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</div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-75" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-78" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/poultry/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-81" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-102" >Beef Cattle</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Beef Cattle</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-102"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-105" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-108" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-111" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-114" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-117" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-120" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-123" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-126" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-129" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-150" >Equine</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Equine</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-150"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/pasture-and-environment-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-153" >Pasture and Environment Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-156" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-159" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-162" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-165" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-168" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-171" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-174" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-195" >Swine</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Swine</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-195"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-198" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-201" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-204" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-207" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-210" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-213" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-216" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-219" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-222" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-243" >Goats</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Goats</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-243"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-246" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-249" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-252" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-255" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-258" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-261" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-264" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-267" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-270" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-291" >Sheep</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Sheep</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-291"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-294" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-297" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-300" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-303" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-306" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-309" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-312" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-315" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-318" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-339" >Llamas and Alpacas</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Llamas and Alpacas</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-339"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-348" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-351" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-357" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-360" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-366" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2608" >Canine</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Canine</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2608"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2611" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/behavior-and-welfare" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2614" >Behavior and Welfare</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2617" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2620" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-387" >Forage and Food Crops </a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Forage and Food Crops </span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-387"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-390" >Agronomic Crops</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Agronomic Crops</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-390"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-393" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-396" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-399" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-402" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-405" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-408" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-411" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-414" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-417" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-438" >Cover Crops</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Cover Crops</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-438"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-441" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-444" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-447" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-450" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-453" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-456" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-459" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-462" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-465" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-483" >Forages</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Forages</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-483"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-486" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-489" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-492" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/forage-quality-and-testing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-495" >Forage Quality and Testing</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-498" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-501" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-504" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-507" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-510" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-513" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-537" >Fruit</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Fruit</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-537"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-540" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/cultivars-and-rootstocks" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-543" >Cultivars and Rootstocks</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-546" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-549" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-552" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-555" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-558" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-561" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-564" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-636" >Mushrooms</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Mushrooms</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-636"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-639" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/substrate-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-645" >Substrate Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-648" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/food-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-651" >Food Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-657" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-585" >Vegetables</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Vegetables</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-585"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 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level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/wildlife/habitat-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1188" >Habitat Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/wildlife/wildlife-ecology-and-conservation" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1194" >Wildlife Ecology and Conservation</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forests-and-wildlife/wildlife/wildlife-nuisance-and-damage" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1197" >Wildlife Nuisance and Damage</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  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href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/commercial-food-processing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1221" >Commercial Food Processing</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Commercial Food Processing</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1221"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/commercial-food-processing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/commercial-food-processing/good-manufacturing-practices" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1224" >Good Manufacturing Practices</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/commercial-food-processing/regulations" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1227" >Regulations</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/commercial-food-processing/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1230" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1254" >Dairy Food Processing</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Dairy Food Processing</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1254"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1257" >Business Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing/production-and-processing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1260" >Production and Processing</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing/regulations" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1263" >Regulations</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/dairy-food-processing/safety-and-sanitation" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1266" >Safety and Sanitation</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/farm-food-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1281" >Farm Food Safety</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Farm Food Safety</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1281"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/farm-food-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/farm-food-safety/good-agricultural-practices" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1284" >Good Agricultural Practices</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/farm-food-safety/regulations" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1287" >Regulations</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/food-service-and-retail" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1311" >Food Service and Retail</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Food Service and Retail</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1311"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/food-service-and-retail" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/food-service-and-retail/food-service-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1314" >Food Service Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/food-service-and-retail/regulations" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1317" >Regulations</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/food-service-and-retail/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1320" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/home-food-preservation-and-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1344" >Home Food Preservation and Safety</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Home Food Preservation and Safety</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1344"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/home-food-preservation-and-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/home-food-preservation-and-safety/food-preservation" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1347" >Food Preservation</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/home-food-preservation-and-safety/food-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1350" >Food Safety</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/grape-and-wine-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1374" >Grape and Wine Production</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Grape and Wine Production</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1374"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/grape-and-wine-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/grape-and-wine-production/grape-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1377" >Grape Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/grape-and-wine-production/wine-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1380" >Wine Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/grape-and-wine-production/business-management-and-marketing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1383" >Business Management and Marketing</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/beer-hard-cider-and-distilled-spirits" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1404" >Beer, Hard Cider, and Distilled Spirits</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Beer, Hard Cider, and Distilled Spirits</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1404"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/beer-hard-cider-and-distilled-spirits" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/beer-hard-cider-and-distilled-spirits/production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1407" >Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/food-safety-and-quality/beer-hard-cider-and-distilled-spirits/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-1413" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-1434" >Water</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Water</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-1434"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/drinking-and-residential-water" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1437" >Drinking and Residential Water</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Drinking and Residential Water</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1437"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/drinking-and-residential-water" class="main-menu__inner-link 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<strong>Soil Fertility and Management</strong> </li> </ul></nav> <div class="widget block block-static-block"><div data-content-type="html" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-decoded="true"><style> @media print { .noprint { display: none !important; } } </style></div></div> <div class="widget block block-static-block"><div data-content-type="html" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-decoded="true"><style> @media print { .noprint { display: none !important; } } </style></div></div><main id="maincontent" class="page-main"> <a id="contentarea" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="parent-category-name">Forages</span> <div class="page-title-wrapper"><h1 class="page-title" id="page-title-heading" aria-labelledby="page-title-heading toolbar-amount" ><span class="base" data-ui-id="page-title-wrapper" >Soil Fertility and Management</span></h1> </div><div class="page messages"> <div data-placeholder="messages"></div> <div data-bind="scope: 'messages'"><div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="messages" data-bind="foreach: { data: cookieMessagesObservable(), as: 'message' }"><div data-bind="attr: { class: 'message-' + message.type + ' ' + message.type + ' message', 'data-ui-id': 'message-' + message.type }"><div data-bind="html: $parent.prepareMessageForHtml(message.text)"></div></div></div><div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="messages" data-bind="foreach: { data: messages().messages, as: 'message' }, afterRender: purgeMessages"><div data-bind="attr: { class: 'message-' + message.type + ' ' + message.type + ' message', 'data-ui-id': 'message-' + message.type }"><div data-bind="html: $parent.prepareMessageForHtml(message.text)"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="category-view"> <div class="category-description"><p>Optimum soil condition is crucial for the success of your forage crops. Soil fertility management is a continuous process that begins long before the establishment of any forage crops.</p> <p>Use Penn State Extension’s extensive resources on soil health and fertility management for forage crops, covering topics such as soil crusting, compaction, and rill erosion. Find tips on phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen, crop rotation, no-till crops, and nutrient planning.</p> <h2>Soil Fertility for Forages</h2> <p>To make the most of your soil you have to understand what components are essential and how to manage them. Penn State Extension runs a series of <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-health-twilight-meeting">Soil Health Twilight Meeting workshops</a> in which you’re given the opportunity to get hands-on with different types of soil and share ideas with others who have an interest in the health of their soil. Being able to <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-now-soil-sampling-compaction-and-water-hydrology">assess the quality of the soil</a> is another skill that’s vital. <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/the-penn-state-agronomy-guide">The Penn State Agronomy Guide</a> also has lots of information on soil management.</p> <p>Soil is a critical resource and the way in which you <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/managing-soil-health-concepts-and-practices">manage its health</a> can either improve or degrade it. You can use a number of different farming practices to <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/introduction-to-soils-managing-soils">manage your soil</a>, including tilling, cultivating, adding fertilizers and lime, growing cover crops, applying manure, and rotating crops.</p> <p>There are various ways you can improve the health of the soil; for example transitioning to <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/no-till-and-soil-quality">no-till planting</a>. It’s also possible to use forage crops to help prevent <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/eliminating-soil-erosion">soil erosion</a> and <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/avoiding-soil-compaction">soil compaction</a>. This can be a serious issue if conditions are wet in the fall and spring.</p> <p><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-compaction-effects">Severe soil compaction</a> as a result of harvesting or manure spreading can severely limit the growth of crops. You can avoid compaction by <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/managing-soil-compaction-caused-by-small-grain-silage-harvest">adopting strategies</a> such as reducing axle load, increasing equipment footprints with the use of tracks or flotation tires, and reducing the number of trips over the field.</p> <p><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/pasture-workshops">Pasture planning</a> is another way to greatly improve forage quality and quantity. Pasture management is something you should give attention to all year round. One aspect you should give high priority to is <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/maximizing-spring-green-up-on-pasture">spring green-up</a>.</p> <h2>Grazing Management and Soil Health</h2> <p>Grazing is a very economical way to feed your animals. However, <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/grazing-management-to-avoid-soil-compaction">effective grazing management</a> is essential if you want to avoid problems such as <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-compaction-at-grain-harvest-and-while-grazing">soil compaction</a>. During the summer, in particular, it’s also important to pay attention so you don’t <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/avoid-overgrazing-your-pastures">overgraze your pastures</a>.</p> <p>One way to eliminate overgrazing is to keep an eye on <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/grazing-residue-height-matters">residue heights</a>. During the cool-season, perennial grasses should have a grazing residue height of 3-4”. Whereas during the peak growth season adequate pasture regrowth is still possible around the 3” mark.</p> <p><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-compaction-threat-from-grazing-animals-on-steep-slopes">Grazing animals on steep slopes</a> can lead to soil degradation. <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/reducing-pasture-damage-during-winter-feeding">Winter feeding</a> and <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/preventing-pasture-damage-during-prolonged-periods-of-wet-weather">wet weather</a> can cause severe pasture degradation. Penn State Extension’s <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/pasture-workshops">Pasture Workshops</a> provide information on how to improve pasture growth, control weeds, and get the most out of the grazing season.</p> <h2>Nutrient Management With Forage Crops</h2> <p>If you want to maintain soil health and <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-fertility">soil fertility</a>, understanding the importance of nutrients is key to success. A number of different chemical elements are essential for plant growth; however, the one that needs careful management is nitrogen. The removal of nitrogen from the soil takes place in three different ways – nitrate leaching, denitrification, and volatilization. <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/nutrient-management-to-improve-nitrogen-efficiency-and-reduce-environmental-loss">Nitrogen management</a> is key for optimal forage yield and quality.</p> <p>One important key for improving forage yield is <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-nutrient-management-plant-pathogens-and-health">selecting the right fertilizer or manure</a>. To help with this decision you have to be able to <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/tools-available-for-in-season-nitrogen-management-decision-making">assess nitrogen availability</a>. A process called the <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/immobilization-and-mineralization-of-nitrogen-in-agricultural-soils">nitrogen cycle</a> controls the amount of nitrogen available in the soil. It makes up almost 80% of air, but plants can’t use it until it has been fixed or taken from the air. This can be done industrially, or with the use of certain soil bacteria, together with a forage crop like legumes.</p> <p>Soil tests can be done and recommendations followed for using <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/using-organic-nutrient-sources">organic nutrient sources</a>. An understanding of how different management practices affect <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-carbon-nitrogen">soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics</a> is also beneficial. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus all play an important role in supporting healthy soils and improving crop yields. <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/optimizing-carbon-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-management-in-agricultural-soils">Researchers continue</a> to look for the best ways to manage the levels of these nutrients in the soil.</p></div> </div><div class="columns"><div class="sidebar sidebar-main"> <div class="block filter" id="layered-filter-block" data-mage-init='{"collapsible":{"openedState": "active", "collapsible": true, "active": false, "collateral": { "openedState": "filter-active", "element": "body" } }}'> <div class="block-title filter-title" data-count="0"><strong data-role="title">Narrow By</strong></div><div class="block-content filter-content"> <strong role="heading" aria-level="2" class="block-subtitle filter-subtitle">Narrow By:</strong> <div class="filter-options" id="narrow-by-list" data-role="content" data-mage-init='{"accordion":{"openedState": "active", 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2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/1/5195465ad6b127eb3275bdfcd4875677.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/1/5195465ad6b127eb3275bdfcd4875677.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Agronomy Highlights can be found on all major podcast platforms."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-664726742dda89b02b { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-664726742dda89b02b span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-664726742dda89b02b span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" 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class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/4/d4885608d4251454c4ebf3ce82ce54bb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/4/d4885608d4251454c4ebf3ce82ce54bb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/4/d4885608d4251454c4ebf3ce82ce54bb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Sheet erosion, also referred to as interrill erosion, in a tilled soybean field in 2020. Image Credit: Sjoerd Duiker, Penn State."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-362086742dda89bb6c { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-362086742dda89bb6c span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-362086742dda89bb6c span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/a-values-and-t-values-what-is-that-all-about">A Values and T Values: What is That All About?</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA, Jennifer Weld</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Learn how soil erosion is calculated for your farm.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_35176" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/fall-forage-management-tips" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-35176-6742dda89c65e"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/1/2188495e36b0c556d247af2ab3419368.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/1/2188495e36b0c556d247af2ab3419368.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/1/2188495e36b0c556d247af2ab3419368.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Pasture field with high level growth during the cool temperatures of fall. The amount of forage in this field makes it an excellent candidate for a late or stockpile graze. Image Credit: J. Brackenrich, Penn State Extension"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-351766742dda89c65e { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-351766742dda89c65e span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-351766742dda89c65e span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/fall-forage-management-tips">Fall Forage Management Tips</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Justin Brackenrich, Leanna Duppstadt</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Fall forage management is important for overwintering cool-season perennials in both hay and pasture systems and to promote healthy spring growth.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_63649" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/western-pa-nitrogen-trial-what-we-learned-from-second-harvest" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-63649-6742dda89d129"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/5/a537565f8e9dfe340a11d0967781b5db.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/5/a537565f8e9dfe340a11d0967781b5db.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/a/5/a537565f8e9dfe340a11d0967781b5db.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Plots after two weeks of regrowth"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-636496742dda89d129 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-636496742dda89d129 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-636496742dda89d129 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/western-pa-nitrogen-trial-what-we-learned-from-second-harvest">Western PA Nitrogen Trial- What We Learned from Second Harvest</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Justin Brackenrich</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Second cutting was not what we expected, but we still learned some things about managing forages during drought times.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_61678" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/western-pa-nitrogen-trial-first-harvest" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-61678-6742dda89dc1e"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/6/2/626799a7052ea38e7a1d63c6de9284d5.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/6/2/626799a7052ea38e7a1d63c6de9284d5.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/6/2/626799a7052ea38e7a1d63c6de9284d5.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Plots with boundaries mowed. Image Credit: J. Brackenrich, Penn State Extension."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-616786742dda89dc1e { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-616786742dda89dc1e span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-616786742dda89dc1e span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/western-pa-nitrogen-trial-first-harvest">Western PA Nitrogen Trial- First Harvest</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Justin Brackenrich</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">The first harvest was removed from the western PA nitrogen trial, and so far, the results have been promising.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_2896" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-for-corn" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2896-6742dda89e6fc"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/e/1e794db0ac53287cf1224d094257bd86_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/e/1e794db0ac53287cf1224d094257bd86_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/e/1e794db0ac53287cf1224d094257bd86_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Pre-sidedress Soil Nitrate Test for Corn"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-28966742dda89e6fc { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-28966742dda89e6fc span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-28966742dda89e6fc span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-for-corn">Pre-sidedress Soil Nitrate Test for Corn</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Robert Meinen, Charles White, Heather Karsten, Ph.D., John Spargo, Sailesh Sigdel</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">The Pre-sidedress Soil Nitrate Test (PSNT) for Corn is an in-season tool to assess the soil nitrogen (N) supply during the growing season and determine sidedress N application rates that optimize crop production.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_60670" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/western-pennsylvania-nitrogen-trial-on-grass-hay" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-60670-6742dda89f1cb"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/2/f272e2bc301bc4c092bf128b00936dcf.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/2/f272e2bc301bc4c092bf128b00936dcf.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/2/f272e2bc301bc4c092bf128b00936dcf.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Plot treated with the different nitrogen sources and rates. Image Credit: J. Brackenrich, Penn State Extension."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-606706742dda89f1cb { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-606706742dda89f1cb span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-606706742dda89f1cb span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/western-pennsylvania-nitrogen-trial-on-grass-hay">Western Pennsylvania Nitrogen Trial on Grass Hay</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>5/7/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Nitrogen is essential to cool-season forage production, but what is the right rate and source? A small trial is looking at just this question.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_33751" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/first-cut-forage-considerations" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-33751-6742dda89fc4d"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3777_1_2_1_262_1_23_1_28_2_11_2_2_2_38_1_94_7_2_24_46_6_414_49_21_45_2_25_15_1_9_1_18_9_6_5_1_21_3_29_8_2_1_13_5_1_7876.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3777_1_2_1_262_1_23_1_28_2_11_2_2_2_38_1_94_7_2_24_46_6_414_49_21_45_2_25_15_1_9_1_18_9_6_5_1_21_3_29_8_2_1_13_5_1_7876.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3777_1_2_1_262_1_23_1_28_2_11_2_2_2_38_1_94_7_2_24_46_6_414_49_21_45_2_25_15_1_9_1_18_9_6_5_1_21_3_29_8_2_1_13_5_1_7876.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="First cutting square bales being harvested in Montgomery County, PA. Image Credit- A. Frankenfield, Penn State Extension."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-337516742dda89fc4d { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-337516742dda89fc4d span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-337516742dda89fc4d span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/first-cut-forage-considerations">First-Cut Forage Considerations</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Justin Brackenrich, Charles White, Ron Hoover, Andrew Frankenfield</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Starting in May, most of Pennsylvania鈥檚 producers are at the time to consider removing their first forage harvest of the year. Here are some items to consider after harvesting.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_33151" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/winter-injury-and-spring-assessment-of-alfalfa" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-33151-6742dda8a073e"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/5/05c0c7fff12e16f5e67a6bc471812dd9.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/5/05c0c7fff12e16f5e67a6bc471812dd9.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/5/05c0c7fff12e16f5e67a6bc471812dd9.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="New growth on alfalfa.  Credit: Creative Commons CC0; Pixabay.com"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-331516742dda8a073e { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-331516742dda8a073e span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-331516742dda8a073e span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/winter-injury-and-spring-assessment-of-alfalfa">Winter Injury and Spring Assessment of Alfalfa</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Dwane Miller</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">As alfalfa breaks dormancy this spring, take time to evaluate the condition of your stand.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_17439" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/managing-for-nutrient-and-soil-retention-in-pastured-lands" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-17439-6742dda8a120f"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/a/7a12522858e1aa87a9cc70db7082f2b2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/a/7a12522858e1aa87a9cc70db7082f2b2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/a/7a12522858e1aa87a9cc70db7082f2b2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Bale grazing can strategically place manure nutrients and organic matter over wide areas of pastured land, where the nutrients and organic matter can benefit pasture soils during the coming growing season. (Photo by Dr. Jessica Williamson, Penn State)"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-174396742dda8a120f { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-174396742dda8a120f span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-174396742dda8a120f span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/managing-for-nutrient-and-soil-retention-in-pastured-lands">Managing for Nutrient and Soil Retention in Pastured Lands</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>2/2/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Managing pastures for nutrient and soil retention is in the best interest of producers and the environment.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5884" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/what-is-sewage-sludge-and-what-can-be-done-with-it" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5884-6742dda8a1cc5"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/c/9c1497e788744ecfac4ff1e3c31864ea.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/c/9c1497e788744ecfac4ff1e3c31864ea.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/c/9c1497e788744ecfac4ff1e3c31864ea.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="What Is Sewage Sludge and What Can Be Done with It?"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-58846742dda8a1cc5 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-58846742dda8a1cc5 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-58846742dda8a1cc5 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/what-is-sewage-sludge-and-what-can-be-done-with-it">What Is Sewage Sludge and What Can Be Done with It?</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Richard Stehouwer, Ph.D.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">In this document, "sewage sludge" will refer to wastewater treatment solids generally, and "biosolids" will refer specifically to material that is suitable for land application.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_2457" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/effects-of-biosolids-on-soil-and-crop-quality" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2457-6742dda8a2758"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/7/57854135f1d007648e272857a1fbe83e.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/7/57854135f1d007648e272857a1fbe83e.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/7/57854135f1d007648e272857a1fbe83e.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Effects of Biosolids on Soil and Crop Quality"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-24576742dda8a2758 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-24576742dda8a2758 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-24576742dda8a2758 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/effects-of-biosolids-on-soil-and-crop-quality">Effects of Biosolids on Soil and Crop Quality</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Results of a three-year research project that investigated how agronomic biosolids utilization has affected soil and crop quality.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_2422" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/biosolids-quality" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2422-6742dda8a323d"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/1/9144c6f89ea3f9a8bff5b896079ddfd4.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/1/9144c6f89ea3f9a8bff5b896079ddfd4.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/1/9144c6f89ea3f9a8bff5b896079ddfd4.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Biosolids Quality"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-24226742dda8a323d { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-24226742dda8a323d span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-24226742dda8a323d span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/biosolids-quality">Biosolids Quality</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Application of sewage sludge to farmland has been a common practice in Pennsylvania for many years and allows this material to be recycled, rather than incinerated or disposed of in landfills.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_3492" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/use-of-biosolids-in-crop-production" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-3492-6742dda8a3dd3"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/d/9d2d4278bcf1038b5289c1408c300e8c.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/d/9d2d4278bcf1038b5289c1408c300e8c.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/d/9d2d4278bcf1038b5289c1408c300e8c.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Use of Biosolids in Crop Production"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-34926742dda8a3dd3 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-34926742dda8a3dd3 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-34926742dda8a3dd3 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/use-of-biosolids-in-crop-production">Use of Biosolids in Crop Production</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Richard Stehouwer, Ph.D.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Characteristics of various types of biosolids and discusses management, regulatory, and other practical issues regarding their use on cropland.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_55407" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/stockpile-grazing-and-soil-health" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-55407-6742dda8a49bc"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/f/1f375b08d3fb08be3ea867e1cbd3bffe.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/f/1f375b08d3fb08be3ea867e1cbd3bffe.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/f/1f375b08d3fb08be3ea867e1cbd3bffe.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Stockpile grazing caused puddling. Image Credit: S. Duiker, Penn State Extension"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-554076742dda8a49bc { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-554076742dda8a49bc span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-554076742dda8a49bc span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/stockpile-grazing-and-soil-health">Stockpile Grazing and Soil Health</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Guojie Wang, Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">If managed well, stockpile grazing can significantly increase livestock production profitability and conserve or improve soil health.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_26173" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/reducing-pasture-damage-during-winter-feeding" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-26173-6742dda8a54f6"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/8/c/8c225af7bf68948c9d94c9512df68821.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/8/c/8c225af7bf68948c9d94c9512df68821.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/8/c/8c225af7bf68948c9d94c9512df68821.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Sacrifice pastures allow livestock to be confined to one area of the farm during winter feeding to help to reduce pasture damage to all other pastures on the operation. (Credit: Jessica Williamson)"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-261736742dda8a54f6 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-261736742dda8a54f6 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-261736742dda8a54f6 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/reducing-pasture-damage-during-winter-feeding">Reducing Pasture Damage During Winter Feeding</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Jessica A. Williamson, Ph.D.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Winter feeding can cause severe pasture degradation. Taking action to prevent as much damage as possible can help reduce erosion and encourage forage regrowth in the spring.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_29772" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/evaluation-and-considerations-on-newly-established-forages" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-29772-6742dda8a5f9f"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/d/dd9565ebeeb6e0cdc25de623b6b20c77.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/d/dd9565ebeeb6e0cdc25de623b6b20c77.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/d/dd9565ebeeb6e0cdc25de623b6b20c77.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Spring seeded alfalfa with annual weeds. Credit J. Brackenrich."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-297726742dda8a5f9f { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-297726742dda8a5f9f span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-297726742dda8a5f9f span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/evaluation-and-considerations-on-newly-established-forages">Evaluation and Considerations on Newly Established Forages</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Justin Brackenrich</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Newly established forage stands need every opportunity to express themselves and grow, but we also must know when to cut our losses on a failed seeding, and plan for the next crop.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_30181" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/intensive-grazing-management-of-cover-crops-for-soil-health" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-30181-6742dda8a6a26"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/6/7/67d5c54cc2f4f70c5fb29c301554b710.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/6/7/67d5c54cc2f4f70c5fb29c301554b710.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/6/7/67d5c54cc2f4f70c5fb29c301554b710.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Grazing cover crops, such as this annual ryegrass/crimson clover mix planted after corn silage harvest, can increase economic value of cover crops, and may have benefits for soil health although soil compaction is a concern. Photo: S. Duiker"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-301816742dda8a6a26 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-301816742dda8a6a26 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-301816742dda8a6a26 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/intensive-grazing-management-of-cover-crops-for-soil-health">Intensive Grazing Management of Cover Crops for Soil Health</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA, Divya Pant</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">With the new interest in grazing cover crops, are there effects on soil health and compaction? The results of an on-farm Pennsylvania study looking into this are presented here.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_27025" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/nitrogen-recommendations-for-corn" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-27025-6742dda8a7506"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/2/72b687b73c4a8203229cc700c4b8d47f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/2/72b687b73c4a8203229cc700c4b8d47f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/2/72b687b73c4a8203229cc700c4b8d47f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Nitrogen Recommendations for Corn That Credit Cover Crops and Soil Organic Matter"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-270256742dda8a7506 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-270256742dda8a7506 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-270256742dda8a7506 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="804"></span> Tools and Apps</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/nitrogen-recommendations-for-corn">Nitrogen Recommendations for Corn That Credit Cover Crops and Soil Organic Matter</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Charles White</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">This tool allows you to make a prediction for how much nitrogen (N) fertilizer is needed for a corn crop based on credits that are given to soil organic matter and cover crop residues.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_21684" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-sampling" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-21684-6742dda8a7fe7"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/a/da06178dbc11a049bb5ffed6a0f33781.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/a/da06178dbc11a049bb5ffed6a0f33781.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/a/da06178dbc11a049bb5ffed6a0f33781.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Soil Sampling"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-216846742dda8a7fe7 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-216846742dda8a7fe7 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-216846742dda8a7fe7 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="809"></span> Videos</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/soil-sampling">Soil Sampling</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Rachel Milliron</span></div> <div class='attribute length'><span class='label'>Length </span><span class='value'>5:02</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">In this video, learn how to take representative soil samples in agronomic fields.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_49747" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-fertility-and-quality-issues-during-spring-drought" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-49747-6742dda8a8a9a"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/f/9fd4df462e66fe0ea041427a7499ef16.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/f/9fd4df462e66fe0ea041427a7499ef16.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/9/f/9fd4df462e66fe0ea041427a7499ef16.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="First cutting of hay in a dry spring."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-497476742dda8a8a9a { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-497476742dda8a8a9a span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-497476742dda8a8a9a span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-fertility-and-quality-issues-during-spring-drought">Forage Fertility and Quality Issues During Spring Drought</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>5/30/2023</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">These tips will help you manage nitrogen and potassium in hay crops, as well as avoid potential nitrate toxicity when feeding livestock, during this abnormally dry spring.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_49459" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/grant-funding-for-grazing-events" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-49459-6742dda8a9522"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/9/09c2af0abab3b873e829636dca6ccd98.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/9/09c2af0abab3b873e829636dca6ccd98.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/9/09c2af0abab3b873e829636dca6ccd98.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Grant Funding for Grazing Events"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-494596742dda8a9522 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-494596742dda8a9522 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-494596742dda8a9522 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/grant-funding-for-grazing-events">Grant Funding for Grazing Events</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>5/23/2023</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">The Northeast Pasture Consortium (NEPC) receives grant money to use as scholarships for local producers to attend grazing events across the region.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_29426" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/strategies-to-improve-water-use-efficiency-part-1" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-29426-6742dda8a9fbd"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/8/380bd2f01f1d6ac13e129eaf76069b22.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/8/380bd2f01f1d6ac13e129eaf76069b22.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/8/380bd2f01f1d6ac13e129eaf76069b22.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="No-till corn planted green in a rye cover crop results in 100% crop residue cover that helps improve infiltration and reduce evaporation."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-294266742dda8a9fbd { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-294266742dda8a9fbd span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-294266742dda8a9fbd span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/strategies-to-improve-water-use-efficiency-part-1">Strategies to Improve Water Use Efficiency: Part 1</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">We consider the different components of the water balance and how they are affected by our management.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_2839" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/residue-distribution-critical-for-no-till-success" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2839-6742dda8aaaa5"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/2/32e5fa30b41bccace48ba91c951b0bff.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/2/32e5fa30b41bccace48ba91c951b0bff.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/2/32e5fa30b41bccace48ba91c951b0bff.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Residue Distribution Critical for No-till Success"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-28396742dda8aaaa5 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-28396742dda8aaaa5 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-28396742dda8aaaa5 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/residue-distribution-critical-for-no-till-success">Residue Distribution Critical for No-till Success</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Did you know that no-till planting starts at harvest? Uniformly distributed crop residue is critical to obtaining a good stand of the next crop.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_23622" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/interpreting-your-soil-test-reports" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-23622-6742dda8ab527"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/9/d9bed9a9539e95a5415085a8dd0fe211.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/9/d9bed9a9539e95a5415085a8dd0fe211.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/d/9/d9bed9a9539e95a5415085a8dd0fe211.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Soil samples at the Penn State Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory. Image Credit, J. Spargo, Ph. D, Penn State University"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-236226742dda8ab527 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-236226742dda8ab527 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-236226742dda8ab527 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/interpreting-your-soil-test-reports">Interpreting Your Soil Test Reports</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Justin Brackenrich, Rachel Milliron</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">After you send in your soil sample to the lab you wait patiently for your test results, but when they arrive do you know what it all means?</div> </div></div></li> </ol></div> <div class="toolbar toolbar-products toolbar-bottom" data-mage-init='{"productListToolbarForm":{"mode":"product_list_mode","direction":"product_list_dir","order":"product_list_order","limit":"product_list_limit","modeDefault":"list","directionDefault":null,"orderDefault":"publish_date","limitDefault":25,"url":"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/forage-and-food-crops\/forages\/soil-fertility-and-management","formKey":"AULEmNKUwzshxNCx","post":false}}'> <div class="pages"><strong class="label pages-label" id="paging-label">Page</strong> <div class="items pages-items" aria-labelledby="paging-label"><div class="item pages-item-previous"> <a class="action  previous disabled" href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/soil-fertility-and-management?tab=default" title="Previous"><span class="label">Page</span> <span>Previous</span></a></div><div class="item pages-item-next"> <a class="action next " href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/soil-fertility-and-management?p=2&tab=default" title="Next"><span class="label">Page</span> <span>Next</span></a></div><div class="pages-list"> <div class="item current"><strong class="page"><span class="label">You're currently reading page</span> <span>1</span></strong></div> <div class="item"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/soil-fertility-and-management?p=2&tab=default" class="page"><span class="label">Page</span> <span>2</span></a></div> <div class="item"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/soil-fertility-and-management?p=3&tab=default" class="page"><span class="label">Page</span> <span>3</span></a></div> <div class="item"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/soil-fertility-and-management?p=4&tab=default" class="page"><span class="label">Page</span> <span>4</span></a></div> </div></div></div> </div> </div></div></main> <div class="featured-content__wrapper"><div class="featured-content" data-content-type="products" data-appearance="carousel" data-autoplay="false" data-autoplay-speed="4000" data-infinite-loop="false" data-show-arrows="true" data-show-dots="false" data-carousel-mode="default" data-slides-to-show="4" data-slides-to-scroll="1" data-center-padding="90px" data-element="main" role="complementary"><div class="block-top-wrapper"><h2 class="block-title">You May Also Be Interested In...</h2><div class="widget-navigation"></div></div><div class="products-grid products wrapper"><ol class="product-items"> <li class="product-item"> <div class="product-item-info"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/pennsylvanias-nutrient-management-act-act-38-who-is-affected" class="product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-9726-6742dda8b4349"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_322_1_3_1_90_1_1_1_22.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_322_1_3_1_90_1_1_1_22.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_322_1_3_1_90_1_1_1_22.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Pennsylvania's Nutrient Management Act (Act 38): Who Is Affected?"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-97266742dda8b4349 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-97266742dda8b4349 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-97266742dda8b4349 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> <strong class="product-item-name"><a title="Pennsylvania's Nutrient Management Act (Act 38): Who Is Affected?" href="https://extension.psu.edu/pennsylvanias-nutrient-management-act-act-38-who-is-affected" class="product-item-link">Pennsylvania's Nutrient Management Act (Act 38): Who Is Affected?</a></strong> <div class="product-short-description">Learn how to calculate the animal density of an agricultural operation to determine if it is a Concentrated Animal Operation (CAO) and thereby required to implement an Act 38 nutrient management plan.</div></div></div> </li><li class="product-item"> <div class="product-item-info"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/managing-phosphorus-for-agriculture-and-the-environment" class="product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-10122-6742dda8b52a0"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_322_1_3_1_90_1_1_1_38.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_322_1_3_1_90_1_1_1_38.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_322_1_3_1_90_1_1_1_38.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Managing Phosphorus for Agriculture and the Environment"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-101226742dda8b52a0 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-101226742dda8b52a0 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-101226742dda8b52a0 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> <strong class="product-item-name"><a title="Managing Phosphorus for Agriculture and the Environment" href="https://extension.psu.edu/managing-phosphorus-for-agriculture-and-the-environment" class="product-item-link">Managing Phosphorus for Agriculture and the Environment</a></strong> <div class="product-short-description">Phosphorus is an essential element for plant and animal growth, but too much of it can accelerate the natural aging of lakes and streams.</div></div></div> </li><li class="product-item"> <div class="product-item-info"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/choosing-a-nutrient-management-planner" class="product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-9715-6742dda8b6196"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/c/1ca16b14e1f60d49af0d717d51655411.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/c/1ca16b14e1f60d49af0d717d51655411.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/1/c/1ca16b14e1f60d49af0d717d51655411.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Choosing a Nutrient Management Planner"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-97156742dda8b6196 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-97156742dda8b6196 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-97156742dda8b6196 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> <strong class="product-item-name"><a title="Choosing a Nutrient Management Planner" href="https://extension.psu.edu/choosing-a-nutrient-management-planner" class="product-item-link">Choosing a Nutrient Management Planner</a></strong> <div class="product-short-description">Pennsylvania agricultural operations that are designated Concentrated Animal Operations or Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations are required to implement an approved nutrient management plan.</div></div></div> </li><li class="product-item"> <div class="product-item-info"><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/the-dos-and-donts-of-winter-manure-spreading" class="product-item-photo"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-18868-6742dda8b7066"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/d/0d2a30961af9bfca7481a14209a4639a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/d/0d2a30961af9bfca7481a14209a4639a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/d/0d2a30961af9bfca7481a14209a4639a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="A field must have greater than 25% crop residue cover or a cover crop to be eligible for winter manure spreading, along with other restrictions.  Photo credit: Charlie White"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-188686742dda8b7066 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-188686742dda8b7066 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-188686742dda8b7066 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product-item-details"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> <strong class="product-item-name"><a title="The Do's and Don'ts of Winter Manure Spreading" href="https://extension.psu.edu/the-dos-and-donts-of-winter-manure-spreading" class="product-item-link">The Do's and Don'ts of Winter Manure Spreading</a></strong> <div class="product-short-description">If winter manure spreading is absolutely unavoidable, follow these requirements to do it legally.</div></div></div></li> </ol></div></div></div><div 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