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id="toc-Cockney_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cockney_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Cockney English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cockney_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austronesian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austronesian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Austronesian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austronesian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesian_and_Malay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_and_Malay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Indonesian and Malay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_and_Malay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulawesi_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulawesi_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Sulawesi languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulawesi_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polynesian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polynesian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Polynesian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynesian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glottal_fricative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glottal_fricative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Glottal fricative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Glottal_fricative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Glottal fricative subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Glottal_fricative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indo-European_languages_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European_languages_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Indo-European languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-European_languages_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Slavic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scots_and_Scottish_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scots_and_Scottish_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>Scots and Scottish English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scots_and_Scottish_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scouse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.2</span> <span>Scouse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Proto-Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Sanskrit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Bengali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Iberian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Iberian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>West Iberian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Iberian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6.1</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6.2</span> <span>Galician</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6.3</span> <span>Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Romanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goidelic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goidelic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>Goidelic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goidelic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faliscan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faliscan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.9</span> <span>Faliscan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faliscan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austronesian_languages_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austronesian_languages_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Austronesian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austronesian_languages_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Malay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batak_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batak_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Batak languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batak_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polynesian_languages_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polynesian_languages_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Polynesian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynesian_languages_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yoruboid_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoruboid_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Yoruboid languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoruboid_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kannada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Kannada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Slavey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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font-size: 120%;"><a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">Sound change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">alternation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_metathesis" title="Quantitative metathesis">Quantitative metathesis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">Consonant gradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">Consonant voicing and devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">Assibilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantization">Spirantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Debuccalization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">Fortition</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">Epenthesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">Prothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragoge" title="Paragoge">Paragoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpacking_(linguistics)" title="Unpacking (linguistics)">Unpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">Vowel breaking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">Apheresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">Syncope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">Apocope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplology" title="Haplology">Haplology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_reduction" title="Cluster reduction">Cluster reduction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transphonologization" title="Transphonologization">Transphonologization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Origin" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tonogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_tone" title="Floating tone">Floating tone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">Assimilation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarticulation" title="Coarticulation">Coarticulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">Final devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphony" title="Metaphony">Metaphony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_harmony" title="Consonant harmony">Consonant harmony</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">Dissimilation</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">linking R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Tone sandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_hiatus" title="Vowel hiatus">Vowel hiatus</a></li></ul> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">Synalepha</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">Crasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">Synaeresis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(prosody)" title="Diaeresis (prosody)">diaeresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synizesis" title="Synizesis">Synizesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">Apophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affrication">Affrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(phonetics)" title="Clipping (phonetics)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronting_(sound_change)" title="Fronting (sound change)">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_(sound_change)" title="Raising (sound change)">Raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">Betacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">Iotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_change#Merger" title="Phonological change">Merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">Rhotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoglottophilia" title="Rhinoglottophilia">Rhinoglottophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shm-reduplication" title="Shm-reduplication">Shm-reduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">Vowel shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">Chain shift</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; padding-top: 1px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sound_change" title="Template:Sound change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sound_change" title="Template talk:Sound change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sound_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sound change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Debuccalization</b> or <b>deoralization</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">alternation</a> in which an oral <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> loses its original <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> and moves it to the <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>]</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pronunciation of a consonant as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> is sometimes called aspiration, but in <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspiration</a> is the burst of air accompanying a <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a>. The word comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bucca</i></span>, meaning "cheek" or "mouth". </p><p>Debuccalization is usually seen as a subtype of <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a>, which is often defined as a sound change involving the weakening of a consonant by progressive shifts in pronunciation. As with other forms of lenition, debuccalization may be <a href="/wiki/Synchrony_and_diachrony" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchrony and diachrony">synchronic or diachronic</a> (i.e. it may involve alternations within a language <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">depending on context</a> or sound changes across time). </p><p>Debuccalization processes occur in many different types of environments such as the following:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>word-initially, as in <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a></li> <li>word-finally, as in <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li>intervocalically, as in a number of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> varieties (e.g. <i>litter</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlɪʔə]</span>), or in <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> (<i>the house</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/la<span class="wrap"> </span>kasa/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[la<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhaːsa]</span>)</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glottal_stop">Glottal stop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Glottal stop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic">Arabic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> is debuccalized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> in several <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic varieties</a>, such as northern <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a>, and urban <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a> dialects, partially also in <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian Arabic</a> (especially by female speakers).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a>, which was originally an Arabic dialect, also shows this feature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-European_languages">Indo-European languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indo-European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_and_American_English">British and American English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British and American English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most English-speakers in England and many speakers of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> debuccalize <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> to a glottal stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> in two environments: in word-final position before another consonant (American English IPA) </p> <ul><li><i>get ready</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɡɛʔˈɹɛɾi]</span></li> <li><i>not much</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈnɑʔˈmʌtʃ]</span></li> <li><i>not good</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈnɑʔˈɡʊd̚]</span></li> <li><i>it says</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪʔˈsɛz]</span></li></ul> <p>Before a <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̩]</span> following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, a vowel, or a diphthong. The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> may then also be <a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">nasally released</a>. (American English IPA) </p> <ul><li><i>Milton</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɪlʔn̩]</span></li> <li><i>Martin</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɑɹʔn̩]</span></li> <li><i>mountain</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmæʊnʔn̩]</span></li> <li><i>cotton</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkʰɑʔn̩]</span></li> <li><i>Latin</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlæʔn̩]</span></li> <li><i>Layton</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈleɪʔn̩]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cockney_English">Cockney English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cockney English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cockney#Typical_features" title="Cockney">Cockney English</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> is often realized as a glottal stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> between vowels, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquids</a>, and nasals (notably in the word <i>bottle</i>), a process called <a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">t-glottalization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German">German</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> ending <i>-en</i> is commonly realized as an assimilated <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic nasal">syllabic nasal</a>. Preceding voiceless stops are then <a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">glottally released</a>: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Latten</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlat͡ʔn̩]</span> ('laths'), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nacken</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈnak͡ʔŋ̍]</span> ('nape of the neck'). When such a stop is additionally preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Homorganic_consonant" title="Homorganic consonant">homorganic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a>, it tends to be debuccalized entirely and create the clusters <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mʔm̩,<span class="wrap"> </span>lʔn̩,<span class="wrap"> </span>nʔn̩,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋʔŋ̍]</span>. For example, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lumpen</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlʊmʔm̩]</span> ('rag'), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Banken</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbaŋʔŋ̍]</span> ('banks'). </p><p>Voiced stops are not usually debuccalized. However, many <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a> dialects merge voiced and unvoiced stops at least word-internally, and the merged consonants may be debuccalized. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>, both <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Anten</i></span> ('ducks') and <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Anden</i></span> ('Andes') are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɑnʔn̩]</span>. Speakers are often unaware of that. </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> often lacks syllabic sonorants under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a>, so that <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-en</i></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ən]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əŋ]</span>, rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̩]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̍]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austronesian_languages">Austronesian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Austronesian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesian_and_Malay">Indonesian and Malay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indonesian and Malay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In both languages, syllable-final <i>-k</i> is either realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sulawesi_languages">Sulawesi languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sulawesi languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Debuccalization is very common in parts of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. Especially in the <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi branch</a>, most languages have turned word-final <i>*t</i> and <i>*k</i> into a glottal stop.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In every <a href="/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalic language</a> except <a href="/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a>, <i>*k</i> was replaced by a glottal stop, and lost altogether in word-initial position: <i>*kayu</i> → <a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontalo</a> <i>ayu</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wood</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <i>*konuku</i> → <i>onu'u</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">fingernail</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. However, if it followed <i>*ŋ</i>, then <i>*k</i> voiced into <i>g</i> in Gorontalo (<i>*koŋkomo</i> → <i>onggomo</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">handful</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debuccalization is also common in the <a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a> branch. In <a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a>, all final voiceless stops were reduced into <i>ʔ</i> (<i>*manuk</i> → <i>manu'</i> "bird"). Also in <a href="/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a>, final <i>*t</i> became <i>ʔ</i> (<i>*takut</i> → <i>taku'</i> "to fear"). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a>, all instances of Proto-Sangiric <i>*k</i> were debuccalized into <i>ʔ</i> except when following <i>*ŋ</i> (<i>*kiki</i> → <i>i'i</i> "to bite", but <i>*beŋkol</i> → <i>bengkola</i> "bent"). Other newer instances of <i>k</i> resulted from <i>*R</i> when geminated or being word-final (<i>ʐ</i> elsewhere), e.g. <i>*bəRu</i> → <i>bakku</i> "new", <i>*bibiR</i> → <i>biwikka</i> "lip", <i>*bəŋaR</i> → <i>bangngaka</i> "molar".<sup id="cite_ref-Sneddon_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sneddon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Proto-Sangiric </th> <th>Bantik </th> <th>Ratahan </th> <th>Sangir </th> <th>Talaud </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>*kayu</i> "wood, tree" </th> <td style="background:#ccc" colspan="2"><i>kayu</i> </td> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>kalu</i> </td> <td><i>alu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>*likud</i> "back" </th> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>likudu’</i> </td> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>likur</i> </td> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>likude’</i> </td> <td><i>li’udda</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>*beŋkol</i> "bent" </th> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>bengkolo’</i> </td> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>vengkol</i> </td> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>bengko’</i> </td> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>bengkola</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>*atup</i> "roof" </th> <td><i>atu’</i> </td> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>atup</i> </td> <td><i>atu’</i> </td> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>atuppa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>*takut</i> "fear" </th> <td colspan="3"><i>taku’</i> </td> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>ta’utta</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>*manuk</i> "bird" </th> <td><i>manu’</i> </td> <td style="background:#ccc"><i>manuk</i> </td> <td><i>manu’</i> </td> <td><i>manu’a</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polynesian_languages">Polynesian languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Polynesian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a> lost the original glottal stop *ʔ of their ancestor <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Polynesian">Proto-Polynesian</a>, but then debuccalized other consonants into a glottal stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>. This applied to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language#Sound_correspondences" title="Proto-Polynesian language">different consonants depending on the language</a>, for example:<sup id="cite_ref-FP_atlas_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP_atlas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> < <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Polynesian language"><abbr title="Proto-Polynesian language">PPn</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Proto-Polynesian language</span> *k</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> < PPn *k, *ŋ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> < PPn *l, *r</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangarevan</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> < PPn *f, *s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Rurutu</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> < PPn *k, *ŋ, *f, *s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> < PPn *k, *l, *r.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glottal_fricative">Glottal fricative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Glottal fricative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-European_languages_2">Indo-European languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indo-European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavic">Slavic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Slavic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Older <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> was spirantized and later debuccalized in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>, e.g. Serbian <i>bog</i>, Russian <i>box</i>, Czech <i>bůh</i>, Ukrainian <i>bih</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English">English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Scots_and_Scottish_English">Scots and Scottish English</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scots and Scottish English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some varieties of <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, particularly on the West Coast, a non word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> <i>th</i> shifted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>, a process called <a href="/wiki/Th-debuccalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Th-debuccalization">th-debuccalization</a>. For example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θɪn/</span> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɪn]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Scouse">Scouse</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scouse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pre-pausally, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> may be debuccalized to [h], eg. <i>it</i>, <i>lot</i>, <i>that</i>, <i>what</i> pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪh,<span class="wrap"> </span>lɒh,<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪ah,<span class="wrap"> </span>wɒh]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proto-Greek">Proto-Greek</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Proto-Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> shifted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> initially and between <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a>). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i lang="ine-x-proto"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sept%E1%B8%BF%CC%A5#Proto-Indo-European" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/septḿ̥">*septḿ̥</a></i> → Proto-Greek <span title="Proto-Greek-language text">*<i lang="grk">heptə́</i></span> → <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">heptá</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%91%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AC#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἑπτά">ἑπτά</a></span>) "seven" (vs. <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/septem#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:septem">septem</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>Intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> had been lost by the time of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, and vowels in <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> were <a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">contracted</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> dialect. </p> <ul><li>post-PIE <i>*ǵénesos</i> → Proto-Greek <span title="Proto-Greek-language text">*<i lang="grk">génehos</i></span> → <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">géneos</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γένεος</span></span>) : <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">génous</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γένους</span></span>) "of a race"</li></ul> <p>Before a liquid or nasal, an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> was assimilated to the preceding vowel in Attic-Ionic and <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> and to the following nasal in <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a>. The process is also described as the loss of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> and the subsequent lengthening of a vowel or consonant, which kept the syllable the same <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight" title="Syllable weight">length</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">compensatory lengthening</a>). </p> <ul><li>PIE <i lang="ine-x-proto"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%81%C3%A9smi#Proto-Indo-European" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ésmi">*h₁ésmi</a></i> → Proto-Greek <span title="Proto-Greek-language text">*<i lang="grk">ehmi</i></span> → Attic-Ionic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ēmí</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εἰμί</span></span>) : Aeolic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">émmi</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔμμι</span></span>) "I am"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sanskrit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> (written <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḥ</i></span> in transliteration) before a <a href="/wiki/Pausa" title="Pausa">pause</a>: e.g. <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kā́mas</i></span> ('erotic love') becomes <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kā́maḥ</i></span>. </p><p>Additionally, the Proto-Indo-European aspirated voiced palato-velar <i>*ǵʰ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟʱ]</span> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span> through successive affrication, assibilation and debuccalization: e.g. <span title="Indo-European languages romanization"><i lang="ine-Latn">*bʰeh₂ǵʰús</i></span> "arm" becomes Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">bāhúḥ</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengali">Bengali</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bengali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengali" title="Eastern Bengali">Eastern Bengali</a> dialects, the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> can become debuccalized to glottal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span>, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃälä/</span> "wife's brother" is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦälä]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃägoɾ/</span> "sea" is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦä(g)oɾ]</span>. The tenuis and aspirated forms of the labial stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/pʰ/</span> and velar stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/kʰ/</span> can get lenited to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɸ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> respectively, but also be further debuccalized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span>, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pägol/</span> "mad" is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦägol]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰokiɾ/<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɸokiɾ/</span> "beggar, faqir" is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɸoɦiɾ]</span>. In some cases, even the glottal fricative is dropped, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/äʃilo/</span> "(he / she / it) came" is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äi̯lo]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Iberian">West Iberian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: West Iberian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spanish">Spanish</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties#Debuccalization_of_coda_/s/" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Spanish dialects and varieties: Debuccalization of coda /s/</a></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a> debuccalize <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>]</span> at the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">end</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> or intervocalically in certain instances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Galician">Galician</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Galician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many varieties of <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Galician-influenced Spanish</a>, the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> may debuccalize (<span title="Galician-language text"><i lang="gl"><a href="/wiki/Gheada" title="Gheada">gheada</a></i></span>) to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</span> in most or all instances; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> are also possible realizations. There is also an inverse <a href="/wiki/Hypercorrection" title="Hypercorrection">hypercorrection</a> process of older or less educated Galician speakers replacing the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> of the Spanish language with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span>, which is called <span title="Galician-language text"><i lang="gl">gueada</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> is much less affected by debuccalization, but it is especially notable in its <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian variety</a>. </p><p>Throughout Brazil, the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁ/</span> (historically an alveolar trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> that moved to an uvular position) has a rather long inventory of allophones: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ɻ̝̊</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>]</span>. Only <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span> is uncommon. Few dialects, such as <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">sulista</a></i></span> and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">fluminense</a></i></span>, give preference to voiced allophones; elsewhere, they are common only as coda, before voiced consonants. </p><p>In such dialects, especially among people speaking an educated variety of Portuguese, it is usual for the rhotic coda in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Rime" title="Syllable">syllable rhyme</a> to be an alveolar tap, as in European Portuguese and many registers of Spanish, or to be realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span>. In the rest of the country, it is generally realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span>, even by speakers who either do not normally use that allophone or delete it entirely, as is common in the vernacular. </p><p>However, in some <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">mineiro</a></i></span>- and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mineiro</i></span>-influenced <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">fluminense</i></span> rural registers, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> is used but as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> (rhotic consonants are most often deleted), a <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mar-mal</i></span> merger, instead of the much more common and less-stigmatized <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization#Portuguese" title="L-vocalization"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mau-mal</i></span> merger</a> characteristic of all Brazilian urban centers except for those bordering <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> countries, where coda <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>]</span> was preserved, and the entire <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a> regions. Its origin is the replacement of indigenous languages and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_geral" class="mw-redirect" title="Língua geral">línguas gerais</a></i></span> by Portuguese,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which created <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">r-colored vowel</a> as allophones of both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> (now mostly <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁ/</span>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> (now mostly <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">u̯</a><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ̯</a>]</span>) phonemes in the coda since Native Brazilians could not easily pronounce them (<a href="/wiki/Caipira_dialect" title="Caipira dialect">caipira dialect</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The later Portuguese influence from other regions made those allophones become rarer in some areas, but the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mar-mal</i></span> merger remained in a few isolated villages and towns. </p><p>Finally, many <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">fluminense</i></span> registers, especially those of the poor and of the youth, most northern and northeastern dialects, and, to a much minor degree, all other Brazilian dialects, debuccalize <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> (that is, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ]</span>) but less so than in Spanish. However, a <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mar-mas</i></span> merger or even a <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mar-mais</i></span> merger occurs: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mas mesmo assim</i></span> "but even so" or <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mas mesma, sim</i></span> "though, right, the same (f) one" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɐɦ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmeɦmə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsĩ]</span>; <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mais</i></span> light "lighter, more slim", or also "less caloric/fatty" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmaɦ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈlajtɕ]</span>; <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mas de mim, não</i></span> "but from me, no" or <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mais de mim, não</i></span> "not more from me" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmaɦ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑi<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmĩ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnɜ̃w]</span>. A coda rhotic in the Brazilian dialects in the <a href="/wiki/Centro-Sul" title="Centro-Sul">Centro-Sul</a> area is hardly ever glottal, and the debuccalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> is unlikely to be confused with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romanian">Romanian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Romanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Moldavian dialect of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> is debuccalized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> and so, for example, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">să fie</i></span> becomes <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">să hie</i></span>. The same occurred in <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a>, Old <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a> and still occurs in <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goidelic_languages">Goidelic languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Goidelic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology#Lenition_and_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology">Scottish Gaelic phonology: Lenition and spelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">Irish initial mutations</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish Gaelic</a>, <i>s</i> and <i>t</i> changed by <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>, spelled <i>sh</i> and <i>th</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faliscan">Faliscan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Faliscan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inscription in <a href="/wiki/Faliscan_language" title="Faliscan language">Faliscan</a> from the 4th century BC on show occasional debuccalization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> (e.g. <i>hileo</i> : Latin <i>filius</i>). Whether the shift is displayed in the inscriptions is highly irregular, with some forms even showing an ostensibly opposite shift of written <i>f</i> in place of an expected <i>h</i> (e.g. <i>fe</i> : Latin <i>hic</i>), possibly by means of <a href="/wiki/Hypercorrection" title="Hypercorrection">hypercorrection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austronesian_languages_2">Austronesian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Austronesian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malay">Malay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Malay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In several Malay dialects in the peninsular, final <i>-s</i> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Batak_languages">Batak languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Batak languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> branch, all southern languages (but not the northern ones including <a href="/wiki/Karo_Batak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo Batak language">Karo</a>), have debuccalized <i>*k</i> into <i>h</i>, except when word-final or followed <i>*ŋ</i>. Both <a href="/wiki/Angkola_language" title="Angkola language">Angkola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a> have restored <i>k</i> within the sequence <i>hVhV</i> (Angkola <i>kehe</i>, Mandailing <i>ke</i>, but Toba <i>hehe</i>), or when following a consonant in Mandailing (<i>ala</i> "scorpion" → <i><b>par</b>kalah<b>an</b></i>). Mandailing, however has also further deleted <i>*h</i> (<i>*kalak</i> → <i>alak</i> "person"), except in the sequence <i>-aha-</i> (<i>dahan</i> "mushroom", not <i>*dan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polynesian_languages_2">Polynesian languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Polynesian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a> commonly reflect debuccalization not only <a href="#Polynesian_languages">into a glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>, but also into a glottal fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. The exact distribution <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language#Sound_correspondences" title="Proto-Polynesian language">depends on the language</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FP_atlas_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP_atlas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>most languages reflect a regular change <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Polynesian language"><abbr title="Proto-Polynesian language">PPn</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Proto-Polynesian language</span> *s > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></li> <li>in several languages, the outcome of PPn *f is irregular across the lexicon, with no obvious conditioning:<br />PPn *f > <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>; <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɸ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>; <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_families">Other families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yoruboid_languages">Yoruboid languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Yoruboid languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language#Yoruba_phonology" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba language § Yoruba phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Yoruboid_language" title="Proto-Yoruboid language">Proto-Yoruboid language</a></div> <p>Debuccalization occurs extensively within the dialectal continuum of Yoruboid languages, particularly among the <a href="/wiki/Olukumi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Olukumi language">Olukumi language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala language</a>, the Northeast Yoruba dialect known as <a href="/wiki/Okun_people" title="Okun people">Owe</a>, and Southeastern dialects of the Yoruba language, such as <a href="/wiki/Okitipupa" title="Okitipupa">Ikale</a>. Many of these shifts came from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Yoruboid_language" title="Proto-Yoruboid language">Proto-Yoruboid language</a> (or its descendant language, Proto-Edekiri), and descendant languages shifted from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. In other cases shifts from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> also occur from Proto-Yoruboid to Standard <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>. Many other alternatives shift from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, but it is unclear if that process is associated with the debuccalization occurring. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Yoruboid_language" title="Proto-Yoruboid language">Proto-Yoruboid</a> <i lang="yo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Yoruba/s%C3%AC#Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Yoruba/sì">*sì</a></i> → Igala <i lang="igl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C3%AC#Igala" class="extiw" title="wikt:hì">hì</a></i>, Proto-Edekiri <i>*sè</i> → <a href="/wiki/Okun_people" title="Okun people">Owe</a> <i lang="yo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C3%A8#Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikt:hè">hè</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Olukumi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Olukumi language">Olukumi</a> <i>hè</i>, <a href="/wiki/Okitipupa" title="Okitipupa">Ikale</a> <i lang="yo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C3%A8#Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikt:hè">hè</a></i> "to cook" (vs. Standard <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> <i lang="yo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%C3%A8#Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikt:sè">sè</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Yoruboid_language" title="Proto-Yoruboid language">Proto-Yoruboid</a> <i lang="yo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Yoruba/%C3%A8-so#Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Yoruba/è-so">*è-so</a></i> → Igala <i lang="igl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A8ho#Igala" class="extiw" title="wikt:èho">èho</a></i>, Proto-Edekiri <i>*è-ho</i> → <a href="/wiki/Okun_people" title="Okun people">Owe</a> <i lang="yo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A8ho#Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikt:èho">èho</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Olukumi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Olukumi language">Olukumi</a> <i>èhojin</i> "fruit, seed (something that is sowed)" (vs. Standard <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> <i lang="yo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A8so#Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikt:èso">èso</a></i>)</li> <li>Proto-Edekiri <i>*V̀-sʊ̃</i> → <a href="/wiki/Okitipupa" title="Okitipupa">Ikale</a> <i lang="yo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%B9h%E1%BB%8Dngb%E1%BA%B9%CC%81#Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikt:ùhọngbẹ́">ùhọngbẹ́</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Olukumi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Olukumi language">Olukumi</a> <i>ùhọn</i> "ground squirrel" (vs. <a href="/wiki/Ekiti_people" title="Ekiti people">Ekiti Yoruba</a> <i lang="yo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A5%CC%80s%E1%BB%A5n#Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikt:ụ̀sụn">ụ̀sụn</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Yoruboid_language" title="Proto-Yoruboid language">Proto-Yoruboid</a> <i lang="yo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Yoruba/%C3%A1-folo#Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Yoruba/á-folo">*á-folo</a></i> → Igala <i lang="igl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A1folo#Igala" class="extiw" title="wikt:áfolo">áfolo</a></i> (vs. Standard <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> <i lang="yo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ehoro#Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikt:ehoro">ehoro</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>Debuccalization also occurs in other <a href="/wiki/Volta-Niger_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Niger languages">Volta-Niger languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ayere-Ahan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayere-Ahan languages">Ayere-Ahan languages</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kannada">Kannada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Kannada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Old_Kannada" title="Old Kannada">old Kannada</a> at around 10th-14th century, most of the initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> debuccalized into a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> e.g. OlKn. <i>pattu</i>, MdKn. <i>hattu</i> "ten".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003120_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003120-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavey">Slavey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Slavey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All coda consonants in <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a> must be glottal. When a non-glottal consonant would otherwise be positioned in a syllable coda, it debuccalizes to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts’ad/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts’ah]</span> ('hat')</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xaz/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xah]</span> ('scar')</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tl’uɮ/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tl’uh]</span> ('rope')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Debuccalization can be a feature of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> phonology. For example, debuccalization can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> loanwords into <a href="/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrask1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Trask" title="Larry Trask">Trask, R. L.</a> (1996), <i>A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology</i>, London and New York: Routledge, p. 106</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2012">O'Brien (2012</a>:2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2012">O'Brien (2012</a>:8–10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassiouney2009" class="citation book cs1">Bassiouney, Reem (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabicsociolingu00bass"><i>Arabic Sociolinguistics</i></a></span>. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabicsociolingu00bass/page/n175">158</a>-161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-573-9"><bdi>978-1-58901-573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Sociolinguistics&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=158-161&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-573-9&rft.aulast=Bassiouney&rft.aufirst=Reem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabicsociolingu00bass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ"><i>Das Aussprachewörterbuch</i></a> (in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Dudenverlag. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-04067-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-411-04067-4"><bdi>978-3-411-04067-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Dudenverlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-411-04067-4&rft.au=Dudenredaktion&rft.au=Kleiner%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6bl%2C+Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6vWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3C9FB295A261FD6F28D694252B06B4A3/S0025100312000278a.pdf/luxembourgish.pdf">"Luxembourgish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 70–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000278">10.1017/S0025100312000278</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Luxembourgish&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-71&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000278&rft.aulast=Gilles&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Trouvain%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F3C9FB295A261FD6F28D694252B06B4A3%2FS0025100312000278a.pdf%2Fluxembourgish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1975a" class="citation thesis cs1">Mills, Roger Frederick (1975a). <i>Proto South Sulawesi and Proto Austronesian Phonology</i> (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F157431">2027.42/157431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Proto+South+Sulawesi+and+Proto+Austronesian+Phonology&rft.inst=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F157431&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Roger+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneddonUsup1986" class="citation journal cs1">Sneddon, James N.; Usup, Hunggu Tadjuddin (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003347">"Shared sound changes in the Gorontalic language group: Implications for subgrouping"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>142</b> (4): 407–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003347">10.1163/22134379-90003347</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27863783">27863783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Shared+sound+changes+in+the+Gorontalic+language+group%3A+Implications+for+subgrouping&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=407-26&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27863783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft.au=Usup%2C+Hunggu+Tadjuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sneddon-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sneddon_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneddon1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Sneddon" title="James Sneddon">Sneddon, James N.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-B91">"Proto-Sangiric and the Sangiric languages"</a>. <i>Pacific Linguistics</i>. Canberra. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-B91">10.15144/PL-B91</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Proto-Sangiric+and+the+Sangiric+languages&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-B91&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15144%252FPL-B91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FP_atlas-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FP_atlas_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FP_atlas_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See p.93-95 of: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="atlas" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Charpentier, Jean-Michel; <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Fran%C3%A7ois_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre François (linguist)">François, Alexandre</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/AF-Atlas-blurbs_e.htm"><i>Atlas Linguistique de Polynésie Française — Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia</i></a> (in French and English). Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie Française. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-026035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-026035-9"><bdi>978-3-11-026035-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+Linguistique+de+Polyn%C3%A9sie+Fran%C3%A7aise+%E2%80%94+Linguistic+Atlas+of+French+Polynesia&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter+%26+Universit%C3%A9+de+la+Polyn%C3%A9sie+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-11-026035-9&rft.aulast=Charpentier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois%2C+Alexandre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falex.francois.online.fr%2FAF-Atlas-blurbs_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex_E._WallaceBrian_D._Joseph1991" class="citation journal cs1">Rex E. Wallace; Brian D. Joseph (1991). "On the Problematic <i>f/h</i> Variation in Faliscan". <i>Glotta</i>: 90. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40266879">40266879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glotta&rft.atitle=On+the+Problematic+f%2Fh+Variation+in+Faliscan&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40266879%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Rex+E.+Wallace&rft.au=Brian+D.+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelaar-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adelaar, K. A. (1981). "Reconstruction of Proto-Batak Phonology". In Robert A. Blust (ed.), <i>Historical Linguistics in Indonesia: Part I</i>, 1–20. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003120-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003120_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnamurti2003">Krishnamurti (2003)</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1989">Rice (1989</a>:144,150)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2012">O'Brien (2012</a>:28)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurti2003" class="citation book cs1">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC"><i>The Dravidian Languages</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77111-5"><bdi>978-0-521-77111-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77111-5&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=Bhadriraju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54fV7Lwu3fMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2012" class="citation cs2">O'Brien, Jeremy Paul (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1cm694ff"><i>An experimental approach to debuccalization and supplementary gestures</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+experimental+approach+to+debuccalization+and+supplementary+gestures&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F1cm694ff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1989" class="citation cs2">Rice, Keren (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/10997"><i>A Grammar of Slave</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Slave&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Keren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F10997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebuccalization" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debuccalization&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wx-4wmfQbVMC&dq=debuccalization+1990&pg=PA123">"Debuccalization"</a> (Chapter 4 of Paul D. Fallon's <i>The Synchronic and Diachronic Phonology of Ejectives</i> [Routledge, 2001]) gives many other terms that have been proposed for the phenomenon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.ucsc.edu/~jpobrien/papers/obrien_qe.pdf">Debuccalization and supplementary gestures</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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