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aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahmad Shah Massoud</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 67 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achmed_Sjah_Massoed" title="Achmed Sjah Massoed — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Achmed Sjah Massoed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="أحمد شاه مسعود — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أحمد شاه مسعود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="احمد شاه مسعود — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="احمد شاه مسعود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fhm%C9%99d_%C5%9Eah_M%C9%99sud" title="Əhməd Şah Məsud — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əhməd Şah Məsud" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="احمد شاه مسعود — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="احمد شاه مسعود" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ахмад Шах Масуд — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ахмад Шах Масуд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ахмад Шах Масуд — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ахмад Шах Масуд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6" title="আহমদ শাহ মাসউদ — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আহমদ শাহ মাসউদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massud" title="Ahmad Shah Massud — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ئەحمەد شا مەسعوود — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەحمەد شا مەسعوود" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_%C5%A0%C3%A1h_Mas%C3%BAd" title="Ahmad Šáh Masúd — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ahmad Šáh Masúd" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ахмад Шах Массуд — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ахмад Шах Массуд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Schah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Schah Massoud — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ahmad Schah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_%C5%9Cah_Masud" title="Ahmad Ŝah Masud — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ahmad Ŝah Masud" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Masud" title="Ahmad Shah Masud — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ahmad Shah Masud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B8%A9mad_Sh%C4%81h_Mas%E2%80%98%C5%ABd" title="Aḩmad Shāh Mas‘ūd — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aḩmad Shāh Mas‘ūd" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="احمد شاه مسعود — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="احمد شاه مسعود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_%C5%A0ah_Masud" title="Ahmad Šah Masud — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ahmad Šah Masud" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Chah_Massoud" title="Ahmed Chah Massoud — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ahmed Chah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93" title="אחמד שאה מסעוד — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אחמד שאה מסעוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="अहमद शाह मसूद — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अहमद शाह मसूद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_%C5%A0ah_Masud" title="Ahmad Šah Masud — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ahmad Šah Masud" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4_%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B0_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4" title="Ահմադ Շահ Մասուդ — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ահմադ Շահ Մասուդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmed Shah Massoud — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahmed Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B8%A5mad_Sh%C4%81h_Mas%CA%BF%C5%ABd" title="Aḥmad Shāh Masʿūd — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aḥmad Shāh Masʿūd" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="アフマド・シャー・マスード — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフマド・シャー・マスード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="აჰმად შაჰ მასუდი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აჰმად შაჰ მასუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%B1%D1%82" title="Ахмад Шаһ Масұт — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ахмад Шаһ Масұт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%9D%90%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%83%A4_%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C" title="아흐마드 샤 마스우드 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아흐마드 샤 마스우드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedus_Sachus_Mas%27%C5%ABd" title="Ahmedus Sachus Mas'ūd — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ahmedus Sachus Mas'ūd" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achmadas_%C5%A0achas_Masudas" title="Achmadas Šachas Masudas — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Achmadas Šachas Masudas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="അഹ്മദ് ഷാ മസൂദ് — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഹ്മദ് ഷാ മസൂദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ахмад Шах Массуд — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ахмад Шах Массуд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="अहमद शाह मसूद — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अहमद शाह मसूद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="احمد شاه مسعود — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="احمد شاه مسعود" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achmed_Sjah_Massoed" title="Achmed Sjah Massoed — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Achmed Sjah Massoed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmed Shah Massoud — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ahmed Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Szah_Masud" title="Ahmad Szah Masud — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ahmad Szah Masud" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="احمد شاہ مسعود — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="احمد شاہ مسعود" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="احمد شاه مسعود — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="احمد شاه مسعود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ахмад Шах Масуд — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ахмад Шах Масуд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad-%C5%A1ah_Masud" title="Ahmad-šah Masud — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ahmad-šah Masud" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_%C5%A0%C3%A1h_Mas%C3%BAd" title="Ahmad Šáh Masúd — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ahmad Šáh Masúd" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="احمد شاہ مسعود — Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="احمد شاہ مسعود" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ахмад Шах Масуд — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ахмад Шах Масуд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="அகமது ஷா மசூத் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகமது ஷா மசூத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Аҳмадшоҳи Масъуд — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аҳмадшоҳи Масъуд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94" title="อาหมัด ชาห์ มาซูด — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาหมัด ชาห์ มาซูด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fhm%C9%99d_%C5%A0ah_M%C9%99sud" title="Əhməd Šah Məsud — Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Əhməd Šah Məsud" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_%C5%9Eah_Mesud" title="Ahmed Şah Mesud — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahmed Şah Mesud" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ахмад Шах Масуд — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ахмад Шах Масуд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="احمد شاہ مسعود — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="احمد شاہ مسعود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ahmad Shah Massoud" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7" title="艾哈迈德·沙阿·马苏德 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="艾哈迈德·沙阿·马苏德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7" title="艾哈迈德·沙阿·马苏德 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾哈迈德·沙阿·马苏德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" 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livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width: 270px; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:transparent; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0; background-color:#B0C4DE;"><span class="">Ahmad Shah Massoud <span style="align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Picto_infobox_military.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Combatente Militar"><img alt="Combatente Militar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Picto_infobox_military.png/40px-Picto_infobox_military.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Picto_infobox_military.png/60px-Picto_infobox_military.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Picto_infobox_military.png 2x" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> <br /><span style="font-weight:normal">احمد شاه مسعود</span></span> </span></th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Ahmad_Shah_Massoud.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/pt/thumb/3/3a/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud.jpg/300px-Ahmad_Shah_Massoud.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/pt/thumb/3/3a/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud.jpg/450px-Ahmad_Shah_Massoud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/pt/3/3a/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Ahmad Shah Massoud</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Conhecido(a) por </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">"Leão de Panjshir" </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/2_de_setembro#Nascimentos" title="2 de setembro">2 de setembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bazarak" title="Bazarak">Bazarak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panjshir" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjshir">Panjshir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reino_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Reino do Afeganistão">Reino do Afeganistão</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/9_de_setembro" title="9 de setembro">9 de setembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a> (48 anos)<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Takhar" title="Takhar">Takhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Afeganistão">Afeganistão</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Afeganistão">afegão</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cônjuge </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Sediqa Massoud </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Filho(a)(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">6, incluindo <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Massoud" title="Ahmad Massoud">Ahmad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cabul" title="Universidade de Cabul">Universidade de Cabul</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Ocupação </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Ministro da Defesa, <a href="/wiki/Militar" title="Militar">militar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtico" title="Político">político</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Filiação </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Serviço militar </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">País </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Afeganistão">Afeganistão</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Serviço </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shura-e_Nazar" title="Shura-e Nazar">Shura-e Nazar</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%932001).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7as_Armadas_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Forças Armadas do Afeganistão">Forças Armadas Afegãs</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%932001).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alian%C3%A7a_do_Norte" title="Aliança do Norte">Aliança do Norte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Anos de serviço</span> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">1975–2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Patente </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">General </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Comando </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alian%C3%A7a_do_Norte" title="Aliança do Norte">Aliança do Norte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Conflitos </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Guerra_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o_(1979-1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra do Afeganistão (1979-1989)">Guerra Afegã-Soviética</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guerra_Civil_Afeg%C3%A3_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Guerra Civil Afegã (1996–2001)">Guerra Civil Afegã</a> <a href="/wiki/Morto_em_combate" title="Morto em combate">†</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Condecorações </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Herói Nacional do Afeganistão </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Religião </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Islamismo" title="Islamismo">Islamismo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunita" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunita">sunita</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Ahmad Shah Massoud</b> (em <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_persa" title="Língua persa">persa</a>: <span lang="fa">احمد شاه مسعود</span>) (<a href="/wiki/Bazarak" title="Bazarak">Bazarak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">c.</a> <a href="/wiki/2_de_setembro" title="2 de setembro">2 de setembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a> — <a href="/wiki/Takhar" title="Takhar">Takhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/9_de_setembro" title="9 de setembro">9 de setembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>) foi um líder militar e político <a href="/wiki/Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Afeganistão">afegão</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Ele foi um poderoso comandante de <a href="/wiki/Guerrilha" title="Guerrilha">guerrilha</a> durante o movimento de resistência contra a <a href="/wiki/Guerra_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o_(1979-1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra do Afeganistão (1979-1989)">ocupação soviética</a> de 1979 a 1989. Na década de 1990, ele liderou a ala militar do governo contra milícias rivais; após o <a href="/wiki/Talib%C3%A3" title="Talibã">Talibã</a> assumir o poder em 1996, ele liderou a resistência armada contra o novo regime<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> até o seu assassinato em 2001. </p><p>Massoud era um <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%A7ulmano" title="Muçulmano">muçulmano</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunismo" title="Sunismo">sunita</a> de <a href="/wiki/Etnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Etnia">etnia</a> <a href="/wiki/Tadjiques_(povo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadjiques (povo)">tadjique</a>, cujas origens remontam ao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vale_de_Panjshir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vale de Panjshir (página não existe)">Vale de Panjshir</a> no norte do <a href="/wiki/Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Afeganistão">Afeganistão</a>. Ele começou a estudar na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_Polytechnic_University" class="extiw" title="en:Kabul Polytechnic University">Universidade Politécnica de Cabul</a> nos anos 70, onde se envolveu com movimentos religiosos <a href="/wiki/Anticomunismo" title="Anticomunismo">anticomunistas</a> em torno de <a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a>, um importante pensador <a href="/wiki/Isl%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Islão">islâmico</a>. Ele participou de uma revolta fracassada contra o governo de <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Mohammed Daoud Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Ele mais tarde se juntou ao movimento <a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a> ("Sociedade Islâmica"), de Rabbani. Durante a <a href="/wiki/Guerra_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o_(1979-1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra do Afeganistão (1979-1989)">Guerra Soviético-Afegã</a>, seu papel como poderoso líder insurgente dos <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> <a href="/wiki/Afeg%C3%A3os" title="Afegãos">afegãos</a> rendeu-lhe o apelido "Leão de Panjshir" (<span lang="fa">شیر پنجشیر</span>) entre seus seguidores, onde ele resistiu com sucesso aos soviéticos, os impedindo de tomar o vale de Panjshir. Em 1992, ele assinou o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acordo_de_Peshawar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acordo de Peshawar (página não existe)">Acordo de Peshawar</a>, um acordo de paz e compartilhamento de poder no período pós-comunista do <a href="/wiki/Estado_Isl%C3%A2mico_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Estado Islâmico do Afeganistão">Estado Islâmico do Afeganistão</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Ele foi apontado como Ministro da Defesa, além de ser o líder militar do governo. Sua milícia lutou para manter <a href="/wiki/Cabul" title="Cabul">Cabul</a> contra os <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalismo_isl%C3%A2mico" title="Fundamentalismo islâmico">fundamentalistas</a> liderados por <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a> e outros senhores da guerra que ameaçavam a cidade.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> A partir de 1995, seu foco se voltou contra o grupo <a href="/wiki/Talib%C3%A3" title="Talibã">Talibã</a>, que em janeiro daquele ano havia cercado a capital, numa batalha que matou cerca de 60.000 civis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Após o Talibã tomar o poder em 1996, Massoud, que rejeitava a visão extremista religiosa deles,<sup id="cite_ref-Grad_310_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grad_310-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> voltou à oposição armada até que foi forçado a fugir para <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulob (página não existe)">Kulob</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Tajiquist%C3%A3o" title="Tajiquistão">Tajiquistão</a>, destruindo antes o estrategicamente importante <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salang_Tunnel" class="extiw" title="en:Salang Tunnel">túnel Salang</a> enquanto se dirigia para o norte. Ele acabou se tornando o líder militar e político da <a href="/wiki/Alian%C3%A7a_do_Norte" title="Aliança do Norte">Frente Islâmica Unida para a Salvação do Afeganistão</a> (a "Aliança do Norte"), que no ano 2000 controlava diretamente um pouco menos de 10% do país. Em 2001, ele visitou a Europa e pediu para líders da <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Europeia" title="União Europeia">União Europeia</a> para pressionar o <a href="/wiki/Paquist%C3%A3o" title="Paquistão">Paquistão</a> para parar de apoiar os talibãs. Ele também pediu ajuda humanitária para combater as péssimas condições de vida do povo afegão sob o Talibã.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Massoud acabou sendo morto em um <a href="/wiki/Ataque_suicida" title="Ataque suicida">atentado suicida</a> promovido pela <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> e os talibãs, em 9 de setembro de 2001. Dois dias mais tarde, os <a href="/wiki/Ataques_de_11_de_setembro_de_2001" title="Ataques de 11 de setembro de 2001">Atentados de 11 de Setembro</a> aconteceram nos Estados Unidos, que levou a <a href="/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Tratado_do_Atl%C3%A2ntico_Norte" title="Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte">OTAN</a> a <a href="/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o_pelos_Estados_Unidos" title="Invasão do Afeganistão pelos Estados Unidos">invadir</a> o Afeganistão, se aliando as forças de Massoud. A Aliança do Norte acabou vencendo a guerra de dois meses em dezembro de 2001, retirando o Talibã do poder. </p><p>Massoud foi postumamente nomeado como "Herói Nacional" por ordem do Presidente <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> após os talibãs terem sido afastados do poder. A data da morte de Massoud (9 de setembro), é um feriado nacional chamado de "Dia Massoud".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Seus seguidores o chamavam de <i>Amer Sāhib-e Shahīd</i> (<span lang="fa">آمر صاحب شهید</span>), que pode ser traduzido como "(nosso) comandante martirizado".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Massoud foi descrito como um dos maiores líderes guerrilheiros do século XX. Ele já foi comparado a <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> e <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> nesse aspecto,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> particularmente porque ele conseguiu defender repetidamente sua região natal de <a href="/wiki/Panjshir_(prov%C3%ADncia)" title="Panjshir (província)">Panjshir</a> tanto dos soviéticos quanto do Talibã.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Seu irmão mais novo, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zia_Massoud" title="Ahmad Zia Massoud">Ahmad Zia Massoud</a>, serviu como primeiro vice-presidente do Afeganistão, de 2004 a 2009, e seu filho, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Massoud" title="Ahmad Massoud">Ahmad Massoud</a>, atualmente também é um líder guerrilheiro contra a volta do Talibã no Afeganistão.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Giustozzi, <i>Empires of Mud</i> (London: St. Martin's Press, 2012). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/184904225X" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/184904225X">184904225X</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9781849042253" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9781849042253">9781849042253</a>; & Marcela Grad, <i>Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader</i> (Webster MO: Webster University Press, 2009). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0982161506" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0982161506">0982161506</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780982161500" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780982161500">9780982161500</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bearak, Barry (9 de novembro de 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/09/world/afghan-lion-fights-taliban-with-rifle-and-fax-machine.html">«Afghan 'Lion' Fights Taliban With Rifle and Fax Machine»</a>. <i>The New York Times</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.atitle=Afghan+%27Lion%27+Fights+Taliban+With+Rifle+and+Fax+Machine&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.date=1999-11-09&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F11%2F09%2Fworld%2Fafghan-lion-fights-taliban-with-rifle-and-fax-machine.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyinanhour.com/2012/07/18/mohammed-daoud-khan-summary/">«Mohammed Daoud Khan»</a>. <i>History in an Hour</i>. 18 de julho de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 25 de dezembro de 2014</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929064911/http://www.historyinanhour.com/2012/07/18/mohammed-daoud-khan-summary/">Cópia arquivada em 29 de setembro de 2018</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.atitle=Mohammed+Daoud+Khan&rft.date=2012-07-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+in+an+Hour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyinanhour.com%2F2012%2F07%2F18%2Fmohammed-daoud-khan-summary%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Clements, Frank (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C&redir_esc=y">«Civil War»</a>. <i>Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia Roots of Modern Conflict</i>. ABC-CLIO. 49 páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9781851094028" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9781851094028">9781851094028</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.atitle=Civil+War&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Afghanistan%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+Roots+of+Modern+Conflict&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9781851094028&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbv4hzxpo424C%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/09/09/140328019/a-decade-ago-massouds-assassination-preceded-sept-11">«A Decade Ago, Massoud's Killing Preceded Sept. 11»</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=NPR.org&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPR.org (página não existe)">NPR.org</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.btitle=A+Decade+Ago%2C+Massoud%27s+Killing+Preceded+Sept.+11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NPR.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F09%2F09%2F140328019%2Fa-decade-ago-massouds-assassination-preceded-sept-11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-ariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/allDocsArticles/D499F506DA74819687256D1C0046BCC5?OpenDocument">«Mujahedin Victory Event Falls Flat»</a>. <i>Danish Karokhel</i>. 5 de abril de 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225195549/http://www.e-ariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/allDocsArticles/D499F506DA74819687256D1C0046BCC5?OpenDocument">Cópia arquivada em 25 de dezembro de 2014</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.atitle=Mujahedin+Victory+Event+Falls+Flat&rft.date=2003-04-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Danish+Karokhel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ariana.com%2Fariana%2Feariana.nsf%2FallDocsArticles%2FD499F506DA74819687256D1C0046BCC5%3FOpenDocument&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dorronsoro, Gilles (14 de outubro de 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samaj.revues.org/212">«Kabul at War (1992–1996) : State, Ethnicity and Social Classes»</a>. <i>Gilles Dorronsoro</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4000%2Fsamaj.212">10.4000/samaj.212</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.atitle=Kabul+at+War+%281992%931996%29+%3A+State%2C+Ethnicity+and+Social+Classes&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft.aulast=Dorronsoro&rft.date=2007-10-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gilles+Dorronsoro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamaj.revues.org%2F212&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fsamaj.212&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grad_310-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Grad_310_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marcela Grad. <i>Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader</i> 1 de março de 2009 ed. [S.l.]: Webster University Press. p. 310</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.au=Marcela+Grad&rft.btitle=Massoud%3A+An+Intimate+Portrait+of+the+Legendary+Afghan+Leader&rft.edition=1+de+mar%C3%A7o+de+2009&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Webster+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Bergen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Bergen (página não existe)">Peter Bergen</a> (2011), <cite class="citation book"><i>The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict Between America and Al-Qaeda</i>. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 8. kYdLqOUj8lUC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.btitle=The+Longest+War%3A+The+Enduring+Conflict+Between+America+and+Al-Qaeda&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1340726/Ahmad-Shah-Massoud.html">«Ahmad Shah Massoud»</a>. 16 de setembro de 2001 – via The Telegraph</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.btitle=Ahmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.date=2001-09-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1340726%2FAhmad-Shah-Massoud.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/afghanistan/events">«Afghanistan Events»</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. 15 de setembro de 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de setembro de 2014</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907051320/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/afghanistan/events">Cópia arquivada em 7 de setembro de 2008</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+Events&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fworldguide%2Fafghanistan%2Fevents&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">قاريزاده, داود. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/story/2004/09/040909_v-afghanmasoud.shtml">«پنجشير: سه سال پس از مسعود»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.aufirst=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF&rft.aulast=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87&rft.btitle=%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%3A+%D8%B3%D9%87+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%BE%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fpersian%2Fafghanistan%2Fstory%2F2004%2F09%2F040909_v-afghanmasoud.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artefactmagazine.com/2016/03/20/the-forgotten-hero-of-afghanistan-the-lion-of-panjshir/">The forgotten hero of Afghanistan</a> <i>Artefact Magazine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Soldiers of God</i> by Robert D. Kaplan, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Faucher, Julie (9 de setembro de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/138748304">«MASSOUD told by Reza and Olivier Weber»</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.aulast=Faucher&rft.btitle=MASSOUD+told+by+Reza+and+Olivier+Weber&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F138748304&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2021/08/20/vale-do-panjshir-conheca-a-unica-provincia-que-ainda-resiste-ao-taliba-no-afeganistao.ghtml">«Vale do Panjshir: conheça a única província que ainda resiste ao Talibã no Afeganistão»</a>. <a href="/wiki/G1" title="G1">G1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 21 de agosto de 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.btitle=Vale+do+Panjshir%3A+conhe%C3%A7a+a+%C3%BAnica+prov%C3ncia+que+ainda+resiste+ao+Talib%C3%A3+no+Afeganist%C3%A3o&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=G1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticia%2F2021%2F08%2F20%2Fvale-do-panjshir-conheca-a-unica-provincia-que-ainda-resiste-ao-taliba-no-afeganistao.ghtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Shah_Massoud&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Shah_Massoud&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Bibliografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marcela Grad (2009): <i>Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader</i>; Webster University Press, pág. 310.</li> <li>Sediqa Massoud com Chékéba Hachemi & Marie-Francoise Colombani (2005): <i>Pour l'amour de Massoud</i>; Document XO Editions, 265pp (em francês)</li> <li>Amin Saikal (2006): <i>Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival</i>; I. B. Tauris, 352pp ("One of the "Five Best" Books on Afghanistan" – <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>)</li> <li>Roy Gutman (2008): <i>How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan</i>; United States Institute of Peace Press, pág. 304.</li> <li>Coll, Steve (2004): <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 9, 2001</a></i>; Penguin Press, 695pp, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/1-59420-007-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/1-59420-007-6">1-59420-007-6</a></li> <li>Stephen Tanner: <i>Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the Fall of the Taliban</i></li> <li>Christophe de Ponfilly (2001): <i>Massoud l'Afghan</i>; Gallimard, pág. 437 (em francês)</li> <li>Gary W. Bowersox (2004): <i>The Gem Hunter-True Adventures of an American in Afghanistan</i>; Geovision, Inc. (22 de janeiro de 2004), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0974732312" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0974732312">978-0974732312</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Weber" title="Olivier Weber">Olivier Weber</a> (2001): <i>Le Faucon afghan</i>; Robert Laffont</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Weber" title="Olivier Weber">Olivier Weber</a> (2001, with Reza): <i>Afghan eternities</i>; Le Chene/ UNESCO</li> <li>Gary C. Schroen (2005):<i> 'First In' An Insiders Account of How The CIA Spearheaded the War on Terror in Afghanistan</i>; New York: Presidio Press/Ballantine Books, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-89141-872-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-89141-872-6">978-0-89141-872-6</a>.</li> <li>Ahmed Rashid: <i>TALIBAN – The Story of the Afghan Warlords</i>; <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-330-49221-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-330-49221-7">0-330-49221-7</a>.</li> <li>A. R. Rowan: <i>On The Trail Of A Lion: Ahmed Shah Massoud, Oil Politics and Terror</i></li> <li><i>Kara Kush</i>, London: William Collins Sons & Co., Ltd., 1986. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0685557871" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0685557871">0685557871</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color: inherit; width: 238px; padding: 5px; spacing: 0px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/33px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/44px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 30px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;">O <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal">Commons</a> possui uma <i>categoria</i> com imagens e outros ficheiros sobre <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ahmad_Shah_Massoud?uselang=pt">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a></span></b></div> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aliança</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="União Soviética">União Soviética</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="República Democrática do Afeganistão">República Democrática do Afeganistão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mujahidin</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mujahidin_afeg%C3%A3os&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mujahidin afegãos (página não existe)">Unidade Islâmica de Mujahidin do Afeganistão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shura-e_Nazar" title="Shura-e Nazar">Shura-e Nazar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Gulbuddin" title="Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin">Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maktab_al-Khidamat" title="Maktab al-Khidamat">Maktab al-Khidamat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hezb-i_Islami_Khalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hezb-i Islami Khalis (página não existe)">Hezb-i Islami Khalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbe_Wahdat" title="Hezbe Wahdat">Hezbe Wahdat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Isl%C3%A2mica_Dawa_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organização Islâmica Dawa do Afeganistão (página não existe)">Ittehad i-Islami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Líderes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aliança</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brejnev" title="Leonid Brejnev">Leonid Brejnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatchov" title="Mikhail Gorbatchov">Mikhail Gorbatchov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babrak_Karmal" title="Babrak Karmal">Babrak Karmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mujahidin</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mazari" title="Abdul Ali Mazari">Abdul Ali Mazari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (página não existe)">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq" title="Abdul Haq">Abdul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Wardak" title="Abdul Rahim Wardak">Abdul Rahim Wardak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eventos por ano</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 no Afeganistão (página não existe)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 no Afeganistão (página não existe)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 no Afeganistão (página não existe)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 no Afeganistão (página não existe)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 no Afeganistão (página não existe)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 no Afeganistão (página não existe)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 no Afeganistão (página não existe)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 no Afeganistão (página não existe)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 no Afeganistão (página não existe)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 no Afeganistão (página não existe)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_no_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 no Afeganistão (página não existe)">1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operações militares</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Shtorm-333" title="Operação Shtorm-333">Operação Shtorm-333</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerco_de_Khost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerco de Khost (página não existe)">Cerco de Khost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofensivas_de_Panjshir" title="Ofensivas de Panjshir">Ofensivas de Panjshir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerco_de_Urgun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerco de Urgun (página não existe)">Cerco de Urgun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_do_passo_de_Maravar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha do passo de Maravar (página não existe)">Batalha do passo de Maravar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolta_de_Badaber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolta de Badaber (página não existe)">Revolta de Badaber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalhas_de_Zhawar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalhas de Zhawar (página não existe)">Batalhas de Zhawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Jaji" title="Batalha de Jaji">Batalha de Jaji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Arghandab_(1987)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Arghandab (1987) (página não existe)">Batalha de Arghandab (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Magistral" title="Operação Magistral">Operação Magistral</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_da_Colina_3234&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha da Colina 3234 (página não existe)">Batalha da Colina 3234</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Ghashey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operação Ghashey (página não existe)">Operação Ghashey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirada_sovi%C3%A9tica_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Retirada soviética do Afeganistão">Retirada soviética do Afeganistão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protestos civis</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levante_de_3_de_Hoot" title="Levante de 3 de Hoot">Levante de 3 de Hoot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestos_estudantis_em_Cabul_em_1980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protestos estudantis em Cabul em 1980 (página não existe)">Revolta estudantil em Cabul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tópicos relacionados</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_aeronaves_sovi%C3%A9ticas_perdidas_durante_a_Guerra_Afeg%C3%A3-Sovi%C3%A9tica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de aeronaves soviéticas perdidas durante a Guerra Afegã-Soviética (página não existe)">Aeronaves soviéticas perdidas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_Afeg%C3%A3-Sovi%C3%A9tica_na_cultura_popular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerra Afegã-Soviética na cultura popular (página não existe)">Na cultura popular</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorial_de_Guerra_do_Afeganist%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorial de Guerra do Afeganistão (página não existe)">Memorial de Guerra do Afeganistão</a> (Kiev)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filmes sobre a guerra</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/9_rota" title="9 rota">9 rota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afganskiy_izlom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afganskiy izlom (página não existe)">Afganskiy izlom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghantsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghantsi (página não existe)">Afghantsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Za_vsyo_zaplacheno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Za vsyo zaplacheno (página não existe)">Za vsyo zaplacheno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(1988)" title="The Beast (1988)">The Beast</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cargo_200&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cargo 200 (página não existe)">Cargo 200</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wilson%27s_War" title="Charlie Wilson's War">Charlie Wilson's War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kite_Runner_(filme)" title="The Kite Runner (filme)">The Kite Runner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Daylights" title="The Living Daylights">The Living Daylights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Magic_Mountain_(2015)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Magic Mountain (2015) (página não existe)">The Magic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peshavarskiy_vals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peshavarskiy vals (página não existe)">Peshavarskiy vals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rambo_III" title="Rambo III">Rambo III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictures_from_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pictures from Afghanistan (página não existe)">Pictures from Afghanistan (documentário)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitter_Lake_(filme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitter Lake (filme) (página não existe)">Bitter Lake (documentário)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Afghan_flag_wavy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Afghan_flag_wavy.jpg/32px-Afghan_flag_wavy.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Afghan_flag_wavy.jpg/48px-Afghan_flag_wavy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Afghan_flag_wavy.jpg/64px-Afghan_flag_wavy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Portal:Afeganistão">Portal do Afeganistão</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Página de categoria"><img alt="Página de 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