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class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">War of 1812</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Amerikaanse_Oorlog_van_1812" title="Anglo-Amerikaanse Oorlog van 1812 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anglo-Amerikaanse Oorlog van 1812" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewinn_of_1812" title="Gewinn of 1812 – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gewinn of 1812" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_1812" title="حرب 1812 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب 1812" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_ente_Reinu_Xun%C3%ADu_y_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos_de_1812" title="Guerra ente Reinu Xuníu y Estaos Xuníos de 1812 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra ente Reinu Xuníu y Estaos Xuníos de 1812" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812-ci_il_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="1812-ci il müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1812-ci il müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B1%DB%B2-%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="۱۸۱۲-جی ایل ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۸۱۲-جی ایل ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_n%C3%AE_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="1812 nî Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1812 nî Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1812%E2%80%941814)" title="Англа-амерыканская вайна (1812—1814) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Англа-амерыканская вайна (1812—1814)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="1812 के युद्ध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="1812 के युद्ध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Британско-американска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Британско-американска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_anglo-americana_de_1812-1815" title="Guerra anglo-americana de 1812-1815 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra anglo-americana de 1812-1815" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Анкăл-американ вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Анкăл-американ вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsko-americk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Britsko-americká válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britsko-americká válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_1812" title="Rhyfel 1812 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel 1812" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk-amerikanske_krig_(1812)" title="Britisk-amerikanske krig (1812) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Britisk-amerikanske krig (1812)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieg_vun_1812" title="Grieg vun 1812 – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Grieg vun 1812" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisch-Amerikanischer_Krieg" title="Britisch-Amerikanischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britisch-Amerikanischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812._aasta_s%C3%B5da" title="1812. aasta sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1812. aasta sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1812" title="Αγγλοαμερικανικός πόλεμος του 1812 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλοαμερικανικός πόλεμος του 1812" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812 – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="War of 1812" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_anglo-estadounidense_de_1812" title="Guerra anglo-estadounidense de 1812 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra anglo-estadounidense de 1812" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit-usona_milito_de_1812" title="Brit-usona milito de 1812 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brit-usona milito de 1812" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812ko_angloamerikar_gerra" title="1812ko angloamerikar gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1812ko angloamerikar gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B1%DB%B2" title="جنگ ۱۸۱۲ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ ۱۸۱۲" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_anglo-am%C3%A9ricaine_de_1812" title="Guerre anglo-américaine de 1812 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre anglo-américaine de 1812" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Angla-Mheirice%C3%A1nach_na_bliana_1812" title="Cogadh Angla-Mheiriceánach na bliana 1812 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Angla-Mheiriceánach na bliana 1812" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caggey_1812" title="Caggey 1812 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Caggey 1812" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_1812" title="Cogadh 1812 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cogadh 1812" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%98%81_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="미영 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미영 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%B8-%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Անգլո-ամերիկյան պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլո-ամերիկյան պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-ameri%C4%8Dki_rat" title="Anglo-američki rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anglo-američki rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_Angla-Usana_di_1812" title="Milito Angla-Usana di 1812 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito Angla-Usana di 1812" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_tahun_1812" title="Perang tahun 1812 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang tahun 1812" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_American_de_1812" title="Guerra American de 1812 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra American de 1812" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0_1812" title="Stríðið 1812 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stríðið 1812" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_anglo-americana" title="Guerra anglo-americana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra anglo-americana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_1812" title="מלחמת 1812 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת 1812" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_taun_1812" title="Perang taun 1812 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang taun 1812" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82_(1812%E2%80%941814)" title="Ингилиз-американ къазауат (1812—1814) – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ингилиз-американ къазауат (1812—1814)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ინგლის-ამერიკის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინგლის-ამერიკის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ағылшын-америка соғысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ағылшын-америка соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83" title="Англия-Америка согушу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Англия-Америка согушу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_anni_1812" title="Bellum anni 1812 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum anni 1812" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britu%E2%80%94amerik%C4%81%C5%86u_kar%C5%A1" title="Britu—amerikāņu karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Britu—amerikāņu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_m._karas_tarp_JAV_ir_Jungtin%C4%97s_Karalyst%C4%97s" title="1812 m. karas tarp JAV ir Jungtinės Karalystės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1812 m. karas tarp JAV ir Jungtinės Karalystės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812moi_nanca_jamna" title="1812moi nanca jamna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="1812moi nanca jamna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit%E2%80%93amerikai_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA_(1812)" title="Brit–amerikai háború (1812) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brit–amerikai háború (1812)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_1812" title="Perang 1812 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang 1812" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlog_van_1812" title="Oorlog van 1812 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oorlog van 1812" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%8B%B1%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="米英戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="米英戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812-krigen" title="1812-krigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1812-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812-krigen" title="1812-krigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1812-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_1812" title="Guèrra de 1812 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de 1812" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliya-Amerika_urushi" title="Angliya-Amerika urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Angliya-Amerika urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1812 دی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1812 دی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B1%DB%B2%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د ۱۸۱۲م کال جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ۱۸۱۲م کال جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_brytyjsko-ameryka%C5%84ska" title="Wojna brytyjsko-amerykańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna brytyjsko-amerykańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Anglo-Americana_de_1812" title="Guerra Anglo-Americana de 1812 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Anglo-Americana de 1812" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_1812" title="Războiul din 1812 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul din 1812" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Англо-американская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англо-американская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_o_1812" title="War o 1812 – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="War o 1812" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_vitit_1812" title="Lufta e vitit 1812 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e vitit 1812" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="1812 යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="1812 යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsko-americk%C3%A1_vojna" title="Britsko-americká vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Britsko-americká vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A8%D9%A1%D9%A2" title="شەڕی ١٨١٢ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ١٨١٢" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%B7_1812." title="Рат из 1812. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат из 1812." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_iz_1812." title="Rat iz 1812. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rat iz 1812." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoden_1812_sota" title="Vuoden 1812 sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuoden 1812 sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_%C3%A5rs_krig" title="1812 års krig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1812 års krig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D,_1812" title="பிரித்தானிய அமெரிக்கப் போர், 1812 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானிய அமெரிக்கப் போர், 1812" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1812" title="สงคราม ค.ศ. 1812 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงคราม ค.ศ. 1812" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="1812 Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1812 Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Англо-американська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англо-американська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="1812ء کی جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1812ء کی جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3%E2%80%93Anh_Qu%E1%BB%91c_(1812)" title="Chiến tranh Hoa Kỳ–Anh Quốc (1812) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Hoa Kỳ–Anh Quốc (1812)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="一八一二年戰爭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一八一二年戰爭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="1812年战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1812年战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="1812年戰爭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1812年戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="1812年战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1812年战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26013#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_erie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg/310px-Battle_erie.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg/465px-Battle_erie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">American commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Hazard_Perry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Hazard Perry (not yet started)">Oliver Hazard Perry</a> defeats the British at the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_the_War_of_1812_(9674520055).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Monument_to_the_War_of_1812_%289674520055%29.jpg/220px-Monument_to_the_War_of_1812_%289674520055%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Monument_to_the_War_of_1812_%289674520055%29.jpg/330px-Monument_to_the_War_of_1812_%289674520055%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Monument_to_the_War_of_1812_%289674520055%29.jpg/440px-Monument_to_the_War_of_1812_%289674520055%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A statue of a war of 1812 soldier</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>War of 1812</b> was fought between the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from 1812 to 1815 on land in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-HistAE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistAE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British forces were helped by <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> (volunteers) and <a href="/wiki/Native_American" title="Native American">Native Americans</a> because British soldiers were busy fighting <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. </p><p>In nearly every battle, the British defeated the attacking American forces. The war increased <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in both Canada and the United States. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Causes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Causes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One reason given by Americans for <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaring war</a> was that the British were bothering American <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a>. The British claimed to be looking for British sailors who had <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamaraAC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamaraAC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many British sailors deserted from the miserable conditions and the harsh <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a>. Originally, many of the sailors had been <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">pressed</a> into service.<sup id="cite_ref-impressMM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impressMM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the practice of the British to arrest any man they found on a street and to force him to serve on their ships.<sup id="cite_ref-impressMM_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impressMM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many British sailors who escaped signed on as crew aboard American merchant ships.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamaraAC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamaraAC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British claim was somewhat true.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamaraAC_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamaraAC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1807, an American ship was boarded and then fired on, which created outrage among the American public.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamaraAC_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamaraAC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British were also seizing American sailors at sea and forcing them to serve in the navy.<sup id="cite_ref-10Simthsonian_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10Simthsonian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The numbers of American seamen pressed into British service is not well known and may have been greatly exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-10Simthsonian_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10Simthsonian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British were also sponsoring <a href="/wiki/Native_American" title="Native American">Native American</a> territories in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> to stop the United States from expanding westward.<sup id="cite_ref-1812HistNet_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1812HistNet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That made 10,000 Native Americans fight for the British.<sup id="cite_ref-1812HistNet_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1812HistNet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Napoleon I started the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> in 1812, just as the war started in North America. The Americans thought that the British would be busy fighting the French during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> to do much in North America. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_war">The war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: The war" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: The war"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fighting began when the United States started to attack the Canadian provinces in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-HistAE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistAE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the British and the Canadians successfully defended their <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a>. In 1813, British and American ships fought in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lake Erie (not yet started)">Battle of Lake Erie</a>. Americans under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Hazard_Perry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Hazard Perry (not yet started)">Oliver Hazard Perry</a> won, which gave them control of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistAE_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistAE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American forces raided and burned <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, which was then called York.<sup id="cite_ref-battleyorkHN_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battleyorkHN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1814, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicated</a> the French <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burnwashHIHL_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnwashHIHL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That freed up experienced British troops to be sent to North America.<sup id="cite_ref-burnwashHIHL_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnwashHIHL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They burned the unfinished <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, and also attacked <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burnwashHIHL_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnwashHIHL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An American lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key" title="Francis Scott Key">Francis Scott Key</a> wrote a poem about the Battle of Baltimore.<sup id="cite_ref-ssbHIHL_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssbHIHL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem was later used to give the words to a song that later became the US national anthem: "<a href="/wiki/The_Star_Spangled_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Star Spangled Banner">The Star Spangled Banner</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-ssbHIHL_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssbHIHL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war ended in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-bonoUSACMH_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonoUSACMH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British attacked <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> but were stopped by the Americans under General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bonoUSACMH_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonoUSACMH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unknown by both sides, a peace treaty had already been signed.<sup id="cite_ref-bonoUSACMH_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonoUSACMH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>On July 2, 1812, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuyahoga_Packet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuyahoga Packet (not yet started)">Cuyahoga Packet</a>, an American ship, was captured by Canadian Lieutenant Frederic Rolette in the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a>.</li> <li>On July 12, 1812, Americans from <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> won offensives in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and were led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hull (not yet started)">William Hull</a>.</li> <li>On July 17, 1812, a force of British troops, French voyageurs, and Indians captured <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Mackinac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Mackinac (not yet started)">Fort Mackinac</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> territory. That victory brought more <a href="/wiki/Native_American" title="Native American">Native American</a> support. The British got control of <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a> and northern Michigan.</li> <li>In the Siege of Detroit (August 15-16, 1812), Americans led by Commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hull (not yet started)">William Hull</a> resisted the British troops of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Brock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Brock (not yet started)">Isaac Brock</a> and their allies <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>'s Confederacy. Seven Americans died. When Hull surrendered Detroit, 1600 American militia were freed and escorted south by the Canadians to protect them from Tecumseh's Confederacy. It is estimated that over 582 American soldiers were imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.</li> <li>On August 19, 1812, the ships of <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Guerriere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Guerriere (not yet started)">HMS Guerriere</a> fought a battle about 400 miles (650 km) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>. The USS Constitution won.</li> <li>On October 13, 1812, British defenders under Major General Isaac Brock attacked American occupation forces at the Battle of Queenston Heights. Brock died, and Major General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Hale_Sheaffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Hale Sheaffe (not yet started)">Roger Hale Sheaffe</a> took command.</li> <li>On September 10, 1813 the American Navy won the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lake Erie (not yet started)">Battle of Lake Erie</a> allowing the recovery of <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> and victory over <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace">Peace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Peace" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Peace"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two countries signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> to end the war, on December 24, 1814 in Belgium. Fighting continued into January 1815 because the forces did not know about the treaty, but no great changes took place afterward. The British stopped impressing sailors because the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> had been finished. </p><p>Most Americans heard of the victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a> before they heard of the treaty. The <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, which had opposed the war, became disliked as pro-British and soon disappeared. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winner">Winner</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Winner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Winner"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the British perspective, the War of 1812 was a minor sideshow. The Americans called it their victorious "Second War for Independence".<sup id="cite_ref-britperspPBS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britperspPBS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British remembered it as the Americans trying to take advantage of their being involved in a war against the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French Empire</a> and paid no attention to American grievances.<sup id="cite_ref-britperspPBS_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britperspPBS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, the War of 1812 was an unwanted war.<sup id="cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canperspPBS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It concerned the distant capitals of Washington, DC, and London, not them. In <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, it was considered an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> war.<sup id="cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canperspPBS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Quebec there was little love for the British, but the British had guaranteed their right to speak <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canperspPBS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since they did not know what would happen if the Americans took over, they chose the lesser evil and supported the British.<sup id="cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canperspPBS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upper Canada (later part of the <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>) had been settled by American Loyalists who fled after the Revolutionary War. They had little love of their former countrymen in the US but had become outnumbered by Americans who later came north to settle.<sup id="cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canperspPBS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Americans attempted to invade Canada, the Canadian militias were eager to defend their <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">homeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canperspPBS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In US history, the War of 1812 is the most obscure conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-amperspPBS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amperspPBS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average American remembers very little about the war.<sup id="cite_ref-amperspPBS_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amperspPBS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some may remember <a href="/wiki/The_Star_Spangled_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Star Spangled Banner">The Star Spangled Banner</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burning of Washington (not yet started)">Burning of Washington</a>, or the Battle of New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-amperspPBS_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amperspPBS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, it is a little-understood conflict. The issues are complex. Most scholars would agree it was fought over <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/maritime" class="extiw" title="wikt:maritime">maritime</a> issues.<sup id="cite_ref-amperspPBS_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amperspPBS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/British_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="British Navy">British Navy</a> was then the most powerful in the world, it was easier to attack the British on land by invading Canada. Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> predicted the "acquisition of Canada, will be a mere matter of marching."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British who knew about the little war felt that they had won, no matter what Americans thought. Canadians kept their independence from the US and so felt that they had won. The Americans felt they won although they lost in Canada since they lost none of their territory, repelled the invasion of Maryland, were free to fight the Indians without British interference, and were no longer impressed on the high seas. Of all three, the British are perhaps the happiest because they have completely forgotten about the war.<sup id="cite_ref-whowonWYPR_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowonWYPR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/War_of_1812">War of 1812</a> -Citizendium</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HistAE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistAE_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistAE_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistAE_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812">"War of 1812"</a>. <i>History</i>. A&E Television Networks, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=War+of+1812&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fwar-of-1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNamaraAC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McNamaraAC_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McNamaraAC_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McNamaraAC_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McNamaraAC_2-3">2.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_McNamara" class="citation web cs1">Robert McNamara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914191753/http://history1800s.about.com/od/1800sglossary/g/Impressment-Of-Sailors.htm">"Impressment of Sailors"</a>. <i>About Education</i>. About, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history1800s.about.com/od/1800sglossary/g/Impressment-Of-Sailors.htm">the original</a> on 14 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+Education&rft.atitle=Impressment+of+Sailors&rft.au=Robert+McNamara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory1800s.about.com%2Fod%2F1800sglossary%2Fg%2FImpressment-Of-Sailors.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-impressMM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-impressMM_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-impressMM_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202102017/https://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/micro/usnavy/08/08a.htm">"Impressment of American Sailors"</a>. <i>Prelude to the War of 1812</i>. The Mariners Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/micro/usnavy/08/08a.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prelude+to+the+War+of+1812&rft.atitle=Impressment+of+American+Sailors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinersmuseum.org%2Fsites%2Fmicro%2Fusnavy%2F08%2F08a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10Simthsonian-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-10Simthsonian_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-10Simthsonian_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-10-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-war-of-1812-102320130/?no-ist">"The 10 Things You Didn't Know About the War of 1812"</a>. Smithsonian.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+10+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+the+War+of+1812&rft.pub=Smithsonian.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-10-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-war-of-1812-102320130%2F%3Fno-ist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1812HistNet-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-1812HistNet_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-1812HistNet_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/war-of-1812">"War Of 1812"</a>. <i>HistoryNet</i>. World History Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryNet&rft.atitle=War+Of+1812&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fwar-of-1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-battleyorkHN-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-battleyorkHN_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/war-of-1812-battle-of-york.htm">"War of 1812: Battle of York"</a>. HistoryNET. 21 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+of+1812%3A+Battle+of+York&rft.pub=HistoryNET&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fwar-of-1812-battle-of-york.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burnwashHIHL-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-burnwashHIHL_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-burnwashHIHL_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-burnwashHIHL_7-2">7.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Greenspan2014" class="citation web cs1">Jesse Greenspan (22 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/news/the-British-burn-Washington-d-c-200-years-ago">"The British Burn Washington, D.C., 200 Years Ago"</a>. <i>History in the Headlines</i>. A&E Television Networks, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+in+the+Headlines&rft.atitle=The+British+Burn+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+200+Years+Ago&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft.au=Jesse+Greenspan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-British-burn-Washington-d-c-200-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssbHIHL-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ssbHIHL_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ssbHIHL_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Klein2014" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Klein (12 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-star-spangled-banner">"9 Things You May Not Know About "The Star-Spangled Banner"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>History in the Headlines</i>. A&E Television Networks, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+in+the+Headlines&rft.atitle=9+Things+You+May+Not+Know+About+%22The+Star-Spangled+Banner%22&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft.au=Christopher+Klein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F9-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-star-spangled-banner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bonoUSACMH-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bonoUSACMH_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bonoUSACMH_9-1">9.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bonoUSACMH_9-2">9.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_Williams2015" class="citation web cs1">Glenn Williams (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129110115/http://www.history.army.mil//news/2015/150100a_newOrleans.html">"The Battle of New Orleans"</a>. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/news/2015/150100a_neworleans.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+New+Orleans&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2015-01&rft.au=Glenn+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fnews%2F2015%2F150100a_neworleans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britperspPBS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britperspPBS_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britperspPBS_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Lambert" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Lambert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628042119/http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/british-perspective/">"A British Perspective on the War of 1812"</a>. <i>The War of 1812</i>. WNED-TV/WGBH/PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/british-perspective/">the original</a> on 28 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+War+of+1812&rft.atitle=A+British+Perspective+on+the+War+of+1812&rft.au=Andrew+Lambert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwned%2Fwar-of-1812%2Fessays%2Fbritish-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canperspPBS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-1">11.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-2">11.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-3">11.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-4">11.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-canperspPBS_11-5">11.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Suthren" class="citation web cs1">Victor Suthren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160608150524/http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/canadian/">"A Canadian Perspective on the War of 1812"</a>. WNED-TV/WGBH/PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/canadian/">the original</a> on 8 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Canadian+Perspective+on+the+War+of+1812&rft.pub=WNED-TV%2FWGBH%2FPBS&rft.au=Victor+Suthren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwned%2Fwar-of-1812%2Fessays%2Fcanadian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amperspPBS-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amperspPBS_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amperspPBS_12-1">12.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amperspPBS_12-2">12.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amperspPBS_12-3">12.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Hickey" class="citation web cs1">Donald Hickey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515124138/https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/american-perspective/">"An American Perspective on the War of 1812"</a>. WNED-TV/WGBH/PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/american-perspective/">the original</a> on 15 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+American+Perspective+on+the+War+of+1812&rft.pub=WNED-TV%2FWGBH%2FPBS&rft.au=Donald+Hickey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwned%2Fwar-of-1812%2Fessays%2Famerican-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFstaff" class="citation web cs1">staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theweek.com/articles/473482/americas-invasion-canada-brief-history">"America's invasion of Canada: A brief history"</a>. The Week<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+invasion+of+Canada%3A+A+brief+history&rft.pub=The+Week&rft.au=staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F473482%2Famericas-invasion-canada-brief-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whowonWYPR-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-whowonWYPR_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_McCord2013" class="citation web cs1">Joel McCord (14 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.wypr.org/post/who-won-war-1812#stream/0">"Who Won The War Of 1812?"</a>. WYPR Baltimore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Won+The+War+Of+1812%3F&rft.pub=WYPR+Baltimore&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft.au=Joel+McCord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.wypr.org%2Fpost%2Fwho-won-war-1812%23stream%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+1812" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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