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<ul id="toc-Motivation_for_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settlement_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Settlement demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>British Isles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_Isles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle British Isles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-British_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_on_English_toponymy_in_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_English_toponymy_in_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Impact on English toponymy in Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_English_toponymy_in_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cornwall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cornwall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cornwall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cornwall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_mainland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_mainland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>European mainland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_mainland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European mainland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_mainland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Normandy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normandy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Normandy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normandy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Francia_and_Middle_Francia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Francia_and_Middle_Francia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>West Francia and Middle Francia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Francia_and_Middle_Francia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Iberian Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy_and_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy_and_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Italy and Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_and_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Caucasus_and_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Caucasus_and_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>The Caucasus and Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Caucasus_and_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>North Atlantic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_Atlantic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North Atlantic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Faroe_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Faroe_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Faroe Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Faroe_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Greenland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svalbard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svalbard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Svalbard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svalbard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Azores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button 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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetic evidence and implications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetic_evidence_and_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitochondrial_and_Y-chromosome_haplotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitochondrial_and_Y-chromosome_haplotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplotypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitochondrial_and_Y-chromosome_haplotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_Y-haplogroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_Y-haplogroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Common Y-haplogroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_Y-haplogroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>C1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surname_histories_and_the_Y-haplotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surname_histories_and_the_Y-haplotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Surname histories and the Y-haplotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surname_histories_and_the_Y-haplotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cys282Tyr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cys282Tyr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cys282Tyr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cys282Tyr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viking expansion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingsk%C3%A1_expanze" title="Vikingská expanze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vikingská expanze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingernes_ekspansion" title="Vikingernes ekspansion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vikingernes ekspansion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansi%C3%B3n_vikinga" title="Expansión vikinga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expansión vikinga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_viking" title="Expansion viking – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expansion viking" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspansi_Viking" title="Ekspansi Viking – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekspansi Viking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espansione_vichinga" title="Espansione vichinga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Espansione vichinga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Викиншка експанзија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Викиншка експанзија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expans%C3%B5es_vikings" title="Expansões vikings – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Expansões vikings" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">8th–11th century expansion by Norsemen</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Expansion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/310px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/465px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/620px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Viking expansion in Europe: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkred; color:white;"> </span> 8th century settlement</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> 9th century settlement</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> 10th century settlement</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> 11th century settlement</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> Raids but no settlement</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Viking expansion</b> was the historical movement which led <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> explorers, traders and warriors, the latter known in modern scholarship as <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, to sail most of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>, reaching south as far as North Africa and east as far as Russia, and through the Mediterranean as far as <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the Middle East, acting as looters, traders, colonists and mercenaries. To the west, Vikings under <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a>, the heir to <a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">reached North America</a> and set up a short-lived settlement in present-day <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Longer lasting and more established Norse settlements were formed in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland#Norse_settlement" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norse_settlement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy#Norse_settlement" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation_for_expansion">Motivation for expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Motivation for expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is much debate among historians about what drove the Viking expansion. </p><p>Researchers have suggested that Vikings may have originally started sailing and raiding due to a need to seek out women from foreign lands.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was expressed in the 11th century by historian <a href="/wiki/Dudo_of_Saint-Quentin" title="Dudo of Saint-Quentin">Dudo of Saint-Quentin</a> in his semi-imaginary <i>History of The Normans</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rich and powerful Viking men tended to have many wives and concubines, and these <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygynous</a> relationships may have led to a shortage of eligible women for the average Viking male. Due to this, the average Viking man could have been forced to perform riskier actions to gain wealth and power to be able to find suitable women.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viking men would often buy or capture women and make them into their wives or concubines.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polygynous marriage increases <a href="/wiki/Male-male_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Male-male competition">male-male competition</a> in society because it creates a pool of unmarried men who are willing to engage in risky status-elevating and sex-seeking behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a></i> states that in 821 the Vikings plundered an Irish village and "carried off a great number of women into captivity".<sup id="cite_ref-DolfiniCrellin2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DolfiniCrellin2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory is that it was a quest for revenge against continental Europeans for past aggressions against the Vikings and related groups,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s campaign to force Saxon pagans to convert to Christianity by killing any who refused to become baptized in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-annals_R.20_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals_R.20-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who favor this explanation point out that the penetration of Christianity into Scandinavia caused serious conflict and divided Norway for almost a century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first target of Viking raids was not the Frankish Kingdom, but Christian monasteries in England. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sawyer_(historian)" title="Peter Sawyer (historian)">Peter Sawyer</a>, these were raided because they were centers of wealth and their farms well-stocked, not because of any religious reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-sawyer96_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer96-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pirates_normands_au_IXe_si%C3%A8cle_(esquisse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pirates_normands_au_IXe_si%C3%A8cle_%28esquisse%29.jpg/266px-Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pirates_normands_au_IXe_si%C3%A8cle_%28esquisse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pirates_normands_au_IXe_si%C3%A8cle_%28esquisse%29.jpg/399px-Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pirates_normands_au_IXe_si%C3%A8cle_%28esquisse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pirates_normands_au_IXe_si%C3%A8cle_%28esquisse%29.jpg/533px-Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pirates_normands_au_IXe_si%C3%A8cle_%28esquisse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="2422" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> kidnapping a woman. Viking men often kidnapped foreign women for marriage or <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a> from lands that they had pillaged. Illustrated by French painter <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Vital_Luminais" title="Évariste Vital Luminais">Évariste Vital Luminais</a> in the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>A different idea is that the Viking population had exceeded the agricultural potential of their homeland. This may have been true of western Norway, where there were few reserves of land; however, it is unlikely that the rest of Scandinavia was experiencing famine.<sup id="cite_ref-sawyer3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, some scholars propose that the Viking expansion was driven by a <a href="/wiki/Youth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth bulge">youth bulge</a> effect: Because the eldest son of a family customarily inherited the family's entire estate, younger sons had to seek their fortune by emigrating or engaging in raids. Peter Sawyer suggests that most Vikings emigrated due to the attractiveness of owning more land rather than the necessity of having it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, no rise in population, youth bulge, or decline in agricultural production during this period has been definitively demonstrated. Nor is it clear why such pressures would have prompted expansion overseas rather than into the vast, uncultivated forest areas in the interior of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a>, although perhaps emigration or sea raids may have been easier or more profitable than clearing large areas of forest for farm and pasture in a region with a limited growing season. </p><p>It is also possible that a decline in the profitability of old trade routes drove the Vikings to seek out new, more profitable ones. Trade between western Europe and the rest of Eurasia may have suffered after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> lost its western provinces in the 5th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansion of Islam">expansion of Islam</a> in the 7th century may have reduced trade opportunities within western Europe by redirecting resources along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Trade in the Mediterranean was at its lowest level in history when the Vikings began their expansion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Viking expansion opened new trade routes in Arab and Frankish lands, and took control of trade markets previously dominated by the Frisians after the Franks destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisian</a> fleet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the main aims of the Viking expansion throughout Europe was to acquire and trade silver.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> are still important centres of silver making.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a collection of Viking-age silver for trading purposes is the <a href="/wiki/Galloway_Hoard" title="Galloway Hoard">Galloway Hoard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A great motivation for raids was the international slave trade conducted by the Vikings with the Abbasid Caliphate in the Muslim Middle East, who supplied the slave market of the Muslim world with European slaves in exchange for Arab silver. People taken captive during the Viking raids in Western Europe, such as Ireland, could be sold to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Moorish Spain</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin slave trade">Dublin slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aroundtheworldineightyyears.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aroundtheworldineightyyears.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slaves may have also been transported to <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a> or Brännö and then transported through the Volga trade route to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver <i><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, which have been found in <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolin" title="Wolin">Wollin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed <a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">via the Khazar Kaghanate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but from the early 10th-century onward it went <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">via Volga Bulgaria</a> and from there by caravan to <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid slave trade">Samanid slave market</a> in Central Asia and finally via Iran to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">the Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Viking slave trade was the source of the Arab <i><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a></i> silver hoards found in Scandinavia and functioned from at least 786 until 1009, when such coins have been found there, and it would have been so lucrative that it contributed to the continuing Viking raids in Europe, which was used by the Vikings as a slave supply source for this trade with the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among such hoards can be mentioned the <a href="/wiki/Spillings_Hoard" title="Spillings Hoard">Spillings Hoard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sundveda_Hoard" title="Sundveda Hoard">Sundveda Hoard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_demographics">Settlement demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Settlement demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Roerich,_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg/222px-Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg/333px-Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg/444px-Nicholas_Roerich%2C_Guests_from_Overseas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption><i>Guests from Overseas</i> (1901) by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>, depicting a Viking raid. (<a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangians</a> in Rus')</figcaption></figure> <p>Viking settlements in Ireland and Great Britain are thought to have been primarily male enterprises; however, some graves show nearly equal male/female distribution. Disagreement is partly due to method of classification; previous archaeology often guessed biological sex from burial artifacts, whereas modern archaeology may use <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">osteology</a> to find biological sex, and <a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis" title="Isotope analysis">isotope analysis</a> to find origin (DNA sampling is usually not possible).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The males buried during that period in a cemetery on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> had mainly names of Norse origin, while the females there had names of indigenous origin. Irish and British women are mentioned in old texts on the founding of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, indicating that the Viking explorers were accompanied there by women from the British Isles who either came along voluntarily or were taken along by force. Genetic studies of the population in the Western Isles and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a> also show that Viking settlements were established mainly by male Vikings who mated with women from the local populations of those places.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, not all Viking settlements were primarily male. Genetic studies of the Shetland population suggest that family units consisting of Viking women as well as men were the norm among the migrants to these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This may be because areas like the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a>, being closer to Scandinavia, were more suitable targets for family migrations, while frontier settlements further north and west were more suitable for groups of unattached male colonizers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Isles">British Isles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Britain"></span><span class="anchor" id="Britain_and_Ireland"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age#Northwestern_Europe" title="Viking Age">Viking Age in Northwestern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Viking activity in the British Isles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Invasions_of_the_British_Isles#Viking_raids_and_invasions" title="Invasions of the British Isles">Viking raids and invasions of the British Isles</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:91%;"><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles"><span class="wrap">Viking invasions of England</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="font-size:96%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Hingston Down</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> (865–78)</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Alcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Englefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Ashdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Basing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Meretun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Edington/Ethandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Cynwit</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a> (886–954)</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rochester" title="Battle of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Farnham" title="Battle of Farnham">Farnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Buttington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">First Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">The Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Tettenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Tempsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold%27s_Revolt" title="Æthelwold's Revolt">Æthelwold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Second Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Corbridge</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Stainmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Pinhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thetford" title="Battle of Thetford">Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Ringmere</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Cnut#Conquest_of_England" title="Cnut">Cnut's invasion</a> (1015–16)</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Assandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Brentford</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald's invasion</a> (1066)</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Revolt_of_1065" title="Northumbrian Revolt of 1065">Northumbrian Revolt of 1065</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Fulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Stamford Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_878.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/200px-England_878.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/300px-England_878.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_878.svg/400px-England_878.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Map of England in 878, depicting the Danelaw territory</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cnut_lands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cnut_lands.svg/200px-Cnut_lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cnut_lands.svg/300px-Cnut_lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cnut_lands.svg/400px-Cnut_lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>King Canute's territories 1014–1035. (Note that the Norwegian (now Swedish) lands of <a href="/wiki/Jemtland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemtland">Jemtland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herjedalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Herjedalen">Herjedalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idre" title="Idre">Idre</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rna" title="Särna">Særna</a> are not included in this map).</figcaption></figure> <p>During the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Beorhtric_of_Wessex" title="Beorhtric of Wessex">Beorhtric of Wessex</a> (786–802), three ships of "Northmen" landed at <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Portland" title="Isle of Portland">Portland Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local <a href="/wiki/Reeve_(England)" title="Reeve (England)">reeve</a> mistook the Vikings for merchants and directed them to the nearby royal estate, but the visitors killed him and his men. On 8 June 793, "the ravages of heathen men miserably desecrated God's church on <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>, with plunder and slaughter".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 12th-century Anglo-Norman chronicler <a href="/wiki/Symeon_of_Durham" title="Symeon of Durham">Symeon of Durham</a>, the raiders killed the resident monks or threw them into the sea to drown or carried them away as slaves – along with some of the church treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-mag127_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mag127-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 875, after enduring eight decades of repeated Viking raids, the monks <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral#Saxon" title="Durham Cathedral">fled Lindisfarne</a>, carrying the relics of Saint <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert</a> with them.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 794, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, a small Viking fleet attacked a rich monastery at <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth-Jarrow_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey">Jarrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vikings met with stronger resistance than they had expected: their leaders were killed. The raiders escaped, only to have their ships beached at <a href="/wiki/Tynemouth" title="Tynemouth">Tynemouth</a> and the crews killed by locals.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asc794_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asc794-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represented one of the last raids on England for about 40 years. The Vikings focused instead on Ireland and Scotland. </p><p>In 865, a group of hitherto uncoordinated bands of predominantly Danish Vikings joined to form a large army and landed in East Anglia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle described this force as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army"><i>mycel hæþen here</i></a> (Great Heathen Army) and went on to say that it was led by <a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asc865_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asc865-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gt2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gt2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sawyer9_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army crossed the Midlands into Northumbria and captured York (<a href="/wiki/Jorvik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorvik">Jorvik</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 871, the Great Heathen Army was reinforced by another Danish force known as the Great Summer Army led by <a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a>. In 875, the Great Heathen Army split into two bands, with Guthrum leading one back to Wessex, and Halfdan taking his followers north.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sawyer55_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer55-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 876, Halfdan shared out Northumbrian land south of the Tees amongst his men, who "ploughed the land and supported themselves", founding the territory later known as the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sawyer55_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer55-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the English kingdoms, being in turmoil, could not stand against the Vikings, but King <a href="/wiki/Alfred_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred of Wessex">Alfred of Wessex</a> defeated Guthrum's army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> in 878. There followed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Treaty of Wedmore</a> the same year<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a> in 886.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These treaties formalised the boundaries of the English kingdoms and the Viking Danelaw territory, with provisions for peaceful relations between the English and the Vikings. Despite these treaties, conflict continued on and off. However, Alfred and his successors eventually drove back the Viking frontier and retook York.<sup id="cite_ref-sawyer57_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer57-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new wave of Vikings appeared in England in 947, when <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Erik Bloodaxe</a> captured York.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Viking presence continued through the reign of the Danish prince <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a> (reigned as King of England: 1016–1035), after which a series of inheritance arguments weakened the hold on power of Cnut's heirs. </p><p>When King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> died in 1066, the Norwegian king <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a> challenged his successor as King of England, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a>. Hardrada was killed, and his Norwegian army defeated, by Harold Godwinson on 25 September 1066 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harold Godwinson himself died when the Norman <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> defeated the English army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> in October 1066. William was crowned king of England on 25 December 1066; however, it was several years before he was able to bring the kingdom under his complete control.<sup id="cite_ref-sawyer17_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer17-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1070, the Danish king <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">Sweyn Estridsson</a> sailed up the Humber with an army in support of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_%C3%86theling" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Ætheling">Edgar the Ætheling</a>, the last surviving male member of the English royal family. However, after capturing York, Sweyn accepted a payment from William to desert Edgar.<sup id="cite_ref-sawyer17_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer17-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five years later one of Sweyn's sons set sail for England to support another English rebellion, but it had been crushed before the expedition arrived, so they settled for plundering the city of York and the surrounding area before returning home.<sup id="cite_ref-sawyer17_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer17-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1085, Sweyn's son, now <a href="/wiki/Canute_IV_of_Denmark" title="Canute IV of Denmark">Canute IV of Denmark</a>, planned a major invasion of England but the assembled fleet never sailed. No further serious Danish invasions of England occurred after this.<sup id="cite_ref-sawyer17_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer17-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some raiding occurred during the troubles of <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen's reign</a>, when King <a href="/wiki/Eystein_II_of_Norway" title="Eystein II of Norway">Eystein II of Norway</a> took advantage of the <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">civil war</a> to plunder the east coast of England, where they sacked <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool" title="Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a>, Yorkshire in 1152. These raids marked the conclusion of the Viking Age in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Northmen:_The_Viking_Saga_AD_793-1241_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northmen:_The_Viking_Saga_AD_793-1241-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/220px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/330px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/440px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Earldom of Orkney</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a></div> <p>The monastery at <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> on the west coast was first raided in 794, and had to be abandoned fifty years later after several devastating attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are few records from the earliest period, it is believed that Scandinavian presence in Scotland increased in the 830s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The isles to the north and west of Scotland were heavily colonised by Norwegian Vikings. <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> came under Norse control, sometimes as fiefs under the King of Norway, and at other times as separate entities under variously the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kings of the Isles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Earldom of Orkney</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles#Later_rulers_of_the_Hebrides_and_of_Mann" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kings of Mann and the Isles</a>. Shetland and Orkney were the last of these to be incorporated into Scotland in 1468. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales">Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viking colonies were not a feature of Wales as much as the other nations of the British Isles. This has traditionally been attributed to the powerful unified forces of the contemporary Welsh kings, particularly <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodri the Great">Rhodri the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Vikings were unable to establish any states or areas of control in Wales and were largely limited to raids and trading. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danish</a> are recorded raiding <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> in 854. Welsh records state that two years later, <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodri the Great">Rhodri the Great</a> won an important victory, killing the Danish leader, King Gorm. Two further victories by Rhodri are recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Tywysogion" title="Brut y Tywysogion">Brut y Tywysogion</a></i> for 872. The first battle was at a place named as <i>Bangolau</i> or <i>Bann Guolou</i> or <i>Bannoleu</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-CP15_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP15-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AC_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AW_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AW-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the Vikings in Anglesey were again defeated "in a hard battle".<sup id="cite_ref-CP15_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP15-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second battle at <i>Manegid</i> or <i>Enegyd</i>, the records state that the remaining Vikings "were destroyed".<sup id="cite_ref-CP15_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP15-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> of 893, records Viking armies being pursued by a combined force of <a href="/wiki/West_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="West Saxons">West Saxons</a> and north Welsh along the River Severn.<sup id="cite_ref-lavelle23_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavelle23-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This combined army eventually overtook the Vikings before defeating them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Battle of Buttington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-horspool104_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horspool104-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_on_English_toponymy_in_Wales">Impact on English toponymy in Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impact on English toponymy in Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Normans in Wales</a> shared the maritime history of the Vikings, tracing their lineage back to the same wave of raiders and settlers that harried the Welsh coast in the ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it was often the Viking names that were favoured by the <a href="/wiki/Cambro-Normans" title="Cambro-Normans">Cambro-Normans</a> and passed into <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>. This impact can be seen today where many coastal names in Wales have an English name derived from the Vikings and unrelated to the original Welsh name.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern English name Anglesey (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Ynys Môn</i>) is of Scandinavian origin, as are a number of the island's most prominent coastal features. The English names for <a href="/wiki/Caldey_Island" title="Caldey Island">Caldey Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Ynys Bŷr</i>), <a href="/wiki/Flat_Holm" title="Flat Holm">Flat Holm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Ynys Echni</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Grassholm" title="Grassholm">Grassholm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Ynys Gwales</i>) are also those of the Viking raiders.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wales' second largest city, Swansea (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Abertawe</i>) takes its English name from a Viking trading post founded by <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a>. The original name, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">Sveinsey</i> translates as Sweyn's island or Sweyn's inlet. <a href="/wiki/Worm%27s_Head" title="Worm's Head">Worm's Head</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Ynys Weryn</i>) is derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">ormr</i>, the word for <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a>, from the Vikings' tradition that the serpent-shaped island was a sleeping dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cornwall">Cornwall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cornwall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> reported that <i>heathen men</i> (the Danes) raided <a href="/wiki/Charmouth" title="Charmouth">Charmouth</a>, Dorset in 833, then in 997 destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Lydford" title="Lydford">Lydford</a>, and from 1001 to 1003 occupied the old Roman city of <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asc_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asc-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cornish were subjugated by King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a>, of England, in 936 and the border finally set at the <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">River Tamar</a>. The Cornish remained semi-autonomous until their annexation into England after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wood146_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood146-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">History of Ireland (800–1169)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Early Scandinavian Dublin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Viking_Ireland.png/220px-Viking_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Viking_Ireland.png 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Areas of Norse influence in 10th century Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>In 795, small bands of Vikings began plundering monastic settlements along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a> state that in 821 the Vikings plundered <a href="/wiki/Howth" title="Howth">Howth</a> and "carried off a great number of women into captivity".<sup id="cite_ref-DolfiniCrellin20182_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DolfiniCrellin20182-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 840 the Vikings began building fortified encampments, <i><a href="/wiki/Longphort" title="Longphort">longphorts</a></i>, on the coast and overwintering in Ireland. The first were at <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dublin_to_795" title="History of Dublin to 795">Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linn_Duachaill" title="Linn Duachaill">Linn Duachaill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their attacks became bigger and reached further inland, striking larger monastic settlements such as <a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">Clonmacnoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glendalough" title="Glendalough">Glendalough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Kells" title="Abbey of Kells">Kells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kildare" title="Kildare">Kildare</a>, and also plundering the ancient tombs of <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viking chief <a href="/wiki/Thorgest" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorgest">Thorgest</a> is said to have raided the whole midlands of Ireland until he was killed by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Sechnaill_mac_M%C3%A1ele_Ruanaid" title="Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid">Máel Sechnaill I</a> in 845. </p><p>In 853, Viking leader <a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung" title="Amlaíb Conung">Amlaíb</a> (Olaf) became the first <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">king of Dublin</a>. He ruled along with his brothers <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dmar" title="Ímar">Ímar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Auisle" title="Auisle">Auisle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the following decades, there was regular warfare between the Vikings and the Irish, and between two groups of Vikings: the <a href="/wiki/Dubgaill_and_Finngaill" title="Dubgaill and Finngaill">Dubgaill and Finngaill</a> (dark and fair foreigners). The Vikings also briefly allied with various Irish kings against their rivals. In 866, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_Findliath" title="Áed Findliath">Áed Findliath</a> burnt all Viking longphorts in the north, and they never managed to establish permanent settlements in that region.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vikings were driven from Dublin in 902.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They returned in 914, led by the <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> (House of Ivar).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the next eight years, the Vikings won decisive battles against the Irish, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Confey" title="Battle of Confey">regained control</a> of Dublin, and founded settlements at <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>, which became Ireland's first large towns. They were important trading hubs, and the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin slave trade">slave trade in Viking Dublin</a> was the biggest slave port in western Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which they could be sold to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Moorish Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aroundtheworldineightyyears.com_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aroundtheworldineightyyears.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These Viking territories became part of the patchwork of kingdoms in Ireland. Vikings intermarried with the Irish and adopted elements of Irish culture, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Norse-Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse-Gaels">Norse-Gaels</a>. Some Viking kings of Dublin also ruled the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">kingdom of the Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a>; such as <a href="/wiki/Sitric_C%C3%A1ech" title="Sitric Cáech">Sitric Cáech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Gofraid ua Ímair">Gofraid ua Ímair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Cuaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf Cuaran">Olaf Cuaran</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sitric_Silkbeard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitric Silkbeard">Sitric Silkbeard</a> was "a patron of the arts, a benefactor of the church, and an economic innovator" who established Ireland's first <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a>, in Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 980, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Sechnaill_mac_Domnaill" title="Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill">Máel Sechnaill Mór</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">defeated</a> the Dublin Vikings and forced them into submission.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the following thirty years, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Boru" title="Brian Boru">Brian Boru</a> subdued the Viking territories and made himself <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a>. The Dublin Vikings, together with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leinster" title="Kingdom of Leinster">Leinster</a>, twice rebelled against him, but they were defeated in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> (999) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a> (1014). After the battle of Clontarf, the Dublin Vikings could no longer "single-handedly threaten the power of the most powerful kings of Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian's rise to power and conflict with the Vikings is chronicled in <i><a href="/wiki/Cogad_G%C3%A1edel_re_Gallaib" title="Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib">Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib</a></i> ("The War of the Irish with the Foreigners"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_mainland">European mainland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European mainland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG/220px-Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG/330px-Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG/440px-Rollo_statue_in_falaise.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Rollo, Duke of Normandy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normandy">Normandy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Normandy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of Normandy denotes its Viking origin, from "Northmannia" or Land of The Norsemen. </p><p>The Viking presence in Normandy began with raids into the territory of the Frankish Empire, from the middle of the 9th century. Viking raids extended deep into the Frankish territory, and included the sacking of many prominent towns such as <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)" title="Siege of Paris (845)">Paris</a> and the abbey at <a href="/wiki/Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Jumièges">Jumièges</a>. The inability of the Frankish king <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a>, to prevent these Viking incursions forced them to offer vast payments of silver and gold to prevent any further pillage. These pay-offs were short lived and the Danish raiders would always return for more. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a> was created for the Viking leader <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a> after he had besieged Paris. In 911, Rollo entered <a href="/wiki/Vassalage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassalage">vassalage</a> to the king of the <a href="/wiki/West_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="West Franks">West Franks</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Clair-sur-Epte" title="Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte">Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte</a>. This treaty made of Rollo the first Norman <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Rouen">Count of Rouen</a>. In addition, Rollo was to be baptized and marry Gisele, the illegitimate daughter of Charles. In exchange for his homage and fealty, Rollo legally gained the territory which he and his Viking allies had previously conquered. </p><p>The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and intermarried with the area's original inhabitants. They became the Normans – a <a href="/wiki/Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman French">Norman French</a>-speaking mixture of Scandinavians and indigenous <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>. The language of Normandy heavily reflected the Danish influence, as many words (especially ones pertaining to seafaring) were borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Old Danish.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than the language itself, the <a href="/wiki/Norman_toponymy" title="Norman toponymy">Norman toponymy</a> retains a strong Nordic influence. Nevertheless, only a few archaeological traces have been found: swords dredged out of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> between its estuary and Rouen, the tomb of a female Viking at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AEtres" title="Pîtres">Pîtres</a>, the two <a href="/wiki/Thor%27s_hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thor's hammer">Thor's hammers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-de-Varengeville" title="Saint-Pierre-de-Varengeville">Saint-Pierre-de-Varengeville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahurs" title="Sahurs">Sahurs</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently the hoard of Viking coins at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-des-Fleurs" title="Saint-Pierre-des-Fleurs">Saint-Pierre-des-Fleurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rollo's descendant <a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="William, Duke of Normandy">William, Duke of Normandy</a> (the <i>Conqueror</i>) became <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> after he defeated <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a> and his army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> in October 1066. As king of England, he retained the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants. The kings of England made claim to Normandy, as well as their other possessions in France, which led to various disputes with the French. This culminated in the French confiscation of <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> that precipitated what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, in 1337.<sup id="cite_ref-curry11_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curry11-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Francia_and_Middle_Francia">West Francia and Middle Francia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: West Francia and Middle Francia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Viking raids in the Rhineland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> suffered more severely than <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> during the Viking raids of the 9th century. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> coincided with some of the worst of these raids, though he did take action by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Pistres" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Pistres">Edict of Pistres</a> of 864 to secure a standing army of cavalry under royal control to be called upon at all times when necessary to fend off the invaders. He also ordered the building of fortified bridges to prevent inland raids. </p><p>Nonetheless, the <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a> allied with the Vikings and <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Strong" title="Robert the Strong">Robert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margrave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a>, (a <a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">march</a> created for defence against the Vikings sailing up the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ranulf_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Ranulf I of Aquitaine">Ranulf of Aquitaine</a> died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brissarthe" title="Battle of Brissarthe">Battle of Brissarthe</a> in 865. The Vikings also took advantage of the civil wars which ravaged the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a> in the early years of Charles' reign. In the 840s, <a href="/wiki/Pepin_II_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin II of Aquitaine">Pepin II</a> called in the Vikings to aid him against Charles and <a href="/wiki/Viking_incursions_into_Gascony" title="Viking incursions into Gascony">they settled at the mouth of the Garonne</a> as they did by the Loire. Two <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Gascony">dukes of Gascony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seguin_II_of_Gascony" title="Seguin II of Gascony">Seguin II</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Gascony">William I</a>, died defending <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> from Viking assaults. A later duke, <a href="/wiki/Sancho_Mitarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho Mitarra">Sancho Mitarra</a>, even settled some at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Adour" title="Adour">Adour</a> near Bayonne in an act<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2019)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> presaging that of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Clair-sur-Epte" title="Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte">Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte</a> by which the Vikings were settled in Rouen, creating <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> as a bulwark against other Vikings. </p><p>In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Vikings raided the largely defenceless <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> towns lying on the coast and along the rivers of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. Although Vikings never settled in large numbers in those areas, they did set up long-term bases and were even acknowledged as lords in a few cases. They set up bases in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Florent-le-Vieil" title="Saint-Florent-le-Vieil">Saint-Florent-le-Vieil</a> at the mouth of the Loire, in <a href="/wiki/Taillebourg,_Charente-Maritime" title="Taillebourg, Charente-Maritime">Taillebourg</a> on the mid Charente, also around <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> on the banks of the Adour, in <a href="/wiki/Noirmoutier" title="Noirmoutier">Noirmoutier</a> and obviously on the <a href="/wiki/River_Seine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Seine">River Seine</a> (Rouen) in what would become Normandy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> was raided in 836. Later there were raids of Ghent, <a href="/wiki/Kortrijk" title="Kortrijk">Kortrijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a> and the areas around the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> river, the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rupel" title="Rupel">Rupel</a> river and the tributaries of those rivers. Raids were conducted from bases established in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">Asselt</a>, Walcheren, Wieringen and Elterberg (or Eltenberg, a small hill near <a href="/wiki/Elten" title="Elten">Elten</a>). In Dutch and Frisian historical tradition, the trading centre of <a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a> declined after Viking raids from 834 to 863; however, since no convincing Viking archaeological evidence has been found at the site (as of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>), doubts about this have grown in recent years. </p><p>One of the more important Viking families in the Low Countries was that of <a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik of Dorestad</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Wieringen" title="Wieringen">Wieringen</a>) and his brother Harald (based in <a href="/wiki/Walcheren" title="Walcheren">Walcheren</a>). Around 850, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a> acknowledged Rorik as ruler of most of Friesland. Again in 870, Rorik was received by <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, to whom he became a vassal. Viking raids continued during this period. Harald's son Rodulf and his men were killed by the people of <a href="/wiki/Oostergo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oostergo">Oostergo</a> in 873. Rorik died sometime before 882. </p><p>Buried Viking treasures consisting mainly of silver have been found in the Low Countries. Two such treasures have been found in Wieringen. A large treasure found in Wieringen in 1996 dates from around 850 and is thought perhaps to have been connected to Rorik. The burial of such a valuable treasure is seen as an indication that there was a permanent settlement in Wieringen.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 879, <a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid</a> arrived in Frisian lands as the head of a large force that terrorised the Low Countries. Using <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> as his base, they ravaged Ghent, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavelot" title="Stavelot">Stavelot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm" title="Prüm">Prüm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>. Controlling most of Frisia between 882 and his death in 885, <a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid</a> became known to history as <a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid, Duke of Frisia</a>. His lordship over Frisia was acknowledged by <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a>, to whom he became a vassal. In the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">siege of Asselt</a> in 882, the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Franks</a> sieged a Viking camp at <a href="/wiki/Asselt" title="Asselt">Asselt</a> in Frisia. Although the Vikings were not forced by arms to abandon their camp, they were compelled to come to terms in which their leader, Godfrid, was converted to Christianity. Godfrid was assassinated in 885, after which <a href="/wiki/Gerolf_of_Holland" title="Gerolf of Holland">Gerolf of Holland</a> assumed lordship and Viking rule of Frisia came to an end. </p><p>Viking raids of the Low Countries continued for over a century. Remains of Viking attacks dating from 880 to 890 have been found in <a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>. The last attacks took place in <a href="/wiki/Tiel" title="Tiel">Tiel</a> in 1006 and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a> in 1007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iberian_Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iberian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Iberia" title="Vikings in Iberia">Vikings in Iberia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg/220px-Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg/330px-Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>A street plate in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Póvoa de Varzim">Póvoa de Varzim</a>, Portugal, with <a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a> (describing names of local families), related with Scandinavian <i>Bomärken</i>. The drawn boat is a <i><a href="/wiki/Poveiro_(boat)" title="Poveiro (boat)">Lancha Poveira</a></i> some researchers say it is derived from the archetypal <a href="/wiki/Viking_ship" title="Viking ship">Viking ship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Compared with the rest of Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula seems to have been little affected by Viking activity, either in the Christian north or the Muslim south.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some of their raids on Iberia, the Vikings were crushed either by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> or the Emirate armies.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knowledge of Vikings in Iberia is mainly based on written accounts, many of which are much later than the events they purport to describe, and often also ambiguous about the origins or ethnicity of the raiders they mention.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A little possible archaeological evidence has come to light,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but research in this area is ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viking activity in the Iberian peninsula seems to have begun around the mid-ninth century as an extension of their raids on and establishment of bases in Frankia in the earlier ninth century, but although Vikings may have over-wintered there, there is as yet no evidence for trading or settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most prominent and probably most significant event was a raid in 844, when Vikings entered the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> and attacked <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>. When the Vikings attacked <a href="/wiki/La_Coru%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Coruña">La Coruña</a> they were met by the army of King <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_I_of_Asturias" title="Ramiro I of Asturias">Ramiro I</a> and were heavily defeated. Many of the Vikings' casualties were caused by the Galicians' <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballistas</a> – powerful torsion-powered projectile weapons that looked rather like giant crossbows.<sup id="cite_ref-Haywood_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haywood-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventy of the Vikings' longships were captured on the beach and burned.<sup id="cite_ref-Haywood_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haywood-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They then proceeded south, raiding <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and Seville. This <a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Seville" title="Viking raid on Seville">Viking raid on Seville</a> seems to have constituted a significant attack.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period from 859 to 861 saw another spate of Viking raids, apparently by a single group. Despite some elaborate tales in late sources, little is known for sure about these attacks. After raids on both northern Iberia and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, one of which in 859 resulted in the capture and exorbitant ransom of king <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%8D%C3%B1iguez_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="García Íñiguez of Pamplona">García Íñiguez of Pamplona</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Vikings seem also to have raided other Mediterranean targets – possibly but not certainly including Italy, Alexandria, and Constantinople−and perhaps overwintering in Francia.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence for Viking activity in Iberia vanishes after the 860s, until the 960s–70s, when a range of sources including <a href="/wiki/Dudo_of_Saint-Quentin" title="Dudo of Saint-Quentin">Dudo of Saint-Quentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Ḥayyān">Ibn Ḥayyān</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Idhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Idhari">Ibn Idhārī</a>, along with a number of charters from Christian Iberia, while individually unreliable, together afford convincing evidence for Viking raids on Iberia in the 960s and 970s.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tenth- or eleventh-century fragments of mouse bone found in Madeira, along with mitocondrial DNA of Madeiran mice, suggests that Vikings also came to Madeira (bringing mice with them), long before the island was colonised by Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quite extensive evidence for minor Viking raids in Iberia continues for the early eleventh century in later narratives (including some Icelandic sagas) and in northern Iberian charters. As the Viking Age drew to a close, Scandinavians and Normans continued to have opportunities to visit and raid Iberia while on their way to the Holy Land for pilgrimage or crusade, or in connection with Norman conquests in the Mediterranean. Key examples in the saga literature are <a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0r_J%C3%B3rsalafari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurðr Jórsalafari">Sigurðr Jórsalafari</a> (king of Norway 1103–1130) and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8gnvaldr_kali_Kolsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Røgnvaldr kali Kolsson">Røgnvaldr kali Kolsson</a> (d. 1158).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy_and_Sicily">Italy and Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italy and Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a></div> <p>Around 860, <a href="/wiki/Ermentarius_of_Noirmoutier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermentarius of Noirmoutier">Ermentarius of Noirmoutier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_St-Bertin" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of St-Bertin">Annals of St-Bertin</a> provide contemporary evidence for Vikings based in Frankia proceeding to Iberia and thence to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three or four eleventh-century Swedish <a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">Runestones mention Italy</a>, memorialising warriors who died in 'Langbarðaland', the Old Norse name for southern Italy (<a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a>). It seems clear that rather than being Normans, these men were <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangian</a> mercenaries fighting for Byzantium.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varangians may first have been deployed as mercenaries in Italy against the Arabs as early as 936.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, several Anglo-Danish and Norwegian nobles participated in the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harald_III_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald III of Norway">Harald Hardrada</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">king of Norway</a>, seems to have been involved in the Norman conquest of Sicily between 1038 and 1040,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under <a href="/wiki/William_Iron_Arm" title="William Iron Arm">William de Hauteville</a>, who won his nickname <i>Iron Arm</i> by defeating the <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a> in single combat, and a <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> contingent, led by <a href="/wiki/Arduin_the_Lombard" title="Arduin the Lombard">Arduin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_%C3%86theling" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Ætheling">Edgar the Ætheling</a>, who left England in 1086, went there,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jarl <a href="/wiki/Erling_Skakke" title="Erling Skakke">Erling Skakke</a> won his nickname after a battle against Arabs in Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, many Anglo-Danish rebels fleeing <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>, joined the Byzantines in their struggle against <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Apulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Apulia">duke of Apulia</a>, in Southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1109, as reported in Snorre Sturlason's <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i> and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Morkinskinna" title="Morkinskinna">Morkinskinna</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Crusader" title="Sigurd the Crusader">King Sigurd I of Norway</a> aka "The Crusader" and his entire entourage of Vikings arrived in Sicily (Sikileyjar), where they were welcomed by Duke <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Hauteville</a> in his castle in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, who was only 13–14 years old at the time. The Norwegian sovereign stayed for a long time at Roger's court in Palermo. On this occasion Sigurd enthroned Roger, proclaiming him King of Sicily. Thus defining the genesis and descent of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_monarchs" title="List of Sicilian monarchs">Kings of Sicily</a> from <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, progenitor of the Scandinavian dynasties. About 20 years later Roger II was again proclaimed and invested as king, with the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> in 1130, and in the same year Sigurd died.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pireuslejonet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pireuslejonet.jpg/220px-Pireuslejonet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Pireuslejonet.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>In Athens, Greece, Swedish Vikings wrote a runic inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Piraeus_Lion" title="Piraeus Lion">Piraeus Lion</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a></div> <p>The Vikings settled coastal areas along the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, and along inland rivers in what is now Russian territories such as <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Staraya Ladoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> and along major waterways to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Varyags" class="mw-redirect" title="Varyags">Varyags</a> (Russian, Ukrainian: Варяги, Varyagi) sometimes referred to as Variagians were Scandinavians who migrated eastwards and southwards through what is now Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine mainly in the 9th and 10th centuries. Engaging in trade, colonization, piracy and mercenary activities, they roamed the river systems and portages of <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a>, reaching and settling at the Caspian Sea and in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The real involvement of the Varangians is said to have come after they were asked by the Slavic tribes of the region to come and establish order, as those tribes were in constant warfare among each other ("Our country is rich and immense, but it is rent by disorder. Come and govern us and reign over us."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The tribes were united and ruled under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>, a leader of a group of Varangians. Rurik's successors conquered <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a> and established control of the trade route extending from Novgorod to the Black Sea through the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river. This <a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Rurik Dynasty</a> went on to maintain their control over the Kievan Rus', and later, Muscovy until 1598.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_m410_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_m410-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Caucasus_and_Georgia">The Caucasus and Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Caucasus and Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caspian_expeditions_of_the_Rus%27" title="Caspian expeditions of the Rus'">Caspian expeditions of the Rus'</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a> led expeditions to Iran and the Caucasus between 1036 and 1042. His travels are recorded on the <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1036, Varangians appeared near the village of Bashi on the <a href="/wiki/Rioni" title="Rioni">Rioni River</a>, to establish a permanent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> settlement of Vikings in Georgia. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Georgian_Chronicles" title="The Georgian Chronicles">The Georgian Chronicles</a></i> described them as 3,000 men who had traveled from Scandinavia through present-day Russia, rowing down the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> River and across the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat IV of Georgia">Bagrat IV</a> welcomed them to Georgia and accepted some of them into the Georgian army; several hundred Vikings fought on Bagrat's side at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sasireti" title="Battle of Sasireti">Battle of Sasireti</a> in 1042. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_Atlantic">North Atlantic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North Atlantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Faroe_Islands">The Faroe Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Faroe Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norse_settlement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands">Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Settlement of Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LandnamabokManuscriptPage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/LandnamabokManuscriptPage.jpg/120px-LandnamabokManuscriptPage.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/LandnamabokManuscriptPage.jpg/180px-LandnamabokManuscriptPage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/LandnamabokManuscriptPage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>A page from a skin manuscript of Landnámabók in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rni_Magn%C3%BAsson_Institute_for_Icelandic_Studies" title="Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies">Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies</a> in Reykjavík, Iceland</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png/300px-Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png 1.5x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>The 1590 <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Skálholt Map">Skálholt Map</a> showing Latinized Norse placenames in North America:<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> • Land of the <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Risi</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">mythical location</a>)<br /> • <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a><br /> • <a href="/wiki/Helluland" title="Helluland">Helluland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>)<br /> • <a href="/wiki/Markland" title="Markland">Markland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a>)<br /> • Land of the <i><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skræling</a></i> (location undetermined)<br /> • Promontory of <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Peninsula" title="Great Northern Peninsula">Great Northern Peninsula</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Iceland was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a>, one of the first settlers on the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, who was sailing from Norway to the Faroe Islands but got lost and drifted to the east coast of Iceland. Naddoddr named the country <i>Snæland</i> (Snowland). Swedish sailor Garðar Svavarsson also accidentally drifted to the coast of Iceland. He discovered that the country was an island and named it <i>Garðarshólmi</i> (literally <i>Garðar's Islet</i>) and stayed for the winter at <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAsav%C3%ADk" title="Húsavík">Húsavík</a>. The first Scandinavian who deliberately sailed to <i>Garðarshólmi</i> was <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%B3ki_Vilger%C3%B0arson" class="mw-redirect" title="Flóki Vilgerðarson">Flóki Vilgerðarson</a>, also known as Hrafna-Flóki (Raven-Flóki). Flóki settled for one winter at <a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%B0astr%C3%B6nd" title="Barðaströnd">Barðaströnd</a>. It was a cold winter, and when he spotted some <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">drift ice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> he gave the island its current name, <i>Ísland</i> (Iceland). </p><p>Iceland was first settled around 870.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1995_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1995-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first permanent settler in Iceland is usually considered to have been a Norwegian chieftain named <a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a>. According to the story, he threw two carved pillars overboard as he neared land, vowing to settle wherever they landed. He then sailed along the coast until the pillars were found in the southwestern peninsula, now known as <a href="/wiki/Reykjanesskagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjanesskagi">Reykjanesskagi</a>. There he settled with his family around 874, in a place he named <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> (Bay of Smokes) due to the geothermal steam rising from the earth. It is recognized, however, that Ingólfur Arnarson may not have been the first one to settle permanently in Iceland – that may have been <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1ttfari" title="Náttfari">Náttfari</a>, a slave of <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar Svavarsson</a> who stayed behind when his master returned to Scandinavia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenland">Greenland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Greenland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland#Norse_settlement" title="History of Greenland">History of Greenland § Norse settlement</a></div> <p>In 985, Erik the Red was believed to have discovered Greenland after being exiled from Iceland for murder in 982. In 986, Erik the Red returned with 14 surviving ships (as 25 set out on the expedition). Two areas along Greenland's southwest coast were colonised by Norse settlers, including Erik the Red, around 986.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land was at best marginal for Norse pastoral farming. The settlers arrived during a warm phase, when short-season crops such as rye and barley could be grown. Sheep and hardy cattle were also raised for food, wool, and hides. Their main export was walrus ivory, which was traded for iron and other goods which could not be produced locally. Greenland became a dependency of the king of Norway in 1261. During the 13th century, the population may have reached as high as 5,000, divided between the two main settlements of <i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Settlement" title="Eastern Settlement">Eystribygð</a></i> (Eastern Settlement) and <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Settlement" title="Western Settlement">Vestribygð</a></i> (Western Settlement). The organisation of these settlements revolved mainly around religion, and they consisted of around 250 farms, which were split into approximately fourteen communities that were centred around fourteen churches,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of which was a cathedral at <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar,_Greenland" title="Garðar, Greenland">Garðar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> diocese of Greenland was subject to the archdiocese of <a href="/wiki/Nidaros" title="Nidaros">Nidaros</a>; many bishops chose to exercise this office from afar. As the years wore on, the climate cooled (see <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>). In 1379, the northernmost settlement was attacked by the <i><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skræling</a></i> (Norse word for Inuit).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crops failed and trade declined. The Greenland colony gradually faded away. By 1450, it had lost contact with Norway and Iceland and disappeared from all but a few Scandinavian legends.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse colonization of the Americas">Norse colonization of the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6912" data-file-height="4594" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Leiv_Eirikson_Discovering_America" title="Leiv Eirikson Discovering America">Leiv Eirikson Discovering America</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Krohg" title="Christian Krohg">Christian Krohg</a>, 1893</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z%C3%BCge,_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png/220px-Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png/330px-Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png/440px-Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png 2x" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption>Exploration and expansion routes of <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A Norwegian ship's captain named <a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a> first came across a part of the North American continent ca. 985 when he was blown off course sailing to Greenland from Iceland. Subsequent expeditions from Greenland (some led by <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a>) explored the areas to the west, seeking large timbers for building in particular (Greenland had only small trees and brush). Regular activity from Greenland extended to <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skraeling_Island" title="Skraeling Island">Skraeling Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruin_Island" title="Ruin Island">Ruin Island</a> for hunting and trading with <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> groups. A short-lived settlement was established at <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a>, located on the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland, Canada. Wood from timber-framed buildings in the settlement was dated by a <a href="/wiki/993%E2%80%93994_carbon-14_spike" title="993–994 carbon-14 spike">solar storm in 993</a> which caused a spike in <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronological" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrochronological">dendrochronological</a> layer for the year. Tree rings were counted from that year on three separate logs from the settlement, and all three were found to have been felled in 1021, indicating that the settlement was occupied at that date.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also evidence for Viking contact with Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vikings referred to them as the <i>Skræling</i> ("barbarians" or "puny, weaklings"). Fighting between the Natives and the Vikings took place with the natives having the advanced weaponry of bows and arrows. Trade by barter also took place between them but the conflict led to the Vikings' eventual evacuation of the area. </p><p>The Greenlanders called the new-found territory <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>. It is unclear whether Vinland referred to in the traditionally thinking as Vínland (wine-land) or more recently as Vinland (meadow- or pasture-land). In any case, without any official backing, attempts at colonization by the Norse proved failures. There were too many natives for the Greenlanders to conquer or withstand and they withdrew to Greenland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Svalbard">Svalbard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Svalbard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">History of Svalbard</a></div> <p>Vikings may have discovered Svalbard as early as the 12th century. Traditional Norse accounts exist of a land known as Svalbarð – literally "cold shores". This land might also have been <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a>, or a part of eastern <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. The Dutchman <a href="/wiki/Willem_Barents" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Barents">Willem Barents</a> made the first indisputable discovery of Svalbard in 1596. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azores">Azores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Azores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Azores" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azores">History of Azores</a></div> <p>Multiple studies suggest the idea that the Norse could have reached the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores islands</a> and settled there between 700 and 850 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a 2015 study showed that there were substantial <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> similarities between mice living in the Azores and Scandinavia,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the idea was put forward that they might have travelled on Viking ships from there.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study from 2021 collected cylindrical sediment cores from five lakes on various islands of the archipelago, trying to describe the climatic history of the region. The study found in the sediment layer corresponding to the years between 700 and 850, an unusual uptick in the organic compound called 5-beta-stigmastanol, which is found in the feces of <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> such as cows or sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a decrease in native tree pollen and an increase in carbon particles was noted at this time, suggesting that the islands' early settlers felled the trees and burned them, perhaps to make room for the ruminants they brought with them.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More livestock fecal sterols and carbon particles from 950 onwards were also found continuously in Lake Peixinho, at <a href="/wiki/Pico_Island" title="Pico Island">Pico Island</a>, and more punctually in Lake Caldeirão, at <a href="/wiki/Corvo_Island" title="Corvo Island">Corvo Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study found pollen from <i><a href="/wiki/Secale_cereale" class="mw-redirect" title="Secale cereale">Secale cereale</a></i> (non-native) on Pico Island dated to around 1150 and on <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Island" title="São Miguel Island">São Miguel</a> to around 1300 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, climate simulations of the archipelago at those times indicate that at that time the prevailing winds from the North Atlantic came from the northeast, making navigation from Scandinavia more or less direct and at the same time difficult to navigate from the east, which could indicate that these early settlers of the islands would not have come from Portugal, but from northern lands.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_135-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the prevailing winds coming from the north, this would not make navigation from the east entirely impossible, and the geographer Simon Connor noted on the subject of mice, that thanks to the trade routes already established at the time, a mouse from Scandinavia could have arrived by boat in what is now Portugal, and from there it would have taken another course towards the Azores<sup id="cite_ref-:3_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levant">Levant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The well-known <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a> would also serve the Byzantine emperor in Palestine as well as raiding North Africa, the Middle East as far east as Armenia, and the island of Sicily in the 11th century, as recounted in his saga in Snorri Sturluson's <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for Norse ventures into Arabia and Central Asia can be found in <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a> erected in Scandinavia by the relatives of fallen Viking adventurers. Several of these refer to men who died in "<a href="/wiki/Serkland" title="Serkland">Serkland</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Eastern Mediterranean the Norse (referred to as Rus') were viewed more as "merchant-warriors" who were primarily associated with trade and business.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel1999_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel1999-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times this trading relationship would break down into violence – Rus' armadas raided in the Caspian on at least three occasions, in 910, 912 and 943.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel1999_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel1999-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_evidence_and_implications">Genetic evidence and implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Genetic evidence and implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_Axe_culture#Genetics" title="Battle Axe culture">Battle Axe culture § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age#Genetics" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age § Genetics</a></div> <p>Studies of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> have provided scientific confirmation to accompany archaeological evidence of Viking expansion. They also indicate patterns of ancestry, imply new migrations, and show the actual flow of individuals between disparate regions. However, attempts to determine historical population genetics are complicated by subsequent migrations and demographic fluctuations. In particular, the rapid migrations of the 20th century have made it difficult to assess what prior genetic states were. </p><p>Genetic evidence contradicts the common perception that Vikings were primarily pillagers and raiders. A news article by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Highfield" title="Roger Highfield">Roger Highfield</a> summarizes recent research and concludes that, as both male and female genetic markers are present, the evidence is indicative of colonization instead of raiding and occupying.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is also disputed by unequal ratios of male and female haplotypes (see below) which indicate that more men settled than women, an element of a raiding or occupying population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitochondrial_and_Y-chromosome_haplotypes">Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplotypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplotypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Y-chromosome <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotypes</a> serve as markers of paternal lineage much the same as <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mDNA</a> represents the maternal lineage. Together, these two methods provide an option for tracing back a people's genetic history and charting the historical migrations of both males and females. </p><p>Often considered the purest remnants of ancient Nordic genetics, Icelanders trace 75% to 80% of their patrilineal ancestry to Scandinavia and 20% to 25% to Scotland and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Helgason2000_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helgason2000-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodacre2005_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodacre2005-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the maternal side, only 37% is from Scandinavia and the remaining 63% is mostly Scottish and Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodacre2005_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodacre2005-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Helgason2009_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helgason2009-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iceland also holds one of the more well-documented lineage records which, in many cases, go back 15 generations and at least 300 years. These are accompanied by one of the larger genetic records that have been collected by <a href="/wiki/DeCODE_genetics" title="DeCODE genetics">deCODE genetics</a>. Together, these two records allow for a mostly reliable view of historical Scandinavian genetic structure although the genetics of Iceland are influenced by Norse-British migration as well as that directly from Scandinavia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_Y-haplogroups">Common Y-haplogroups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Common Y-haplogroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253" title="Haplogroup I-M253">Haplogroup I-M253</a>, also known as haplogroup I1, is the most common haplotype among Scandinavian males. It is present in 35% of males in Norway, Denmark and Sweden; 40% of males within Western Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-Lappalainen2008_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lappalainen2008-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also prominent on the Baltic and North Sea coasts, but decreases further south.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">Haplogroup R1b</a> is another very common haplotype in all of Western Europe. However, it is not distinctly linked to Vikings or their expansion. There are indications that a mutant strand, R-L165, may have been carried to Great Britain by the Vikings,<sup id="cite_ref-Moffat_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moffat-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the topic is currently inconclusive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="C1">C1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: C1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mitochondrial <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup C (mtDNA)">C1</a> haplotype is primarily an East Asia-American haplotype that developed just prior to migration across the Bering sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Starikovskaya2005_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starikovskaya2005-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tamm2007_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamm2007-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This maternal haplotype, however, was found in several Icelandic samples.<sup id="cite_ref-Helgason2000_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helgason2000-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While originally considered to be a 20th-century immigrant,<sup id="cite_ref-Helgason2000_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helgason2000-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a more complete analysis has shown that this haplotype has been present in Iceland for at least 300 years and is distinct from other C1 lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-Eben2010_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eben2010-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evidence indicates a likely genetic exchange back and forth between Iceland, Greenland, and <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surname_histories_and_the_Y-haplotype">Surname histories and the Y-haplotype</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Surname histories and the Y-haplotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence suggesting Y-haplotypes may be combined with surname histories to better represent historical populations and prevent recent migrations from obscuring the historical record.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowden2008_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowden2008-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cys282Tyr">Cys282Tyr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cys282Tyr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cys282Tyr (or C282Y) is a mutation in the <a href="/wiki/HFE_(gene)" title="HFE (gene)">HFE gene</a> that has been linked to most cases of <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary hemochromatosis">hereditary hemochromatosis</a>. Genetic techniques indicate that this mutation occurred roughly 60–70 generations ago or between 600 and 800 CE, assuming a generation length of 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Ajioka1997_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajioka1997-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas1998_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas1998-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regional distribution of this mutation among European populations indicates that it originated in Southern Scandinavia and spread with Viking expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-Milman2003_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milman2003-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the timing of the mutation and subsequent population movements, C282Y is very prominent in Great Britain, Normandy, and Southern Scandinavia although C282Y has been found in almost every population that has been in contact with the Vikings.<sup id="cite_ref-Milman2003_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milman2003-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Exploration_Museum" title="The Exploration Museum">The Exploration Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salme_ships" title="Salme ships">Salme ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">Pre-modern human migration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not all the Norse arriving in Ireland and Great Britain came as raiders. Many arrived with families and livestock, often in the wake of the capture of territory by their forces. The populations then merged over time by intermarriage into the Anglo-Saxon population of these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowden2008_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowden2008-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sawyer11_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawyer11-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin" title="List of English words of Old Norse origin">Many words</a> in the English language come from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">old Scandinavian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHrala2016" class="citation web cs1">Hrala, Josh (14 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/vikings-might-have-raided-because-there-was-a-shortage-of-single-women">"Vikings Might Have Started Raiding Because There Was a Shortage of Single Women"</a>. <i>ScienceAlert</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530102637/https://www.sciencealert.com/vikings-might-have-raided-because-there-was-a-shortage-of-single-women">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceAlert&rft.atitle=Vikings+Might+Have+Started+Raiding+Because+There+Was+a+Shortage+of+Single+Women&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft.aulast=Hrala&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencealert.com%2Fvikings-might-have-raided-because-there-was-a-shortage-of-single-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2016" class="citation web cs1">Choi, Charles Q. (8 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/56786-vikings-raided-to-find-love.html">"The Real Reason for Viking Raids: Shortage of Eligible Women?"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729113022/https://www.livescience.com/56786-vikings-raided-to-find-love.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=The+Real+Reason+for+Viking+Raids%3A+Shortage+of+Eligible+Women%3F&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Charles+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F56786-vikings-raided-to-find-love.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedd2018" class="citation news cs1">Redd, Wyatt (16 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allthatsinteresting.com/iceland-founded-viking-slaves">"Sex Slaves – The Dirty Secret Behind The Founding Of Iceland"</a>. <i>All That's Interesting</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722043846/https://allthatsinteresting.com/iceland-founded-viking-slaves">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+That%27s+Interesting&rft.atitle=Sex+Slaves+%E2%80%93+The+Dirty+Secret+Behind+The+Founding+Of+Iceland&rft.date=2018-01-16&rft.aulast=Redd&rft.aufirst=Wyatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallthatsinteresting.com%2Ficeland-founded-viking-slaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802035726/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/12/151228-vikings-slaves-thralls-norse-scandinavia-archaeology/">"Kinder, Gentler Vikings? Not According to Their Slaves"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. 28 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/12/151228-vikings-slaves-thralls-norse-scandinavia-archaeology/">the original</a> on 2 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Kinder%2C+Gentler+Vikings%3F+Not+According+to+Their+Slaves&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F12%2F151228-vikings-slaves-thralls-norse-scandinavia-archaeology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyatt2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Wyatt2009" class="citation book cs1">David R. 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Brill. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17533-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17533-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17533-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaves+and+Warriors+in+Medieval+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+800%E2%80%931200&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17533-4&rft.au=David+R.+Wyatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRWJGynaKSkkC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViegas2008" class="citation web cs1">Viegas, Jennifer (17 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26755692">"Viking Age triggered by shortage of wives?"</a>. <i>msnbc.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723002325/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26755692/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/viking-age-triggered-shortage-wives/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay". <i>Annals of Neurology</i>. <b>36</b> (S2): S231–S243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fana.410360810">10.1002/ana.410360810</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-8249">1531-8249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7998792">7998792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36410898">36410898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=The+dissemination+of+multiple+sclerosis%3A+A+Viking+saga%3F+A+historical+essay&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=S2&rft.pages=S231-S243&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=1531-8249&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36410898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7998792&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fana.410360810&rft.aulast=Poser&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffieldPriceCollard2017" class="citation journal cs1">Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (1 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013">"Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding"</a>. <i>Evolution and Human Behavior</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 315–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EHumB..38..315R">2017EHumB..38..315R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013">10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F8759">2164/8759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1090-5138">1090-5138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution+and+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Male-biased+operational+sex+ratios+and+the+Viking+phenomenon%3A+an+evolutionary+anthropological+perspective+on+Late+Iron+Age+Scandinavian+raiding&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-24&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F8759&rft.issn=1090-5138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017EHumB..38..315R&rft.aulast=Raffield&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Price%2C+Neil&rft.au=Collard%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/vikings-may-have-first-taken-seas-find-women-slaves">"Vikings may have first taken to seas to find women, slaves"</a>. <i>Science | AAAS</i>. 13 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727122934/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/vikings-may-have-first-taken-seas-find-women-slaves">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+%7C+AAAS&rft.atitle=Vikings+may+have+first+taken+to+seas+to+find+women%2C+slaves&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fvikings-may-have-first-taken-seas-find-women-slaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DolfiniCrellin2018-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DolfiniCrellin2018_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_DolfiniRachel_J._CrellinChristian_HornMarion_Uckelmann2018" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Dolfini; Rachel J. Crellin; Christian Horn; Marion Uckelmann (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8e1lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA349"><i>Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches</i></a>. Springer. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78828-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78828-9"><bdi>978-3-319-78828-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Warfare+and+Violence%3A+Quantitative+and+Qualitative+Approaches&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-78828-9&rft.au=Andrea+Dolfini&rft.au=Rachel+J.+Crellin&rft.au=Christian+Horn&rft.au=Marion+Uckelmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8e1lDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Einhards Jahrbücher, Anno 808, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruno Dumézil, master of Conference at Paris X-Nanterre, Normalien, aggregated history, author of <i>Conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms, 5th – 8th centuries</i> (Fayard, 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annals_R.20-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-annals_R.20_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Franques Royal Annals" cited in Peter Sawyer, <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i>, 2001, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionnaire d'histoire de France</i> – Perrin – Alain Decaux and André Castelot. 1981. pp. 184–85 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7242-3080-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7242-3080-9">2-7242-3080-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Les vikings : Histoire, mythes, dictionnaire</i> R. Boyer, Robert Laffont, 2008, p. 96 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-10631-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-221-10631-0">978-2-221-10631-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Dillmann" title="François-Xavier Dillmann">François-Xavier Dillmann</a>, <i>Viking civilisation and culture. A bibliography of French-language</i>, Caen, Centre for research on the countries of the North and Northwest, University of Caen, 1975, p. 19, and <i>Les Vikings – the Scandinavian and European 800–1200</i>, 22nd exhibition of art from the Council of Europe, 1992, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of the Kings of Norway</i> by Snorri Sturlusson translated by Professor of History François-Xavier Dillmann, Gallimard <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-073211-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-073211-8">2-07-073211-8</a> pp. 15–16, 18, 24, 33, 34, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawyer96-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sawyer96_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Peter (2001). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i>. Oxford: OUP. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6"><bdi>978-0-19-285434-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285434-6&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawyer3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sawyer3_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Peter (2001). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i>. Oxford: OUP. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6"><bdi>978-0-19-285434-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285434-6&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1997" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Peter (1997). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i>. Oxford. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erc.easme-web.eu/?p=802349">"Datahub of ERC funded projects"</a>. <i>erc.easme-web.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium. (2007). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The slave trade of European women to the Middle East and Asia from antiquity to the ninth century. by Kathryn Ann Hain. Department of History The University of Utah. December 2016. Copyright © Kathryn Ann Hain 2016. All Rights Reserved. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7">https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shane McLeod. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0254.2011.00323.x/full">Warriors and women: the sex ratio of Norse migrants to eastern England up to 900 AD</a>" 18 July 2011. 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Halsall, "The Viking presence in England? The burial evidence reconsidered" in D. M. Hadley and J. Richards, eds, <i>Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries</i> (Brepols: Turnhout, 2000), pp. 259–76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-503-50978-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-503-50978-9">2-503-50978-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Highfield" title="Roger Highfield">Roger Highfield</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487303/Vikings-who-chose-a-home-in-Shetland-before-a-life-of-pillage.html">"Vikings who chose a home in Shetland before a life of pillage", <i>Telegraph</i>, 7 Apr 2005, accessed 12 Dec 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoyEdwards2005" class="citation journal cs1">McEvoy, B.; Edwards, C. J. (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800695a.html">"Heredity – Human migration: Reappraising the Viking Image"</a>. <i>Heredity</i>. <b>95</b> (2): 111–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800695">10.1038/sj.hdy.6800695</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15931243">15931243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6564086">6564086</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0884-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0884-3"><bdi>978-1-4262-0884-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773579888">773579888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+gold+of+the+Dark+Ages+%3A+war%2C+treasure%2C+and+the+mystery+of+the+Saxons&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F773579888&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0884-3&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJqf8e1vHFgC">"The Vikings in England c. 790–1016"</a>. In Sawyer, Peter (ed.). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820526-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820526-5"><bdi>978-0-19-820526-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Vikings+in+England+c.+790%E2%80%931016&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820526-5&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJqf8e1vHFgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mag127-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mag127_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson1984" class="citation book cs1">Magnusson, Magnus (1984). <i>Lindisfarne: The Cradle Island</i>. Stockfield, Northumberland: Oriel Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85362-210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85362-210-9"><bdi>978-0-85362-210-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lindisfarne%3A+The+Cradle+Island&rft.place=Stockfield%2C+Northumberland&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Oriel+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-85362-210-9&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1992" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, D.P. (1992). <i>The Earliest English Kings</i>. London: Routledge. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09086-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09086-5"><bdi>978-0-415-09086-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+English+Kings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09086-5&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2018" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (20 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1197/viking-raids-in-britain/">"Viking Raids in Britain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Viking+Raids+in+Britain&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F1197%2Fviking-raids-in-britain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1579441" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1579441&resourceID=19191">"Raid on Jarrow 794 (1579441)"</a>. <i>Research records (formerly PastScape)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=Raid+on+Jarrow+794+%281579441%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D1579441%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asc794-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asc794_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/776-99.html">"ASC 794"</a>. Britannia Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>[...] the heathen armies spread devastation among the Northumbrians, and plundered the monastery of King Everth at the mouth of the Wear. There, however, some of their leaders were slain; and some of their ships also were shattered to pieces by the violence of the weather; many of the crew were drowned; and some, who escaped alive to the shore, were soon dispatched at the mouth of the river.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASC+794&rft.pub=Britannia+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannia.com%2Fhistory%2Fdocs%2F776-99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saga-the-age-of-vikings.obsidianportal.com/wiki_pages/background">"Background | SAGA – The Age of Vikings | Obsidian Portal"</a>. <i>saga-the-age-of-vikings.obsidianportal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saga-the-age-of-vikings.obsidianportal.com&rft.atitle=Background+%7C+SAGA+%E2%80%93+The+Age+of+Vikings+%7C+Obsidian+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaga-the-age-of-vikings.obsidianportal.com%2Fwiki_pages%2Fbackground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asc865-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asc865_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sawyer_(historian)" title="Peter Sawyer (historian)">Sawyer, Peter</a> (2001) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJqf8e1vHFgC">"1: The age of the Vikings and before"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sawyer_(historian)" title="Peter Sawyer (historian)">Sawyer, Peter</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i>. Oxford Illustrated Histories. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192854346" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192854346"><bdi>978-0192854346</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>Several Viking leaders joined forces in the hope of winning status and independence by conquering England, which then consisted of four kingdoms. In 865 a fleet landed in East Anglia and was later joined by others to form what a contemporary chronicler described, with good reason, as a 'great army'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+age+of+the+Vikings+and+before&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Illustrated+Histories&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0192854346&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJqf8e1vHFgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gt2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gt2_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asc.jebbo.co.uk/b/b-L.html">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Manuscript B: Cotton Tiberius A.vi</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2013. The entry for 867 refers to the Great Heathen Army: <i>mycel hæþen here</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a> (2001) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJqf8e1vHFgC">"3: The Vikings in England, c. 790–1016"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sawyer_(historian)" title="Peter Sawyer (historian)">Sawyer, Peter</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i>. Oxford Illustrated Histories. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192854346" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192854346"><bdi>978-0192854346</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>The leaders appear to have included Ivar the Boneless and his brother Halfdan, sons of the legendary Ragnar Lothbrok, as well as another 'king' called <i>Bagsecg</i>, and several 'earls'; and if it is assumed that Ivar is the Imar who had been active in Ireland in the late 850s and early 860s, it would appear that he had been able to meet up with his brother and assume joint leadership of the army some time after its arrival in England.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+The+Vikings+in+England%2C+c.+790%E2%80%931016&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Illustrated+Histories&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0192854346&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJqf8e1vHFgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawyer9-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sawyer9_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Peter (2001). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6"><bdi>978-0-19-285434-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285434-6&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 9–11, 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon1997" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John (1997). <i>The Oxford Companion to British History</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866176-4"><bdi>978-0-19-866176-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866176-4&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawyer55-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sawyer55_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sawyer55_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Peter (2001). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6"><bdi>978-0-19-285434-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285434-6&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowden2008-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowden2008_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowden2008_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgina R. Bowden, Patricia Balaresque, Turi E. King, Ziff Hansen, Andrew C. Lee, Giles Pergl-Wilson, Emma Hurley, Stephen J. Roberts, Patrick Waite, Judith Jesch, Abigail L. Jones, Mark G. Thomas, Stephen E. Harding, and Mark A. Jobling (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231065129/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/2/301.full.pdf+html">"Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname-Based Sampling: The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England"</a>. <i>Molecular Biol Evol</i> 25(2): 301–09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawyer11-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sawyer11_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sawyer. <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i>. p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128162708/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/scandinavianglossary.html">"Glossary of Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/scandinavianglossary.html">the original</a> on 28 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Scandinavian+origins+of+place+names+in+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Foswebsite%2Ffreefun%2Fdidyouknow%2Fplacenames%2Fscandinavianglossary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardingHart1920" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Samuel Bannister; Hart, Albert Bushnell (1920). <i>New Medieval and Modern History</i>. Harvard University: American Book Company. pp. 49–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Medieval+and+Modern+History&rft.place=Harvard+University&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=American+Book+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Bannister&rft.au=Hart%2C+Albert+Bushnell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2019" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, David Henry (2019). <i>The Leading Facts of English History</i>. Good Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leading+Facts+of+English+History&rft.pub=Good+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=David+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/treaty-between-alfred-and-guthrum">"Treaty between Alfred and Guthrum"</a>. <i>The British Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=Treaty+between+Alfred+and+Guthrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollection-items%2Ftreaty-between-alfred-and-guthrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/laws/texts/agu/">"Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum (AGu)"</a>. <i>Early English Laws</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+English+Laws&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Alfred+and+Guthrum+%28AGu%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearlyenglishlaws.ac.uk%2Flaws%2Ftexts%2Fagu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawyer57-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sawyer57_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Peter (2001). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. pp. 57–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6"><bdi>978-0-19-285434-6</bdi></a>. <q>..in 944 <a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund</a> drove Olaf Sihtricsson and Ragnald Guthfitson from York, and proceeded to reduce all of Northumbria to his rule..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=57-70&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285434-6&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gersey.tripod.com/history/timeline.html">"The Víking Era (793-~1100 CE)"</a>. <i>gersey.tripod.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gersey.tripod.com&rft.atitle=The+V%C3%ADking+Era+%28793-~1100+CE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgersey.tripod.com%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/viking/battleview.asp?BattleFieldId=41">"UK Battlefields Resource Centre – Britons, Saxons & Vikings – The Norman Conquest – The Battle of Battle of Stamford Bridge"</a>. <i>www.battlefieldstrust.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.battlefieldstrust.com&rft.atitle=UK+Battlefields+Resource+Centre+%E2%80%93+Britons%2C+Saxons+%26+Vikings+%E2%80%93+The+Norman+Conquest+%E2%80%93+The+Battle+of+Battle+of+Stamford+Bridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefieldstrust.com%2Fresource-centre%2Fviking%2Fbattleview.asp%3FBattleFieldId%3D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawyer17-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sawyer17_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sawyer17_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sawyer17_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sawyer17_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Peter (2001). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285434-6"><bdi>978-0-19-285434-6</bdi></a>. <q>It was however several years before he[William] had control of the whole kingdom...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=17-18&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285434-6&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Cannon2009" class="citation book cs1">John Cannon, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t43.e3338"><i>Sweyn Estrithsson: A Dictionary of British History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. Oxford Reference Online. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199550371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199550371"><bdi>978-0199550371</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweyn+Estrithsson%3A+A+Dictionary+of+British+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press.+Oxford+Reference+Online&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0199550371&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fviews%2FENTRY.html%3Fsubview%3DMain%26entry%3Dt43.e3338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northmen:_The_Viking_Saga_AD_793-1241-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Northmen:_The_Viking_Saga_AD_793-1241_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood2016" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, John (2016). <i>Northmen: The Viking Saga AD 793–1241</i>. Macmillan. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northmen%3A+The+Viking+Saga+AD+793%E2%80%931241&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForte2005" class="citation book cs1">Forte, Angello (2005). <i>Viking Empires</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521829922" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521829922"><bdi>978-0521829922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Empires&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521829922&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=Angello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/iona/">"BBC – Scotland's History – Iona"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Scotland%27s+History+%E2%80%93+Iona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscotland%2Fhistory%2Farticles%2Fiona%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biography.wales/article/s-RHOD-MAW-0877">"Rhodri Mawr ('the Great') (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Welsh_Biography" title="Dictionary of Welsh Biography">Dictionary of Welsh Biography</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhodri+Mawr+%28%27the+Great%27%29+%28died+877%29%2C+king+of+Gwynedd%2C+Powys%2C+and+Deheubarth&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Welsh+Biography&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiography.wales%2Farticle%2Fs-RHOD-MAW-0877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP15-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CP15_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP15_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP15_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Archæologia Cambrensis</i>: "Chronicle of the Princes", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZAbAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA15">p. 15</a>. Accessed 27 February 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AC_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Annales_Cambriae_A" class="extiw" title="s:la:Annales Cambriae A">Harleian MS. 3859</a>. Op. cit. Phillimore, Egerton. <i>Y Cymmrodor</i> 9 (1888), pp. 141–83. <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AW-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AW_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Annales_Cambri%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales Cambriæ">The Annals of Wales</a> (B text), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_of_Wales_B/10" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals of Wales B/10">p. 10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_the_Saxons" class="extiw" title="s:The Chronicle of the Saxons">The Chronicle of the Saxons</a>. Op. cit. <i>Archæologia Cambrensis</i>, Vol. IX (1863), 3rd Ser.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lavelle23-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lavelle23_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavelle2010" class="citation book cs1">Lavelle, Ryan (2010). <i>Alfred's Wars Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydel Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-569-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-569-1"><bdi>978-1-84383-569-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred%27s+Wars+Sources+and+Interpretations+of+Anglo-Saxon+Warfare+in+the+Viking+Age&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Boydel+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-569-1&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horspool104-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horspool104_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horspool. Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes. pp. 104–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2002" class="citation book cs1">Bates, David (2002). <i>Normandy Before 1066</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405100700" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405100700"><bdi>978-1405100700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy+Before+1066&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1405100700&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwp.enta.net/walhist.html">Welsh place names.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060220020051/http://www.gwp.enta.net/walhist.html">Archived</a> 20 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museum.wales/articles/1019/When-the-Vikings-invaded-North-Wales/">"When the Vikings invaded North Wales"</a>. 2 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Swansea&rft.atitle=Viking+Swansea&rft.aulast=Holmes%2C+Lilley&rft.aufirst=Claire%2C+Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalswansea.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fcontext%2Fviking-swansea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asc-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asc_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" class="extiw" title="s:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">s:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood146-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wood146_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2005" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (2005). <i>In Search of the Dark Ages</i>. London: BBC. pp. 146–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-52276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-52276-8"><bdi>978-0-563-52276-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Dark+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=146-47&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-563-52276-8&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DolfiniCrellin20182-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DolfiniCrellin20182_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_DolfiniRachel_J._CrellinChristian_HornMarion_Uckelmann2018" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Dolfini; Rachel J. 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Springer. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78828-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78828-9"><bdi>978-3-319-78828-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Warfare+and+Violence%3A+Quantitative+and+Qualitative+Approaches&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-78828-9&rft.au=Andrea+Dolfini&rft.au=Rachel+J.+Crellin&rft.au=Christian+Horn&rft.au=Marion+Uckelmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8e1lDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2001), "The Vikings in Ireland", in Larsen, Anne-Christine (ed.), <i>The Vikings in Ireland</i>. 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Boydell Press, 2012 .p.149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hudson, Benjamin T. "Sihtric (Sigtryggr Óláfsson, Sigtryggr Silkiskegg) (d. 1042)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25545">10.1093/ref:odnb/25545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sihtric+%28Sigtryggr+%C3%93l%C3%A1fsson%2C+Sigtryggr+Silkiskegg%29+%28d.+1042%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25545&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Downham, <i>Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland</i>, pp. 51–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Downham, <i>Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland</i>, p.61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridel, Elisabeth, <i>Les Vikings et les mots; l'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française</i>, éditions Errance, 2009, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood Breese, Lauren, <i>The Persistence of Scandinavian Connections in Normandy in the Tenth and Early Eleventh Centuries</i>, Viator, 8 (1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridel (E.), <i>Deux marteaux de Thor découverts en Normandie</i> in Patrice Lajoye, <i>Mythes et légendes scandinaves en Normandie</i>, OREP éditions, Cully, 2011, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardon, T., en collaboration avec Moesgaard, J.-C., PROT (R.) et Schiesser, P., <i>Revue Numismatique</i>, vol. 164, 2008, p. 21–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curry11-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curry11_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2002" class="citation book cs1">Curry, Anne (2002). <i>The Hundred Years' War: 1337–1453</i>. 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Spangenhelm Publishing. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings%3A+The+Story+of+a+People&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Spangenhelm+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Njord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Christys, <i>Vikings in the South</i> (London: Bloomsbury, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Christys, <i>Vikings in the South</i> (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abdn.ac.uk/the-north/news/7686/">"Digging up the 'Spanish Vikings'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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(January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeb.12550">"Of mice and the 'Age of Discovery': the complex history of colonization of the Azorean archipelago by the house mouse (Mus musculus) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA variation"</a>. <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 130–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeb.12550">10.1111/jeb.12550</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25394749">25394749</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24375092">24375092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Of+mice+and+the+%27Age+of+Discovery%27%3A+the+complex+history+of+colonization+of+the+Azorean+archipelago+by+the+house+mouse+%28Mus+musculus%29+as+revealed+by+mitochondrial+DNA+variation&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-145&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24375092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25394749&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjeb.12550&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=S.+I.&rft.au=Mathias%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Searle%2C+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjeb.12550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_135-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_135-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaposeiroHernándezPla-RabesGonçalves2021" class="citation journal cs1">Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Hernández, Armand; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Gonçalves, Vítor; Bao, Roberto; Sáez, Alberto; Shanahan, Timothy; Benavente, Mario; de Boer, Erik J.; Richter, Nora; Gordon, Verónica; Marques, Helena; Sousa, Pedro M.; Souto, Martín; Matias, Miguel G. 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"Harald Hardrade" in <i>Heimskringla, or the Lives of the Norse Kings</i>. Trans. A.H. Smith. Dover Publications, Inc.: New York, 1990, p. 508, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-26366-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-26366-5">0-486-26366-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Thunberg" title="Carl L. Thunberg">Thunberg, Carl L.</a> (2011). <i>Särkland och dess källmaterial</i>. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-637-5727-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-637-5727-3">978-91-637-5727-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blöndel, Sigfus. <i>The Varangians of Byzantium</i>. Trans. Benedikt S. Benedikz. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 2007, pp. 224–28, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21745-3">978-0-521-21745-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabriel1999-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel1999_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel1999_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel" class="citation web cs1">Gabriel, Judith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199906/among.the.norse.tribes-the.remarkable.account.of.ibn.fadlan.htm">"Among the Norse Tribes"</a>. 50.6 (November/December 1999 ed.). Saudi Aramco World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133121/http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199906/among.the.norse.tribes-the.remarkable.account.of.ibn.fadlan.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Among+the+Norse+Tribes&rft.series=50.6&rft.edition=November%2FDecember+1999&rft.pub=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F199906%2Famong.the.norse.tribes-the.remarkable.account.of.ibn.fadlan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487303/Vikings-who-chose-a-home-in-Shetland-before-a-life-of-pillage.html">"Vikings who chose a home in Shetland before a life of pillage"</a>. <i>www.telegraph.co.uk</i>. 7 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Vikings+who+chose+a+home+in+Shetland+before+a+life+of+pillage&rft.date=2005-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1487303%2FVikings-who-chose-a-home-in-Shetland-before-a-life-of-pillage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+expansion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helgason2000-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helgason2000_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helgason2000_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helgason2000_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Helgason A, Sigurethardottir S, Nicholson J, Sykes B, Hill EW, Bradley DG, Bosnes V, Gulcher JR, Ward R, Stefansson K. 2000. Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland. <i>Am J Hum Genet</i> 67:697–717.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodacre2005-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodacre2005_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodacre2005_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodacre S, Helgason A, Nicholson J, Southam L, Ferguson L, Hickey E, Vega E, Stefansson K, Ward R, Sykes B. 2005.Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods. <i>Heredity</i> 95:129–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helgason2009-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helgason2009_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helgason A, Lalueza-Fox C, Ghosh S, Sigurdardottir S, Sampietro ML, Gigli E, Baker A, Bertranpetit J, Arnadottir L, Thornorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K. 2009. Sequences from first settlers reveal rapid evolution in Icelandic mtDNA pool. PLoS Genet 5:e1000343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lappalainen2008-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lappalainen2008_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lappalainen, T., Laitinen, V., Salmela, E., Andersen, P., Huoponen, K., Savontaus, M.-L. and Lahermo, P. (2008). Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region. <i>Annals of Human Genetics</i>, 72: 337–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moffat-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moffat_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moffat, Alistair; Wilson, James F. (2011). <i>The Scots: a genetic journey</i>. 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"Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups". <i>Ann Hum Genet</i> 69:67–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamm2007-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tamm2007_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, Mulligan CJ, Bravi CM, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Khusnutdinova EK, Fedorova SA, Golubenko MV, Stepanov VA, Gubina MA, Zhadanov SI, Ossipova LP, Damba L, Voevoda MI, Dipierri JE, Villems R, Malhi RS. 2007. "Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders". <i>PLoS One</i> 2:e829.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eben2010-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eben2010_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebenesersdóttir, S. S., Sigurðsson, Á., Sánchez-Quinto, F., Lalueza-Fox, C., Stefánsson, K. and Helgason, A. 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"A haplotype and linkage-disequilibrium analysis of the hereditary hemochromatosis gene region". <i>Hum Genet 102</i>: 517–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milman2003-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milman2003_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milman2003_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milman N, Pedersen P (2003). "Evidence that the Cys282Tyr mutation of the HFE gene originated from a population in Southern Scandinavia and spread with the Vikings". <i>Clinical Genetics 64</i>: 36–47.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scandinavian_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Template:Scandinavian Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Template talk:Scandinavian Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavian Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scandinavian_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="List of rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles">List of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney" title="Earl of Orkney">Earls of Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crovan_dynasty" title="Crovan dynasty">Crovan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Argyll" title="Lord of Argyll">Lords of Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormaer_of_Caithness" title="Mormaer of Caithness">Mormaers of Caithness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Aud the Deep-Minded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth%C3%B3c,_Prioress_of_Iona" title="Bethóc, Prioress of Iona">Bethóc, Prioress of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bja%C3%B0%C7%ABk" title="Bjaðǫk">Bjaðǫk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacht_ingen_Ragnaill" title="Cacht ingen Ragnaill">Cacht ingen Ragnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gormflaith_ingen_Murchada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gormflaith ingen Murchada">Gormflaith ingen Murchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnhild,_Mother_of_Kings" title="Gunnhild, Mother of Kings">Gunnhild Gormsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Moddansd%C3%B3ttir" title="Helga Moddansdóttir">Helga Moddansdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Norway" title="Ingeborg of Norway">Ingeborg of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingibiorg_Finnsdottir" title="Ingibiorg Finnsdottir">Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Bruce" title="Isabel Bruce">Isabel Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Muire_ingen_Amla%C3%ADb" title="Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb">Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret, Maid of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Scotland,_Queen_of_Norway" title="Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway">Margaret, Queen of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Eriksdotter" title="Ragnhild Eriksdotter">Ragnhild Eriksdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhildis_Olafsdottir" title="Ragnhildis Olafsdottir">Ragnhildis Olafsdottir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caittil_Find" title="Caittil Find">Caittil Find</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingimundr_(eleventh_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingimundr (eleventh century)">Ingimundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj%C3%B3t%C3%B3lfr" title="Ljótólfr">Ljótólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_White" title="Olaf the White">Olaf the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olvir_Rosta" title="Olvir Rosta">Olvir Rosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ll_B%C3%A1lkason" title="Páll Bálkason">Páll Bálkason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Asleifsson" title="Sweyn Asleifsson">Sweyn Asleifsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorbjorn_Thorsteinsson" title="Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson">Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_the_Red" title="Thorstein the Red">Thorstein the Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Gall-Ghàidheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochlann" title="Lochlann">Lochlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orkney" title="History of Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Outer Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War" title="Scottish–Norwegian War">Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornish" title="Bornish">Bornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birsay" title="Birsay">Birsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Palace,_Kirkwall" title="Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall">Bishop's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brough_of_Birsay" title="Brough of Birsay">Brough of Birsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camas_Uig" title="Camas Uig">Camas Uig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubbie_Roo%27s_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubbie Roo's Castle">Cubbie Roo's Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl%27s_Bu" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl's Bu">Earl's Bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarlshof" title="Jarlshof">Jarlshof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_Castle" title="Kirkwall Castle">Kirkwall Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linton_Chapel" title="Linton Chapel">Linton Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeshowe" title="Maeshowe">Maeshowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Scatness" title="Old Scatness">Old Scatness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_an_Eilean_Mh%C3%B2ir_boat_burial" title="Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial">Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubha_an_D%C3%B9nain" title="Rubha an Dùnain">Rubha an Dùnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scar_boat_burial" title="Scar boat burial">Scar boat burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Church,_Egilsay" title="St Magnus Church, Egilsay">St Magnus Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn">Birlinn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Mann" title="Chronicles of Mann">Chronicles of Mann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darra%C3%B0arlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Darraðarljóð">Darraðarljóð</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galloway_Hoard" title="Galloway Hoard">Galloway Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogback_(sculpture)" title="Hogback (sculpture)">Hogbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_runestones" title="Manx runestones">Manx runestones</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga saga</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ounceland" title="Ounceland">Ounceland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sen_dollotar_Ulaid_..." class="mw-redirect" title="Sen dollotar Ulaid ...">Sen dollotar Ulaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Cathedral" title="St Magnus Cathedral">St Magnus Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Althings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delting" title="Delting">Delting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingwall" title="Dingwall">Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Ting_Holm" title="Law Ting Holm">Law Ting Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunnasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunnasting">Lunnasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting,_Shetland" title="Nesting, Shetland">Nesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandsting" title="Sandsting">Sandsting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingwall,_Shetland" title="Tingwall, Shetland">Tingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Tynwald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Etymology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_island_names" title="Scottish island names">Scottish island names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles#Island_names" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides#Etymology" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds" title="Battle of Bauds">Bauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dollar" title="Battle of Dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barry" title="Battle of Barry">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Battle of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Largs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renfrew" title="Battle of Renfrew">Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skyhill" title="Battle of Skyhill">Skyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestraj%C7%ABr%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestrajǫrðr">Vestrajǫrðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot#First_Irish_Sea_campaign" title="Magnus Barefoot">Treaty of 1098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Associated clans and septs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Gunn" title="Clan Gunn">Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_Somhairle" title="Clann Somhairle">Somhairle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaulay_family_of_Lewis" title="Macaulay family of Lewis">Macaulay of Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotter_family" title="Cotter family">Mac Coitir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDougall" title="Clan MacDougall">MacDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLeod" title="Clan MacLeod">MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Macruari" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Macruari">Macruari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Viking activity in Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglo-Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> (757–796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria" title="Ælla of Northumbria">Ælla of Northumbria</a> (unk–867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a> of East Anglia (855–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> (978–1013, 1014–1016)</li> <li>Wessex: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a> (802–839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf, King of Wessex">Æthelwulf</a> (839–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (871–899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> (899–924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (924–939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> (946–954</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 881</span>–911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon" title="Odda, Ealdorman of Devon">Odda, Ealdorman of Devon</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Wiltshire" title="Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire">Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire</a> (855–?877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a> (1035–1042)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> (1016–1035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a> (1035–1040)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein Knutsson</a> (1030–1035)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a> (883–895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> (947–948, 952–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a> (941–944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Gofraid ua Ímair">Gofraid ua Ímair</a> (921–934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> (939–941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 914</span>–921)</li></ul></li> <li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> (1013–1014)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgberht I of Northumbria">Ecgberht I of Northumbria</a> (867–872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia" title="Burgred of Mercia">Burgred of Mercia</a> (852–874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf II of Mercia">Ceolwulf II of Mercia</a> (874–880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a> (917–927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a> (865–877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a> (865–878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a> (874–890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein#"Hastein"_in_England" title="Hastein">Hastein</a> (892–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 970</span>–1024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking raids: 793–850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> (793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey#Vikings" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> (835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a> (838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent#Saxon" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Battle of Rochester</a> (842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carhampton#History" title="Carhampton">Carhampton</a> (843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a> (851)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First invasion 865–896</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Heathen_Army(865–78)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a><br />(865–78)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a> (867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham#Anglo-Saxon_era" title="History of Nottingham">Siege of Nottingham</a> (867)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a> (870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanage#History" title="Swanage">Sea Battle near Swanage</a> (877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a> (878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London#Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking_period_London" title="London">Battle of London</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter#Medieval_times" title="Exeter">Siege of Exeter</a> (893, 1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham#The_Anglo-Saxon_period" title="Farnham">Battle of Fearnhamme</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a> (894)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Buttington</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">First Stamford</a> (894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">The Holme</a> (902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Tettenhall</a> (910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Tempsford</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Derby</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Second Stamford</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Corbridge</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a> (937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Stainmore</a> (954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second invasion: 980–1012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Maldon</a> (991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Alton</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day</a> (1002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Ringmere</a> (1010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cnut%27s_invasion_of_England" title="Cnut's invasion of England">Cnut's invasion</a> (1015–1016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Brentford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Assandun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald's invasion</a> (1066)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Fulford</a> (1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Stamford Bridge</a> (1066)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> (865–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Jorvik</a> (866–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> (519–927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a> (410–825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> (653–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (527–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Treaty of Wedmore</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 890</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)" title="Battle of Brunanburh (poem)">"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard" title="Cuerdale Hoard">Cuerdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furness_Hoard" title="Furness Hoard">Furness Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin" title="List of English words of Old Norse origin">List of English words of Old Norse origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverdale_Hoard" title="Silverdale Hoard">Silverdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York_Hoard" title="Vale of York Hoard">Vale of York Hoard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Garðaríki" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gardariki" title="Template:Gardariki"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gardariki" title="Template talk:Gardariki"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gardariki" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gardariki"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Garðaríki" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Names in <i>italics</i> are settlements whose <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Norse</a> names are not recorded</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkhov River">Volkhov</a>-<a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyubsha" title="Lyubsha">Lyubsha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Aldeigja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaborg" title="Alaborg">Álaborg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novye_Duboviki" title="Novye Duboviki">Duboviki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Hólmgarðr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarskoye_Gorodishche" title="Sarskoye Gorodishche">Sarskoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timerevo" title="Timerevo">Timerevo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balymer_complex" title="Balymer complex">Balymer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gripsholm runestone"><img alt="Gripsholm runestone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/60px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/90px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/120px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Dvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dvina">Dvina</a>-<a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Dnieper trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Pallteskja</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnezdovo" title="Gnezdovo">Gnezdovo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Grave" title="Black Grave">Chernigov</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kænugarðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland">Bjarmaland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khortytsia" title="Khortytsia">Khortitsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">White Shores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Miklagarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Móramar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostofa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rurikovo_Gorodische" title="Rurikovo Gorodische">Rurikovo Gorodische</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serkland" title="Serkland">Særkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smaleskja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Súrdalar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylfings" title="Kylfings">Kylfings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryans" title="Meryans">Merya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakumen" title="Blakumen">Blakumen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norse_exploration_and_colonization_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_exploration_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Norse exploration of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_exploration_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Norse exploration of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_exploration_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse exploration of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norse_exploration_and_colonization_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse exploration and colonization of North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Settlement" title="Eastern Settlement">Eastern Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Settlement">Middle Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Settlement" title="Western Settlement">Western Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn%27s_skerries" title="Gunnbjörn's skerries">Gunnbjörn's skerries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leifsbudir" title="Leifsbudir">Leifsbudir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straumfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Straumfjörð">Straumfjörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderstrands" title="Wonderstrands">Furðustrandir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markland" title="Markland">Markland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helluland" title="Helluland">Helluland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ireland" title="Great Ireland">Great Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skraeling_Island" title="Skraeling Island">Skraeling Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanfield_Valley" title="Tanfield Valley">Tanfield Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norumbega" title="Norumbega">Norumbega</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maine_penny" title="Maine penny">Maine penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Skálholt Map">Skálholt Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Eiriksson" title="Thorvald Eiriksson">Thorvald Eiriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Eiriksson" title="Thorstein Eiriksson">Thorstein Eiriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Freydís Eiríksdóttir">Freydís Eiríksdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn Ulfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Karlsefni" title="Thorfinn Karlsefni">Thorfinn Karlsefni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrid_Thorbjarnard%C3%B3ttir" title="Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir">Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgi_and_Finnbogi" title="Helgi and Finnbogi">Helgi and Finnbogi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accounts<br />and<br />study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vinland_sagas" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vinland_sagas" title="Vinland sagas">Vinland sagas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Erik_the_Red" title="Saga of Erik the Red">Saga of Erik the Red</a></i> <ul><li>from <i><a href="/wiki/Hauksb%C3%B3k" title="Hauksbók">Hauksbók</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholtsb%C3%B3k" title="Skálholtsbók">Skálholtsbók</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_the_Greenlanders" title="Saga of the Greenlanders">Saga of the Greenlanders</a></i> <ul><li>from <i><a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flateyjarbók</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k" title="Íslendingabók">Book of Icelanders</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Book of Settlements</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Annals">Icelandic Annals</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvano_Fiamma" title="Galvano Fiamma">Galvano Fiamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Rafn" title="Carl Christian Rafn">Carl Christian Rafn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Ingstad" title="Helge Ingstad">Helge Ingstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Stine_Ingstad" title="Anne Stine Ingstad">Anne Stine Ingstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgitta_Wallace" title="Birgitta Wallace">Birgitta Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Sutherland" title="Patricia Sutherland">Patricia Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McGhee_(archaeologist)" title="Robert McGhee (archaeologist)">Robert McGhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_Jones_(author)" title="Gwyn Jones (author)">Gwyn Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Fitzhugh" title="William W. Fitzhugh">William W. Fitzhugh</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Runestone" title="Kensington Runestone">Kensington Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinland map">Vinland map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikings in popular culture">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Leiv_Eirikson_Discovering_America" title="Leiv Eirikson Discovering America">Leiv Eirikson Discovering America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson_Day" title="Leif Erikson Day">Leif Erikson Day</a></li> <li><i>Vinland Saga</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinland_Saga_(album)" title="Vinland Saga (album)">album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland_Saga_(manga)" title="Vinland Saga (manga)">manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(2007_film)" title="Pathfinder (2007 film)">Pathfinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severed_Ways" title="Severed Ways">Severed Ways</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valhalla_Rising_(film)" title="Valhalla Rising (film)">Valhalla Rising</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">Viking ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skræling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">History of Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nunavut" title="History of Nunavut">History of Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Newfoundland">History of Newfoundland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Runestones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Runestones" title="Template:Runestones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Runestones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Runestones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Runestones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Runestones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western route and unspecified expeditions abroad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a> (main)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_runestones" title="Hakon Jarl runestones">Hakon Jarl runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar%27s_bridge_runestones" title="Gunnar's bridge runestones">Gunnar's bridge runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a> (main)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_area_runestones" title="Baltic area runestones">Baltic area runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">Italy runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other journeys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rke_Runic_Inscription_29" title="Närke Runic Inscription 29">Nä 29</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_158" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 158">U 158</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_258" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 258">U 258</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_605" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 605">U 605</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_614" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 614">U 614</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_699" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 699">699</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_925" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 925">U 925</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_948" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 948">U 948</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_954" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 954">U 954</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_1028" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 1028">1028</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_1048" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 1048">U 1048</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_16" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 16">Sö 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_47" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 47">Sö 47</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_49" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 49">Sö 49</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_174" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 174">Sö 174</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_333" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 333">Sö 333</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_360" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 360">Sö 360</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_40" title="Västergötland Runic Inscription 40">Vg 40</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_81" title="Västergötland Runic Inscription 81">Vg 81</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Småland Runic Inscription 48">Sm 48</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotland_Runic_Inscription_207" title="Gotland Runic Inscription 207">G 207</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_259" title="Danish Runic Inscription 259">DR 259</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_380" title="Danish Runic Inscription 380">DR 330</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Runic_Inscription_239" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Runic Inscription 239">N 239</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BDrisvellir" title="Battle of Fýrisvellir">Battle of Fýrisvellir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greece_Runestones#Ög_81" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece Runestones">Högby Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4llestad_Runestones" title="Hällestad Runestones">Hällestad Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6rup_Runestone" title="Sjörup Runestone">Sjörup Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Karlevi Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egtved_Runestone" title="Egtved Runestone">Egtved Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aars_stone" title="Aars stone">Aars stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking Age women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Odendisa_Runestone" title="Odendisa Runestone">Vs 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_15" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 15">U 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granby_Runestone" title="Granby Runestone">U 337</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4sby_Runestone" title="Näsby Runestone">U 455</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_489" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 489">U 489</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norsta_Runestone" title="Norsta Runestone">U 861</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_runic_inscription_139" title="Södermanland runic inscription 139">Sr 139</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saleby_Runestone" title="Saleby Runestone">Vg 67</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynna_stone" title="Dynna stone">N 68</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klepp_I_Runestone" title="Klepp I Runestone">N 225</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8nder_Vissing_Runestone" title="Sønder Vissing Runestone">DR 55</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rims%C3%B8_Runestone" title="Rimsø Runestone">DR 114</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunderup_Runestone" title="Gunderup Runestone">DR 143</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Gerl%C3%B6g_and_Inga" title="Gerlög and Inga">Gerlög and Inga</a>: <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4rentuna_Runestones" title="Färentuna Runestones">Färentuna Runestones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillersj%C3%B6_stone" title="Hillersjö stone">Hillersjö stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snottsta_and_Vreta_stones" title="Snottsta and Vreta stones">Snottsta and Vreta stones</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Estrid" title="Estrid">Estrid</a>: <a href="/wiki/Broby_bro_Runestones" title="Broby bro Runestones">Broby bro Runestones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hargs_bro_runic_inscriptions" title="Hargs bro runic inscriptions">Hargs bro runic inscriptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Rune_Inscriptions_101,_143_and_147" title="Uppland Rune Inscriptions 101, 143 and 147">Uppland Rune Inscriptions 101, 143 and 147</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"May <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> hallow": <a href="/wiki/Velanda_Runestone" title="Velanda Runestone">Vg 150</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_runic_inscription_140" title="Södermanland runic inscription 140">Sö 140</a> (?), <a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_110" title="Danish Runic Inscription 110">DR 110</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glavendrup_stone" title="Glavendrup stone">DR 209</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8nder_Kirkeby_Runestone" title="Sønder Kirkeby Runestone">DR 220</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Thor's hammer</a>: <a href="/wiki/Altuna_Runestone" title="Altuna Runestone">U 1161</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%A4rby_Runestones#Vg_113" title="Bjärby Runestones">Vg 113</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_86" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 86">Sö 86</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stenkvista_runestone" title="Stenkvista runestone">Sö 111</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laeborg_Runestone" title="Laeborg Runestone">DR 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Danish Runic Inscription 48">DR 48</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_120" title="Danish Runic Inscription 120">DR 120</a><br />Cursed stones: <a href="/wiki/Saleby_Runestone" title="Saleby Runestone">Vg 67</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skern_Runestone" title="Skern Runestone">DR 81</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8nder_Vinge_runestone_2" title="Sønder Vinge runestone 2">DR 83</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glavendrup_stone" title="Glavendrup stone">DR 209</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryggev%C3%A6lde_Runestone" title="Tryggevælde Runestone">DR 230</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glemminge_stone" title="Glemminge stone">DR 338</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stentoften_Runestone" title="Stentoften Runestone">DR 357</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rketorp_Runestone" title="Björketorp Runestone">DR 360</a><br />Other: <a href="/wiki/Skarp%C3%A5ker_Stone" title="Skarpåker Stone">Sö 154</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6k_runestone" title="Rök runestone">Ög 136</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ledberg_stone" title="Ledberg stone">Ög 181</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Öl 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noleby_Runestone" title="Noleby Runestone">Vg 63</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Vg 119</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_runestones#Thorwald's_Cross:_Br_Olsen;185A_(Andreas_(III),_MM_128)" title="Manx runestones">Thorwald's Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Runestone monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlabanke_Runestones" title="Jarlabanke Runestones">Jarlabanke Runestones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunnestad_Monument" title="Hunnestad Monument">Hunnestad Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelling_stones" title="Jelling stones">Jelling stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_113" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 113">Sö 113</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_runestones" title="List of runestones">List of runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.raa.se/open/runor/search">Runic inscriptions online interactive map</a><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Runic_transliteration_and_transcription" title="Runic transliteration and transcription">Runic transliteration and transcription</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vikings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vikings" title="Template:Vikings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vikings" title="Template talk:Vikings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vikings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisingamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisingamen">Brisingamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futhark" class="mw-redirect" title="Futhark">Futhark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnefatafl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hnefatafl">Hnefatafl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leysingi" title="Leysingi">Leysingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Norse rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_banner" title="Raven banner">Raven banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir" title="Skíðblaðnir">Skíðblaðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing" title="Tyrfing">Tyrfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Age trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wergeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Wergeld">Wergeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikingshipmini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/130px-Vikingshipmini.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/195px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/260px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships<br />and navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">Viking ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby_lenses" title="Visby lenses">Visby lenses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homelands<br />and colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland#Viking_expansion" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_settlement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expansion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viking expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Brittany" title="Vikings in Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Iberia" title="Vikings in Iberia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Tactics and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Battle of Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglesey_Sound" title="Battle of Anglesey Sound">Battle of Anglesey Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barry" title="Battle of Barry">Battle of Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds" title="Battle of Bauds">Battle of Bauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Battle of Brávellir">Battle of Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Battle of Brentford (1016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brissarthe" title="Battle of Brissarthe">Battle of Brissarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Battle of Buttington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cathair_Cuan" title="Battle of Cathair Cuan">Battle of Cathair Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Confey" title="Battle of Confey">Battle of Confey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Battle of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Battle of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dollar" title="Battle of Dollar">Battle of Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">Battle of Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fitjar" title="Battle of Fitjar">Battle of Fitjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florv%C3%A5g" title="Battle of Florvåg">Battle of Florvåg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BDrisvellir" title="Battle of Fýrisvellir">Battle of Fýrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Battle of Glenmama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Battle of Hafrsfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helge%C3%A5" title="Battle of Helgeå">Battle of Helgeå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">Battle of the Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hj%C3%B6rungav%C3%A1gr" title="Battle of Hjörungavágr">Battle of Hjörungavágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Islandbridge" title="Battle of Islandbridge">Battle of Islandbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuven_(891)" title="Battle of Leuven (891)">Battle of Leuven (891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Battle of London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Battle of Lüneburg Heath">Battle of Lüneburg Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyrskov_Heath" title="Battle of Lyrskov Heath">Battle of Lyrskov Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mag_Femen" title="Battle of Mag Femen">Battle of Mag Femen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nesjar" title="Battle of Nesjar">Battle of Nesjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nis%C3%A5" title="Battle of Niså">Battle of Niså</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norditi" title="Battle of Norditi">Battle of Norditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastarkalv" title="Battle of Rastarkalv">Battle of Rastarkalv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading (871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renfrew" title="Battle of Renfrew">Battle of Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remich" title="Battle of Remich">Battle of Remich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Battle of Ringmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rochester" title="Battle of Rochester">Battle of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sasireti" title="Battle of Sasireti">Battle of Sasireti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saucourt-en-Vimeu" title="Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu">Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skyhill" title="Battle of Skyhill">Battle of Skyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Battle of Stainmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">Battle of Stamford (894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Battle of Stamford (918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strangford_Lough" title="Battle of Strangford Lough">Battle of Strangford Lough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svolder" title="Battle of Svolder">Battle of Svolder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulcoit" title="Battle of Sulcoit">Battle of Sulcoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battle of Tara (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbat_Ness" title="Tarbat Ness">Battle of Tarbat Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Battle of Tempsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Battle of Tettenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thetford" title="Battle of Thetford">Battle of Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thimeon" title="Battle of Thimeon">Battle of Thimeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trans-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Battle of Trans-la-Forêt">Battle of Trans-la-Forêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Luimneach" title="Burning of Luimneach">Burning of Luimneach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Galicia_and_Asturias" title="Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias">Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Raids in the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Seville" title="Viking raid on Seville">Raid on Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Sack of Santiago de Compostela">Sack of Santiago de Compostela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">Siege of Asselt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chartres_(911)" title="Siege of Chartres (911)">Siege of Chartres (911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(860)" title="Siege of Constantinople (860)">Siege of Constantinople (860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)" title="Siege of Paris (845)">Sack of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(885%E2%80%93886)" title="Siege of Paris (885–886)">Siege of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great%27s_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great's invasion of England">Cnut the Great's invasion of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Arms, armour</a> <br /> and fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersir" title="Hersir">Hersir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">Hird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_halberd" title="Viking halberd">Halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atgeir" title="Atgeir">Atgeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_axe" title="Bearded axe">Skeggöx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane_axe" title="Dane axe">Dane axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm_helmet" title="Yarm helmet">Yarm helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfberht_swords" title="Ulfberht swords">Ulfberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelrii" title="Ingelrii">Ingelrii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Ring Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Raid Warfare and Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svinfylking" title="Svinfylking">Svinfylking Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdeconut" title="Airdeconut">Airdeconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cenncairech" title="Amlaíb Cenncairech">Amlaíb Cenncairech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung" title="Amlaíb Conung">Amlaíb Conung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auisle" title="Auisle">Auisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagsecg" title="Bagsecg">Bagsecg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berle-Kari" title="Berle-Kari">Berle-Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Birka female Viking warrior">Birka female Viking warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_(floruit_856%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjørn (floruit 856–58)">Bjørn (floruit 856–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Asbrandsson" title="Bjorn Asbrandsson">Bjorn Asbrandsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ironside" title="Björn Ironside">Björn Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_the_Easterner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn the Easterner">Bjorn the Easterner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson" title="Egill Skallagrímsson">Egill Skallagrímsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric I of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Freydís Eiríksdóttir">Freydís Eiríksdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freygeirr" title="Freygeirr">Freygeirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar Svavarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid_Haraldsson" title="Godfrid Haraldsson">Godfrid Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid, Duke of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmur_Kamban" title="Grímur Kamban">Grímur Kamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrid_Thorbjarnard%C3%B3ttir" title="Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir">Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_H%C3%A1mundarson" title="Gunnar Hámundarson">Gunnar Hámundarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakon_Rognvaldsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakon Rognvaldsson (page does not exist)">Hakon Rognvaldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Long-Leg" title="Halfdan Long-Leg">Halfdan Long-Leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagrold" title="Hagrold">Hagrold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Wartooth" title="Harald Wartooth">Harald Wartooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein" title="Hastein">Hastein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemming_Halfdansson" title="Hemming Halfdansson">Hemming Halfdansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervor" title="Hervor">Hervor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrafna-Fl%C3%B3ki_Vilger%C3%B0arson" title="Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson">Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Ketilsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketill_Flatnose" title="Ketill Flatnose">Ketill Flatnose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketil_Trout_(Iceland)" title="Ketil Trout (Iceland)">Ketil Trout (Iceland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagertha" title="Lagertha">Lagertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnus Barefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1ttfari" title="Náttfari">Náttfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olav Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_White" title="Olaf the White">Olaf the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orm_Storolfsson" title="Orm Storolfsson">Orm Storolfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Ohthere of Hålogaland">Ohthere of Hålogaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottir" title="Ottir">Ottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnatoke" title="Palnatoke">Palnatoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragnar_Ragnarsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragnar Ragnarsson (page does not exist)">Ragnar Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Eriksdotter" title="Ragnhild Eriksdotter">Ragnhild Eriksdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_Imair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnall ua Imair">Ragnall ua Imair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raud_the_Strong" title="Raud the Strong">Raud the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginheri" title="Reginheri">Reginheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognvald_Eysteinsson" title="Rognvald Eysteinsson">Rognvald Eysteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6frithr_Sv%C3%A1sadottir" title="Snæfrithr Svásadottir">Snæfrithr Svásadottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvaldi_Strut-Haraldsson" title="Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson">Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ring" title="Sigurd Ring">Sigurd Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Snake-in-the-Eye" title="Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye">Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd the Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitric_Caech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitric Caech">Sitric Caech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalla-Gr%C3%ADmr" title="Skalla-Grímr">Skalla-Grímr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinunn_Refsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Steinunn Refsdóttir">Steinunn Refsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrbj%C3%B6rn_the_Strong" title="Styrbjörn the Strong">Styrbjörn the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Asleifsson" title="Sweyn Asleifsson">Sweyn Asleifsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rg_L%C3%ADtilv%C3%B6lva" title="Þorbjörg Lítilvölva">Þorbjörg Lítilvölva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_the_Mighty" title="Thorfinn the Mighty">Thorfinn the Mighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Torf-Einarsson" title="Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson">Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorir_Hund" title="Thorir Hund">Thorir Hund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorolf_Kveldulfsson" title="Thorolf Kveldulfsson">Thorolf Kveldulfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_the_Red" title="Thorstein the Red">Thorstein the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryggvi_the_Pretender" title="Tryggvi the Pretender">Tryggvi the Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgesius" title="Turgesius">Turgesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtoke_Gormsson" title="Valtoke Gormsson">Valtoke Gormsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagn_%C3%85kesson" title="Vagn Åkesson">Vagn Åkesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Unn the Deep-Minded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Runestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballstorp_Runestone" title="Ballstorp Runestone">Ballstorp Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_area_runestones" title="Baltic area runestones">Baltic area runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_66" title="Danish Runic Inscription 66">Danish Runic Inscription 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_154" title="Danish Runic Inscription 154">Danish Runic Inscription 154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_380" title="Danish Runic Inscription 380">Danish Runic Inscription 380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egtved_Runestone" title="Egtved Runestone">Egtved Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar%27s_bridge_runestones" title="Gunnar's bridge runestones">Gunnar's bridge runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagby_Runestones" title="Hagby Runestones">Hagby Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_runestones" title="Hakon Jarl runestones">Hakon Jarl runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4llestad_Runestones" title="Hällestad Runestones">Hällestad Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">Italy runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Karlevi Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingsberg_Runestones" title="Lingsberg Runestones">Lingsberg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norra_H%C3%A4rene_Runestone" title="Norra Härene Runestone">Norra Härene Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkesta_Runestones" title="Orkesta Runestones">Orkesta Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_at_Aspa" title="Runestones at Aspa">Runestones at Aspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_of_H%C3%B6gby" title="Runestones of Högby">Runestones of Högby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6dinge_Runestone" title="Sædinge Runestone">Sædinge Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtrygg_Runestones" title="Sigtrygg Runestones">Sigtrygg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simris_Runestones" title="Simris Runestones">Simris Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6rup_Runestone" title="Sjörup Runestone">Sjörup Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Småland Runic Inscription 48">Småland Runic Inscription 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_174" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 174">Södermanland Runic Inscription 174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_333" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 333">Södermanland Runic Inscription 333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Sparlösa Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stangeland_stone" title="Stangeland stone">Stangeland stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Eric" title="Stone of Eric">Stone of Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone_U_582" title="Runestone U 582">Runestone U 582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_158" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 158">Uppland Runic Inscription 158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_40" title="Västergötland Runic Inscription 40">Västergötland Runic Inscription 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_N%C3%B6bbel%C3%B6v_Runestone" title="Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone">Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norse_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_people_footer" title="Template:Norse people footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_people_footer" title="Template talk:Norse people footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_people_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse people footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norse_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norse_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse people">Norse people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_norse,_ca_900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/150px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/225px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/300px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Expansion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Exploration of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Trade_route" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Trade Routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangian Trade Routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga Trade Route</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Paganism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Gods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund" title="Sigmund">Sigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundr" class="mw-redirect" title="Völundr">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfar" class="mw-redirect" title="Álfar">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Light elves">Light elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Dark elves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvergr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvergr">Dvergr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">Hel (being)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81sgar%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Ásgarðr">Ásgarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0gar%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Miðgarðr">Miðgarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Helheim">Helheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAspellsheimr" class="mw-redirect" title="Múspellsheimr">Múspellsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflheimr" class="mw-redirect" title="Niflheimr">Niflheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yggdrasill">Yggdrasill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Rituals<br />and worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norse_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_clans" title="Norse clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarl_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarl (title)">Jarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runemaster" title="Runemaster">Runemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nithing_pole" title="Nithing pole">Nithing pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(early_medieval)" title="Emporium (early medieval)">Emporium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaborg" title="Alaborg">Alaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Aldeigja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Arkona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardy-%C5%9Awielubie" title="Bardy-Świelubie">Bardy-Świelubie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dierkow" title="Dierkow">Dierkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnezdovo" title="Gnezdovo">Gnezdovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grobi%C5%86a" title="Grobiņa">Grobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Holmgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaup_(emporium)" title="Kaup (emporium)">Kaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaupang" title="Kaupang">Kaupang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pingsvik" title="Köpingsvik">Köpingsvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindholm_H%C3%B8je" title="Lindholm Høje">Lindholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altes_Lager_(Menzlin)" title="Altes Lager (Menzlin)">Menzlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralswiek" title="Ralswiek">Ralswiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reric" title="Reric">Reric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe">Ribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarskoye_Gorodishche" title="Sarskoye Gorodishche">Sarskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timerevo" title="Timerevo">Timerevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truso" title="Truso">Truso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaja_(Finland)" title="Vanaja (Finland)">Vanaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolin_(town)" title="Wolin (town)">Wolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Norse_history_and_culture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Norse history and culture">WikiProject Norse history and culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" 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