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href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Web references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Saṃsāra (Buddhism)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" > 14 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE)" title="সংসাৰ (বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংসাৰ (বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="সংসার (বৌদ্ধ দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংসার (বৌদ্ধ দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Budismo)" title="Saṃsāra (Budismo) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Saṃsāra (Budismo)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85)" title="سامسارا (بودیسم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامسارا (بودیسم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara_(Buddhisme)" title="Samsara (Buddhisme) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samsara (Buddhisme)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="כף הקלע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כף הקלע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szansz%C3%A1ra_(buddhizmus)" title="Szanszára (buddhizmus) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szanszára (buddhizmus)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)" title="संसार (बौद्ध धर्म) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संसार (बौद्ध धर्म)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="သံသရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံသရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7)" title="संसार (बौद्ध) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संसार (बौद्ध)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara_(budismo)" title="Samsara (budismo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samsara (budismo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(budism)" title="Saṃsāra (budism) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saṃsāra (budism)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Samsara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Samsara (disambiguation)">Samsara (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life,_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg/220px-Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg/330px-Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg/440px-Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="2029" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a> showing the <a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">bhavacakra</a> with the ancient five cyclic realms of <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a>. Medieval and contemporary texts typically describe six realms of reincarnation.</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#FFD068">Translations of saṃsāra (Hinduism)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English</th><td class="infobox-data">cycle of existence, endless rebirth, wheel of dharma, beginningless time</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">saṃsāra, sangsara (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Dev</a>: संसार)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">saṃsāra (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Dev</a>: संसार)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">সংসার (sôngsar)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">သံသရာ (<a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: [θàɰ̃ðajà] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>))</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">生死, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="extiw" title="zh:輪迴">輪迴</a>, 流轉 (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: shēngsǐ, lúnhuí, liúzhuǎn)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%BB" class="extiw" title="ja:輪廻">輪廻</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">Rōmaji</a>: rinne)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">សង្សារ, វដ្ដសង្សារ (<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a>: sângsar<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style>, vôddâsângsar)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4%EF%BC%88%EC%9C%A4%ED%9A%8C%EF%BC%89" class="extiw" title="ko:輪迴（윤회）">윤회</a>, <a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AD%BB%E6%B5%81%E8%BD%89%EF%BC%88%EC%83%9D%EC%82%AC%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EF%BC%89" class="extiw" title="ko:生死流轉（생사유전）">생사유전</a> Yunhoi, Saengsayujeon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ວັດຕະສົງສານ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠩ, орчлон (orchilang, orchlon)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" class="extiw" title="si:සංසාරය">සංසාරය</a> (sansāra)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">འཁོར་བ་ (khor ba)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Samsala</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" class="extiw" title="th:วัฏสงสาร">วัฏสงสาร</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4Lu%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%93i" class="extiw" title="vi:輪迴Luân hồi">Luân hồi</a>, Lục đạo</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary of Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Saṃsāra (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: संसार, <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: saṃsāra; also samsara) in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the beginningless cycle of repeated <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">birth</a>, mundane existence and dying again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_'''Quote:'''_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_[[soul]]_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_'''Quote:'''_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_[[soul]]_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next.-1">[1]</a> Samsara is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a>, suffering, and in general unsatisfactory and painful,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2010-2">[2]</a> perpetuated by desire and <a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">avidya</a> (ignorance), and the resulting karma and sensuousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011271-272-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010172,_240-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201218–19,_chapter_1-5">[5]</a> Rebirths occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (<a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">heavenly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">demi-god</a>, human) and three evil realms (animal, <a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">ghosts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">hellish</a>).<a href="#cite_note-realms2-7">[note 1]</a> Samsara ends if a person attains <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nirvanakc-8">[note 2]</a> the "blowing out" of the desires and the gaining of true insight into <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">impermanence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">non-self</a> reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellGimello19927–8,_83–84-9">[7]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoong199928–29,_Quote:_"Seeing_(''passati'')_the_nature_of_things_as_impermanent_leads_to_the_removal_of_the_view_of_self,_and_so_to_the_realisation_of_nirvana."_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoong199928–29,_Quote:_"Seeing_(''passati'')_the_nature_of_things_as_impermanent_leads_to_the_removal_of_the_view_of_self,_and_so_to_the_realisation_of_nirvana."-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula201451-58-11">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> In Buddhism, saṃsāra is the "suffering-laden, continuous cycle of life, death, and rebirth, without beginning or end".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis200897-12">[10]</a> In several suttas of the <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a>'s chapter XV in particular it's said "From an inconstruable beginning comes transmigration. A beginning point is not evident, though beings hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving are transmigrating & wandering on".<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> It is the never-ending repetitive cycle of birth and death, in six realms of reality (gati, domains of existence),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker1997-14">[12]</a> wandering from one life to another life with no particular direction or purpose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAjahn_Sucitto201037–38-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-realms-18">[note 3]</a> Samsara is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a> ("unsatisfactory," "painful").<a href="#cite_note-20">[note 4]</a> Samsara relates to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> in Buddhism, as <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a> ("unsatisfactory," "painful") is the essence of Samsara.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> Every rebirth is temporary and impermanent. In each rebirth one is born and dies, to be reborn elsewhere in accordance with one's own karma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274–75-23">[19]</a> It is perpetuated by one's <a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">avidya</a> ("ignorance"), particularly about <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">anicca</a> (“impermanence”) and <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">anatta</a>, (“no-self”)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200481,_281-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199939–42-25">[21]</a> and from craving.<a href="#cite_note-Ignorance_and_craving-28">[note 5]</a> Samsara continues until moksha is attained by means of insight and <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_locations_702-706-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-nirvanakc-8">[note 2]</a> the "blowing out" of the desires and the gaining of true insight into <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">impermanence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">non-self</a> reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellGimello19927–8,_83–84-9">[7]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoong199928–29,_Quote:_"Seeing_(''passati'')_the_nature_of_things_as_impermanent_leads_to_the_removal_of_the_view_of_self,_and_so_to_the_realisation_of_nirvana."_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoong199928–29,_Quote:_"Seeing_(''passati'')_the_nature_of_things_as_impermanent_leads_to_the_removal_of_the_view_of_self,_and_so_to_the_realisation_of_nirvana."-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula201451-58-11">[9]</a> Samsara and the notion of cyclic existence dates back to 800 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism">edit</a>]</div> The Saṃsāra doctrine of Buddhism asserts that while beings undergo endless cycles of rebirth, there is no changeless soul that transmigrates from one lifetime to another - a view that distinguishes its Saṃsāra doctrine from that in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_Quote:_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_soul_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next._32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_Quote:_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_soul_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next.-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-naomiappleton76-33">[27]</a> This no-soul (no-self) doctrine is called the <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a> or Anatman in Buddhist texts.<a href="#cite_note-britannicaanatta-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-anatta3sources-35">[29]</a> The early Buddhist texts suggest that Buddha faced a difficulty in explaining what is reborn and how rebirth occurs, after he invented the concept that there is "no self" (Anatta).<a href="#cite_note-Kalupahana1975p115-36">[30]</a> Later Buddhist scholars, such as the mid-1st millennium CE Pali scholar <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a>, suggested that the lack of a self or soul does not mean lack of continuity; and the rebirth across different realms of birth – such as heavenly, human, animal, hellish and others – occurs in the same way that a flame is transferred from one candle to another.<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> Buddhaghosa attempted to explain rebirth mechanism with "rebirth-linking consciousness" (patisandhi).<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doniger1980p168-40">[34]</a> The mechanistic details of the Samsara doctrine vary within the Buddhist traditions. <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhists assert that rebirth is immediate while the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a> schools hold to the notion of a <a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">bardo</a> (intermediate state) that can last at least forty-nine days before the being is reborn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez201349–50,_708–709-41">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhist philosophy Samsara and <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana</a> are seen as the same. According to <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>, an ancient Indian philosopher, and a teacher of Mahayana Buddhism, "Nothing of Samsara is different from <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana</a>, nothing of Nirvana is different from Samsara. That which is the limit of <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana</a> is also the limit of Samsara, there is not the slightest difference between the two."<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Realms_of_rebirth">Realms of rebirth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Realms of rebirth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Desire_realm" title="Desire realm">Desire realm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Buddhist cosmology typically identifies six realms of rebirth and existence: gods, demi-gods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts and hells.<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> Earlier Buddhist texts refer to five realms rather than six realms; when described as five realms, the god realm and demi-god realm constitute a single realm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004711-712-6">[6]</a> The six realms are typically divided into three higher realms (good, fortunate) and three lower realms (evil, unfortunate), with all realms of rebirth being Independent completely of reality and nature in all forms, with the deva realm being the "ultimate" reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201040,_107-46">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> The three higher realms are the realms of the gods, humans and demi-gods; the three lower realms are the realms of the animals, hungry ghosts and hell beings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama19925–8-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrul_Rinpoche199861–99-49">[43]</a> The six realms are organized into thirty one levels in east Asian literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201335–40-50">[44]</a> Buddhist texts describe these realms as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama19925–8-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrul_Rinpoche199861–99-49">[43]</a> There are six Enlightened Buddhas that exist in each of the six realms. These six Buddhas have also been known as the "Six Sages." Their names are Indrasakra (Buddha in the god realm), Vemacitra (Buddha of the petty god realm), Sakyamuni (Buddha in the human realm); Sthirasimha (Buddha in the animal realm), Jvalamukha (Buddha in the hungry ghost realm), and Yama Dharmaraja (Buddha in the hot hell realm).<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> <ul><li>Gods realm:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462-52">[46]</a> the gods (<a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136-53">[47]</a> is the most pleasure-filled among the six realms, and typically subdivided into six sub-realms (Catummaharajika, Tavatimsa, Yama, Tusita, Nimmaranati, Paranimmarati Vasavatti).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201335-54">[48]</a> A rebirth in this heavenly realm is believed to be from very good karma accumulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462-52">[46]</a> A Deva does not need to work, and is able to enjoy in the heavenly realm all pleasures found on earth. However, the pleasures of this realm lead to attachment (<a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81d%C4%81na" title="Upādāna">Upādāna</a>), lack of spiritual pursuits and therefore no nirvana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201337-55">[49]</a> The vast majority of Buddhist lay people, states Kevin Trainor, have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices motivated with rebirth into Deva realm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462-52">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[note 6]</a> The Deva realm in Buddhist practice in southeast and east Asia, states Keown, include gods found in Hindu traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, and concepts in Hindu cosmology such as Mount Meru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201337–38-59">[52]</a></li> <li>Human realm:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462-52">[46]</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">manuṣya</a> realm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136-53">[47]</a> Buddhism asserts that one is reborn in this realm with vastly different physical endowments and moral natures because of a being's past karma.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A rebirth in this realm is considered as fortunate because it offers an opportunity to attain nirvana and end the Saṃsāra cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462-52">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201336–37-60">[53]</a></li> <li>Demi-god realm (Asura):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462-52">[46]</a> the demi-gods (<a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">asuras</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136-53">[47]</a> is the third realm of existence in Buddhism. Asura are notable for their anger and some supernatural powers. They fight with the Devas (gods), or trouble the Manusya (humans) through illnesses and natural disasters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462-52">[46]</a> They accumulate karma, and are reborn. Demi-god is sometimes ranked as one of the evil realms as there are stories of them fighting against the Gods.</li> <li>Animal realm:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200463-61">[54]</a> is the state of existence of a being as an animal (<a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">tiryag</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136-53">[47]</a> This realm is traditionally thought to be similar to a hellish realm, because animals are believed in Buddhist texts to be driven by impulse and instinct, they prey on each other and suffer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201336-62">[55]</a> Some Buddhist texts assert that plants belong to this realm, with primitive consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200463-61">[54]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungry_Ghosts_Scroll_Kyoto_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hungry_Ghosts_Scroll_Kyoto_5.jpg/220px-Hungry_Ghosts_Scroll_Kyoto_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hungry_Ghosts_Scroll_Kyoto_5.jpg/330px-Hungry_Ghosts_Scroll_Kyoto_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hungry_Ghosts_Scroll_Kyoto_5.jpg/440px-Hungry_Ghosts_Scroll_Kyoto_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10871" data-file-height="2897" /></a><figcaption>Hungry Ghosts realm of Buddhist samsara, a 12th-century painting from Kyoto, Japan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Hungry ghost realm:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462-52">[46]</a> hungry ghosts and other restless spirits (<a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">preta</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136-53">[47]</a> are rebirths caused by karma of excessive craving and attachments. They do not have a body, are invisible and constitute only "subtle matter" of a being. Buddhist texts describe them as beings who are extremely thirsty and hungry, with very small mouths but very large stomachs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201336-62">[55]</a> Buddhist traditions in Asia attempt to care for them on ritual-days every year, by leaving food and drinks in the open, to feed any hungry ghosts nearby.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462-52">[46]</a> When their bad karma demerit runs out, these beings are reborn into another realm. According to McClelland, this realm is the mildest of the three evil realms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010114,_199-63">[56]</a> According to Yangsi Rinpoche, in contrast, the suffering of the beings born in the realm of the hungry ghosts is far more intense than those born in the animal realm.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a></li> <li>Hell realm:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200463-61">[54]</a> beings in hell (<a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">naraka</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136-53">[47]</a> enter this realm for evil karma such as theft, lying, adultery and others. The texts vary in their details, but typically describe numerous hellish regions each with different forms of intense suffering, such as eight extremely hot hellish realms, eight extremely cold, being partially eaten alive, beating and other forms of torture in proportion to the evil karma accumulated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462-52">[46]</a> These beings are reborn in another realm after their evil karma has run its course, they die, and they get another chance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201336-62">[55]</a> This realm is not similar to afterlife hell in Christianity, states Damien Keown, because in Buddhism there is no realm of final damnation and existence in this realm is also a temporary state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201336-62">[55]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause_and_end">Cause and end</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cause and end">edit</a>]</div> Samsara is perpetuated by one's karma, which is caused by craving and <a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">ignorance</a> (avidya).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200481,_281-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199939–42-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ignorance_and_craving-28">[note 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karma">Karma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Karma">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma in Buddhism</a></div> Samsara is perpetuated by karma.<a href="#cite_note-68">[note 7]</a> Karma or 'action' results from an intentional physical or mental act, which causes a future consequence.<a href="#cite_note-70">[note 8]</a> Gethin explains: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Thus acts of body and speech are driven by an underlying intention or will (<a href="/wiki/Cetan%C4%81" title="Cetanā">cetanā</a>), and they are unwholesome or wholesome because they are motivated by unwholesome or wholesome intentions. Acts of body and speech are, then, the end products of particular kinds of mentality. At the same time karma can exist as a simple 'act of will', a forceful mental intention or volition that does not lead to an act of body or speech.<a href="#cite_note-71">[62]</a></blockquote> In the Buddhist view, therefore, the type of birth one has in this life is determined by actions or karma from the previous lives; and the circumstances of the future rebirth are determined by the actions in the current and previous lives.<a href="#cite_note-72">[note 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Craving_and_ignorance">Craving and ignorance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Craving and ignorance">edit</a>]</div> Inconsistencies in the oldest texts show that the Buddhist teachings on craving and ignorance, and the means to attain liberation, evolved, either during the lifetime of the Buddha, or thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-73">[63]</a> According to Frauwallner, the Buddhist texts show a shift in the explanation of the root cause of samsara.<a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a> Originally craving was considered to be the root cause of samsara,<a href="#cite_note-78">[note 10]</a> which could be stilled by the practice of <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyana</a>, leading to a calm of mind which according to Vetter is the liberation which is being sought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi-xxxvii-79">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199393-111-80">[69]</a> The later Buddhist tradition considers <a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">ignorance</a> (avidya) to be the root cause of samsara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi-75">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200481,_281-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199939–42-25">[21]</a> Avidya is misconception and ignorance about reality, leading to grasping and clinging, and repeated rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelglass20093-4-81">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis2008136-82">[71]</a> According to Paul Williams, "it is the not-knowingness of things as they truly are, or of oneself as one really is."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201246–47-83">[72]</a> It can be overcome by insight into the true nature of reality. In the later Buddhist tradition "liberating insight" came to be regarded as equally liberating as the practice of dhyana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich199799-102-84">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199393-111-80">[69]</a> According to Vetter and Bronkhorst, this happened in response to other religious groups in India, who held that a liberating insight was an indispensable requisite for <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, liberation from rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxxii,_xxxiii-85">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199354-55,_96,_99-86">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[note 11]</a> The ideas on what exactly constituted this "liberating insight" evolved over time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi-xxxvii-79">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993chapter_7-89">[77]</a> Initially the term <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">prajna</a> served to denote this "liberating insight." Later on, prajna was replaced in the suttas by the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">four truths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199399-100,_102-111-90">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1999-91">[79]</a> This happened in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas, and where this practice of the four jhanas then culminates in "liberating insight."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993108-92">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[note 12]</a> The four truths were superseded by pratityasamutpada, and still later, in the Hinayana schools, by the doctrine of the non-existence of a substantial self or person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993100-101-96">[83]</a> And Schmithausen states that still other descriptions of this "liberating insight" exist in the Buddhist canon: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"that the five Skandhas are impermanent, disagreeable, and neither the Self nor belonging to oneself";<a href="#cite_note-97">[note 13]</a> "the contemplation of the arising and disappearance (udayabbaya) of the five Skandhas";<a href="#cite_note-98">[note 14]</a> "the realisation of the Skandhas as empty (rittaka), vain (tucchaka) and without any pith or substance (asaraka).<a href="#cite_note-99">[note 15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993101-100">[84]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberation">Liberation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liberation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness (Buddhism)">Consciousness (Buddhism)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></div> Samsara ends when one attains <a href="/wiki/Moksha#Buddhism" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201230–42-101">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013304–305-102">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[88]</a> In early Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a>, the "blowing out" of desire, is moksha. In later Buddhism insight becomes predominant, for example the recognition and acceptance of non-self, also called the <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">anatta</a> doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-105">[89]</a> One who no longer sees any soul or self, concludes Walpola Rahula, is the one who has been liberated from the samsara suffering-cycles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula201451-58-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[note 16]</a> The theme that Nirvana is non-Self, states Peter Harvey, is recurring in early Buddhist texts.<a href="#cite_note-108">[91]</a> Some Buddhist texts suggest that rebirth occurs through the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness (Buddhism)">vinnana</a> (consciousness) from one life to another. When this consciousness ceases, then liberation is attained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron200322-109">[92]</a> There is a connection between consciousness, karmic activities, and the cycle of rebirth, argues William Waldron, and with the destruction of vinnana, there is "destruction and cessation of "karmic activities" (anabhisankhara, S III, 53), which are considered in Buddhism to be "necessary for the continued perpetuation of cyclic existence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron200322-109">[92]</a> While Buddhism considers the liberation from samsara as the ultimate spiritual goal, in traditional practice, Buddhists seek and accumulate merit through good deeds, donations to monks and various Buddhist rituals in order to gain better rebirths rather than nirvana.<a href="#cite_note-110">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impermanence_and_Non-Self_Reality">Impermanence and Non-Self Reality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impermanence and Non-Self Reality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">Impermanence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anitya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anitya">Anitya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Anicca</a></div> A value of Buddhism is the idea of <a href="/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">impermanence</a>. All living things, causes, conditions, situations are impermanent.<a href="#cite_note-111">[94]</a> Impermanence is the idea that all things disappear once they have originated. According to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">Impermanence</a> occurs constantly "moment to moment",<a href="#cite_note-112">[95]</a> and this is why there is no recognition of the self.<a href="#cite_note-113">[96]</a> Since everything is considered to be in a state of decay, permanent happiness and self cannot exist in Samsara.<a href="#cite_note-114">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a> is the Buddhist idea of non-self. Winston L. King, a writer from the University of Hawai'i Press, references two integral parts of Anatta in Philosophy East and West.<a href="#cite_note-115">[98]</a> King details the first aspect, that <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a> can be "experienced and not just described."<a href="#cite_note-116">[99]</a> King states the second aspect of <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a> is that it is the liberation from the "power of samsaric drives."<a href="#cite_note-117">[100]</a> Obtaining awareness of <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a> and non-self reality results in a, "freedom from the push-pull of his own appetites, passions, ambitions, and fixations and from the external world's domination in general, that is, the conquest of greed, hatred, and delusion."<a href="#cite_note-118">[101]</a> This "push-pull" of mundane human existence or samsara results in <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukka</a>, but the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a> results in a "freedom from the push-pull." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_interpretation">Psychological interpretation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Psychological interpretation">edit</a>]</div> According to Chogyam Trungpa the realms of samsara can refer to both "psychological states of mind and physical cosmological realms".<a href="#cite_note-120">[note 17]</a> Gethin argues, rebirth in the different realms is determined by one's <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a>, which is directly determined by one's psychological states. The Buddhist cosmology may thus be seen as a map of different realms of existence and a description of all possible psychological experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119–120-121">[103]</a> The psychological states of a person in current life lead to the nature of next rebirth in Buddhist cosmology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998121-122">[104]</a> Paul Williams acknowledges Gethin's suggestion of the "principle of the equivalence of cosmology and psychology," but notes that Gethin is not asserting the Buddhist cosmology is really all about current or potential states of mind or psychology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200278–79-123">[105]</a> The realms in Buddhist cosmology are indeed realms of rebirths. Otherwise rebirth would always be into the human realm, or there would be no rebirth at all. And that is not traditional Buddhism, states Williams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200278–79-123">[105]</a> David McMahan concludes that the attempts to construe ancient Buddhist cosmology in modern psychological terms is modernistic reconstruction, "detraditionalization and demythologization" of Buddhism, a sociological phenomenon that is seen in all religions.<a href="#cite_note-124">[106]</a> A pre-modern form of this interpretation can be seen in the views of <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> school in China. The Record of Linji, a text attributed to the 9th Century Chan teacher <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a>, also presents the view that the <a href="/wiki/Three_realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Three realms">Three Realms</a> originate with the mind. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_translations">Alternative translations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternative translations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Conditioned existence (Daniel Goleman)</li> <li>Cycle of clinging and taking birth in one desire after another (Phillip Moffitt)</li> <li>Cycle of existence</li> <li>Cyclic existence (Jeffry Hopkins)</li> <li>Uncontrollably recurring rebirth (Alexander Berzin)</li> <li>Wheel of suffering (Mingyur Rinpoche)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-realms2-7"><a href="#cite_ref-realms2_7-0">^</a> Earlier Buddhist texts refer to five realms rather than six realms; when described as five realms, the god realm and demi-god realm constitute a single realm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004711-712-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nirvanakc-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nirvanakc_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nirvanakc_8-1">b</a> Ending samsara: <ul><li>Kevin Trainor: "Buddhist doctrine holds that until they realize nirvana, beings are bound to undergo rebirth and redeath due to their having acted out of ignorance and desire, thereby producing the seeds of karma".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462–63-29">[23]</a></li> <li>Conze: "Nirvana is the raison d’être of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConze201371-30">[24]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-realms-18"><a href="#cite_ref-realms_18-0">^</a> Samsara is the continual repetitive cycle of rebirth within the six realms of existence: <ul><li>Damien Keown: "Although Buddhist doctrine holds that neither the beginning of the process of cyclic rebirth nor its end can ever be known with certainty, it is clear that the number of times a person may be reborn is almost infinite. This process of repeated rebirth is known as saṃsāra or 'endless wandering', a term suggesting continuous movement like the flow of a river. All living creatures are part of this cyclic movement and will continue to be reborn until they attain nirvana."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_locations_702-706-17">[15]</a></li> <li>Ajahn Sucitto: "This continued movement is [...] what is meant by samsāra, the wandering on. According to the Buddha, this process doesn't even stop with death—it's like the habit transfers almost genetically to a new consciousness and body."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAjahn_Sucitto201037–38-16">[14]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Samsara is characterized by dukkha: <ul><li>Chogyam Trungpa: "Samsara arises out of ignorance and is characterized by suffering."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChogyam_Trungpa2009137-19">[16]</a></li> <li>Rupert Gethin: "This precisely is the nature of saṃsāra: wandering from life to life with no particular direction or purpose."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119-15">[13]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ignorance_and_craving-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ignorance_and_craving_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ignorance_and_craving_28-1">b</a> Ignorance and craving: <ul><li>John Bowker: "In Buddhism, samsāra is the cycle of continuing appearances through the domains of existence (gati), but with no Self (anātman, [ātman means the enduring, immortal self]) being reborn: there is only the continuity of consequence, governed by karma."<a href="#cite_note-nalanda1-26">[web 1]</a></li> <li>Chogyam Trungpa states: "Cyclic existence [is] the continual repetitive cycle of birth, death, and <a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">bardo</a> that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. (...) Samsara arises out of ignorance and is characterized by suffering."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChogyam_Trungpa2009137-19">[16]</a> Chogyam Trungpa's description includes a reference to the bardo, or intermediate state, that is emphasized in the Tibetan tradition.</li> <li>Huston Smith and Philip Novak state: "The Buddha taught that beings, confused as they are by ignorant desires and fears, are caught in a vicious cycle called samsara, freedom from which—nirvana—was the highest human end."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithNovak2009Kindle_Location_2574-27">[22]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Other scholars<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> note that better rebirth, not nirvana, has been the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists. This they attempt through merit accumulation and good karma. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> The driving force behind rebirth in the six realms of samsara is karma: <ul><li>Peter Harvey: "The movement of beings between rebirths is not a haphazard process but is ordered and governed by the law of karma, the principle that beings are reborn according to the nature and quality of their past actions; they are 'heir' to their actions (M.III.123)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199039-65">[58]</a></li> <li>Damien Keown: "In the cosmology [of the realms of existence], karma functions as the elevator that takes people from one floor of the building to another. Good deeds result in an upward movement and bad deeds in a downward one. Karma is not a system of rewards and punishments meted out by God but a kind of natural law akin to the law of gravity. Individuals are thus the sole authors of their good and bad fortune."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_Location_794-797-66">[59]</a></li> <li>Sogyal Rinpoche states: "The kind of birth we will have in the next life is determined, then, by the nature of our actions in this one. And it is important never to forget that the effect of our actions depends entirely upon the intention or motivation behind them, and not upon their scale."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESogyal_Rinpoche200997-67">[60]</a></li> <li>Rupert Gethin: "What determines in which realm a being is born? The short answer is karma (Pali kamma): a being’s intentional ‘actions’ of body, speech, and mind—whatever is done, said, or even just thought with definite intention or volition. In general, though with some qualification, rebirth in the lower realms is considered to be the result of relatively unwholesome (akuśala/akusala), or bad (pāpa) karma, while rebirth in the higher realms the result of relatively wholesome (kuśala/kusala), or good (puṇya/puñña) karma."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119-15">[13]</a></li> <li>Paul Williams: "short of attaining enlightenment, in each rebirth one is born and dies, to be reborn elsewhere in accordance with the completely impersonal causal nature of one's own karma; this endless cycle of birth, rebirth, and redeath is Saṃsāra."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274–75-23">[19]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Aṅguttara Nikāya III.415: "It is "intention" that I call karma; having formed the intention, one performs acts (karma) by body, speech and mind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998120-69">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Padmasambhava: "If you want to know your past life, look into your present condition; if you want to know your future life, look at your present actions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESogyal_Rinpoche200997-67">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Frauwallner (1953), as referenced by Vetter (1988),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi-75">[65]</a> Flores (2009),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores200963–65-76">[66]</a> and Williams, Tribe and Wynne (2012).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201233-34-77">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Tillmann Vetter: "Very likely the cause was the growing influence of a non-Buddhist spiritual environment·which claimed that one can be released only by some truth or higher knowledge. In addition, the alternative (and perhaps sometimes competing) method of discriminating insight (fully established after the introduction of the four noble truths) seemed to conform so well to this claim."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxxiii-87">[76]</a> According to Bronkhorst, this happened under influence of the "mainstream of meditation," that is, Vedic-Brahmanical oriented groups, which believed that the cessation of action could not be liberating, since action can never be fully stopped. Their solution was to postulate a fundamental difference between the inner soul or self and the body. The inner self is unchangeable, and unaffected by actions. By insight into this difference, one was liberated. To equal this emphasis on insight, Buddhists presented insight into their most essential teaching as equally liberating. What exactly was regarded as the central insight "varied along with what was considered most central to the teaching of the Buddha."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199354-55,_96,_99-86">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> In the Nikayas the four truths are given as the "liberating insight" which constituted the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">awakening</a>, or "enlightenment" of the Buddha. When he understood these truths, he was "enlightened," and liberated, as reflected in Majjhima Nikaya 26:42: "his taints are destroyed by his seeing with wisdom."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanamoli1995268-93">[81]</a> Typically, the four truths refer here to the eightfold path as the means to gain liberation, while the attainment of insight in the four truths is portrayed as liberating in itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-94">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Majjhima Nikaya 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Anguttara Nikaya II.45 (PTS) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Samyutta Nikaya III.140-142 (PTS) </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Phra Thepyanmongkol: "The designation that is Nibbana [Nirvana] is anatta (non-self)", states Buddha, in Parivara Vinayapitaka.<a href="#cite_note-106">[90]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Chogyam Trungpa states: "In the Buddhist system of the six realms, the three higher realms are the god realm, the jealous-god realm, and the human realm; the three lower realms are the animal realm, the hungry ghost realmm, and the hell realm. These realms can refer to psychological states or to aspects of Buddhist cosmology."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChogyam_Trungpa2009127-119">[102]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_'''Quote:'''_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_[[soul]]_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next.-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_'''Quote:'''_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_[[soul]]_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next._1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrainor2004">Trainor 2004</a>, p. 58, Quote: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2010-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2010_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2010_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2010">Wilson 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011271-272-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011271-272_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011">Juergensmeyer & Roof 2011</a>, p. 271-272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010172,_240-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010172,_240_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClelland2010">McClelland 2010</a>, p. 172, 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201218–19,_chapter_1-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201218–19,_chapter_1_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, p. 18–19, chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004711-712-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004711-712_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004711-712_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswell2004">Buswell 2004</a>, p. 711-712. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellGimello19927–8,_83–84-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellGimello19927–8,_83–84_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellGimello19927–8,_83–84_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellGimello1992">Buswell & Gimello 1992</a>, p. 7–8, 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoong199928–29,_Quote:_"Seeing_(''passati'')_the_nature_of_things_as_impermanent_leads_to_the_removal_of_the_view_of_self,_and_so_to_the_realisation_of_nirvana."-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoong199928–29,_Quote:_"Seeing_(''passati'')_the_nature_of_things_as_impermanent_leads_to_the_removal_of_the_view_of_self,_and_so_to_the_realisation_of_nirvana."_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoong199928–29,_Quote:_"Seeing_(''passati'')_the_nature_of_things_as_impermanent_leads_to_the_removal_of_the_view_of_self,_and_so_to_the_realisation_of_nirvana."_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChoong1999">Choong 1999</a>, p. 28–29, Quote: "Seeing (passati) the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahula201451-58-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula201451-58_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula201451-58_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahula201451-58_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahula2014">Rahula 2014</a>, p. 51-58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis200897-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis200897_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaumakis2008">Laumakis 2008</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://suttacentral.net/en/sn15.3">http://suttacentral.net/en/sn15.3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330180444/https://suttacentral.net/en/sn15.3">Archived</a> 2017-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - SN 15.3 Assu-sutta </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker1997-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker1997_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker1997">Bowker 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAjahn_Sucitto201037–38-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAjahn_Sucitto201037–38_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAjahn_Sucitto201037–38_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAjahn_Sucitto2010">Ajahn Sucitto 2010</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_locations_702-706-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_locations_702-706_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_locations_702-706_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2000">Keown 2000</a>, Kindle locations 702-706. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChogyam_Trungpa2009137-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChogyam_Trungpa2009137_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChogyam_Trungpa2009137_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChogyam_Trungpa2009">Chogyam Trungpa 2009</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeown2003" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198605607" title="Special:BookSources/9780198605607"><bdi>9780198605607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780198605607&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2003" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press Incorporated. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198605607" title="Special:BookSources/9780198605607"><bdi>9780198605607</bdi></a>. <q>Although not mentioned by name, samsara is the situation that is characterized as suffering (*duhkha) in the first of the *Four Noble Truths (aryasatya).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Incorporated&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780198605607&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274–75-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274–75_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274–75_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2002">Williams 2002</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200481,_281-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200481,_281_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200481,_281_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200481,_281_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2004">Keown 2004</a>, pp. 81, 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler199939–42-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199939–42_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199939–42_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler199939–42_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowler1999">Fowler 1999</a>, p. 39–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithNovak2009Kindle_Location_2574-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithNovak2009Kindle_Location_2574_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithNovak2009">Smith & Novak 2009</a>, Kindle Location 2574. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462–63-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462–63_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrainor2004">Trainor 2004</a>, p. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConze201371-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConze201371_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConze2013">Conze 2013</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2003" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198605607" title="Special:BookSources/9780198605607"><bdi>9780198605607</bdi></a>. <q>The word samsara does not appear in the *Vedas, but the notion of cyclic birth and death is an ancient one and dates to around 800 BCE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780198605607&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_Quote:_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_soul_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next.-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200458,_Quote:_"Buddhism_shares_with_Hinduism_the_doctrine_of_Samsara,_whereby_all_beings_pass_through_an_unceasing_cycle_of_birth,_death_and_rebirth_until_they_find_a_means_of_liberation_from_the_cycle._However,_Buddhism_differs_from_Hinduism_in_rejecting_the_assertion_that_every_human_being_possesses_a_changeless_soul_which_constitutes_his_or_her_ultimate_identity,_and_which_transmigrates_from_one_incarnation_to_the_next._32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrainor2004">Trainor 2004</a>, p. 58, Quote: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.. </li> <li id="cite_note-naomiappleton76-33"><a href="#cite_ref-naomiappleton76_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaomi_Appleton2014" class="citation book cs1">Naomi Appleton (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ">Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91640-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91640-0"><bdi>978-1-139-91640-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160830191147/https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrating+Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+Buddhist+and+Jain+Multi-Life+Stories&rft.pages=76-89&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-139-91640-0&rft.au=Naomi+Appleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhT7AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannicaanatta-34"><a href="#cite_ref-britannicaanatta_34-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Anatta Buddhism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Archived</a> 2015-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-anatta3sources-35"><a href="#cite_ref-anatta3sources_35-0">^</a> [a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristmas_Humphreys2012" class="citation book cs1">Christmas Humphreys (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC">Exploring Buddhism</a>. Routledge. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22877-3"><bdi>978-1-136-22877-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214532/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Buddhism&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-22877-3&rft.au=Christmas+Humphreys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3rYtmCZEIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> [b] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Morris2006" class="citation book cs1">Brian Morris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51">Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8"><bdi>978-0-521-85241-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414231532/https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Anthropology%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85241-8&rft.au=Brian+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPguGB_uEQh4C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988">, Quote: "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps - the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering." [c] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Gombrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Richard Gombrich (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ">Theravada Buddhism</a>. Routledge. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-90352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-90352-8"><bdi>978-1-134-90352-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816142222/https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-16. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-90352-8&rft.au=Richard+Gombrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZyJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988">, Quote: "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon." </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalupahana1975p115-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalupahana1975p115_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Kalupahana1975" class="citation book cs1">David J. Kalupahana (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYGAAAAYAAJ">Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism</a>. University Press of Hawaii. pp. 115–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0298-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causality%3A+The+Central+Philosophy+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=115-119&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0298-1&rft.au=David+J.+Kalupahana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOYGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Kalupahana1975" class="citation book cs1">David J. Kalupahana (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYGAAAAYAAJ">Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism</a>. University Press of Hawaii. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0298-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causality%3A+The+Central+Philosophy+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0298-1&rft.au=David+J.+Kalupahana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOYGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_H._SwatosPeter_Kivisto1998" class="citation book cs1">William H. Swatos; Peter Kivisto (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C">Encyclopedia of Religion and Society</a>. Rowman Altamira. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-8956-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160830134642/https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Society&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1&rft.au=William+H.+Swatos&rft.au=Peter+Kivisto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TMFoMFe-D8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Mathews1986" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Mathews (1986). Ronald Wesley Neufeldt (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC">Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 123–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-990-2"><bdi>978-0-87395-990-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414223733/https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+Post+Classical+Developments&rft.pages=123-126&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-990-2&rft.au=Bruce+Mathews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiaRWtgXjplQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doniger1980p168-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Doniger1980p168_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_McDermott1980" class="citation book cs1">James McDermott (1980). Wendy Doniger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n191">168</a>–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pages=168-170&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.au=James+McDermott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez201349–50,_708–709-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez201349–50,_708–709_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, pp. 49–50, 708–709. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. 1, p. 377 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> The Connected Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, Bhikkhu Bodhi, Translator. Wisdom Publications. Sutta 44.9 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoy1983" class="citation book cs1">Loy, David (1983). "The difference between samsara and nirvana". Philosophy East and West. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+difference+between+samsara+and+nirvana&rft.btitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrul_RinpocheDalai_Lama1998" class="citation book cs1">Patrul Rinpoche; Dalai Lama (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40i38mGQ6aAC&pg=PA61">The Words of My Perfect Teacher: A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</a>. Rowman Altamira. pp. 61–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9027-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9027-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-9027-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323210505/https://books.google.com/books?id=40i38mGQ6aAC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+Teacher%3A+A+Complete+Translation+of+a+Classic+Introduction+to+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pages=61-99&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9027-7&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40i38mGQ6aAC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201040,_107-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201040,_107_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClelland2010">McClelland 2010</a>, pp. 40, 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_J._CuevasJacqueline_Ilyse_Stone2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryan J. Cuevas; Jacqueline Ilyse Stone (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o1dkea_IgJUC">The Buddhist Dead: Practices, Discourses, Representations</a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3031-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-3031-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323185924/https://books.google.com/books?id=o1dkea_IgJUC">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Dead%3A+Practices%2C+Discourses%2C+Representations&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3031-1&rft.au=Bryan+J.+Cuevas&rft.au=Jacqueline+Ilyse+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do1dkea_IgJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama19925–8-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama19925–8_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama19925–8_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalai_Lama1992">Dalai Lama 1992</a>, pp. 5–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrul_Rinpoche199861–99-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrul_Rinpoche199861–99_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrul_Rinpoche199861–99_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatrul_Rinpoche1998">Patrul Rinpoche 1998</a>, pp. 61–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201335–40-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown201335–40_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2013">Keown 2013</a>, pp. 35–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmasambhava2005" class="citation book cs1">Padmasambhava (2005). The Tibetan Book of the Dead. United States of America: Penguin Books. p. 511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310494-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310494-0"><bdi>978-0-14-310494-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+Book+of+the+Dead&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=511&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310494-0&rft.au=Padmasambhava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200462-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462_52-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462_52-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462_52-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462_52-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462_52-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200462_52-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrainor2004">Trainor 2004</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136_53-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010136_53-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClelland2010">McClelland 2010</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201335-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown201335_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2013">Keown 2013</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201337-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown201337_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2013">Keown 2013</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerv_Fowler1999" class="citation book cs1">Merv Fowler (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7UKjtA0QDwC">Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices</a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-66-0"><bdi>978-1-898723-66-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121014528/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7UKjtA0QDwC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-66-0&rft.au=Merv+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7UKjtA0QDwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988">, Quote: "For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth." </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Gowans2004" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Gowans (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EbU4Hd5lro0C">Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction</a>. Routledge. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-46973-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-46973-4"><bdi>978-1-134-46973-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160831073000/https://books.google.com/books?id=EbU4Hd5lro0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-31. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+the+Buddha%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-46973-4&rft.au=Christopher+Gowans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEbU4Hd5lro0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201337–38-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown201337–38_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2013">Keown 2013</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201336–37-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown201336–37_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2013">Keown 2013</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor200463-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200463_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200463_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor200463_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrainor2004">Trainor 2004</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown201336-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown201336_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown201336_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown201336_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown201336_62-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2013">Keown 2013</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010114,_199-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland2010114,_199_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClelland2010">McClelland 2010</a>, p. 114, 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangsi_Rinpoche2012" class="citation book cs1">Yangsi Rinpoche (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wjM6AwAAQBAJ">Practicing the Path: A Commentary on the Lamrim Chenmo</a>. Wisdom Publications. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-747-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-747-7"><bdi>978-0-86171-747-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110023935/https://books.google.com/books?id=wjM6AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-10. Retrieved 2017-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practicing+the+Path%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Lamrim+Chenmo&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-747-7&rft.au=Yangsi+Rinpoche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwjM6AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199039-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199039_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1990">Harvey 1990</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_Location_794-797-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2000Kindle_Location_794-797_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2000">Keown 2000</a>, Kindle Location 794-797. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESogyal_Rinpoche200997-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESogyal_Rinpoche200997_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESogyal_Rinpoche200997_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSogyal_Rinpoche2009">Sogyal Rinpoche 2009</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998120-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998120_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupert_Gethin1998" class="citation book cs1">Rupert Gethin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe">The Foundations of Buddhism</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289223-2"><bdi>978-0-19-289223-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-289223-2&rft.au=Rupert+Gethin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofbud00rupe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> See: * Erich Frauwallner (1953), Geschichte der indischen Philosophie, Band Der Buddha und der Jina (pp. 147-272) * Andre Bareau (1963), Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sutrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens, Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient * Schmithausen, On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism * K.R. Norman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309183447/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/articles/the%20four%20noble%20truths_norman_pts_2003.pdf">Four Noble Truths</a> * Tilman Vetter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226092253/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Ideas%20and%20Meditative%20Practices%20of%20Early%20Buddhism_Vetter.pdf">The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, by Tilmann Vetter</a> * <a href="#CITEREFGombrich2006">Gombrich 2006</a>, chapter four * <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, chapter 7 * <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1999">Anderson 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Erich Frauwallner (1953), Geschichte der indischen Philosophie, Band Der Buddha und der Jina (pp. 147-272) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVetter1988">Vetter 1988</a>, p. xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores200963–65-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores200963–65_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlores2009">Flores 2009</a>, p. 63–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201233-34-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201233-34_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, p. 33-34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi-xxxvii-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi-xxxvii_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi-xxxvii_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVetter1988">Vetter 1988</a>, p. xxi-xxxvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199393-111-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199393-111_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199393-111_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, p. 93-111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelglass20093-4-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelglass20093-4_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdelglass2009">Edelglass 2009</a>, p. 3-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis2008136-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis2008136_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaumakis2008">Laumakis 2008</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201246–47-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201246–47_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, p. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich199799-102-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich199799-102_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGombrich1997">Gombrich 1997</a>, p. 99-102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxxii,_xxxiii-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxxii,_xxxiii_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVetter1988">Vetter 1988</a>, p. xxxii, xxxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199354-55,_96,_99-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199354-55,_96,_99_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199354-55,_96,_99_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, p. 54-55, 96, 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxxiii-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxxiii_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVetter1988">Vetter 1988</a>, p. xxxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993chapter_7-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993chapter_7_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, p. chapter 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199399-100,_102-111-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199399-100,_102-111_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, p. 99-100, 102-111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1999-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1999_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1999">Anderson 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993108-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993108_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENanamoli1995268-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanamoli1995268_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNanamoli1995">Nanamoli 1995</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993100-101-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993100-101_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, p. 100-101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993101-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993101_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst 1993</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201230–42-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne201230–42_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, pp. 30–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013304–305-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013304–305_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, pp. 304–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2015" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 26–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323185852/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=26-44&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTed_Honderich2005" class="citation book cs1">Ted Honderich (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJFCAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 113, 659. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103747-4"><bdi>978-0-19-103747-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212211727/https://books.google.com/books?id=bJFCAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pages=113%2C+659&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-103747-4&rft.au=Ted+Honderich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJFCAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelford_E._Spiro1982" class="citation book cs1">Melford E. Spiro (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GnYou0owQ5MC">Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes</a>. University of California Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04672-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04672-6"><bdi>978-0-520-04672-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324035724/https://books.google.com/books?id=GnYou0owQ5MC">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Society%3A+A+Great+Tradition+and+Its+Burmese+Vicissitudes&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04672-6&rft.au=Melford+E.+Spiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGnYou0owQ5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhra_Thepyanmongkol2012" class="citation book cs1">Phra Thepyanmongkol (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XFW45RDK6wC">A Study Guide for Right Practice of the Three Trainings</a>. Wat Luang Phor Sodh. pp. 412–418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-401-378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-401-378-1"><bdi>978-974-401-378-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111110048/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XFW45RDK6wC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+Guide+for+Right+Practice+of+the+Three+Trainings&rft.pages=412-418&rft.pub=Wat+Luang+Phor+Sodh&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-974-401-378-1&rft.au=Phra+Thepyanmongkol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XFW45RDK6wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2015" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 36–37, Note: Harvey clarifies that non–Self does not mean "no–self", but denial of Self or "I" or 'I am' is clearly a vital soteriological idea in Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323185852/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=36-37%2C+Note%3A+Harvey+clarifies+that+non-Self+does+not+mean+%22no-self%22%2C+but+denial+of+Self+or+%22I%22+or+%27I+am%27+is+clearly+a+vital+soteriological+idea+in+Buddhism&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron200322-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron200322_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron200322_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldron2003">Waldron 2003</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_D._Coogan2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael D. Coogan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BshpqnbLOvQC">The Illustrated Guide to World Religions</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521997-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521997-5"><bdi>978-0-19-521997-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217012004/https://books.google.com/books?id=BshpqnbLOvQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Guide+to+World+Religions&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521997-5&rft.au=Michael+D.+Coogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBshpqnbLOvQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2003" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. <q>A fundamental tenet of *Buddhism is that all formations (*samskara)—things that come into being dependent on causes and conditions— are impermanent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2003" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 15. <q>Impermanence refers to the arising, passing away, changing, and disappearance of things that have arisen, and according to the *Abhidharma is a process that takes place from moment to moment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2003" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 15. <q>It is because of the impermanence of the five aggregates (*skandha) that Buddhism teaches there can be no eternal self or soul (see ANATMAN).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2003" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 15. <q>For the same reason it is thought that there can be no permanent happiness in *samsara, because situations constantly change and in time all things decay (see DUHKHA).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1983" class="citation journal cs1">King, Winston (Summer 1983). "The Existential Nature of Buddhist Ultimates". Philosophy East and West. 33 (3): 263–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1398828">10.2307/1398828</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398828">1398828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=The+Existential+Nature+of+Buddhist+Ultimates&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-271&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1398828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1398828%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1983" class="citation journal cs1">King, Winston (Summer 1983). "The Existential Nature of Buddhist Ultimates". Philosophy East and West. 33 (3): 266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1398828">10.2307/1398828</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398828">1398828</a>. <q>One is that anatta can be experienced, not just described. Indeed all vipassana meditational techniques have as their purpose the production of a visceral, fully existential awareness of one's own body-mind "self" as a set of temporarily associated factors which have no integral unity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=The+Existential+Nature+of+Buddhist+Ultimates&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=266&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1398828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1398828%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1983" class="citation journal cs1">King, Winston (Summer 1983). "The Existential Nature of Buddhist Ultimates". Philosophy East and West. 33 (3): 266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1398828">10.2307/1398828</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398828">1398828</a>. <q>The second point about anatta is that this experience is also one of release, release from the power of samsaric drives into a new and different self-aware</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=The+Existential+Nature+of+Buddhist+Ultimates&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=266&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1398828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1398828%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1983" class="citation journal cs1">King, Winston (Summer 1983). "The Existential Nature of Buddhist Ultimates". Philosophy East and West. 33 (3): 266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1398828">10.2307/1398828</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398828">1398828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=The+Existential+Nature+of+Buddhist+Ultimates&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=266&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1398828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1398828%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChogyam_Trungpa2009127-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChogyam_Trungpa2009127_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChogyam_Trungpa2009">Chogyam Trungpa 2009</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119–120-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119–120_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998121-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998121_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200278–79-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200278–79_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200278–79_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2002">Williams 2002</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._McMahan2008" class="citation book cs1">David L. McMahan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XU6HNwlxhCAC">The Making of Buddhist Modernism</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–48, 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972029-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972029-3"><bdi>978-0-19-972029-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231183953/https://books.google.com/books?id=XU6HNwlxhCAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-31. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Buddhist+Modernism&rft.pages=45-48%2C+57-58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972029-3&rft.au=David+L.+McMahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXU6HNwlxhCAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Clearly, the interaction of Buddhism with psychology exhibits aspects of both detraditionalization and demythologization as already described. In addition, the legitimacy that is granted Buddhism in its reconstrual as a kind of psychology reverberates back to the very conception of Buddhism among Buddhists themselves, (...)" </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_references">Web references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Web references">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nalanda1-26"><a href="#cite_ref-nalanda1_26-0">^</a> John Bowker. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 24 November 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Sasra.html">"Saṃsāra."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101023171439/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Sasra.html">Archived</a> 2010-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowker2014" class="citation book cs1">John Bowker (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Te9wBAAAQBAJ">God: A Very Short Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 84–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870895-7"><bdi>978-0-19-870895-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122185207/https://books.google.com/books?id=Te9wBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=84-86&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870895-7&rft.au=John+Bowker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTe9wBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjahn_Sucitto2010" class="citation cs2">Ajahn Sucitto (2010), Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching, Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+the+Wheel+of+Truth%3A+Commentary+on+the+Buddha%27s+First+Teaching&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Ajahn+Sucitto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1999" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Carol (1999), Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pain+and+Its+Ending%3A+The+Four+Noble+Truths+in+the+Theravada+Buddhist+Canon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker1997" class="citation cs2">Bowker, John, ed. (1997), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_World_Religions" title="Oxford Dictionary of World Religions">The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</a>, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Bronkhorst, Johannes</a> (1993), The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Traditions+Of+Meditation+In+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellGimello1992" class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert E.; Gimello, Robert M. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1tcGAAAAYAAJ">Paths to Liberation: The Mārga and Its Transformations in Buddhist Thought</a>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1253-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1253-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-1253-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324015637/https://books.google.com/books?id=1tcGAAAAYAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-24, retrieved 2016-09-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+to+Liberation%3A+The+M%C4%81rga+and+Its+Transformations+in+Buddhist+Thought&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1253-9&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Gimello%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1tcGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2004" class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Macmillan Reference USA, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865718-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865718-9"><bdi>978-0-02-865718-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865718-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald S. Lopez, Jr.">Lopez, Donald</a>, eds. (2013), Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691157863" title="Special:BookSources/9780691157863"><bdi>9780691157863</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780691157863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChogyam_Trungpa2009" class="citation cs2">Chogyam Trungpa (2009), The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation (edited by Judy Leif), Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+of+Suffering+and+the+Path+of+Liberation+%28edited+by+Judy+Leif%29&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Chogyam+Trungpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoong1999" class="citation cs2">Choong, Mun-Keat (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJafx7uO0VsC">The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1649-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1649-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1649-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127014854/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJafx7uO0VsC">archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-27, retrieved 2016-09-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Notion+of+Emptiness+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1649-7&rft.aulast=Choong&rft.aufirst=Mun-Keat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJafx7uO0VsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2006" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Robert S. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19639-5"><bdi>978-1-134-19639-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519043914/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-19. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC">An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46966-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46966-1"><bdi>978-1-139-46966-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121233453/https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-21. Retrieved 2016-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46966-1&rft.aulast=Laumakis&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_29ZDAcUEwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2010" class="citation cs2">McClelland, Norman C. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC">Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma</a>, McFarland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126104519/https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC">archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-26, retrieved 2016-09-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Norman+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Leq4U5ihkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanamoli1995" class="citation cs2">The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya, translated by Nanamoli, Bhikkhu, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-072-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-072-0"><bdi>978-0-86171-072-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Length+Discourses+of+the+Buddha%3A+A+New+Translation+of+the+Majjhima+Nikaya&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-072-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeyesekere1980" class="citation book cs1">Obeyesekere, Gananath (1980). 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.aulast=Obeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Gananath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeyesekere2005" class="citation book cs1">Obeyesekere, Gananath (2005). Wendy Doniger (ed.). Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120826090" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120826090"><bdi>978-8120826090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Cross+Cultural+Study&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8120826090&rft.aulast=Obeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Gananath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrul_Rinpoche1998" class="citation cs2">Patrul Rinpoche (1998), The Words of My Perfect Teacher, Altamira</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+Teacher&rft.pub=Altamira&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahula2014" class="citation cs2">Rahula, Walpola (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CcAwAAQBAJ">What the Buddha Taught</a>, Oneworld Classics, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-000-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-000-3"><bdi>978-1-78074-000-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160831073021/https://books.google.com/books?id=s8CcAwAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-31, retrieved 2016-09-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Buddha+Taught&rft.pub=Oneworld+Classics&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-000-3&rft.aulast=Rahula&rft.aufirst=Walpola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds8CcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithNovak2009" class="citation cs2">Smith, Huston; 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(2003), The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the context of Indian Buddhist Thought, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Unconscious%3A+The+Alaya-vij%C3%B1ana+in+the+context+of+Indian+Buddhist+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation cs2">Williams, Paul (2002), Buddhist Thought, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415207010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415207010"><bdi>978-0-415207010</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415207010&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012" class="citation cs2">Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOLfCgAAQBAJ">Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-52088-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-52088-4"><bdi>978-1-136-52088-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120065316/https://books.google.com/books?id=NOLfCgAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-20, retrieved 2016-09-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought%3A+A+Complete+Introduction+to+the+Indian+Tradition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-52088-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Tribe%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Wynne%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOLfCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2010" class="citation cs2">Wilson, Jeff (2010), Saṃsāra and Rebirth, in Buddhism, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0141">10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195393521" title="Special:BookSources/9780195393521"><bdi>9780195393521</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+and+Rebirth%2C+in+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0141&rft.isbn=9780195393521&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on 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