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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of Japanese crown</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Akihito_199011_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Emperor_Akihito_199011_1.jpg/220px-Emperor_Akihito_199011_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Emperor_Akihito_199011_1.jpg/330px-Emperor_Akihito_199011_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Emperor_Akihito_199011_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Akihito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Akihito">Emperor Akihito</a> wearing a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kanmuri</i></span> with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sokutai" title="Sokutai">sokutai</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>kanmuri</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">冠</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">crown</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> is a type of headwear worn by adult men of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">kuge</a></i> (noble class) and <i>buke</i> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> class) in Japan. It was generally made of thin black silk hardened with lacquer, but there was also a metal crown called a <i><a href="/wiki/Raikan" title="Raikan">raikan</a></i> that was worn only during the emperor's enthronement ceremony and the <i>chōga</i> ceremony (New Year greeting ceremony). </p><p>It was the standard headwear worn by adult men at the Japanese imperial court, including courtiers, aristocrats, and the emperor, from the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. Today, it is worn only by the Imperial Family and government officials on rare occasions, such as weddings and the accession of new emperors. It is worn in conjunction with the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sokutai" title="Sokutai">sokutai</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the back of the <i>kanmuri</i> is a long, thin silk ornament called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ei</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">纓</span></span>)</span>, which is a variation of string. Types of <i>kanmuri</i> generally differ in the shape of the <i>ei</i> and the textile pattern, and also according to the rank of the person. </p><p>The <i>kanmuri</i> is still worn today by the Japanese imperial family and <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> priests. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry" title="Toyota Camry">Toyota Camry</a> is named after the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kanmuri</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-kanmuri_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanmuri-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanmuri_(headwear)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kanmuri</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">かんむり</span></span>)</span> is a word that is a corruption of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kōburi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">こうぶり</span></span>)</span>, originally meaning "headwear." The main materials used for <i>kanmuri</i> were gold, silver, gilt, and cloth or cloth hardened with lacquer. Gradually, however, it came to refer primarily to the lacquer-fastened cloth headwear worn by the nobility with their court dress (<i><a href="/wiki/Sokutai" title="Sokutai">sokutai</a></i>). </p><p><i>Kanmuri</i> is written as 冠 in Chinese characters and also pronounced <i>kan</i> in <a href="/wiki/On%27yomi" title="On'yomi">on'yomi</a> (Chinese reading). It is also added as a suffix to other words to denote various types of <i>kanmuri</i>. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Benkan" title="Benkan">benkan</a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">冕冠</span></span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Raikan" title="Raikan">raikan</a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">礼冠</span></span>), <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sui'ei-kan</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">垂纓冠</span></span>)</span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ken'ei-kan</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">巻纓冠</span></span>)</span>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanmuri_(headwear)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jidai_Matsuri_2009_548.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A typical kanmuri for civilian officials. From the Jidai Matsuri." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jidai_Matsuri_2009_548.jpg/220px-Jidai_Matsuri_2009_548.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jidai_Matsuri_2009_548.jpg/330px-Jidai_Matsuri_2009_548.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jidai_Matsuri_2009_548.jpg/440px-Jidai_Matsuri_2009_548.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption><i>Sui'ei</i>, a typical <i>kanmuri</i> for civilian officials. From the <a href="/wiki/Jidai_Matsuri" title="Jidai Matsuri">Jidai Matsuri</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>kanmuri</i> is divided into three main parts: the part worn on the head, the <i>koji</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">巾子</span></span>), which holds the topknot, and the <i>ei</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">纓</span></span>), a thin, long piece of cloth that hangs down the back. </p><p>As accessories, there is a string called <i>ageo</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">上緒</span></span>) that hangs at the base of the <i>koji</i>, and a hairpin that pierces the topknot and holds it in place. </p><p>The <i>kanmuri</i> of a military officer is adorned with a fan-shaped decoration made of horsehair called <i>oikake</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">緌</span></span>), which is attached to the sides of the <i>kanmuri</i>. </p><p>Depending on the ceremony, the <i>kanmuri</i> may also be adorned with a <i>kazashi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">挿頭</span></span>), a flower arrangement made of fresh or artificial flowers. </p><p>Also, since the hairpin does not function in modern times because the topknot is not tied, a white paper string called <i>kakeo</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">懸緒</span></span>) is attached to keep the <i>kanmuri</i> from falling off the head, and is usually tied under the chin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanmuri_(headwear)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daidairon_Jinbutsu_Zu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of an official of the Nara period wearing a tokin, Shosoin Treasure, 8th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Daidairon_Jinbutsu_Zu.jpg/220px-Daidairon_Jinbutsu_Zu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Daidairon_Jinbutsu_Zu.jpg/330px-Daidairon_Jinbutsu_Zu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Daidairon_Jinbutsu_Zu.jpg/440px-Daidairon_Jinbutsu_Zu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Painting of an official of the Nara period wearing a <i>tokin</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Ds%C5%8Din" title="Shōsōin">Shōsōin</a> Treasure, 8th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Chinese history book <i><a href="/wiki/Sanguozhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanguozhi">Sanguozhi</a></i> (The Records of the Three Kingdoms), "<i><a href="/wiki/Wajinden" title="Wajinden">Wajinden</a></i>" (Treatise on the Wa People) describes that Japanese men wore nothing but a <a href="/wiki/Paper_mulberry" title="Paper mulberry">paper mulberry</a> cloth around their heads, suggesting that there were still no crowns in Japan during the Yayoi period but something similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">hachimaki</a></i> (Japanese headband).<sup id="cite_ref-Tokinoya1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokinoya1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a>, gilt bronze crowns and crown caps have been excavated from <i><a href="/wiki/Kofun" title="Kofun">kofun</a></i> (tumuli) throughout Japan, including the <a href="/wiki/Eta_Funayama_Kofun" title="Eta Funayama Kofun">Eta Funayama Kofun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fujinoki_Kofun" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujinoki Kofun">Fujinoki Kofun</a>. </p><p>The official association of status with the <i>kanmuri</i> in Japan began with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Level_Cap_and_Rank_System" title="Twelve Level Cap and Rank System">Twelve Level Cap and Rank System</a> in 603. In a <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B781" class="extiw" title="s:zh:隋書/卷81">description of Japan</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i> (636), it is written, "In the Sui Dynasty, that (Japanese) king created the system of crowns for the first time. The crowns were made of brocade or patterned cloth, and were further adorned with gold or silver floral ornaments."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tenjukoku_Sh%C5%ABch%C5%8D_Mandala" title="Tenjukoku Shūchō Mandala">Tenjukoku Shūchō Mandala</a></i> (622), which is said to have been produced under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a>'s wife, shows that the <i>kanmuri</i> at that time was like a silk cap, with colors such as red, blue, black, and purple corresponding to the official rank. </p><p>The direct origin of the <i>kanmuri</i> in Japan is believed to be the <i>tokin</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">頭巾</span></span>), which was worn when wearing court dress (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">朝服</span></span>), as established in the clothing ordinance of the <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D_Code" title="Yōrō Code">Yōrō Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is similar to the <i><a href="/wiki/Futou" title="Futou">futou</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">幞頭</span></span>) used for the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>'s regular dress. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raikan_raifuku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Raikan and raifuku for civilian officials" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Raikan_raifuku.jpg/220px-Raikan_raifuku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Raikan_raifuku.jpg/330px-Raikan_raifuku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Raikan_raifuku.jpg/440px-Raikan_raifuku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption><i>Raikan</i> and <i>raifuku</i> for civilian officials</figcaption></figure> <p>The first formal dress of the nobility was <i>raifuku</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">礼服</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ceremonial dress</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), in which they wore a metal and cloth crown called a <i>raikan</i>, and court dress was the second formal dress. </p><p>The <i>tokin</i> was a cap made of black silk with four strings (long narrow cloths) attached to the front and back of the cap. The front two strings tied at the top of the head were called <i>ageo</i>, and the back two strings tied at the back of the head were called <i>enbi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">燕尾</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">swallow's tail</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>raikan</i> and <i>raifuku</i> were expensive and were initially worn only for <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chōga</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">朝賀</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">New Year's greetings</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> and enthronement ceremonies; later they were worn only for enthronement ceremonies. Hence, <i>tokin</i> and court dress became the de facto first formal attire. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (794-1185), the influence of Chinese culture was shed and a uniquely Japanese culture called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kokufū bunka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">国風文化</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Japanese-style culture</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> flourished. Under this influence, <i>tokion</i> was replaced by <i>kanmuri</i> and court dress by <i><a href="/wiki/Sokutai" title="Sokutai">sokutai</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sh%C5%8Dtoku_Taishi_Eden_Sokutai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An aristocratic man wearing early kanmuri and sokutai. From Illustrated Biography of Prince Shōtoku (1069)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sh%C5%8Dtoku_Taishi_Eden_Sokutai.jpg/220px-Sh%C5%8Dtoku_Taishi_Eden_Sokutai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sh%C5%8Dtoku_Taishi_Eden_Sokutai.jpg/330px-Sh%C5%8Dtoku_Taishi_Eden_Sokutai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sh%C5%8Dtoku_Taishi_Eden_Sokutai.jpg/440px-Sh%C5%8Dtoku_Taishi_Eden_Sokutai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>An aristocratic man wearing early <i>kanmuri</i> and <i>sokutai</i>. From <i><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E7%B5%B5%E4%BC%9D" class="extiw" title="ja:聖徳太子絵伝">Illustrated Biography of Prince Shōtoku</a></i> (1069).</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <i>Illustrated Biography of Prince Shōtoku</i> (1069) is a painting about <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a> (547-622), the costumes depicted in it are from the Heian period. Since <i>kanmuri</i> and <i>sokutai</i> of the time have not survived, they are important clues to understanding the costumes of the time. </p><p>The <i>enbi</i>, the strings at the back of the <i>kanmuri</i>, became known as <i>ei</i>, and changed from strings to ornaments. The cap part was hardened with black lacquer, but in the early period it was thinly coated with lacquer, so it lost its shape when it rained. Later, thicker coats of lacquer were applied to harden it. </p><p>Thin silk, the material used for <i>kanmuri</i>, is called <i><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85" class="extiw" title="ja:羅">ra</a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">羅</span></span>). <i>ra</i> is a textile using the <a href="/wiki/Leno_weave" title="Leno weave">leno weaving</a> technique, invented in China and produced in Japan by the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Japonica1971_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japonica1971-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>kanmuri</i> for nobles of the fifth rank and above had patterns woven into the <i>ra</i> using a special technique. The <i>ra</i> with this pattern was called <i>monra</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">文羅</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ra with pattern</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). However, during the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a>, which burned down most of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, the technical knowledge of making such <i>monra</i> was lost. Later, the <i>monra</i> was replaced by a technique of embroidering patterns directly on the <i>ra</i>. </p><p>One of the oldest surviving <i>kanmuri</i> is that of <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> (1543-1616), the first shogun of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a>. It is a <i>kanmuri</i> made of ra with no pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atsubitai_Shigemon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kanmuri of sui'ei with pattern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atsubitai_Shigemon.jpg/220px-Atsubitai_Shigemon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atsubitai_Shigemon.jpg/330px-Atsubitai_Shigemon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atsubitai_Shigemon.jpg/440px-Atsubitai_Shigemon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption><i>Kanmuri</i> of <i>sui'ei</i> with pattern</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1687, the <i>kanmuri</i> with embroidered patterns was revived from the <a href="/wiki/Daijosai" title="Daijosai">Daijosai</a> ceremony that accompanied the enthronement of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Higashiyama" title="Emperor Higashiyama">Emperor Higashiyama</a>. A total of 31 or 33 patterns were embroidered on the <i>kanmuri</i> of nobles of the fifth rank and above. This was called a <i>kanmuri</i> of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shigemon</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">繁文</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">many patterns</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>. A <i>kanmuri</i> with fewer patterns was called a <i>kanmuri</i> of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tōmon</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">遠文</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">patterns with many gaps</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> and was worn by the lower ranks of nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-Yatsuka1962_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yatsuka1962-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603-1867), a new <i>kanmuri</i> called <i>Go-Ryūei</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">御立纓</span></span>) was introduced exclusively for the emperor, in which the <i>ei</i> stands upright. In the beginning, it was not perfectly upright, but stood gently bent. However, after the <i>kanmuri</i> of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>, it began to stand upright.<sup id="cite_ref-Hachijo2021_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hachijo2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, the use of <i>kanmuri</i> declined dramatically as the formal dress of the Japanese nobility became Western-style. Currently, members of the imperial family use <i>kanmuri</i> for enthronement, marriage, and ritual ceremonies. Shinto priests also still use <i>kanmuri</i> today. </p><p>In the enthronement ceremony of Emperor Meiji, the <i>benkan</i>, which had been used until then, was rejected as being too Chinese in style, and <i>Go-Ryū'ei</i> was used instead. The <i>Go-Ryū'ei</i> was also used in the subsequent enthronement ceremonies of Emperors <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Showa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Showa">Showa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Kanmuri">Types of Kanmuri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanmuri_(headwear)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of Kanmuri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Benkan" title="Benkan">Benkan</a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">冕冠</span></span>): Metal and cloth crown exclusively for the Emperor.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raikan" title="Raikan">Raikan</a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">礼冠</span></span>): Metal and cloth crown for nobility of 5th rank and above.</li> <li><i>Go-Ryūei</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">御立纓</span></span>): <i>Kanmuri</i> exclusively for the emperor.</li> <li><i>O-Kin Koji</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">御金巾子</span></span>): A <i>kanmuri</i> with the <i>ei</i> fastened with gold leaf paper. For the emperor's daily use.</li> <li><i>O-Saku</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">御幘</span></span>): A <i>kanmuri</i> used by the emperor during <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> rituals.</li> <li><i>Sui'ei</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">垂纓</span></span>): A <i>kanmuri</i> with the <i>ei</i> hanging down in the back.</li> <li><i>Ken'ei</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">巻纓</span></span>): A <i>kanmuri</i> for a military officer with the <i>ei</i> wrapped around it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanmuri_(headwear)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benkan_K%C5%8Dmei_Tenn%C5%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benkan of Emperor Kōmei (reigned 1847-1867)"><img alt="Benkan of Emperor Kōmei (reigned 1847-1867)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Benkan_K%C5%8Dmei_Tenn%C5%8D.jpg/83px-Benkan_K%C5%8Dmei_Tenn%C5%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Benkan_K%C5%8Dmei_Tenn%C5%8D.jpg/124px-Benkan_K%C5%8Dmei_Tenn%C5%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Benkan_K%C5%8Dmei_Tenn%C5%8D.jpg/166px-Benkan_K%C5%8Dmei_Tenn%C5%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="2532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Benkan of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei</a> (reigned 1847-1867)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C5%8Dkaku_Tenn%C5%8D_Crown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun-shaped celestial crown of Emperor Kōkaku (reigned 1779 -1817)"><img alt="Sun-shaped celestial crown of Emperor Kōkaku (reigned 1779 -1817)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/K%C5%8Dkaku_Tenn%C5%8D_Crown.jpg/74px-K%C5%8Dkaku_Tenn%C5%8D_Crown.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/K%C5%8Dkaku_Tenn%C5%8D_Crown.jpg/111px-K%C5%8Dkaku_Tenn%C5%8D_Crown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/K%C5%8Dkaku_Tenn%C5%8D_Crown.jpg/148px-K%C5%8Dkaku_Tenn%C5%8D_Crown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sun-shaped celestial crown of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dkaku" title="Emperor Kōkaku">Emperor Kōkaku</a> (reigned 1779 -1817)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raikan3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raikan, 18th century"><img alt="Raikan, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Raikan3.jpg/90px-Raikan3.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Raikan3.jpg/135px-Raikan3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Raikan3.jpg/180px-Raikan3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2251" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Raikan, 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meiji_tenno3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emperor Meiji wearing Go-Ryū'ei"><img alt="Emperor Meiji wearing Go-Ryū'ei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Meiji_tenno3.jpg/82px-Meiji_tenno3.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Meiji_tenno3.jpg/122px-Meiji_tenno3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Meiji_tenno3.jpg/163px-Meiji_tenno3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> wearing <i>Go-Ryū'ei</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BE%A1%E5%B9%98%E3%81%AE%E5%86%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="O-saku"><img alt="O-saku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%E5%BE%A1%E5%B9%98%E3%81%AE%E5%86%A0.jpg/89px-%E5%BE%A1%E5%B9%98%E3%81%AE%E5%86%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%E5%BE%A1%E5%B9%98%E3%81%AE%E5%86%A0.jpg/134px-%E5%BE%A1%E5%B9%98%E3%81%AE%E5%86%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%E5%BE%A1%E5%B9%98%E3%81%AE%E5%86%A0.jpg/179px-%E5%BE%A1%E5%B9%98%E3%81%AE%E5%86%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="1856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>O-saku</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jidai_Matsuri_2009_206.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="kanmuri for military officers"><img alt="kanmuri for military officers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jidai_Matsuri_2009_206.jpg/120px-Jidai_Matsuri_2009_206.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jidai_Matsuri_2009_206.jpg/180px-Jidai_Matsuri_2009_206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jidai_Matsuri_2009_206.jpg/240px-Jidai_Matsuri_2009_206.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>kanmuri</i> for military officers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genji_emaki_01003_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A nobleman wearing sui'ei kanmuri as depicted in the Genji Monogatari Emaki"><img alt="A nobleman wearing sui'ei kanmuri as depicted in the Genji Monogatari Emaki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Genji_emaki_01003_009.jpg/120px-Genji_emaki_01003_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Genji_emaki_01003_009.jpg/180px-Genji_emaki_01003_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Genji_emaki_01003_009.jpg/240px-Genji_emaki_01003_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A nobleman wearing <i>sui'ei</i> <i>kanmuri</i> as depicted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Genji_Monogatari_Emaki" title="Genji Monogatari Emaki">Genji Monogatari Emaki</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirano-jinja_Kyoto08-R_(kanmuri).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A kanmuri with a kazashi (floral ornament)"><img alt="A kanmuri with a kazashi (floral ornament)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hirano-jinja_Kyoto08-R_%28kanmuri%29.jpg/109px-Hirano-jinja_Kyoto08-R_%28kanmuri%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hirano-jinja_Kyoto08-R_%28kanmuri%29.jpg/164px-Hirano-jinja_Kyoto08-R_%28kanmuri%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hirano-jinja_Kyoto08-R_%28kanmuri%29.jpg/219px-Hirano-jinja_Kyoto08-R_%28kanmuri%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="869" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i>kanmuri</i> with a <i>kazashi</i> (floral ornament)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokugawa_Yoshinobu_as_Shogun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The last shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu"><img alt="The last shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu_as_Shogun.jpg/85px-Tokugawa_Yoshinobu_as_Shogun.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu_as_Shogun.jpg/127px-Tokugawa_Yoshinobu_as_Shogun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu_as_Shogun.jpg/170px-Tokugawa_Yoshinobu_as_Shogun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="2081" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The last <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanmuri_(headwear)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benkan" title="Benkan">Benkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikan" title="Raikan">Raikan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanmuri_(headwear)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style></p><div class="reflist"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original text is "至隋，其王始制冠，以錦綵為之，以金銀鏤花為飾。".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></p><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dress-clothing/Japan">"Dress - Japan"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Dress+-+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fdress-clothing%2FJapan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanmuri+%28headwear%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanmuri-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kanmuri_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Aaron (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/comparisons/07q1/2007_honda_accord_vs._nissan_altima_kia_optima_saturn_aura_toyota_camry_chrysler_sebring-comparison_tests">"2007 Honda Accord vs. Nissan Altima, Kia Optima, Saturn Aura, Toyota Camry, Chrysler Sebring"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Car_and_Driver" title="Car and Driver">Car and Driver</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Car+and+Driver&rft.atitle=2007+Honda+Accord+vs.+Nissan+Altima%2C+Kia+Optima%2C+Saturn+Aura%2C+Toyota+Camry%2C+Chrysler+Sebring&rft.date=2007-02&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caranddriver.com%2Freviews%2Fcomparisons%2F07q1%2F2007_honda_accord_vs._nissan_altima_kia_optima_saturn_aura_toyota_camry_chrysler_sebring-comparison_tests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanmuri+%28headwear%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tokinoya1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tokinoya1996_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokinoya1996" class="citation journal cs1">Tokinoya, Shigeru (January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/4413890/1/17">"魏志倭人伝の史料批判"</a> [Historical Criticism of Wajinden]. <i>Transactions of the Kojiki Academy</i> (38). Kojiki Academy: 1–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11501%2F4413890">10.11501/4413890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Kojiki+Academy&rft.atitle=%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%80%AD%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%9D%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=1996-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11501%2F4413890&rft.aulast=Tokinoya&rft.aufirst=Shigeru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F4413890%2F1%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanmuri+%28headwear%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:zh:隋書"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8"><i>隋書</i> </a></span> (in Chinese) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanmuri+%28headwear%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF黒板勝美1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">黒板; 勝美 (1939). Kuroita, Katsumi (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/3431635/1/224"><bdi lang="ja">国史大系</bdi></a> [<i>Compendium of Japanese National History</i>] (in Japanese). Vol. 22 (New Revised and Enlarged ed.). Kokushi Taisei Shuppan-kai. pp. 213–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11501%2F3431635">10.11501/3431635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E7%B3%BB&rft.pages=213-219&rft.edition=New+Revised+and+Enlarged&rft.pub=Kokushi+Taisei+Shuppan-kai&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11501%2F3431635&rft.au=%E9%BB%92%E6%9D%BF&rft.au=%E5%8B%9D%E7%BE%8E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F3431635%2F1%2F224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanmuri+%28headwear%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzutsu1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Izutsu, Gafu (July 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/12169204/1/43"><bdi lang="ja">原色日本服飾史</bdi></a> [<i>A History of Japanese Clothing in Original Color</i>] (in Japanese). Korinsha Publishing. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11501%2F12169204">10.11501/12169204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8E%9F%E8%89%B2%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%BE%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Korinsha+Publishing&rft.date=1982-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11501%2F12169204&rft.aulast=Izutsu&rft.aufirst=Gafu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F12169204%2F1%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanmuri+%28headwear%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japonica1971-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Japonica1971_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2526000/1/124"><bdi lang="ja">大日本百科事典</bdi></a> [<i>Encyclopedia Japonica</i>] (in Japanese). Vol. 18. Shogakukan. 1971. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11501%2F2526000">10.11501/2526000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Shogakukan&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11501%2F2526000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F2526000%2F1%2F124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanmuri+%28headwear%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasunaga" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Yasunaga, Takuyo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hakubutu.wakayama.jp/information/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%80%8C%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8D%E3%81%AE%E7%AE%B1%E3%81%A8%E5%8C%85%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AB%E5%AE%88%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%B7%E3%81%AE%E5%86%A0%EF%BC%88%E3%81%8B/"><bdi lang="ja">コラム「二重の箱と包みに守られた家康の冠（かんむり）」</bdi></a> [Ieyasu's Crown Protected by Double Box and Wrapping]. <i>Wakayama Prefectural Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wakayama+Prefectural+Museum&rft.atitle=%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%80%8C%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8D%E3%81%AE%E7%AE%B1%E3%81%A8%E5%8C%85%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AB%E5%AE%88%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%B7%E3%81%AE%E5%86%A0%EF%BC%88%E3%81%8B%E3%82%93%E3%82%80%E3%82%8A%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8D&rft.aulast=Yasunaga&rft.aufirst=Takuyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhakubutu.wakayama.jp%2Finformation%2F%25E3%2582%25B3%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2583%25A0%25E3%2580%258C%25E4%25BA%258C%25E9%2587%258D%25E3%2581%25AE%25E7%25AE%25B1%25E3%2581%25A8%25E5%258C%2585%25E3%2581%25BF%25E3%2581%25AB%25E5%25AE%2588%25E3%2582%2589%25E3%2582%258C%25E3%2581%259F%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E5%25BA%25B7%25E3%2581%25AE%25E5%2586%25A0%25EF%25BC%2588%25E3%2581%258B%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanmuri+%28headwear%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yatsuka1962-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yatsuka1962_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsuka1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yatsuka, Kiyotsura (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2939851"><bdi lang="ja">装束の知識と著法</bdi></a> [<i>Knowledge of Costumes and How to Wear Them</i>] (in Japanese). Bunshinsha. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11501%2F2939851">10.11501/2939851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%A3%85%E6%9D%9F%E3%81%AE%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E3%81%A8%E8%91%97%E6%B3%95&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Bunshinsha&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11501%2F2939851&rft.aulast=Yatsuka&rft.aufirst=Kiyotsura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F2939851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanmuri+%28headwear%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hachijo2021-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hachijo2021_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHachijo2021" class="citation book cs1">Hachijo, Tadatomo (2021-03-09). <i>日本の装束解剖図鑑</i> [<i>Anatomy Illustrated Book of Japanese Costumes</i>]. X-Knowledge. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7678-2861-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7678-2861-9"><bdi>978-4-7678-2861-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E8%A3%85%E6%9D%9F%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=X-Knowledge&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft.isbn=978-4-7678-2861-9&rft.aulast=Hachijo&rft.aufirst=Tadatomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanmuri+%28headwear%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanmuri_(headwear)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kariginu.jp/">Kiyou Court Dress Research Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.takata-courtrobe.co.jp/">The Takata Institute of Japanese Imperial Classical Costume</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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traditionally worn in Japan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chihaya_(clothing)" title="Chihaya (clothing)">Chihaya</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fundoshi" title="Fundoshi">Fundoshi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Furisode" title="Furisode">Furisode</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hanten" title="Hanten">Hanten</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hakama" title="Hakama">Hakama</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haori" title="Haori">Haori</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Happi" title="Happi">Happi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jinbei" title="Jinbei">Jinbei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8De" title="Jōe">Jōe</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABnihitoe" title="Jūnihitoe">Jūnihitoe</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Keikogi" title="Keikogi">Keikogi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kosode" title="Kosode">Kosode</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">Kimono</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kyahan" title="Kyahan">Kyahan</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mawashi" title="Mawashi">Mawashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mino_(straw_cape)" title="Mino (straw cape)">Mino</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nemaki" title="Nemaki">Nemaki</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Samue" title="Samue">Samue</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shitagi" title="Shitagi">Shitagi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sokutai" title="Sokutai">Sokutai</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Uwagi" title="Uwagi">Uwagi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yukata" title="Yukata">Yukata</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch5_wakamurasaki2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ch5_wakamurasaki2.jpg/80px-Ch5_wakamurasaki2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ch5_wakamurasaki2.jpg/120px-Ch5_wakamurasaki2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ch5_wakamurasaki2.jpg/160px-Ch5_wakamurasaki2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Headgear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Benkan" title="Benkan">Benkan</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">Hachimaki</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kanmuri</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kanzashi" title="Kanzashi">Kanzashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasa_(hat)" title="Kasa (hat)">Kasa</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Raikan" title="Raikan">Raikan</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shaguma" title="Shaguma">Shaguma</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tenugui" title="Tenugui">Tenugui</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)" title="Tokin (headwear)">Tokin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsunokakushi" title="Tsunokakushi">Tsunokakushi</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belt / sash</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Obi_(sash)" title="Obi (sash)">Obi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Uwa-obi" title="Uwa-obi">Uwa-obi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tasuki_(sash)" title="Tasuki (sash)">Tasuki</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Footwear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Geta_(footwear)" title="Geta (footwear)">Geta</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jika-tabi" title="Jika-tabi">Jika-tabi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Okobo" title="Okobo">Okobo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tabi" title="Tabi">Tabi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Uwabaki" title="Uwabaki">Uwabaki</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waraji" title="Waraji">Waraji</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zōri">Zōri</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crowns" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crowns" title="Template:Crowns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crowns" title="Template talk:Crowns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crowns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crowns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crowns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crowns</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Skanderbeg#The_helmet" title="Arms of Skanderbeg">Helmet of Skanderbeg</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archducal_hat" title="Archducal hat">Archducal hat of Austria</a> (Klosterneuburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">Imperial Crown of Austria</a> (Vienna)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brilliant_Crown_of_Empress_Elisabeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brilliant Crown of Empress Elisabeth (page does not exist)">Brilliant Crown of Empress Elisabeth</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillantkrone_der_Kaiserin_Elisabeth_von_%C3%96sterreich" class="extiw" title="de:Brillantkrone der Kaiserin Elisabeth von Österreich">de</a>) (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archducal_hat_of_Tyrol" title="Archducal hat of Tyrol">Archducal hat of Tyrol</a> (Mariastein)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_hat_of_Styria" title="Ducal hat of Styria">Ducal hat of Styria</a> (Graz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archducal_hat_of_Joseph_II" title="Archducal hat of Joseph II">Archducal hat of Joseph II</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Saint_Wenceslas" title="Crown of Saint Wenceslas">Crown of Saint Wenceslas</a> (Prague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aroda_Treasure" title="Środa Treasure">Crown of the Środa Treasure</a> (Środa Śląska)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Pedro_I" title="Crown of Pedro I">Crown of Pedro I</a> (Petrópolis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Crown of Brazil">Imperial Crown of Brazil</a> (Petrópolis)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronet_of_the_Imperial_Prince_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coronet of the Imperial Prince of Brazil (page does not exist)">Coronet of the Imperial Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronet_of_Laurels_of_Princess_Isabel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coronet of Laurels of Princess Isabel (page does not exist)">Coronet of Laurels of Princess Isabel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Princess_Blanche" title="Crown of Princess Blanche">Crown of Princess Blanche</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York#Crown_of_Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Crown of Margaret of York</a> (Aachen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Scotland" title="Crown of Scotland">Crown of Scotland</a> (Edinburgh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown" title="St Edward's Crown">St Edward's Crown</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Crown_of_Mary_of_Modena" title="State Crown of Mary of Modena">State Crown of Mary of Modena</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Crown" title="Tudor Crown">Tudor Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Crown_of_George_I" title="State Crown of George I">State Crown of George I</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_of_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales">Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Crown_of_George_IV" title="Coronation Crown of George IV">Coronation Crown of George IV</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Diadem" title="Diamond Diadem">Diamond Diadem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Adelaide" title="Crown of Queen Adelaide">Crown of Queen Adelaide</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown" title="Imperial State Crown">Imperial State Crown</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Diamond_Crown_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria">Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Alexandra" title="Crown of Queen Alexandra">Crown of Queen Alexandra</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_of_George,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronet of George, Prince of Wales">Coronet of George, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Mary" title="Crown of Queen Mary">Crown of Queen Mary</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_India" title="Imperial Crown of India">Imperial Crown of India</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales">Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Crown_of_Bulgaria" title="Diamond Crown of Bulgaria">Diamond Crown of Bulgaria</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futou" title="Futou">Futou</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yishanguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yishanguan (page does not exist)">Yishanguan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongtianguanfu" title="Tongtianguanfu">Tongtianguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianguan" title="Mianguan">Mianguan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colombia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Andes" title="Crown of the Andes">Crown of the Andes</a> (New York City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Crown of Simón Bolívar">Crown of Simón Bolívar</a> (Bogotá)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Crown of José María Córdova">Crown of José María Córdova</a> (Rionegro)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Zvonimir" title="Crown of Zvonimir">Crown of Zvonimir</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Christian_IV" title="Crown of Christian IV">Crown of Christian IV</a> (Copenhagen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Christian_V" title="Crown of Christian V">Crown of Christian V</a> (Copenhagen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Crown_Regalia#The_queen's_crown" title="Danish Crown Regalia">Crown of the Queen</a> (Copenhagen)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Charlemagne" title="Crown of Charlemagne">Crown of Charlemagne</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Saint_Louis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Saint Louis (page does not exist)">Crown of Saint Louis</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Henry_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Henry IV (page does not exist)">Crown of Henry IV</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Louis_XV_of_France" title="Crown of Louis XV of France">Crown of Louis XV</a> (Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Napoleon" title="Crown of Napoleon">Crown of Napoleon I</a> (Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Napoleon_III" title="Crown of Napoleon III">Crown of Napoleon III</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Empress_Eug%C3%A9nie" title="Crown of Empress Eugénie">Crown of Empress Eugénie</a> (Paris)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_State_Crown" title="German State Crown">German State Crown</a> (heraldic)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Baden" title="Crown of Baden">Grand Ducal Crown of Baden</a> (Karlsruhe)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Bavaria" title="Crown of Bavaria">Royal Crown of Bavaria</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_the_Queen_of_Bavaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of the Queen of Bavaria (page does not exist)">Crown of the Queen of Bavaria</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krone_der_bayerischen_K%C3%B6nigin" class="extiw" title="de:Krone der bayerischen Königin">de</a>) (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Queen_Therese_of_Bavaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Queen Therese of Bavaria (page does not exist)">Crown of Queen Therese of Bavaria</a> (Munich)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Hat_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Hat of Brandenburg (page does not exist)">Electoral Hat of Brandenburg</a> (Berlin)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducal_Crown_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ducal Crown of Brunswick-Lüneburg (page does not exist)">Ducal Crown of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Crown_of_Hanover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Crown of Hanover (page does not exist)">Royal Crown of Hanover</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crown" title="Wendish Crown">Wendish Crown</a> (heraldic)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Crown of Frederick I of Prussia">Crown of Frederick I</a> (Berlin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Sophia_Charlotte_of_Hanover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (page does not exist)">Crown of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover</a> (Berlin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Wilhelm_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Wilhelm I (page does not exist)">Crown of Wilhelm I</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Queen_Augusta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Queen Augusta (page does not exist)">Crown of Queen Augusta</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Wilhelm_II" title="Crown of Wilhelm II">Crown of Wilhelm II</a> (Hohenzollern Castle)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Hat_of_Saxony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Hat of Saxony (page does not exist)">Electoral Hat of Saxony</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Crown of Augustus II the Strong">Crown of Augustus II the Strong</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong (page does not exist)">Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong</a> (Dresden)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Crown Jewels of Württemberg">Royal Crown of Württemberg</a> (Stuttgart)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_crown_jewels" title="Greek crown jewels">Crown of Greece</a> (Athens)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Faustin_I" title="Crown of Faustin I">Crown of Faustin I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Hawaii" title="Crown of Hawaii">Crown of King Kalākaua</a> (Honolulu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Queen_Kapi%CA%BBolani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Queen Kapiʻolani (page does not exist)">Crown of Queen Kapiʻolani</a> (Honolulu)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire</a> (Vienna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown" title="Iron Crown">Iron Crown</a> (Monza)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">Crown of Rudolf II</a> (Vienna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crowns_of_Charles_VII" title="Imperial Crowns of Charles VII">Imperial Crowns of Charles VII</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen_Crown" title="Essen Crown">Essen Crown</a> (Essen)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reliquary_Crown_of_John_the_Baptist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reliquary Crown of John the Baptist (page does not exist)">Reliquary Crown of John the Baptist</a> (Aachen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Charlemagne" title="Bust of Charlemagne">Reliquary Crown of Charlemagne</a> (Aachen)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Empress_Cunigunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Empress Cunigunde (page does not exist)">Crown of Empress Cunigunde</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krone_der_Kaiserin_Kunigunde" class="extiw" title="de:Krone der Kaiserin Kunigunde">de</a>) (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lily_Crown_of_Empress_Cunigunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lily Crown of Empress Cunigunde (page does not exist)">Lily Crown of Empress Cunigunde</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliquary_Crown_of_Henry_II" title="Reliquary Crown of Henry II">Reliquary Crown of Henry II</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salian_Funeral_Crowns_of_Spires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salian Funeral Crowns of Spires (page does not exist)">Salian Funeral Crowns of Spires</a> (Speyer)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reliquary_Crown_of_Otto_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reliquary Crown of Otto II (page does not exist)">Reliquary Crown of Otto II</a> (Halle (Saale))</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Papal tiaras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Papier-mâché Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Tiara" title="Napoleon Tiara">Napoleon Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Pius IX (1846)</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Spanish Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Pius IX</a> (Notre Dame, Indiana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Palatine Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope John XXIII</a> (Bergamo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Paul VI</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a> (Budapest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Stephen_Bocskai" title="Crown of Stephen Bocskai">Crown of Stephen Bocskai</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_crowns" title="Sasanian crowns">Sasanian crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress%27s_Crown" title="Empress's Crown">Empress's Crown</a> (Tehran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiani_Crown" title="Kiani Crown">Kiani Crown</a> (Tehran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Crown" title="Pahlavi Crown">Pahlavi Crown</a> (Tehran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown" title="Iron Crown">Iron Crown</a> (Monza)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Crown_of_Savoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Crown of Savoy (page does not exist)">Royal Crown of Savoy</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_d%27Italia#XXI_secolo" class="extiw" title="it:Corona d'Italia">it</a>) (Turin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Theodelinda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Theodelinda (page does not exist)">Crown of Theodelinda</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_di_Teodolinda" class="extiw" title="it:Corona di Teodolinda">it</a>) (Monza)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Crown_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Ducal Crown of Tuscany">Grand Ducal Crown of Tuscany</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Aragon,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress">Crown of Constance of Sicily</a> (Palermo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benkan" title="Benkan">Benkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benkan_of_Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Benkan of Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei Variant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kanmuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikan" title="Raikan">Raikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Empress_Go-Sakuramachi" title="Imperial Crown of Empress Go-Sakuramachi">Imperial Crown of Empress Go-Sakuramachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Baekje" title="Crown of Baekje">Crown of Baekje</a> (Gongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Gaya" title="Crown of Gaya">Crown of Gaya</a> (Yongin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Crowns of Silla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Geumgwanchong</a> (Gyeongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Cheonmachong</a> (Gyeongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Hwangnamdaechong</a> (Seoul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Geumnyeongchong Tumulus</a> (Seoul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Seobongchong Tumulus</a> (Gyeongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Silver Crown</a> (Gyeongju)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_hat_of_Liechtenstein" title="Ducal hat of Liechtenstein">Ducal hat of Liechtenstein</a> (missing; replica: Vaduz)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lithuania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap" title="Gediminas' Cap">Gediminas' Cap</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madagascar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Madagascar (page does not exist)">Crown of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ranavalona_III" title="Crown of Ranavalona III">Crown of Ranavalona III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico#First_Mexican_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Imperial Crown of Mexico (First Mexican Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico#Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Imperial Crown of Mexico (Second Mexican Empire)</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Funerary crown of Maximilian I</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Netherlands" title="Crown of the Netherlands">Crown of the Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Crown_Prince%27s_Coronet" title="Norwegian Crown Prince's Coronet">Norwegian Crown Prince's Coronet</a> (Trondheim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Norway" title="Crown of Norway">Crown of Norway</a> (Trondheim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Norway%27s_Crown" title="Queen of Norway's Crown">Crown of the Queen of Norway</a> (Trondheim)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Crown of Bolesław I the Brave">Crown of Bolesław I the Brave</a> (destroyed; replica: Stará Ľubovňa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Crown" title="Swedish Crown">Swedish Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Crown" title="Muscovy Crown">Muscovy Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Crown" title="Hungarian Crown">Hungarian Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homagial_Crown" title="Homagial Crown">Homagial Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_Crown" title="Funeral Crown">Funeral Crown</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Crown" title="Queen's Crown">Queen's Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Crown of Augustus II the Strong">Crown of Augustus II</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong (page does not exist)">Funeral Crown of Augustus II</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Crown of Augustus III of Poland">Crown of Augustus III</a> (Warsaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Maria_Josepha" title="Crown of Queen Maria Josepha">Crown of Maria Josepha</a> (Warsaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock_Diadem" title="Płock Diadem">Płock Diadem</a> (Płock)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Jo%C3%A3o_VI" title="Crown of João VI">Crown of João VI</a> (Lisbon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadem_of_the_Stars" title="Diadem of the Stars">Diadem of the Stars</a> (Lisbon)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Romania" title="Regalia of Romania">Crown of Elisabeta</a> (Bucharest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Romania" title="Regalia of Romania">Crown of Maria</a> (Bucharest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Crown_of_Romania" title="Steel Crown of Romania">Steel Crown of Romania</a> (Bucharest)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monomakh%27s_Cap" title="Monomakh's Cap">"Cap of Monomakh"</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Kazan_Tzardom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Kazan Tzardom (page does not exist)">Crown of Kazan Tzardom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Tsar_Michael_Fyodorovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Tsar Michael Fyodorovich (page does not exist)">Crown of Tsar Michael Fyodorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cap_of_Monomakh_of_the_second_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cap of Monomakh of the second set (page does not exist)">Cap of Monomakh of the second set</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Crown_of_Tsar_Peter_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamond Crown of Tsar Peter I (page does not exist)">Diamond Crown of Tsar Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Crown_of_Tsar_Ivan_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamond Crown of Tsar Ivan V (page does not exist)">Diamond Crown of Tsar Ivan V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altabas_crown_of_the_third_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altabas crown of the third set (page does not exist)">Altabas crown of the third set</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Empress_Catherine_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Empress Catherine I (page does not exist)">Crown of Empress Catherine I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Empress_Anna_Ivanovna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Empress Anna Ivanovna (page does not exist)">Crown of Empress Anna Ivanovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_crown_of_Russia" title="Imperial crown of Russia">Great Imperial Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_Crown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maltese Crown (page does not exist)">Maltese Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_Imperial_Crown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small Imperial Crown (page does not exist)">Small Imperial Crown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia#Karađorđević_Crown" title="Regalia of Serbia">Karađorđević Crown</a> (Belgrade)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia#Nemanjić_Crowns" title="Regalia of Serbia">Nemanjić Crowns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia#Nemanjić_Crowns" title="Regalia of Serbia">Crown of Stefan Uroš III</a> (Cetinje)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Stephen_Bocskai" title="Crown of Stephen Bocskai">Crown of Stephen Bocskai</a> (Vienna)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Spain" title="Regalia of Spain">Royal Crown of Spain</a> (heraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Spain" title="Regalia of Spain">Royal Crown of Spain (Tumular Crown)</a> (Madrid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Sancho_IV" title="Crown of Sancho IV">Crown of Sancho IV</a> (Toledo)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Isabella_I_of_Castile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Isabella I of Castile (page does not exist)">Crown of Isabella I of Castile</a> (Granada)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_the_Crowned_Virgin_of_the_Kings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of the Crowned Virgin of the Kings (page does not exist)">Crown of the Crowned Virgin of the Kings</a> (Seville)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Tabernacle_of_Toledo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of the Virgin of the Tabernacle of Toledo (page does not exist)">Crown of the Virgin of the Tabernacle of Toledo</a> (Toledo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Eric_XIV" title="Crown of Eric XIV">Crown of Eric XIV</a> (Stockholm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown,_scepter_and_orb_of_the_queen_consort" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of the Queen</a> (Stockholm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown_of_Queen_Christina" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of Queen Christina</a> (Stockholm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown_Prince_coronet" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of the Heir Apparent</a> (Stockholm)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Tahiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Tahiti (page does not exist)">Crown of Tahiti</a> (Punaauia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Tonga" title="Crown of Tonga">Crown of Tonga</a> (Nukuʻalofa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Rus" title="Crown of Rus">Crown of Rus</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Africa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Egypt" title="Crowns of Egypt">Crowns of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_Crown_of_Emperor_Tewodros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver Crown of Emperor Tewodros (page does not exist)">Silver Crown of Emperor Tewodros</a> (Ethiopia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Asia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Crown" title="Raven Crown">Raven Crown</a> (Bhutan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shripech" title="Shripech">Shripech</a> (Nepal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (page does not exist)">Crown of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Crown_of_Victory" title="Great Crown of Victory">Great Crown of Victory</a> (Thailand)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_jewels" title="Crown jewels">Crown jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">Heir presumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">Regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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