c836a","alpha2Code":"AL","alpha3Code":"ALB","shortName":"Albania","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"2","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"522e3e12-6761-4d4d-bcaa-eb24f87aec05","alpha2Code":"DZ","alpha3Code":"DZA","shortName":"Algeria","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"3","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a01524a2-a472-44b6-9ebe-a61fd156973d","alpha2Code":"AS","alpha3Code":"ASM","shortName":"American Samoa","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"4","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8317dd2d-d1f4-4009-ad3c-457ab2ba3a14","alpha2Code":"AD","alpha3Code":"AND","shortName":"Andorra","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"5","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"1bf09008-eab9-4805-bdd4-2158a298f1f9","alpha2Code":"AO","alpha3Code":"AGO","shortName":"Angola","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"6","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"ea735233-adeb-4652-8f09-22420fc62809","alpha2Code":"AI","alpha3Code":"AIA","shortName":"Anguilla","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"7","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"20d19e9e-af37-4d13-a146-799796d8b6c0","alpha2Code":"AQ","alpha3Code":"ATA","shortName":"Antarctica","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"8","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"075b9cdb-8bcd-4afa-bea8-38fcb3a91d03","alpha2Code":"AG","alpha3Code":"ATG","shortName":"Antigua and Barbuda","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"9","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5e891ca3-69c1-429c-9673-4b0ca191b8f4","alpha2Code":"AR","alpha3Code":"ARG","shortName":"Argentina","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"10","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0ee9aa6f-ad1f-4760-95d4-4d233a39b6fe","alpha2Code":"AM","alpha3Code":"ARM","shortName":"Armenia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"11","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c01b6345-36af-4b5e-804b-81e4def241ff","alpha2Code":"AW","alpha3Code":"ABW","shortName":"Aruba","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"12","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"49d6f1dc-ca68-42f8-9f0f-3906decfe986","alpha2Code":"AU","alpha3Code":"AUS","shortName":"Australia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"13","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"AUD","ecommLabel":"Total (incl. GST)","sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f8c6231d-104b-45f9-b8bd-59d058c26617","alpha2Code":"AT","alpha3Code":"AUT","shortName":"Austria","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"14","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e6898057-dce5-4267-9839-6f246dc56655","alpha2Code":"AZ","alpha3Code":"AZE","shortName":"Azerbaijan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"15","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5303e81f-50eb-474d-9de4-642d76633624","alpha2Code":"BS","alpha3Code":"BHS","shortName":"Bahamas","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"16","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b39f1489-b2e0-4c8c-af10-6c1a1d1d51c8","alpha2Code":"BH","alpha3Code":"BHR","shortName":"Bahrain","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"17","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"813ffe7c-1bdc-43b7-a14c-ffe7d7c0da9d","alpha2Code":"BD","alpha3Code":"BGD","shortName":"Bangladesh","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"18","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5e8eb00f-958a-440e-b98d-d3c0d7fc98c3","alpha2Code":"BB","alpha3Code":"BRB","shortName":"Barbados","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"19","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"3046521d-29d4-40f3-853e-3f401ead4807","alpha2Code":"BY","alpha3Code":"BLR","shortName":"Belarus","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"20","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f1e88a22-8adc-4a00-bbb2-a99ec1b6ec39","alpha2Code":"BE","alpha3Code":"BEL","shortName":"Belgium","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"21","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"1823ccfc-72e0-4af3-bba7-74ef903f39c5","alpha2Code":"BZ","alpha3Code":"BLZ","shortName":"Belize","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"22","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"05e40998-408c-474d-9d60-bc9d29780ef6","alpha2Code":"BJ","alpha3Code":"BEN","shortName":"Benin","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"23","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"76d1cd2b-973d-4f95-ae34-60dae74043da","alpha2Code":"BM","alpha3Code":"BMU","shortName":"Bermuda","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"24","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d9890163-5116-4417-aff7-73eee8cf767b","alpha2Code":"BT","alpha3Code":"BTN","shortName":"Bhutan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"25","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2c1cf90a-805b-461b-a568-d5123004356a","alpha2Code":"BO","alpha3Code":"BOL","shortName":"Bolivia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"26","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"80dac76f-ee03-48f1-bbad-f2dd3a05b557","alpha2Code":"BA","alpha3Code":"BIH","shortName":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"241","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"83ded62f-d6fa-4269-8389-6bb6d3530551","alpha2Code":"BW","alpha3Code":"BWA","shortName":"Botswana","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"28","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"1f520814-af4f-4c4f-94ba-9d2f33b1c1f8","alpha2Code":"BV","alpha3Code":"BVT","shortName":"Bouvet Island","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"29","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"3f620225-dde7-4487-a6a1-bb59b383a939","alpha2Code":"BR","alpha3Code":"BRA","shortName":"Brazil","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"30","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"218df5a9-9145-46cd-927c-09d58d5f9dd5","alpha2Code":"IO","alpha3Code":"IOT","shortName":"British Indian Ocean Territory","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"31","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"874a057f-d7b0-413d-a102-b900fa63d3c7","alpha2Code":"BN","alpha3Code":"BRN","shortName":"Brunei Darussalam","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"32","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f8fcfe8b-de4f-4249-82a9-b25c53f752a7","alpha2Code":"BG","alpha3Code":"BGR","shortName":"Bulgaria","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"33","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"825c267c-010c-4686-9e3a-8d9a102481d9","alpha2Code":"BF","alpha3Code":"BFA","shortName":"Burkina Faso","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"34","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c64375a9-61b0-44d2-94de-43fc25389cfc","alpha2Code":"BI","alpha3Code":"BDI","shortName":"Burundi","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"35","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f571cf28-91cb-4c0d-8a4b-debd3047ab42","alpha2Code":"KH","alpha3Code":"KHM","shortName":"Cambodia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"36","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"5ee10546-d2a4-40c8-b221-02baac2aceb7","alpha2Code":"CM","alpha3Code":"CMR","shortName":"Cameroon","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"37","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"df5651a0-e129-4f1b-b6ad-2f2dc1a61f70","alpha2Code":"CA","alpha3Code":"CAN","shortName":"Canada","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"38","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"fb011ad1-74ca-4235-a7ba-5003ba82e3de","alpha2Code":"CV","alpha3Code":"CPV","shortName":"Cape Verde","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"39","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f38f6d00-c96d-4362-b92f-8eb37b011f40","alpha2Code":"KY","alpha3Code":"CYM","shortName":"Cayman Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"40","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"c0add3c3-c40b-4cda-b80f-acf3b8e0224e","alpha2Code":"CF","alpha3Code":"CAF","shortName":"Central African Republic","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"41","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"579966ba-d860-4886-94d0-e67d02f84a3e","alpha2Code":"TD","alpha3Code":"TCD","shortName":"Chad","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"42","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b2179410-845b-4891-8e62-968eb7eb1b9e","alpha2Code":"IM","alpha3Code":"IMN","shortName":"Channel Islands, Isle of Man","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"243","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"621336c2-1da9-432a-9c7b-d3d5839ed6ab","alpha2Code":"CL","alpha3Code":"CHL","shortName":"Chile","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"43","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"296c1d80-767f-4036-912b-5f73422f1a22","alpha2Code":"CN","alpha3Code":"CHN","shortName":"China","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"44","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"eb60ae74-39b7-4400-bf55-0d65502a6c73","alpha2Code":"CX","alpha3Code":"CXR","shortName":"Christmas Island","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"45","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"048a93ca-514c-42cc-b460-cf620e540eb0","alpha2Code":"CC","alpha3Code":"CCK","shortName":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"46","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"93f3e798-c2b9-4240-be44-9e1b60e837cc","alpha2Code":"CO","alpha3Code":"COL","shortName":"Colombia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"47","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9b9db9aa-5411-4d1d-b663-f090006a0f07","alpha2Code":"KM","alpha3Code":"COM","shortName":"Comoros","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"48","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"893b2388-9613-4a21-b513-7cb3af28ca02","alpha2Code":"CG","alpha3Code":"COG","shortName":"Congo","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"49","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"1f635c2a-859c-45e7-9c82-6b985d327344","alpha2Code":"CD","alpha3Code":"COD","shortName":"Congo, The Democratic Republic of the","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"242","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e1b80aee-0209-4a3f-bbd1-eb7eaf5b8d4a","alpha2Code":"CK","alpha3Code":"COK","shortName":"Cook Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"50","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"801c58d4-4ad9-42a6-867d-71e9aa0fa6fd","alpha2Code":"CR","alpha3Code":"CRI","shortName":"Costa Rica","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"51","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7b6c730a-0a5a-4404-b790-98d5795ef876","alpha2Code":"CI","alpha3Code":"CIV","shortName":"Cote D'Ivoire","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"52","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e223963e-bacb-4397-b9d4-a2b6089ed2df","alpha2Code":"HR","alpha3Code":"HRV","shortName":"Croatia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"53","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2b7a9450-97e2-482d-b493-dec2c8d6271a","alpha2Code":"CU","alpha3Code":"CUB","shortName":"Cuba","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"54","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9c1673be-ad0d-4ace-beb1-bc90aa7aaa81","alpha2Code":"CY","alpha3Code":"CYP","shortName":"Cyprus","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"55","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a882aa2a-0c36-463c-8bcc-f7a39b4afc30","alpha2Code":"CZ","alpha3Code":"CZE","shortName":"Czech Republic","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"56","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2c65e5f6-06d7-47f5-96b1-a4de391bd665","alpha2Code":"DK","alpha3Code":"DNK","shortName":"Denmark","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"57","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"27fc0d3d-d582-408c-aba4-405b9d47561f","alpha2Code":"DJ","alpha3Code":"DJI","shortName":"Djibouti","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"58","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0ca16a87-f6e1-4d66-b97a-a2b0d0c47a12","alpha2Code":"DM","alpha3Code":"DMA","shortName":"Dominica","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"59","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e81463fc-6dca-4065-b460-3788de92c400","alpha2Code":"DO","alpha3Code":"DOM","shortName":"Dominican Republic","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"60","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"Q","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e36b7e41-87f5-4cf2-b989-e98cf2302c15","alpha2Code":"TP","alpha3Code":"TMP","shortName":"East Timor","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"61","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0a3f7221-8e0b-4544-87aa-39d757fea3b8","alpha2Code":"EC","alpha3Code":"ECU","shortName":"Ecuador","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"62","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"6f4e6491-3e03-4c7f-9150-7bfa50ee6432","alpha2Code":"EG","alpha3Code":"EGY","shortName":"Egypt","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"63","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"43351744-5158-4569-a9a8-946c9ac2245a","alpha2Code":"SV","alpha3Code":"SLV","shortName":"El Salvador","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"64","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7000fd0d-4dc6-4d1a-90fe-e5353a407af5","alpha2Code":"GQ","alpha3Code":"GNQ","shortName":"Equatorial Guinea","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"65","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"20a43d20-1135-4a18-8c6a-6bcd6f9793b1","alpha2Code":"ER","alpha3Code":"ERI","shortName":"Eritrea","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"66","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"be3990d4-098b-4294-ae25-5b5b5ad4079c","alpha2Code":"EE","alpha3Code":"EST","shortName":"Estonia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"67","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"57314c79-55a8-4792-8365-6a2ba72a104a","alpha2Code":"ET","alpha3Code":"ETH","shortName":"Ethiopia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"68","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"fa4b8ced-ff82-4ca9-9452-caad93f772fb","alpha2Code":"FK","alpha3Code":"FLK","shortName":"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"69","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"45c3a918-4f45-4640-b62e-5a41cb3a7f90","alpha2Code":"FO","alpha3Code":"FRO","shortName":"Faroe Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"70","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a2f4e53e-19ba-4795-83c6-616f537e57b3","alpha2Code":"FJ","alpha3Code":"FJI","shortName":"Fiji","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"71","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"865d0154-f45c-44f1-93f0-f2ea86ea51fc","alpha2Code":"FI","alpha3Code":"FIN","shortName":"Finland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"72","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"05dd7d5d-8a87-43e0-85c7-8c759916e772","alpha2Code":"FR","alpha3Code":"FRA","shortName":"France","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"73","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"03497ee5-48ee-4cdc-b775-0ade025586d4","alpha2Code":"GF","alpha3Code":"GUF","shortName":"French Guiana","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"75","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"791e2817-e292-4258-beb9-2a6c94bb5d69","alpha2Code":"PF","alpha3Code":"PYF","shortName":"French Polynesia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"76","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bb9290d9-fb8e-4529-baf9-b27e5528980d","alpha2Code":"TF","alpha3Code":"ATF","shortName":"French Southern Territories","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"77","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"afaa83a3-f2db-4be0-bdca-5453f35f1ae7","alpha2Code":"GA","alpha3Code":"GAB","shortName":"Gabon","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"78","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"68325bad-f70d-4ffd-b67c-5de5ebdfecbd","alpha2Code":"GM","alpha3Code":"GMB","shortName":"Gambia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"79","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a9a68e5f-bb52-481d-bbe6-b652ac54f20d","alpha2Code":"GE","alpha3Code":"GEO","shortName":"Georgia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"80","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"94230303-e27a-4c7e-83c0-59f3b65cb72b","alpha2Code":"DE","alpha3Code":"DEU","shortName":"Germany","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"81","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"40151893-12fb-4cc2-8564-33d43fcdb38b","alpha2Code":"GH","alpha3Code":"GHA","shortName":"Ghana","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"82","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"fcb90596-ccc1-4c0d-9c21-12786102ca92","alpha2Code":"GI","alpha3Code":"GIB","shortName":"Gibraltar","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"83","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"51d2507a-91a0-43cd-824b-a7cbd20bb1f6","alpha2Code":"GR","alpha3Code":"GRC","shortName":"Greece","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"84","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"30514745-a50b-448e-90d9-c3bf603f9218","alpha2Code":"GL","alpha3Code":"GRL","shortName":"Greenland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"85","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"80e039ef-ccd8-4d9c-9651-01a75dbd2b18","alpha2Code":"GD","alpha3Code":"GRD","shortName":"Grenada","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"86","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"cb2cecc3-84ae-4a09-b0c5-1e2e94274264","alpha2Code":"GP","alpha3Code":"GLP","shortName":"Guadeloupe","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"87","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"187928f6-cd34-4669-b48a-077f7562c651","alpha2Code":"GU","alpha3Code":"GUM","shortName":"Guam","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"88","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"3cf99d09-1a9d-4e56-b0ff-a3f886a242dd","alpha2Code":"GT","alpha3Code":"GTM","shortName":"Guatemala","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"89","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0c0bd020-ee8f-458b-84ba-c4969b8f3d9e","alpha2Code":"GG","alpha3Code":"GGY","shortName":"Guernsey","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"256","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"05f3afe1-7c4f-4ca2-962d-0db4aa6b410c","alpha2Code":"GN","alpha3Code":"GIN","shortName":"Guinea","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"90","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2f917b45-0301-4eca-bf2c-3644498bb848","alpha2Code":"GW","alpha3Code":"GNB","shortName":"Guinea-bissau","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"91","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"dcaf4941-7baa-41b4-9b00-3464cd91eff9","alpha2Code":"GY","alpha3Code":"GUY","shortName":"Guyana","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"92","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c33a6cf0-d4fc-443d-b9e6-d42f630d1af2","alpha2Code":"HT","alpha3Code":"HTI","shortName":"Haiti","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"93","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e6179487-b4ca-4d8f-92ab-a7864b84f85d","alpha2Code":"HM","alpha3Code":"HMD","shortName":"Heard and Mc Donald Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"94","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d11f91c5-5187-4d08-b48d-9077a0768435","alpha2Code":"HN","alpha3Code":"HND","shortName":"Honduras","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"95","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b67c3d03-f527-4dbd-a07d-01a82bef1107","alpha2Code":"HK","alpha3Code":"HKG","shortName":"Hong Kong","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"96","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"47b97900-a473-4bf5-981b-9de200e6b34f","alpha2Code":"HU","alpha3Code":"HUN","shortName":"Hungary","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"97","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"614cb0b5-e364-44d9-8c58-ff8d88a58156","alpha2Code":"IS","alpha3Code":"ISL","shortName":"Iceland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"98","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bd34cc15-3c6e-40a6-a0d4-e5d564a28536","alpha2Code":"IN","alpha3Code":"IND","shortName":"India","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"99","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"87f30ea0-a22f-40b0-aeb6-6a35d7f32bf3","alpha2Code":"ID","alpha3Code":"IDN","shortName":"Indonesia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"100","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c01d7696-a9ab-4703-9e1a-78e5607d9352","alpha2Code":"IR","alpha3Code":"IRN","shortName":"Iran, Islamic Republic of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"244","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0ceb019d-6fbd-4deb-9f86-024807ca8aa2","alpha2Code":"IQ","alpha3Code":"IRQ","shortName":"Iraq","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"102","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"84740583-b333-4f4a-8a42-3a211eaa7af3","alpha2Code":"IE","alpha3Code":"IRL","shortName":"Ireland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"103","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"979019bc-315b-4619-9a23-9eb96fa30b42","alpha2Code":"IL","alpha3Code":"ISR","shortName":"Israel","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"104","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a0301abd-eeaf-4e34-b578-328b434dce05","alpha2Code":"IT","alpha3Code":"ITA","shortName":"Italy","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"105","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a082a2fa-fece-4cda-978a-af61bb51f297","alpha2Code":"JM","alpha3Code":"JAM","shortName":"Jamaica","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"106","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e0d7d043-51c6-4e34-8609-0f26b56bbaa3","alpha2Code":"JP","alpha3Code":"JPN","shortName":"Japan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"107","cupBranch":"F","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"cf6cbfe5-435d-4f16-b202-b75935b9bfd1","alpha2Code":"JE","alpha3Code":"JEY","shortName":"Jersey","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"254","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"301a18e0-a4ff-4454-b99a-1f7ddaf960fc","alpha2Code":"JO","alpha3Code":"JOR","shortName":"Jordan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"108","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a2be4056-1959-41fd-b83b-a1a6e6790668","alpha2Code":"KZ","alpha3Code":"KAZ","shortName":"Kazakhstan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"109","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"8a09cfd7-9e32-461f-9814-51cf3d205afa","alpha2Code":"KE","alpha3Code":"KEN","shortName":"Kenya","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"110","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0e97bf1b-5058-4bcf-9e56-e3e59ec097bf","alpha2Code":"KI","alpha3Code":"KIR","shortName":"Kiribati","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"111","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f78723d2-da0d-4208-b398-d64225f3db40","alpha2Code":"KP","alpha3Code":"PRK","shortName":"Korea, Democratic People's Republic of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"112","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"77f81edb-1401-4d4a-a221-6e17780dcc64","alpha2Code":"KR","alpha3Code":"KOR","shortName":"Korea, Republic of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"113","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e4f2006174dd3a2b0174f952ffbb141b","alpha2Code":"XK","alpha3Code":"UNK","shortName":"Kosovo","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"0","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d309f426-ed06-491e-af88-ae18beb738d3","alpha2Code":"KW","alpha3Code":"KWT","shortName":"Kuwait","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"114","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8be878e2-8c54-4b7c-b0b4-45f440cc39a4","alpha2Code":"KG","alpha3Code":"KGZ","shortName":"Kyrgyzstan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"115","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"22b8d6c8-a08f-4ce2-b547-c075e7402d5d","alpha2Code":"LA","alpha3Code":"LAO","shortName":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"116","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"66842dc2-54f5-4545-8fe9-10825844cd0b","alpha2Code":"LV","alpha3Code":"LVA","shortName":"Latvia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"117","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f2344dfd-803e-438b-b83b-2d83411344f5","alpha2Code":"LB","alpha3Code":"LBN","shortName":"Lebanon","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"118","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"cf97eb3b-a38a-4d0a-a86d-3c62af7cc102","alpha2Code":"LS","alpha3Code":"LSO","shortName":"Lesotho","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"119","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0d696510-0141-46c3-a9dd-73032d1dc369","alpha2Code":"LR","alpha3Code":"LBR","shortName":"Liberia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"120","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e8da5281-6f13-4500-844c-af6e50a1817d","alpha2Code":"LY","alpha3Code":"LBY","shortName":"Libyan Arab Jamahiriya","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"121","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9e30228c-05f0-465e-8227-9deb4392ec80","alpha2Code":"LI","alpha3Code":"LIE","shortName":"Liechtenstein","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"122","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f18fcd58-f002-4a29-bddd-88ab368390e4","alpha2Code":"LT","alpha3Code":"LTU","shortName":"Lithuania","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"123","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bf550d77-9986-49c0-bda6-f8df4a33731b","alpha2Code":"LU","alpha3Code":"LUX","shortName":"Luxembourg","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"124","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6142574e-44d7-4df3-b80f-11e0a1ffa8e1","alpha2Code":"MO","alpha3Code":"MAC","shortName":"Macau","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"125","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b61d957a-4d6a-46a1-9df6-eafbd496bcc4","alpha2Code":"MK","alpha3Code":"MKD","shortName":"Macedonia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"247","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f9c8f20a-0224-4405-a2b4-2dddeb899216","alpha2Code":"MG","alpha3Code":"MDG","shortName":"Madagascar","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"127","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a1e24326-20ed-4e87-a4b5-852bcba55fc7","alpha2Code":"MW","alpha3Code":"MWI","shortName":"Malawi","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"128","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"55e049f1-34d1-4a72-84db-6b20eb50be32","alpha2Code":"MY","alpha3Code":"MYS","shortName":"Malaysia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"129","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b43dce9c-06f7-489e-b21b-1b581fd1b376","alpha2Code":"MV","alpha3Code":"MDV","shortName":"Maldives","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"130","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f2186aa4-a2e6-472e-b953-e2cff11e723a","alpha2Code":"ML","alpha3Code":"MLI","shortName":"Mali","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"131","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7a0ab8e8-39b3-4db9-bf76-fc6788ab0791","alpha2Code":"MT","alpha3Code":"MLT","shortName":"Malta","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"132","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"851a02c7-636d-4906-9178-375d5dca7138","alpha2Code":"MH","alpha3Code":"MHL","shortName":"Marshall Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"133","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"33938e2e-84d6-47f9-af01-6544c2556a5f","alpha2Code":"MQ","alpha3Code":"MTQ","shortName":"Martinique","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"134","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"ee4f5569-bdd1-407b-957d-d1242217c485","alpha2Code":"MR","alpha3Code":"MRT","shortName":"Mauritania","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"135","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9eab61a4-b4e2-4a36-a057-f5db49aea119","alpha2Code":"MU","alpha3Code":"MUS","shortName":"Mauritius","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"136","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"68048470-cbf1-46b1-8f48-69d4c29c111e","alpha2Code":"YT","alpha3Code":"MYT","shortName":"Mayotte","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"137","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2870e1d0-f8d8-44fc-8b14-f7edb8503b86","alpha2Code":"MX","alpha3Code":"MEX","shortName":"Mexico","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"138","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7c3a61f7-61e4-4675-af2d-0e42f46cf477","alpha2Code":"FM","alpha3Code":"FSM","shortName":"Micronesia, Federated States of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"139","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d6389849-d545-4980-99a2-541aa9b9ee17","alpha2Code":"MD","alpha3Code":"MDA","shortName":"Moldova, Republic of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"140","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"379a1832-9838-44d1-b577-184ca5f5daff","alpha2Code":"MC","alpha3Code":"MCO","shortName":"Monaco","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"141","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"cc8ff54a-a9e7-41f4-b3c6-f63599d081e1","alpha2Code":"MN","alpha3Code":"MNG","shortName":"Mongolia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"142","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6d6467a5-7349-4779-b335-631dda710c21","alpha2Code":"ME","alpha3Code":"MNE","shortName":"Montenegro","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"246","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a53aa839-afc4-4570-9d12-3733f9afd851","alpha2Code":"MS","alpha3Code":"MSR","shortName":"Montserrat","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"143","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6db8c37d-c5a0-43db-812f-539c8ff3dd8a","alpha2Code":"MA","alpha3Code":"MAR","shortName":"Morocco","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"144","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"730b89e1-8ee5-47cf-a292-28758e3a7f20","alpha2Code":"MZ","alpha3Code":"MOZ","shortName":"Mozambique","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"145","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5ce552e1-eedc-4350-a4c6-f6a2898def41","alpha2Code":"MM","alpha3Code":"MMR","shortName":"Myanmar","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"146","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"63b3ee95-fe51-4901-a7ae-fc0bc2cd81df","alpha2Code":"NA","alpha3Code":"NAM","shortName":"Namibia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"147","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d3ae3784-58d2-48ee-a6f1-9749a339c902","alpha2Code":"NR","alpha3Code":"NRU","shortName":"Nauru","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"148","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"042203fb-c380-4c2b-8d90-f97239823d9f","alpha2Code":"NP","alpha3Code":"NPL","shortName":"Nepal","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"149","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8623257e-9ce6-4fd7-aff5-1858ca8c1545","alpha2Code":"NL","alpha3Code":"NLD","shortName":"Netherlands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"150","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"97a6b88a-5cea-4541-ad90-ea14531d1e89","alpha2Code":"AN","alpha3Code":"ANT","shortName":"Netherlands Antilles","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"151","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8129284e-e369-4380-be57-644541694140","alpha2Code":"NC","alpha3Code":"NCL","shortName":"New Caledonia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"152","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"fa967094-29de-42a2-99e4-2a8deb0eecc3","alpha2Code":"NZ","alpha3Code":"NZL","shortName":"New Zealand","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"153","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":"Total (incl. GST)","sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"20c4ce92-62d7-447a-98e7-48722dbc7f8c","alpha2Code":"NI","alpha3Code":"NIC","shortName":"Nicaragua","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"154","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"39d2607b-d95e-48bc-8722-9af51474faac","alpha2Code":"NE","alpha3Code":"NER","shortName":"Niger","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"155","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0e6848ae-cbc9-4e95-8c06-193a6025a20a","alpha2Code":"NG","alpha3Code":"NGA","shortName":"Nigeria","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"156","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"825aee1c-2546-432c-a8ce-fe8533971658","alpha2Code":"NU","alpha3Code":"NIU","shortName":"Niue","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"157","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"798cfed5-ffd1-40d0-bd63-6ea5438b0511","alpha2Code":"NF","alpha3Code":"NFK","shortName":"Norfolk Island","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"158","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e0ea495c-ad0d-4de3-a171-896216b1406a","alpha2Code":"MP","alpha3Code":"MNP","shortName":"Northern Mariana Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"159","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"acd087bf-0c83-4c18-83a7-b8d08cdfd5ac","alpha2Code":"NO","alpha3Code":"NOR","shortName":"Norway","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"160","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6cafeb12-f2c3-46ef-b9e2-3e5eb010f605","alpha2Code":"OM","alpha3Code":"OMN","shortName":"Oman","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"161","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"92af6c5d-aa6e-4f19-8260-7a9965860a59","alpha2Code":"PK","alpha3Code":"PAK","shortName":"Pakistan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"162","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"cfbd5050-98fe-4def-a217-98cece6f0237","alpha2Code":"PW","alpha3Code":"PLW","shortName":"Palau","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"163","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bb3310cf-b407-416e-b3d9-523e2ce1d794","alpha2Code":"PS","alpha3Code":"PSE","shortName":"Palestinian Territory, Occupied","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"248","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e2f744c2-e5d0-491e-aa88-1421e18615bc","alpha2Code":"PA","alpha3Code":"PAN","shortName":"Panama","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"164","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"2688a966-22e0-4d18-b5f0-c1e2e2ad65d0","alpha2Code":"PG","alpha3Code":"PNG","shortName":"Papua New Guinea","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"165","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9f7b77ce-3572-417d-bbbf-22d90f13f704","alpha2Code":"PY","alpha3Code":"PRY","shortName":"Paraguay","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"166","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"4da3ee97-6df0-470d-98cf-562df8c8d164","alpha2Code":"PE","alpha3Code":"PER","shortName":"Peru","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"167","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0f106ec3-9de4-4f85-bb09-26d7830bbdf4","alpha2Code":"PH","alpha3Code":"PHL","shortName":"Philippines","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"168","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9c5b6ddf-210d-44ff-82b6-9ad51f915b83","alpha2Code":"PN","alpha3Code":"PCN","shortName":"Pitcairn","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"169","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"927b1ada-bf62-47c5-bbc0-df990fb2f818","alpha2Code":"PL","alpha3Code":"POL","shortName":"Poland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"170","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9b7febfc-d8ae-417c-9d43-e48a46dc4da8","alpha2Code":"PT","alpha3Code":"PRT","shortName":"Portugal","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"171","cupBranch":"I","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7bdc01da-9217-4e89-9976-fa3c171419bd","alpha2Code":"PR","alpha3Code":"PRI","shortName":"Puerto Rico","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"172","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"988553d3-7531-425e-9de8-94e45fdd9d18","alpha2Code":"QA","alpha3Code":"QAT","shortName":"Qatar","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"173","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"3afbb3fb-e115-43d4-b08e-cf0924bd652e","alpha2Code":"RE","alpha3Code":"REU","shortName":"Reunion","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"174","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a7590f7b-5da8-4887-aeee-f62ac89e7d73","alpha2Code":"RO","alpha3Code":"ROM","shortName":"Romania","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"175","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"927c85b7-545c-4c47-bf16-dece1a52bf76","alpha2Code":"RU","alpha3Code":"RUS","shortName":"Russian Federation","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"176","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0142ee9b-ef89-4a7f-8e5d-1560f14a849d","alpha2Code":"RW","alpha3Code":"RWA","shortName":"Rwanda","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"177","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"26ae3d8f-411c-4617-9e9f-e0240920ccff","alpha2Code":"KN","alpha3Code":"KNA","shortName":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"178","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"30aacdef-10e4-43bb-bc98-4a6764cb1636","alpha2Code":"LC","alpha3Code":"LCA","shortName":"Saint Lucia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"179","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8a4e3f48-2458-4cd1-ade0-36e6a51d3508","alpha2Code":"VC","alpha3Code":"VCT","shortName":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"180","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"40904289-77be-48b6-94fc-962f1f4af37d","alpha2Code":"WS","alpha3Code":"WSM","shortName":"Samoa","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"181","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"697b639c-700f-4829-aafd-0aef39d0b2ae","alpha2Code":"SM","alpha3Code":"SMR","shortName":"San Marino","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"182","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"620b7524-57af-4fc6-a18d-84983311633b","alpha2Code":"ST","alpha3Code":"STP","shortName":"Sao Tome and Principe","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"183","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"831a8227-0d4c-4bef-991b-d81f06aafbf4","alpha2Code":"SA","alpha3Code":"SAU","shortName":"Saudi Arabia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"184","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0927ed95-6d83-450f-b038-f2960f2dad79","alpha2Code":"SN","alpha3Code":"SEN","shortName":"Senegal","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"185","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"d99ef40c-1a85-4077-881d-2f4c7c6f3046","alpha2Code":"RS","alpha3Code":"SRB","shortName":"Serbia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"249","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"7bb7c2ce-5a84-4f0b-9ed4-d054ff932a0d","alpha2Code":"SC","alpha3Code":"SYC","shortName":"Seychelles","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"186","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"5ae5bac7-79d4-4073-9f1f-7e9961b85b52","alpha2Code":"SL","alpha3Code":"SLE","shortName":"Sierra Leone","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"187","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bc064ea8-099f-4a8a-a386-48431dabd194","alpha2Code":"SG","alpha3Code":"SGP","shortName":"Singapore","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"188","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"84e588f5-00f9-4992-a722-8bd05a47a68a","alpha2Code":"SK","alpha3Code":"SVK","shortName":"Slovakia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"250","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"ec5419a0-4f83-46e5-9f14-653580687402","alpha2Code":"SI","alpha3Code":"SVN","shortName":"Slovenia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"190","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e034000d-6fb7-4420-a23e-09af7c2ef1a5","alpha2Code":"SB","alpha3Code":"SLB","shortName":"Solomon Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"191","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b4e18b13-68f5-4680-b634-c03793a9287b","alpha2Code":"SO","alpha3Code":"SOM","shortName":"Somalia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"192","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"11227fdf-051a-4520-89ef-315a5a39ec16","alpha2Code":"ZA","alpha3Code":"ZAF","shortName":"South Africa","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"193","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2605c280-574a-4670-bb14-93f0ee29063f","alpha2Code":"GS","alpha3Code":"SGS","shortName":"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"194","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e4f2006174dd3a2b0174f94f00cc140b","alpha2Code":"SS","alpha3Code":"SSD","shortName":"South Sudan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"0","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"27f58fe2-7c39-486f-ac6a-26da3b68225b","alpha2Code":"ES","alpha3Code":"ESP","shortName":"Spain","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"195","cupBranch":"I","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9fe0fd0a-27d6-4723-8ceb-eaf40b45f064","alpha2Code":"LK","alpha3Code":"LKA","shortName":"Sri Lanka","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"196","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8740a5ed-79e0-42a5-9769-6e6f035ff78b","alpha2Code":"SH","alpha3Code":"SHN","shortName":"St. Helena","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"197","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"16b75816-519b-43d4-81a4-10292ea39d1a","alpha2Code":"PM","alpha3Code":"SPM","shortName":"St. Pierre and Miquelon","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"198","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5d27adfe-e461-4a2e-8703-5ec9ac6c1241","alpha2Code":"SD","alpha3Code":"SDN","shortName":"Sudan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"199","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6a7a0bf9-1b4d-4cc9-bf4f-fcef994b6716","alpha2Code":"SR","alpha3Code":"SUR","shortName":"Suriname","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"200","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"Q","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"874d22e5-1e92-4125-87ab-3471711ee562","alpha2Code":"SJ","alpha3Code":"SJM","shortName":"Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"201","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"233630f3-d0d7-46df-836b-cef65edd0705","alpha2Code":"SZ","alpha3Code":"SWZ","shortName":"Swaziland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"202","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"161e0c12-5539-472d-8681-47d12e0f7c87","alpha2Code":"SE","alpha3Code":"SWE","shortName":"Sweden","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"203","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e418e58e-6977-42f0-90f9-1edeb74c9620","alpha2Code":"CH","alpha3Code":"CHE","shortName":"Switzerland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"204","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"970c958c-d257-4243-996c-5cf54a892450","alpha2Code":"SY","alpha3Code":"SYR","shortName":"Syrian Arab Republic","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"205","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bb572853-7dfb-45b9-8d72-5d65f614e2d1","alpha2Code":"TW","alpha3Code":"TWN","shortName":"Taiwan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"206","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"115100c9-86b0-481e-9960-b19253485425","alpha2Code":"TJ","alpha3Code":"TJK","shortName":"Tajikistan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"207","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"43093a64-4dfb-49a0-ac35-a81d3ba8680d","alpha2Code":"TZ","alpha3Code":"TZA","shortName":"Tanzania, United Republic of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"208","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"9de26d08-cbd0-46dd-95c3-d26c11b91ad9","alpha2Code":"TH","alpha3Code":"THA","shortName":"Thailand","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"209","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e4f2006174dd3a2b0174f938e23413f1","alpha2Code":"TL","alpha3Code":"TLS","shortName":"Timor-Leste","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"0","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"396a394b-48bd-491d-8783-8e92c49cbf9c","alpha2Code":"TG","alpha3Code":"TGO","shortName":"Togo","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"210","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c0ea7925-a0ec-4827-b13d-d7dc3666132a","alpha2Code":"TK","alpha3Code":"TKL","shortName":"Tokelau","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"211","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7f008c68-9ed3-444d-9fb7-fdcd6def32e8","alpha2Code":"TO","alpha3Code":"TON","shortName":"Tonga","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"212","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6cc3a480-5cc3-4aaa-b464-3a4638710353","alpha2Code":"TT","alpha3Code":"TTO","shortName":"Trinidad and Tobago","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"213","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f8df523a-eb8b-4971-b5c0-d46bfc28d25e","alpha2Code":"TN","alpha3Code":"TUN","shortName":"Tunisia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"214","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c92bc644-fdae-4111-9393-78a5d845a49d","alpha2Code":"TR","alpha3Code":"TUR","shortName":"Türkiye","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"215","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"63efbcff-1e4b-4821-99c1-d67174df50db","alpha2Code":"TM","alpha3Code":"TKM","shortName":"Turkmenistan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"216","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"560a128b-dabd-411b-ab88-2c3718176995","alpha2Code":"TC","alpha3Code":"TCA","shortName":"Turks and Caicos Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"217","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"48917d67-0131-4a0d-ba34-34b7844e4f99","alpha2Code":"TV","alpha3Code":"TUV","shortName":"Tuvalu","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"218","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"63c2a03c-2ef3-427d-8fc4-1c5fdd81cb28","alpha2Code":"UG","alpha3Code":"UGA","shortName":"Uganda","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"219","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a25acd1f-1576-4eed-99f3-e690fa8fcdaf","alpha2Code":"UA","alpha3Code":"UKR","shortName":"Ukraine","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"220","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5b7988cb-c044-4d74-9eda-3262b689088f","alpha2Code":"AE","alpha3Code":"ARE","shortName":"United Arab Emirates","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"221","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"ba985020-38b1-45d7-89bd-fc95a625e0c7","alpha2Code":"GB","alpha3Code":"GBR","shortName":"United Kingdom","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"222","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a22b6cd6-8a7d-404a-bfc3-f28fe1cc9df1","alpha2Code":"US","alpha3Code":"USA","shortName":"United States","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"223","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"230a425e-b19e-47ae-b07f-e6418807972b","alpha2Code":"UM","alpha3Code":"UMI","shortName":"United States Minor Outlying Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"224","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9379fd2c-ce6c-458c-b61d-8a554732ce5c","alpha2Code":"VI","alpha3Code":"VIR","shortName":"United States Virgin Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"253","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d282e488-3ecc-45ab-b72c-81dc0c885956","alpha2Code":"UY","alpha3Code":"URY","shortName":"Uruguay","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"225","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"183122de-4fd8-4b1d-821d-ab89ddd09811","alpha2Code":"UZ","alpha3Code":"UZB","shortName":"Uzbekistan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"226","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9971d148-7a5b-454e-ac18-3c19822988b3","alpha2Code":"VU","alpha3Code":"VUT","shortName":"Vanuatu","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"227","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6475d530-8e6d-4abd-a7f0-f4b382cb6db2","alpha2Code":"VA","alpha3Code":"VAT","shortName":"Vatican City","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"251","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9a5b0169-d1c8-4c10-8fa2-32b4ecac4987","alpha2Code":"VE","alpha3Code":"VEN","shortName":"Venezuela","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"229","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"745aab4b-9973-41c0-917f-0638e51f3b57","alpha2Code":"VN","alpha3Code":"VNM","shortName":"Vietnam","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"252","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9db772a9-22f5-43a9-b935-68ceb56a5a1c","alpha2Code":"VG","alpha3Code":"VGB","shortName":"Virgin Islands (British)","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"231","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7bb4a17e-0a63-4141-9e19-b7851eb72937","alpha2Code":"WF","alpha3Code":"WLF","shortName":"Wallis and Futuna Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"233","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"4a6f26bc-75ad-4d14-a9b8-689a4ec2c55d","alpha2Code":"EH","alpha3Code":"ESH","shortName":"Western Sahara","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"234","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9e2e344d-f7e3-4ae6-b10c-7f9acd4e7d16","alpha2Code":"YE","alpha3Code":"YEM","shortName":"Yemen","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"235","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d0a991ff-3d63-4e93-9f2f-09261a2a874c","alpha2Code":"ZM","alpha3Code":"ZMB","shortName":"Zambia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"238","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"1f6641ed-117b-4cc6-8880-09b4eb72ae4c","alpha2Code":"ZW","alpha3Code":"ZWE","shortName":"Zimbabwe","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"239","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false}]}</script> </div> <platform-footer id='platform-footer-wc' platform='core' env='prod' class='platform-footer-wc' is-preview='false' style="display: none" ></platform-footer> <script> const platformFooter = $('#platform-footer'); const platformFooterWc = $('#platform-footer-wc'); platformFooterWc.prop('initialData', window.__PLATFORM_FOOTER_DATA__); platformFooterWc.on('initialized', function () { platformFooter.hide(); platformFooterWc.show(); }); platformFooterWc.on('update-location', function (event) { $.post(AOP.baseUrl + '/services/country/override', { countryCode: event.originalEvent.detail[0].alpha2Code }, function () { window.location.reload(); window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight); // scroll the bottom of the page }) }) </script> <script src="/core/system/public/bower_components/foundation/js/foundation.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/bower_components/jquery-lazy/jquery.lazy.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/jquery.autocomplete.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/slick.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/jquery.qtip.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/foggy.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/jquery.cookie.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/jquery.textresizer.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/chosen.jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/jquery.sticky.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var AOP = AOP || {}; </script>   <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript"> window.AOP = window.AOP || {}; window.AOP.pageId = ''; window.AOP.baseUrl = '/core'; window.AOP.env = 'prod'; window.AOP.shouldUseCitationTool = true; </script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/foundationUtils.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/confirmModal.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/trimWhitespace.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/loadScript.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/isArray.js"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/parseQuerystring.js"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/createAlertBox.js"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/countryPicker.js"></script> <div id="confirmModalWrapper"> <div id="confirm-modal" class="reveal-modal small" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="confirmModalHeader"> <div class="wrapper"> <h1 class="title" id="confirmModalHeader"></h1> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div class="panel callout message"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-12 large-6 columns"><a href="#" class="right small button radius transparent cancel">Cancel</a></div> <div class="small-12 large-6 columns"><a href="#" class="left small radius button blue confirm">Confirm</a></div> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="close-reveal-modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a> </div> </div> <script src="/aca/shared-elements/platform-header-footer.umd.js" language="javascript"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/ecommerce/add-to-basket.js?v=v7.401.0" language="javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/validation.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/revealModal.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script>   <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript"> window.AOP = window.AOP || {}; window.AOP.webTrendsFpcdom = ''; window.AOP.webtrendsSourceId = ''; window.AOP.oracleInfinityAccountId = ''; window.AOP.isInternalTraffic = false; </script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/jquery-extend.js?v=v7.401.0"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/additional.js?v=v7.401.0"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/multilingual.js?v=v7.401.0"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/analytics/cup-events.js?v=v7.401.0"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/app.js?v=v7.401.0"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/accessibility.js?v=v7.401.0"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/analytics/listeners/counter.js?v=v7.401.0"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/ga-events.js?v=v7.401.0"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { if (typeof $(document).cupEvent === 'function') { $(document).cupEvent(); } AOP.initCounterReporter({ apiKey: 'qzD90fb0r257ZKVtGSFnG3UucyyMdgvu8u250Fa0', apiUrl: 'https://usage.prod.aop.cambridge.org/v1/events', applicationId: '8a94020952a738f80152b223c992000b', identities: [], authenticationMethods: [], sessionId: 'vhulYfTSO3L5xYS81tp8u1PHkJ5y5njx', eventContext: '/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF' }) }); </script> <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'912f1151df7bce2e',t:'MTczOTcyNDk1MS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html> <div id="kindleModal" class="reveal-modal large" data-reveal> <div class="header"> <h1 class="heading_07">Save article to Kindle</h1> </div> <div class="panel"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns margin-bottom"> <p>To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. <a href="/core/help">Find out more about saving to your Kindle</a>. </p> <p> Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. </p> <p> Find out more about the <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=kinw_myk_wl_ln?ie=UTF8&nodeId=200767340#fees" target="_blank">Kindle Personal Document Service.</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="row book-title"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="heading_08"><div class="title">Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval Leiden, the Low Countries</div></div> </div> </div> <div class="row book-details book-overview"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li class="volume-issue">Volume 98, <a href="">Issue 400</a></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Sophie Rabinow&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Sophie Rabinow</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-8994" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Sophie Rabinow in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a1" class="">(a1)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tianyi Wang&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Tianyi Wang</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0776-9387" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Tianyi Wang in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a1" class="">(a1)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roos van Oosten&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Roos van Oosten</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4323-5120" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Roos van Oosten in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a2" class="">(a2)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Yolande Meijer&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Yolande Meijer</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a3" class="">(a3)</sup><span class="separator "> and </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Piers D. Mitchell&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Piers D. Mitchell</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-697X" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Piers D. Mitchell in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a1" class="">(a1)</sup> </li> <li class="meta-info">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.72" target="_blank" class="url">https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.72</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row wrapper no-padding-top"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <form id="sendTokindleForm" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto" method="GET"> <fieldset> <legend> <label for="kindleEmailAddress">Your Kindle email address</label> </legend> <div class="row"> <div class="large-6 columns"> <input name="kindleEmailAddress" id="kindleEmailAddress" type="text" value="" required="required"/> <small class="error kindleEmailAddress" style="display:none">Please provide your Kindle email.</small> </div> <div class="large-6 columns"> <label class="dInlineBlock"><input name="kindleEmailDomain" type="radio" checked="checked" value="free.kindle.com" />@free.kindle.com</label> <label class="dInlineBlock"><input name="kindleEmailDomain" type="radio" value="kindle.com" />@kindle.com (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=kinw_myk_wl_ln?ie=UTF8&nodeId=200767340#fees" target="_blank">service fees apply</a>)</label> </div> </div> </fieldset> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <fieldset> <legend>Available formats</legend> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="formats" class="formats" value="pdf" required /> PDF </label> <small class="error formats" style="display:none">Please select a format to save.</small> </fieldset> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <label for="usagePolicykindle"> <input type="checkbox" name="usagePolicykindle" id="usagePolicykindle" value="Usage" required/> By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services <small class="error usagePolicy" style="display:none">Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.</small> </label> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="suppressTrackingEvent" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" name="service" value="kindle" /> <input type="hidden" name="documents" value="0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" /> <input type="hidden" name="finalReturn" value="/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" /> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="e0q0Ns03-9KhBAXrjwOzgS91QVE06RAYbuQQ"> </form>  <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button href="#" class="button radius transparent right closeModal">Cancel</button> </div> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button type="submit" onClick="$('#sendTokindleForm').submit();" class="button blue radius left"> Save </button> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $('#sendTokindleForm').on('submit', validatekindleForm); var _formkindle = $('#sendTokindleForm'); function resetValidationkindleForm() { var _form = _formkindle; _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } function validatekindleFormats(e) { var _form = _formkindle; var errors = false; var formats = _form.find('input[name="formats"]:checked'); if (formats.length < 1) { _form.find('.error.formats').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); } return errors; } function validatekindleUsagePolicy(e) { var _form = _formkindle; var usagePolicy = _form.find('input[name="usagePolicykindle"]'); var errors = false; if (!usagePolicy.is(':checked')) { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } return errors; } function validateKindleEmail(e) { var _form = _formkindle; var kindleEmailAddress = _form.find('input[name="kindleEmailAddress"]'); var errors = false; if (!kindleEmailAddress.val().trim()) { _form.find('.error.kindleEmailAddress').show(); kindleEmailAddress.addClass('error'); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.kindleEmailAddress').hide(); kindleEmailAddress.removeClass('error'); } return errors; } function validatekindleForm(e) { var _form = _formkindle; var resultPolicy = validatekindleUsagePolicy(); var resultFormats = validatekindleFormats(); if (resultPolicy) { $('#usagePolicykindle', _form).one('change', validatekindleUsagePolicy); } if (resultFormats) { $('.formats', _form).one('change', validatekindleFormats); } var resultKindleEmail = validateKindleEmail(e); if (resultKindleEmail) { $('input[name="kindleEmailAddress"]', _form).one('change', validateKindleEmail); } return !resultPolicy && !resultFormats && !resultKindleEmail; } $(document).ready(function () { // reset validation when the modal opens $(document).on('open.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function () { resetValidationkindleForm(); // automatically select if there's only one format if ($('#sendTokindleForm input[name="formats"]').length === 1) { $('#sendTokindleForm input[name="formats"]').prop('checked', true); } }); }); </script><div id="dropboxModal" class="reveal-modal large" data-reveal> <div class="header"> <h1 class="heading_07">Save article to Dropbox</h1> </div> <div class="panel"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns margin-bottom"> <p> To save this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you used this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your Dropbox account. <a href="/core/help">Find out more about saving content to Dropbox</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row book-title"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="heading_08"><div class="title">Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval Leiden, the Low Countries</div></div> </div> </div> <div class="row book-details book-overview"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li class="volume-issue">Volume 98, <a href="">Issue 400</a></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Sophie Rabinow&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Sophie Rabinow</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-8994" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Sophie Rabinow in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a1" class="">(a1)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tianyi Wang&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Tianyi Wang</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0776-9387" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Tianyi Wang in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a1" class="">(a1)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roos van Oosten&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Roos van Oosten</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4323-5120" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Roos van Oosten in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a2" class="">(a2)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Yolande Meijer&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Yolande Meijer</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a3" class="">(a3)</sup><span class="separator "> and </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Piers D. Mitchell&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Piers D. Mitchell</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-697X" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Piers D. Mitchell in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a1" class="">(a1)</sup> </li> <li class="meta-info">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.72" target="_blank" class="url">https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.72</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row wrapper no-padding-top"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <form id="sendTodropboxForm" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto" method="GET"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <fieldset> <legend>Available formats</legend> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="formats" class="formats" value="pdf" required /> PDF </label> <small class="error formats" style="display:none">Please select a format to save.</small> </fieldset> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <label for="usagePolicydropbox"> <input type="checkbox" name="usagePolicydropbox" id="usagePolicydropbox" value="Usage" required/> By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services <small class="error usagePolicy" style="display:none">Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.</small> </label> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="suppressTrackingEvent" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" name="service" value="dropbox" /> <input type="hidden" name="documents" value="0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" /> <input type="hidden" name="finalReturn" value="/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" /> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="e0q0Ns03-9KhBAXrjwOzgS91QVE06RAYbuQQ"> </form>  <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button href="#" class="button radius transparent right closeModal">Cancel</button> </div> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button type="submit" onClick="$('#sendTodropboxForm').submit();" class="button blue radius left"> Save </button> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $('#sendTodropboxForm').on('submit', validatedropboxForm); var _formdropbox = $('#sendTodropboxForm'); function resetValidationdropboxForm() { var _form = _formdropbox; _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } function validatedropboxFormats(e) { var _form = _formdropbox; var errors = false; var formats = _form.find('input[name="formats"]:checked'); if (formats.length < 1) { _form.find('.error.formats').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); } return errors; } function validatedropboxUsagePolicy(e) { var _form = _formdropbox; var usagePolicy = _form.find('input[name="usagePolicydropbox"]'); var errors = false; if (!usagePolicy.is(':checked')) { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } return errors; } function validatedropboxForm(e) { var _form = _formdropbox; var resultPolicy = validatedropboxUsagePolicy(); var resultFormats = validatedropboxFormats(); if (resultPolicy) { $('#usagePolicydropbox', _form).one('change', validatedropboxUsagePolicy); } if (resultFormats) { $('.formats', _form).one('change', validatedropboxFormats); } return !resultPolicy && !resultFormats ; } $(document).ready(function () { // reset validation when the modal opens $(document).on('open.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function () { resetValidationdropboxForm(); // automatically select if there's only one format if ($('#sendTodropboxForm input[name="formats"]').length === 1) { $('#sendTodropboxForm input[name="formats"]').prop('checked', true); } }); }); </script><div id="googleDriveModal" class="reveal-modal large" data-reveal> <div class="header"> <h1 class="heading_07">Save article to Google Drive</h1> </div> <div class="panel"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns margin-bottom"> <p> To save this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you used this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your Google Drive account. <a href="/core/help">Find out more about saving content to Google Drive</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row book-title"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="heading_08"><div class="title">Intestinal parasite infection and sanitation in medieval Leiden, the Low Countries</div></div> </div> </div> <div class="row book-details book-overview"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li class="volume-issue">Volume 98, <a href="">Issue 400</a></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Sophie Rabinow&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Sophie Rabinow</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-8994" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Sophie Rabinow in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a1" class="">(a1)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tianyi Wang&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Tianyi Wang</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0776-9387" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Tianyi Wang in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a1" class="">(a1)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Roos van Oosten&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Roos van Oosten</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4323-5120" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Roos van Oosten in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a2" class="">(a2)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Yolande Meijer&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Yolande Meijer</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a3" class="">(a3)</sup><span class="separator "> and </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Piers D. Mitchell&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Piers D. Mitchell</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-697X" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Piers D. Mitchell in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a1" class="">(a1)</sup> </li> <li class="meta-info">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.72" target="_blank" class="url">https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.72</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row wrapper no-padding-top"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <form id="sendTogoogleDriveForm" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto" method="GET"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <fieldset> <legend>Available formats</legend> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="formats" class="formats" value="pdf" required /> PDF </label> <small class="error formats" style="display:none">Please select a format to save.</small> </fieldset> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <label for="usagePolicygoogleDrive"> <input type="checkbox" name="usagePolicygoogleDrive" id="usagePolicygoogleDrive" value="Usage" required/> By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services <small class="error usagePolicy" style="display:none">Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.</small> </label> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="suppressTrackingEvent" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" name="service" value="googleDrive" /> <input type="hidden" name="documents" value="0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" /> <input type="hidden" name="finalReturn" value="/core/journals/antiquity/article/intestinal-parasite-infection-and-sanitation-in-medieval-leiden-the-low-countries/0BAEF8C8616457E42BF6C2C9AB8D05FF" /> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="e0q0Ns03-9KhBAXrjwOzgS91QVE06RAYbuQQ"> </form>  <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button href="#" class="button radius transparent right closeModal">Cancel</button> </div> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button type="submit" onClick="$('#sendTogoogleDriveForm').submit();" class="button blue radius left"> Save </button> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $('#sendTogoogleDriveForm').on('submit', validategoogleDriveForm); var _formgoogleDrive = $('#sendTogoogleDriveForm'); function resetValidationgoogleDriveForm() { var _form = _formgoogleDrive; _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } function validategoogleDriveFormats(e) { var _form = _formgoogleDrive; var errors = false; var formats = _form.find('input[name="formats"]:checked'); if (formats.length < 1) { _form.find('.error.formats').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); } return errors; } function validategoogleDriveUsagePolicy(e) { var _form = _formgoogleDrive; var usagePolicy = _form.find('input[name="usagePolicygoogleDrive"]'); var errors = false; if (!usagePolicy.is(':checked')) { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } return errors; } function validategoogleDriveForm(e) { var _form = _formgoogleDrive; var resultPolicy = validategoogleDriveUsagePolicy(); var resultFormats = validategoogleDriveFormats(); if (resultPolicy) { $('#usagePolicygoogleDrive', _form).one('change', validategoogleDriveUsagePolicy); } if (resultFormats) { $('.formats', _form).one('change', validategoogleDriveFormats); } return !resultPolicy && !resultFormats ; } $(document).ready(function () { // reset validation when the modal opens $(document).on('open.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function () { resetValidationgoogleDriveForm(); // automatically select if there's only one format if ($('#sendTogoogleDriveForm input[name="formats"]').length === 1) { $('#sendTogoogleDriveForm input[name="formats"]').prop('checked', true); } }); }); </script><div id="post-comments-modal" class="reveal-modal data-reveal medium" data-reveal > <a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a> <section> <div class="title-underline"> <h4 class="heading_03"> <span class="reply-only">Reply to:</span> <span class="reply-only" id="reply-comment-title"></span> <span class="comments-only">Submit a response</span> </h4> <div class="border"></div> </div> <form id="postCommentsForm" autocomplete="off" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/comments/submit" method="POST" data-abide=""> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="e0q0Ns03-9KhBAXrjwOzgS91QVE06RAYbuQQ"> <input type="hidden" name="_pid" id="pid" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="_cid" id="cid" value=""> <div class="row"> <div class="row comments-only"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <label for="title">Title * <input name="title" id="title" type="text" maxlength="250" required="required" /> <small class="error">Please enter a title for your response.</small> </label> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <label class="inline" for="comment">Contents *</label> <span > <a href="#" data-dropdown="comment-tip" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="comment-tip" class="icon info tooltip-icon info-icon" > <span class="sr-only">Contents help</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 37 37" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <circle fill="#FFF" stroke="#0072CF" stroke-miterlimit="10" cx="18.5" cy="18.5" r="17.5"/> <path fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"/> </svg> </a> </span> <div id="comment-tip" data-dropdown-content role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Contents information"> <div class="close-container"> <a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-tip"> <span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove"> <span class="sr-only">Close Contents help</span> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <defs> <path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-tip"/> <mask id="b-comment-tip" x="0" y="0" width="19.972" height="19.832" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a-comment-tip"/></mask> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <use stroke="#436FCC" mask="url(#b-comment-tip)" stroke-width="2" xlink:href="#a-comment-tip"/> <path d="M14.778 13.325a.983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385.982.982 0 0 1-.704.28c-.254 0-.507-.098-.704-.28l-3.352-3.329-3.353 3.329a.973.973 0 0 1-.69.28 1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.69-.28.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.385l3.352-3.328-3.352-3.33a.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.384 1 1 0 0 1 1.395 0l3.352 3.329 3.352-3.329a1 1 0 0 1 1.394 0 .983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385l-3.352 3.329 3.352 3.328z" fill="#436FCC"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> </div> <p id="info-comment-tip" class="text-left">- No HTML tags allowed<br />- Web page URLs will display as text only<br />- Lines and paragraphs break automatically<br />- Attachments, images or tables are not permitted</p> </div> <textarea name="comment" id="comment" rows="5" maxlength="60000" required="required"></textarea> <small class="error">Please enter your response.</small> </div> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="title-underline"> <h4 class="heading_03">Your details</h4> <div class="border"></div> </div> <section id="contributor-section"> <div id="contributor-row_0" class="contributor-row"> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns left-col"> <div> <label for="firstname_0">First name * <input name="firstname_0" id="firstname_0" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your first name" /> <small class="error">Please enter your first name.</small> </label> </div> <div> <label for="lastName_0">Last name * <input name="lastName_0" id="lastName_0" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your last name" /> <small class="error">Please enter your last name.</small> </label> </div> <div> <label for="emailAddress_0" class="inline-tooltip">Email *</label> <span > <a href="#" data-dropdown="comment-email-tip_0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="comment-email-tip_0" class="icon info tooltip-icon info-icon" > <span class="sr-only">Email help</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 37 37" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <circle fill="#FFF" stroke="#0072CF" stroke-miterlimit="10" cx="18.5" cy="18.5" r="17.5"/> <path fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"/> </svg> </a> </span> <div id="comment-email-tip_0" data-dropdown-content role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Email information"> <div class="close-container"> <a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-email-tip_0"> <span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove"> <span class="sr-only">Close Email help</span> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <defs> <path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-email-tip_0"/> <mask id="b-comment-email-tip_0" x="0" y="0" width="19.972" height="19.832" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a-comment-email-tip_0"/></mask> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <use stroke="#436FCC" mask="url(#b-comment-email-tip_0)" stroke-width="2" xlink:href="#a-comment-email-tip_0"/> <path d="M14.778 13.325a.983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385.982.982 0 0 1-.704.28c-.254 0-.507-.098-.704-.28l-3.352-3.329-3.353 3.329a.973.973 0 0 1-.69.28 1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.69-.28.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.385l3.352-3.328-3.352-3.33a.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.384 1 1 0 0 1 1.395 0l3.352 3.329 3.352-3.329a1 1 0 0 1 1.394 0 .983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385l-3.352 3.329 3.352 3.328z" fill="#436FCC"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> </div> <p id="info-comment-email-tip_0" class="text-left">Your email address will be used in order to notify you when your comment has been reviewed by the moderator and in case the author(s) of the article or the moderator need to contact you directly.</p> </div> <input name="emailAddress_0" id="emailAddress_0" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" pattern="email" placeholder="Enter your email" /> <small class="error">Please enter a valid email address.</small> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns"> <div class="row"> <label for="occupation_0">Occupation <input name="occupation_0" id="occupation_0" type="text" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your role and/or occupation" /> <small class="error">Please enter your occupation.</small> </label> </div> <div class="row"> <label for="organisation_0">Affiliation <input name="organisation_0" id="organisation_0" type="text" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your organisation or institution name" /> <small class="error">Please enter any affiliation.</small> </label> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="contributor-btn"> <input id="add-contributor-btn" type="button" class="blue small button radius add-contributor" value="Add contributor"> </div> <div class="add-contributor-limit-reached"> <hr> <h5 class="heading_05">You have entered the maximum number of contributors</h5> </div> <hr/> <div class="title-underline"> <h4 class="heading_03">Conflicting interests</h4> <div class="border"></div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns"> <p> <span > Do you have any conflicting interests? * <a href="#" data-dropdown="comment-conflict-tip" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="comment-conflict-tip" class="icon info tooltip-icon info-icon" > <span class="sr-only">Conflicting interests help</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 37 37" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <circle fill="#FFF" stroke="#0072CF" stroke-miterlimit="10" cx="18.5" cy="18.5" r="17.5"/> <path fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"/> </svg> </a> </span> <div id="comment-conflict-tip" data-dropdown-content role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Conflicting interests information"> <div class="close-container"> <a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-conflict-tip"> <span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove"> <span class="sr-only">Close Conflicting interests help</span> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <defs> <path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-conflict-tip"/> <mask id="b-comment-conflict-tip" x="0" y="0" width="19.972" height="19.832" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a-comment-conflict-tip"/></mask> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <use stroke="#436FCC" mask="url(#b-comment-conflict-tip)" stroke-width="2" xlink:href="#a-comment-conflict-tip"/> <path d="M14.778 13.325a.983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385.982.982 0 0 1-.704.28c-.254 0-.507-.098-.704-.28l-3.352-3.329-3.353 3.329a.973.973 0 0 1-.69.28 1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.69-.28.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.385l3.352-3.328-3.352-3.33a.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.384 1 1 0 0 1 1.395 0l3.352 3.329 3.352-3.329a1 1 0 0 1 1.394 0 .983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385l-3.352 3.329 3.352 3.328z" fill="#436FCC"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> </div> <p id="info-comment-conflict-tip" class="text-left">Please list any fees and grants from, employment by, consultancy for, shared ownership in or any close relationship with, at any time over the preceding 36 months, any organisation whose interests may be affected by the publication of the response. Please also list any non-financial associations or interests (personal, professional, political, institutional, religious or other) that a reasonable reader would want to know about in relation to the submitted work. This pertains to all the authors of the piece, their spouses or partners.</p> </div> </p> <label> <input type="radio" name="conflictInterest" id="frm-conflict-on" value="true"> Yes </label> <label> <input type="radio" name="conflictInterest" id="frm-conflict-off" checked="checked" value="false"> No </label> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns comment-more-info"> <label>More information * <textarea name="conflictInfo" id="conflictInfo" rows="3" maxlength="500" placeholder="Enter details of your conflicting interests" disabled="false" required="required"></textarea> <small class="error">Please enter details of the conflict of interest or select 'No'.</small> </label> </div> <hr /> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <label class="paragraph_05"> <input name="agreeToTerms" type="checkbox" value="yes" id="agreeToTerms" required="required" />   Please tick the box to confirm you agree to our <a href="/core/legal-notices/terms" target="_blank">Terms of use</a>. *<br /><br /> <small class="error">Please accept terms of use.</small> </label> </div> </div> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <label class="paragraph_05"> <input name="agreePrint" type="checkbox" value="yes" id="agreePrint" required="required" />   Please tick the box to confirm you agree that your name, comment and conflicts of interest (if accepted) will be visible on the website and your comment may be printed in the journal at the Editor’s discretion. *<br /><br /> <small class="error">Please confirm you agree that your details will be displayed.</small> </label> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="submit-btn"> <input type="submit" class="blue small button radius" value=Submit> </div> </form> </section> </div> <script type="text/template" data-template="contributorsTemplate"> <div id="contributor-row_--x--" class="contributor-row contributor-row-hide"> <hr /> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns left-col"> <div> <label for="firstname_--x--">First name * <input name="firstname_--x--" id="firstname_--x--" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter contributor first name" /> <small class="error">Please enter your first name.</small> </label> </div> <div> <label for="lastName_--x--">Last name * <input name="lastName_--x--" id="lastName_--x--" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter contributor last name" /> <small class="error">Please enter your last name.</small> </label> </div> <div> <label for="emailAddress_--x--" class="inline-tooltip">Email *</label> <span > <a href="#" data-dropdown="comment-email-tip_--x--" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="comment-email-tip_--x--" class="icon info tooltip-icon info-icon" > <span class="sr-only">Email help</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 37 37" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <circle fill="#FFF" stroke="#0072CF" stroke-miterlimit="10" cx="18.5" cy="18.5" r="17.5"/> <path fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"/> </svg> </a> </span> <div id="comment-email-tip_--x--" data-dropdown-content role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Email information"> <div class="close-container"> <a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-email-tip_--x--"> <span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove"> <span class="sr-only">Close Email help</span> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <defs> <path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-email-tip_--x--"/> <mask id="b-comment-email-tip_--x--" x="0" y="0" width="19.972" height="19.832" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a-comment-email-tip_--x--"/></mask> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <use stroke="#436FCC" mask="url(#b-comment-email-tip_--x--)" stroke-width="2" xlink:href="#a-comment-email-tip_--x--"/> <path d="M14.778 13.325a.983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385.982.982 0 0 1-.704.28c-.254 0-.507-.098-.704-.28l-3.352-3.329-3.353 3.329a.973.973 0 0 1-.69.28 1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.69-.28.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.385l3.352-3.328-3.352-3.33a.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.384 1 1 0 0 1 1.395 0l3.352 3.329 3.352-3.329a1 1 0 0 1 1.394 0 .983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385l-3.352 3.329 3.352 3.328z" fill="#436FCC"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> </div> <p id="info-comment-email-tip_--x--" class="text-left">Your email address will be used in order to notify you when your comment has been reviewed by the moderator and in case the author(s) of the article or the moderator need to contact you directly.</p> </div> <input name="emailAddress_--x--" id="emailAddress_--x--" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" pattern="email" placeholder="Enter contributor email" /> <small class="error">Please enter a valid email address.</small> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns"> <div class="row"> <label for="occupation_--x--">Occupation <input name="occupation_--x--" id="occupation_--x--" type="text" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter contributor role and/or occupation" /> <small class="error">Please enter your occupation.</small> </label> </div> <div class="row"> <label for="organisation_0">Affiliation <input name="organisation_--x--" id="organisation_--x--" type="text" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter contributor organisation or institution name" /> <small class="error">Please enter any affiliation.</small> </label> </div> <input type="button" id="remove-contributor_--x--" class="small button alert radius remove-contributor" value="Remove contributor"> </div> </div></script> <script> window.AOP.basket.currency = 'USD'; window.AOP.basket.isEnabled = true; </script> <script> /* style checkboxes and radio inputs */ AOP.styleInputElements = function (container) { var selector; // Use '.no-style' on the input element to exclude checkboxes from styling if (container) { selector = $('input[type=checkbox], input[type=radio]', container).not('.styled,.no-style'); } else { selector = $('input[type=checkbox], input[type=radio]').not('.styled,.no-style'); } selector.each(function (i, el) { $(this).addClass('styled'); el = $(el)[0]; var doneAlready = (el && el.nextElementSibling && el.nextElementSibling.outerHTML === '<span></span>'); if (!doneAlready) { $(this).after($('<span></span>')); } }); }; $(document).ready(function () { AOP.styleInputElements(); }); </script>