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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_struggle_for_independence_(1923–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_struggle_for_independence_(1923–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early struggle for independence (1923–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_struggle_for_independence_(1923–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgency_and_first_elections_(1975–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgency_and_first_elections_(1975–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Insurgency and first elections (1975–1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgency_and_first_elections_(1975–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nascent_autonomy,_war_and_political_turmoil_(1992–2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nascent_autonomy,_war_and_political_turmoil_(1992–2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Nascent autonomy, war and political turmoil (1992–2009)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nascent_autonomy,_war_and_political_turmoil_(1992–2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISIL_and_rapprochement_with_Iraq_(after_2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISIL_and_rapprochement_with_Iraq_(after_2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>ISIL and rapprochement with Iraq (after 2014)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISIL_and_rapprochement_with_Iraq_(after_2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disputed_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Disputed areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petroleum_and_mineral_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_and_mineral_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Petroleum and mineral resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_and_mineral_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_data_(1917–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_data_(1917–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnic data (1917–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_data_(1917–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Refugees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Human resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_and_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_and_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Infrastructure and transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure_and_transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure and transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_and_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture and Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurdistan Region</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonome_Region_Kurdistan" title="Autonome Region Kurdistan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Autonome Region Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="إقليم كردستان العراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إقليم كردستان العراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8g%C2%B7ion_Kurdistan" title="Règ·ion Kurdistan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Règ·ion Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdist%C3%A1n_iraqu%C3%ADn" title="Curdistán iraquín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Curdistán iraquín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq_K%C3%BCrd%C3%BCstan%C4%B1" title="İraq Kürdüstanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İraq Kürdüstanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="عراق کوردوستان ایقلیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عراق کوردوستان ایقلیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইরাকি কুর্দিস্তান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরাকি কুর্দিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Kurdistan" title="Iraq Kurdistan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iraq Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA_%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Курдистан Төбәк Хөкүмәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Курдистан Төбәк Хөкүмәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Іракскі Курдыстан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іракскі Курдыстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ірацкі Курдыстан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірацкі Курдыстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rona_nin_Iraking_Kurdistan" title="Rona nin Iraking Kurdistan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rona nin Iraking Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иракски Кюрдистан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иракски Кюрдистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C4%8Dki_Kurdistan" title="Irački Kurdistan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Irački Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Irak" title="Kurdistan Irak – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kurdistan Irak" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Iraqui%C3%A0" title="Kurdistan Iraquià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kurdistan Iraquià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdist%C4%81n" title="Kurdistān – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kurdistān" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1ck%C3%BD_Kurdist%C3%A1n" title="Irácký Kurdistán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irácký Kurdistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrdistan_Iracaidd" title="Cyrdistan Iracaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyrdistan Iracaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_(Irak)" title="Kurdistan (Irak) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurdistan (Irak)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonome_Region_Kurdistan" title="Autonome Region Kurdistan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autonome Region Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraagi_Kurdistan" title="Iraagi Kurdistan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraagi Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Ιρακινό Κουρδιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιρακινό Κουρδιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdist%C3%A1n_iraqu%C3%AD" title="Kurdistán iraquí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kurdistán iraquí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADtonoma_Regiono_Kurdistano" title="Aŭtonoma Regiono Kurdistano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭtonoma Regiono Kurdistano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakeko_Kurdistan" title="Irakeko Kurdistan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irakeko Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="اقلیم کردستان عراق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقلیم کردستان عراق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_irakien" title="Kurdistan irakien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kurdistan irakien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdist%C3%A1n_iraqu%C3%AD" title="Kurdistán iraquí – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kurdistán iraquí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%98%EA%B5%AC" title="쿠르드 자치구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠르드 자치구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इराकी कुर्दिस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इराकी कुर्दिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C4%8Dki_Kurdistan" title="Irački Kurdistan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irački Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Kurdistan" title="Daerah Kurdistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daerah Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonom_Region_Kurdistan" title="Autonom Region Kurdistan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Autonom Region Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regione_del_Kurdistan" title="Regione del Kurdistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regione del Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כורדיסטן העיראקית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כורדיסטן העיראקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdhistan_Irak" title="Kurdhistan Irak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kurdhistan Irak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Iraqi Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ერაყის ქურთისტანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერაყის ქურთისტანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%AAma_Kurdistan%C3%AA" title="Herêma Kurdistanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Herêma Kurdistanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regio_Curdistania" title="Regio Curdistania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regio Curdistania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdist%C4%81nas_re%C4%A3ions" title="Kurdistānas reģions – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurdistānas reģions" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irako_Kurdistanas" title="Irako Kurdistanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irako Kurdistanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki_Kurdiszt%C3%A1n" title="Iraki Kurdisztán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iraki Kurdisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഇറാക്കി കുർദിസ്ഥാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറാക്കി കുർദിസ്ഥാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="كردستان العراق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كردستان العراق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="کوردستان سامون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوردستان سامون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_Kurdistan" title="Wilayah Kurdistan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wilayah Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerdische_Autonome_Regio" title="Koerdische Autonome Regio – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koerdische Autonome Regio" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F" title="クルディスタン地域 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クルディスタン地域" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ӏиракъан Курдистан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏиракъан Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonoom_Regiuun_Kurdistaan" title="Autonoom Regiuun Kurdistaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Autonoom Regiuun Kurdistaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_(Irak)" title="Kurdistan (Irak) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kurdistan (Irak)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_i_Irak" title="Kurdistan i Irak – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kurdistan i Irak" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroq_Kurdistoni" title="Iroq Kurdistoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iroq Kurdistoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81" title="کردستان علاقہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کردستان علاقہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عراقي کوردېستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عراقي کوردېستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdystan_(region_autonomiczny)" title="Kurdystan (region autonomiczny) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kurdystan (region autonomiczny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdist%C3%A3o_iraquiano" title="Curdistão iraquiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Curdistão iraquiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistanul_Irakian" title="Kurdistanul Irakian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kurdistanul Irakian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иракский Курдистан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иракский Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iraqi Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajoni_Kurdistan" title="Rajoni Kurdistan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rajoni Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Irachenu" title="Kurdistan Irachenu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kurdistan Irachenu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kurdistan Region" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irack%C3%BD_Kurdistan" title="Iracký Kurdistan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Iracký Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھەرێمی کوردستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەرێمی کوردستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јужни Курдистан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужни Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C4%8Dki_Kurdistan" title="Irački Kurdistan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irački Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Irak" title="Kurdistan Irak – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kurdistan Irak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakin_Kurdistan" title="Irakin Kurdistan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irakin Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakiska_Kurdistan" title="Irakiska Kurdistan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irakiska Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtonomong_Rehiyon_ng_Kurdistan" title="Awtonomong Rehiyon ng Kurdistan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Awtonomong Rehiyon ng Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈராக்கிய குர்திஸ்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈராக்கிய குர்திஸ்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_n_l%C9%9Biraq" title="Kurdistan n lɛiraq – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kurdistan n lɛiraq" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="เคอร์ดิสถานอิรัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคอร์ดิสถานอิรัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrdistan_B%C3%B6lgesel_Y%C3%B6netimi" title="Kürdistan Bölgesel Yönetimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kürdistan Bölgesel Yönetimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Іракський Курдистан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іракський Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81" title="کردستان علاقہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کردستان علاقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_thu%E1%BB%99c_Iraq" title="Kurdistan thuộc Iraq – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kurdistan thuộc Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomo_nga_Rehiyon_han_Kurdistan" title="Autonomo nga Rehiyon han Kurdistan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Autonomo nga Rehiyon han Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="伊拉克库尔德斯坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊拉克库尔德斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" title="庫爾德自治區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="庫爾德自治區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veroc%C3%AA_Kurd%C4%B1stani" title="Verocê Kurdıstani – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Verocê Kurdıstani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="伊拉克库尔德斯坦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊拉克库尔德斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iragi_Kurdistan" title="Iragi Kurdistan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Iragi Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kurdistan_Region&params=36_04_59_N_44_37_47_E_region:IQ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°04′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°37′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.08306°N 44.62972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.08306; 44.62972</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federal region of the Republic of Iraq</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a sub-national federal region in the Republic of Iraq. For the wider geographical area in Iraq inhabited by Kurdish people, see <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>. For the entire Middle Eastern region inhabited by Kurdish people, see <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>conflicting description of type of government (parliamentary or presidential).</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kurdistan_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Kurdistan Region">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semi-autonomous region in Iraq</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kurdistan Region</div><div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname"><span style="font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani Kurdish</a>: هەرێمی کوردستان, <span style="font-size:85%;">romanized:</span> <i>Herêmî Kurdistan</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji Kurdish</a>: <i>Herêma Kurdistanê</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إقليم كردستان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Iqlīm Kurdistān</i></span></li></ul></div></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Semi-autonomous region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Flag of Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kurdistan" title="Flag of Kurdistan">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Official seal of Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg/158px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan_Regional_Government.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kurdistan">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Anthem</b>: <span title="Sorani Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ckb" dir="rtl">ئەی ڕەقیب</span></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Req%C3%AEb" title="Ey Reqîb">Ey Reqîb</a></i><br />"Oh, enemy!"<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="123" data-mwtitle="Kurdistan_(Instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Kurdistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg/Kurdistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Kurdistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdistan_Region_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kurdistan_Region_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Kurdistan_Region_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kurdistan_Region_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Kurdistan_Region_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kurdistan_Region_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Kurdistan_Region_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Territory controlled by the Kurdistan Region shown in dark green</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Autonomy founded</th><td class="infobox-data">19 May 1992</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Autonomy recognized</th><td class="infobox-data">15 October 2005<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kurdistan_Region&params=36_04_59_N_44_37_47_E_region:IQ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°04′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°37′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.08306°N 44.62972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.08306; 44.62972</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized languages<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a><br />Minorities of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-pol-div-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><br />Large minority: <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><br />other</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurd</a></li><li>Kurdistani</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kurdistan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Kurdistan Region">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> semi-<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">autonomous region</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="President of Kurdistan Region">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nechirvan_Barzani" title="Nechirvan Barzani">Nechirvan Barzani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="Prime Minister of Kurdistan Region">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Masrour_Barzani" title="Masrour Barzani">Masrour Barzani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Deputy Prime Minister </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qubad_Talabani" title="Qubad Talabani">Qubad Talabani</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Parliament">Kurdistan Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">46,862<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (18,094 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kurdistan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Kurdistan Region">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,556,752 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2022<sup id="cite_ref-data15_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kurdistanchronicle_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurdistanchronicle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$66 billion<sup id="cite_ref-data15_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kurdistanchronicle_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurdistanchronicle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$7,038<sup id="cite_ref-data15_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kurdistanchronicle_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurdistanchronicle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2012)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">32<sup id="cite_ref-report14_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">medium</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2014)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.750<sup id="cite_ref-report14_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data">+964</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IQ" title="ISO 3166-2:IQ">IQ-KR</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.krd" title=".krd">.krd</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:85%;"><span style="padding-left:2.25em;"> </span> <div style="line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kurds" title="Category:Kurds">a series</a> on</span><br /><br /> <span style="font-size:135%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds" title="History of the Kurds">Kurdish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roj_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/150px-Roj_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/225px-Roj_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/300px-Roj_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurds" title="List of Kurds">List of Kurds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><b>Homeland</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Northern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Eastern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Southern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Western Kurdistan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish diaspora">Diaspora</a></b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Belgium" title="Kurds in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Kurds" title="Caucasian Kurds">Caucasia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Armenia" title="Kurds in Armenia">Armenia</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Azerbaijan" title="Kurds in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Georgia" title="Kurds in Georgia">Georgia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Denmark" title="Kurds in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Finland" title="Kurds in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Greece" title="Kurds in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Kurdish Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Japan" title="Kurds in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Jordan" title="Kurds in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Kazakhstan" title="Kurds in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Lebanon" title="Kurds in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Norway" title="Kurds in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Palestine" title="Kurds in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Pakistan" title="Kurds in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Russia" title="Kurds in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chechen_Kurds" title="Chechen Kurds">Chechnya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Sweden" title="Kurds in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkmenistan" title="Kurds in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Ukraine" title="Kurds in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Kurds in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds" title="History of the Kurds">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kurdish_uprisings" title="Timeline of Kurdish uprisings">Timeline of Kurdish uprisings</a></li></ul> <p><b>Ancient</b><br /> </p> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Karduchian dynasties</span></dt> <dd><br /><a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zabdicene" title="Zabdicene">Zabdicene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cyrtians" title="Cyrtians">Cyrtians</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Moxoene" title="Moxoene">Moxoene</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kayus" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kayus">Kayusids</a></li></ul> <p><b>Medieval</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahrizor" title="Shahrizor">Shahrizor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Dasni" title="Mir Jafar Dasni">Mir Jafar Dasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishanids">Aishanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisam" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisam">Daisam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhabani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhabani">Hadhabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bitlis" title="Principality of Bitlis">Badlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardalan" title="Ardalan">Ardalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahdinan" title="Bahdinan">Badinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokryan">Mokryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baban" title="Baban">Baban</a></li></ul> <p><b>Modern</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistansky_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistansky Uyezd">Kurdistansky Uyezd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Simko Shikak revolt">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Koçgiri Rebellion">Koçgiri Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim Rebellion">Dersim Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Ararat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Republic of Ararat">Kurdish Republic of Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal campaign">Al-Anfal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish Republic of Lachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdistan Region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds" title="Newroz as celebrated by Kurds">Celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kurdistan" title="Flag of Kurdistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_historical_sites" title="List of Kurdish historical sites">Historical sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_literature" title="Kurdish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_music" title="Kurdish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_philosophers" title="List of Kurdish philosophers">Kurdish philosophers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a></span></dt> <dd><br /></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language_(Zaza-Gorani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)">Gorani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kurdistan" title="Religion in Kurdistan">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_among_Kurds" title="Spread of Islam among Kurds">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Jews">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurds" title="Template:Kurds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurds" title="Template talk:Kurds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kurdistan Region</b> (<b>KRI</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a semi-<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous administrative division</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comprises four <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>-majority governorates of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>-majority Iraq: <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duhok_Governorate" title="Duhok Governorate">Duhok Governorate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja Governorate</a>. It is located in northern Iraq, which shares borders with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to the west. </p><p>It does not govern all of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> and lays claim to the <a href="/wiki/Disputed_territories_of_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed territories of Northern Iraq">disputed territories of northern Iraq</a>; these territories have a predominantly non-Arab population and were subject to the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Arabization_campaigns_in_northern_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq">Ba'athist Arabization campaigns</a> throughout the late 20th century. Though the KRI's autonomy was realized in 1992, one year after Iraq's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, these northern territories remain contested between the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government of Iraq</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>) to the present day. The <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Kurdistan Region Parliament">Kurdistan Region Parliament</a> is based in Erbil, the capital of KRI. </p><p>Throughout the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Iraqi Kurds</a> oscillated between fighting for autonomy and for full independence. Under the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist regime</a>, the Kurds experienced <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> and genocidal campaigns at the hands of the federal government in Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-Danilovich_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danilovich-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">Iraqi no-fly zones</a>, which restricted the federal government's power in the country's northern and southern areas following the Gulf War, the Kurds were given a chance to experiment with self-governance and the autonomous region was <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de facto</i></span> established.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi government only recognized the Kurdistan Region in 2005 (as a 'federal region'), after the American-led <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> overthrew <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2017, the KRI passed a non-binding <a href="/wiki/2017_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum" title="2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum">independence referendum</a>, inviting mixed reactions internationally. The KRI largely escaped the privations that afflicted other parts of Iraq in the last years of Saddam Hussein's rule as well as the chaos that followed his ousting during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a>, and built a parliamentary democracy with a growing economy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, when the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> began their <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">Northern Iraq offensive</a> and invaded the country, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> retreated from most of the disputed territories. The KRI's <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> then entered and took control of them for the duration of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a>. In October 2017, following the defeat of the Islamic State, the Iraqi Armed Forces attacked the Peshmerga and <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">reasserted control</a> over the disputed territories.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan#History" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_struggle_for_independence_(1923–1975)"><span id="Early_struggle_for_independence_.281923.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Early struggle for independence (1923–1975)</h3></div> <p>Before Iraq became an independent state in 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurds">Iraqi Kurds</a> had already begun their independence struggle from the British <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a>, which were subsequently crushed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> after a bombing campaign against Kurdish civilians by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the Kurdish struggle persisted and the <a href="/wiki/Barzani_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani Kurds">Barzani</a> tribe had by the early 1920s gained momentum for the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalist</a> cause and would become pivotal in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Kurdish-Iraqi wars</a> throughout the 20th century. In 1943, the Barzani chief <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a> began<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raiding Iraqi police stations in <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, which led the Baghdad government to deploy 30,000 troops to the region. The Iraqi Kurdish leadership fled to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in 1945. There, Mustafa Barzani founded the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a>, and Iran and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> began assisting the Kurdish rebels with arms.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> began assisting the Kurdish rebels in the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1961 to 1970, the Kurds fought the Iraqi government in the <a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a>, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_Autonomy_Agreement_of_1970" title="Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970">Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement</a>. But simultaneously with its promise of Kurdish autonomy, the Iraqi government began <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> Kurdish-populated areas, to reduce the size of the autonomous entity which a <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> would determine.<sup id="cite_ref-Danilovich_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danilovich-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mistrust provoked the <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a> between 1974 and 1975, which resulted in a serious defeat for the Iraqi Kurds (see <a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">Algiers Accord</a>) and forced all of the rebels to flee once more to Iran. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_kurdish_areas_2003_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iraq_kurdish_areas_2003_vector.svg/220px-Iraq_kurdish_areas_2003_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iraq_kurdish_areas_2003_vector.svg/330px-Iraq_kurdish_areas_2003_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iraq_kurdish_areas_2003_vector.svg/440px-Iraq_kurdish_areas_2003_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>The Kurdistan Region became politically divided with two administrations (the 50:50 system) with KDP controlling the Erbil and Duhok Governorates, while PUK took control of Sulaymaniyah Governorate to the east.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_110408-F-DQ383-019_-_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_talks_with_Kurdistan_Regional_Government_President_Barzani_after_arriving_in_Irbil_Iraq_during_a_trip_on.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Defense.gov_News_Photo_110408-F-DQ383-019_-_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_talks_with_Kurdistan_Regional_Government_President_Barzani_after_arriving_in_Irbil_Iraq_during_a_trip_on.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Defense.gov_News_Photo_110408-F-DQ383-019_-_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_talks_with_Kurdistan_Regional_Government_President_Barzani_after_arriving_in_Irbil_Iraq_during_a_trip_on.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Defense.gov_News_Photo_110408-F-DQ383-019_-_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_M._Gates_talks_with_Kurdistan_Regional_Government_President_Barzani_after_arriving_in_Irbil_Iraq_during_a_trip_on.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>The region uses the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi flag">Iraqi flag</a> in official ceremonies alongside the Flag of Kurdistan despite reluctance.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafaat_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafaat-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insurgency_and_first_elections_(1975–1992)"><span id="Insurgency_and_first_elections_.281975.E2.80.931992.29"></span>Insurgency and first elections (1975–1992)</h3></div> <p>The more left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK) was founded in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> and regenerated the Kurdish insurgency with <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> tactics as the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) was slowly recovering from their defeat. However, the Kurdish insurgency became entangled in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> from 1980 onwards. During the first years of the war in the early 1980s, the Iraqi government tried to accommodate the Kurds in order to focus on the war against Iran. In 1983, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan agreed to cooperate with Baghdad, but the Kurdistan Democratic Party remained opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-katzman_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katzman-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> signed an autonomy agreement with <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> of the PUK, though Saddam later reneged on the agreement. </p><p>By 1985, the PUK and KDP had joined forces, and Iraqi Kurdistan saw widespread guerrilla warfare up to the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Karsh_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karsh-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 March 1988, PUK forces captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja</a> near the Iranian border and inflicted heavy losses among Iraqi soldiers. The Iraqis retaliated the following day by <a href="/wiki/Halabja_chemical_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Halabja chemical attack">chemically bombing the town</a>, killing about 5,000 civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led the Americans and the Europeans to implement the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">Iraqi no-fly zones</a> in March 1991 to protect the Kurds, thereby facilitating Kurdish autonomy amid the vacuum and the first Kurdish elections were consequently held in May 1992, wherein the Kurdistan Democratic Party secured 45.3% of the vote and a majority of seats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nascent_autonomy,_war_and_political_turmoil_(1992–2009)"><span id="Nascent_autonomy.2C_war_and_political_turmoil_.281992.E2.80.932009.29"></span>Nascent autonomy, war and political turmoil (1992–2009)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></div> <p>The two parties agreed to form the first Kurdish cabinet led by <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Fuad_Masum" title="Fuad Masum">Fuad Masum</a> as Prime Minister in July 1992 and the main focus of the new cabinet was to mitigate the effect of the American-led sanctions on Iraq and to prevent internal Kurdish skirmishes. Nonetheless, the cabinet broke down due to plagues of embattlement and <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocracy</a> which disenfranchised the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and a new more partisan cabinet was formed and led by PUK politician <a href="/wiki/Kosrat_Rasul_Ali" title="Kosrat Rasul Ali">Kosrat Rasul Ali</a> in April 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KDP-PUK relations quickly deteriorated and the first clashes in the civil war took place in May 1994 when PUK captured the towns of <a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa" title="Shaqlawa">Shaqlawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamchamal" title="Chamchamal">Chamchamal</a> from KDP, which in turn pushed PUK out of Salahaddin (near Erbil). In September 1998, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> mediated a ceasefire and the two warring parties signed the Washington Agreement deal, where in it was stipulated that the two parties would agree on revenue-sharing, power-sharing and security arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anarchy in Kurdistan during the war created an opportunity for the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK), which created bases in the northern mountainous areas of the Kurdistan Region,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which still operates in the Region in the 2010s with frequent calls for withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In advance of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq war">Iraq war</a> in 2003, the two parties united in the negotiations with the Arab opposition to <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and succeeded in harvesting political, economic, and security gains and the Arab opposition agreed to recognize Kurdish autonomy in the case that Saddam Hussein was removed from power.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> America and Kurdistan also jointly rooted out the Islamist <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam</a> group in Halabja area as Kurdistan hosted thousands of soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kurdish autonomy which had existed since 1992 was formally recognized by the new Iraqi government in 2005 in the new Iraqi constitution and the KDP- and PUK-administered areas reunified in 2006, making the Kurdistan Region into one single administration. This reunification prompted Kurdish leaders and the Kurdish President <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a> to focus on bringing the Kurdish areas outside of the Kurdistan Region into the region and building healthy institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Kurdistan saw the birth of a new major party, the <a href="/wiki/Gorran_Movement" title="Gorran Movement">Gorran Movement</a>, which was founded because of tensions in PUK and would subsequently weaken the party profoundly. The second most important political PUK figure, <a href="/wiki/Nawshirwan_Mustafa" title="Nawshirwan Mustafa">Nawshirwan Mustafa</a>, was the founder of Gorran, who took advantage of sentiments among many PUK politicians critical of the cooperation with the KDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorran would subsequently win 25 seats (or 23.7% of the votes) in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Iraqi_Kurdistan_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Iraqi Kurdistan parliamentary election">2009 parliamentary elections</a> to the detriment of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_List" title="Kurdistan List">Kurdistan List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the elections, Gorran failed at its attempts to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Islamic Group">Kurdistan Islamic Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Union" title="Kurdistan Islamic Union">Kurdistan Islamic Union</a> to leave the Kurdistan List, provoking both KDP and PUK. Gorran also attempted to create goodwill with the Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a>, which only aggravated the situation in Kurdistan, and the KDP and PUK chose to boycott Gorran from politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISIL_and_rapprochement_with_Iraq_(after_2014)"><span id="ISIL_and_rapprochement_with_Iraq_.28after_2014.29"></span>ISIL and rapprochement with Iraq (after 2014)</h3></div> <p>In the period leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">ISIL invasion of Iraq</a> in June 2014, the Iraqi-Kurdish relations were in a decline that the war against the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) only worsened. When Iraqi forces withdrew from the Syrian-Iraqi border and away from the disputed areas, the Kurdistan Region consequently had a 1,000 km front with ISIL, which put the region into an economic stalemate. However, Kurdistan did not compromise on their stance regarding financial independence from Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the Iraqi withdrawal, Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> took control of most disputed areas, including <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalawla" title="Jalawla">Jalawla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashiqa" title="Bashiqa">Bashiqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makhmur,_Iraq" title="Makhmur, Iraq">Makhmur</a>. The strategically important <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Dam" title="Mosul Dam">Mosul Dam</a> was also captured by Kurdish forces.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the control was only temporary as Iraqi forces <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">retook control</a> over most of the disputed areas in October 2017, after the <a href="/wiki/2017_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum" title="2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum">2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, the Kurdistan Region and the Federal Government in Baghdad are negotiating joint control over the disputed areas as their relations have become more cordial in the aftermath of ISIL's defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_great_zab.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Iraq_great_zab.png/250px-Iraq_great_zab.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Iraq_great_zab.png/375px-Iraq_great_zab.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Iraq_great_zab.png/500px-Iraq_great_zab.png 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A valley in the north of the region, through which the <a href="/wiki/Great_Zab" title="Great Zab">Great Zab</a> flows</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kurdistan region of Iraq is an autonomous region in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in the east, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in the north, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> in the west. The region encompasses most of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, which is the southern part of the greater geographical region of <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>. The region lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/34th_parallel_north" title="34th parallel north">34°</a> and <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/41st_meridian_east" title="41st meridian east">41°</a> and <a href="/wiki/47th_meridian_east" title="47th meridian east">47°E</a>. Most of the northern and northeastern parts of the region are mountainous, especially those bordering Turkey and Iran. The region has several high mountains and mountain ranges. Other areas of the region are hills and plains, which make up the central and most southern parts of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the precipitation there falls as rain or snow between November and April, annual precipitation ranges from about 375 to 724 mm. From ancient times this has made cultivation of winter crops (and vegetables and fruit in the summer) and the raising of livestock possible.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg/250px-Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg/375px-Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg/500px-Iraqi_Kurdish_villagers_in_field_near_Turkish_border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2458" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Kurdish villagers working in a field</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1,368,388 hectares (33%) of the land is rainfed arable agricultural land and 328,428 hectares (8%) is Irrigated arable agricultural land.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p>The climate of the Kurdistan Region is <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid continental</a>; hot and dry in summer, and cold and wet in winter. The region is cooler compared to the central and southern parts of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summers are hot and dry, with high average temperatures ranging from 35 °C (95 °F) in the cooler northernmost areas to blistering 40 °C (104 °F) in the southwest, with lows around 21 °C (70 °F) to 24 °C (75 °F). Winter is dramatically cooler than the rest of Iraq, with highs averaging between 9 °C (48 °F) and 11 °C (52 °F) and with lows hovering around 3 °C (37 °F) in some areas and freezing in others, dipping to −2 °C (28 °F) and 0 °C (32 °F) on average. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27<br />(81) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(86) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(93) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42<br />(108) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44<br />(111) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48<br />(118) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49<br />(120) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45<br />(113) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39<br />(102) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49<br />(120) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1<br />(100.6) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td> <td style="background: #F90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(107.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4<br />(25) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(63) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−6<br />(21) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111<br />(4.4) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97<br />(3.8) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89<br />(3.5) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69<br />(2.7) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">540<br />(21.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">62 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.5 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.5 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.5 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">50.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <i>Climate-Data.org</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Climate-Data.org_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate-Data.org-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>My Forecast</i> for records, humidity, snow and precipitation days<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <i>What's the Weather Like.org</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Erbilia</i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <p>Vegetation in the region includes <i><a href="/wiki/Abies_cilicica" title="Abies cilicica">Abies cilicica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_calliprinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus calliprinos">Quercus calliprinos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_brantii" title="Quercus brantii">Quercus brantii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_infectoria" title="Quercus infectoria">Quercus infectoria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_ithaburensis" title="Quercus ithaburensis">Quercus ithaburensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_macranthera" title="Quercus macranthera">Quercus macranthera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens" title="Cupressus sempervirens">Cupressus sempervirens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Platanus_orientalis" title="Platanus orientalis">Platanus orientalis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_brutia" title="Pinus brutia">Pinus brutia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_foetidissima" title="Juniperus foetidissima">Juniperus foetidissima</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_excelsa" title="Juniperus excelsa">Juniperus excelsa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_oxycedrus" title="Juniperus oxycedrus">Juniperus oxycedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">Salix alba</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Olea_europaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Olea europaea">Olea europaea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_carica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ficus carica">Ficus carica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Populus_euphratica" title="Populus euphratica">Populus euphratica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Populus_nigra" title="Populus nigra">Populus nigra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna">Crataegus monogyna</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crataegus_azarolus" title="Crataegus azarolus">Crataegus azarolus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_cerasifera" title="Prunus cerasifera">cherry plum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">rose hips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistachio tree">pistachio trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrus_elaeagrifolia" title="Pyrus elaeagrifolia">pear</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sorbus_graeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbus graeca">Sorbus graeca</a></i>. The desert in the south is mostly <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> and would feature <a href="/wiki/Xeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeric">xeric</a> plants such as <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">tamarix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">fraxinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poa" title="Poa">poa</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_wormwood" class="mw-redirect" title="White wormwood">white wormwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chenopodiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenopodiaceae">chenopodiaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals found in the region include the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_brown_bear" title="Syrian brown bear">Syrian brown bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_crested_porcupine" title="Indian crested porcupine">Indian crested porcupine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">goitered gazelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">onager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangar_(fish)" title="Mangar (fish)">mangar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_softshell_turtle" title="Euphrates softshell turtle">Euphrates softshell turtle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bird species include, the <a href="/wiki/See-see_partridge" title="See-see partridge">see-see partridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menetries%27s_warbler" title="Menetries's warbler">Menetries's warbler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_jackdaw" title="Western jackdaw">western jackdaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-billed_chough" title="Red-billed chough">Red-billed chough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hooded_crow" title="Hooded crow">hooded crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_nightjar" title="European nightjar">European nightjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufous-tailed_scrub_robin" title="Rufous-tailed scrub robin">rufous-tailed scrub robin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masked_shrike" title="Masked shrike">masked shrike</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pale_rockfinch" title="Pale rockfinch">pale rockfinch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Kurdistan Region Parliament">Kurdistan Region Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="Government of Kurdistan Region">Government of Kurdistan Region</a></div> <p>The Kurdistan Region is a multi-party, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> wherein the President is elected by Parliament for a four-year term. In case of extensions of parliament's term, the president's term is also automatically extended.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current President is <a href="/wiki/Nechirvan_Barzani" title="Nechirvan Barzani">Nechirvan Barzani</a>, who assumed office on 1 June 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Parliament">Kurdistan Parliament</a> has 111 seats and are held every fifth year. Traditionally, the two major parties in Kurdistan Region are <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP) and the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Middle_East_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Middle East Center">Carnegie Middle East Center</a> wrote in August 2015 that:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Kurdistan region of Iraq enjoys more stability, economic development, and political pluralism than the rest of the country. And public opinion under the Kurdistan Regional Government demands rule-of-law-based governance. But power is concentrated in the hands of the ruling parties and families, who perpetuate a nondemocratic, sultanistic system. These dynamics could foster instability in Kurdistan and its neighborhood, but could also provide a rare window of opportunity for democratization.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputed_areas">Disputed areas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disputed_territories_of_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed territories of Northern Iraq">Disputed territories of Northern Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Civil_War_map_(2014%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg/220px-Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg/330px-Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg/440px-Iraqi_Civil_War_map_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e3da75; color:black;"> </span> Present territory controlled by the Kurdistan Region in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Committee for implementing article 140 defines the disputed territories as those areas Arabised and whose border modified between 17 July 1968 and 9 April 2003. Those areas include parts of four <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">governorates</a> of pre-1968 borders.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disputed internal Kurdish–Iraqi boundaries have been a core concern for Arabs and Kurds, especially since US invasion and political restructuring in 2003. Kurds gained territory to the south of Iraqi Kurdistan after the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">US-led invasion</a> in 2003 to regain what land they considered historically theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="Foreign relations of Kurdistan Region">Foreign relations of Kurdistan Region</a></div> <p>Despite being landlocked, the Kurdistan Region pursues a proactive foreign policy, which includes strengthening diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Twenty nine countries have a <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Kurdistan_Region" title="List of diplomatic missions in Kurdistan Region">diplomatic presence in the Kurdistan Region</a>, while the Kurdistan Region has <a href="/wiki/Representative_office" title="Representative office">representative offices</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="List of diplomatic missions of Kurdistan Region">14 countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdistan_governorates_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kurdistan_governorates_2015.png/250px-Kurdistan_governorates_2015.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kurdistan_governorates_2015.png/375px-Kurdistan_governorates_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kurdistan_governorates_2015.png/500px-Kurdistan_governorates_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Governorates of Kurdistan Region<sup id="cite_ref-ad_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Kurdistan Region is divided into four governorates (Kurdish: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">پارێزگا</span>, <span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku-Latn">Parêzga</i></span>): the governorates of <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duhok_Governorate" title="Duhok Governorate">Duhok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja</a>. Each of these governorates is divided into districts, for a total of 26 districts. Each district is also divided into sub-districts. Each governorate has a capital city, while districts and sub-districts have 'district centers'.<sup id="cite_ref-ad_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable" colspan="2">Governorate </th> <th>Population<br />(2020) </th> <th>Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Area<br />(mi<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil</a></td> <td style="direction:rtl"><span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku" dir="rtl">هەولێر</span></span></td> <td align="right">2,932,800</td> <td align="right">14,873</td> <td align="right">5,743 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah</a></td> <td style="direction:rtl"><span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku" dir="rtl">سلێمانی</span></span></td> <td align="right">2,250,000</td> <td align="right">20,144</td> <td align="right">7,778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duhok_Governorate" title="Duhok Governorate">Duhok</a></td> <td style="direction:rtl"><span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku" dir="rtl">دهۆک</span></span></td> <td align="right">1,292,535</td> <td align="right">10,956</td> <td align="right">4,230 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja</a></td> <td style="direction:rtl"><span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku" dir="rtl">هەڵەبجە</span></span></td> <td align="right">109,000</td> <td align="right">889</td> <td align="right">343 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee;" class="sortbottom"> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td></td> <td align="right">6,584,335</td> <td align="right">46,862</td> <td align="right">18,094 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 252.57116894473px; border-left-color:#08f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#08f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#08f"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 137.63819204712px; border-left-color:#008"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 32.491969623291px; border-left-color:silver"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:silver"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:silver"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Economy by sector (<a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>, 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-diversification_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diversification-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:silver; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oil</a> (80%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> (10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#08f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a> (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Other (6%)</div> </div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="Economy of Kurdistan Region">Economy of Kurdistan Region</a></div> <p>The Kurdistan Region has the lowest poverty rates in Iraq<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the stronger economy of the Kurdistan Region attracted around 20,000 workers from other parts of Iraq between 2003 and 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of millionaires in the city of Sulaymaniyah grew from 12 to 2,000 in 2003, reflecting the economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some estimates, the debt of the Kurdish government reached $18 billion by January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economy of Kurdistan is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Kurdish officials have since the late 2010s attempted to diversify the economy to mitigate a new economic crisis like the one which hit the region during the fight against ISIL.<sup id="cite_ref-diversification_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diversification-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major oil export partners include <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum_and_mineral_resources">Petroleum and mineral resources</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">KRG</a>-controlled parts of Iraqi Kurdistan contain 4 billion barrels of proven oil reserves. However, the KRG has estimated that the region contains around 45 billion barrels (7.2<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of unproven oil resource.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extraction of these reserves began in 2007. </p><p>In November 2011, Exxon challenged the Iraqi central government's authority with the signing of oil and gas contracts for exploration rights to six parcels of land in Kurdistan, including one contract in the disputed territories, just east of the <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Field" title="Kirkuk Field">Kirkuk mega-field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act caused Baghdad to threaten to revoke Exxon's contract in its southern fields, most notably the West-Qurna Phase 1 project.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exxon responded by announcing its intention to leave the West-Qurna project.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of July 2007, the Kurdish government solicited foreign companies to invest in 40 new oil sites, with the hope of increasing regional oil production over the following 5 years by a factor of five, to about 1 million barrels per day (160,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable companies active in Kurdistan include <a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talisman_Energy" title="Talisman Energy">Talisman Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNO_ASA" title="DNO ASA">DNO</a>, <a href="/wiki/MOL_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="MOL Group">MOL Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genel_Energy" title="Genel Energy">Genel Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunt Oil">Hunt Oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Keystone_Petroleum" title="Gulf Keystone Petroleum">Gulf Keystone Petroleum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other mineral resources that exist in significant quantities in the region include <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> (which is used to produce <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. The world's largest deposit of rock sulfur is located just southwest of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2012, Turkey and the Kurdistan Regional Government signed an agreement by which Turkey would supply the KRG with refined petroleum products in exchange for crude oil.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in March 2023 the International Chamber of Commerce ruled that this agreement was illegal, causing the pumping of petroleum products through the <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline">Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline</a> between the Kurdistan Region and Turkey to cease.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closure of the pipeline left much of the Kurdistan Region's petroleum output with no legal outlet, causing a rise in illegal smuggling of oil to Iran via tanker trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <p>Due to the lack of a proper <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a>, the exact population and demographics of Kurdistan Region are unknown, but the government has started to publish more detailed figures. The population of the region is notoriously difficult to ascertain, as the Iraqi government has historically sought to minimize the importance of the Kurdish minority while Kurdish groups have had a tendency to exaggerate the numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-StansfieldJomo2003_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StansfieldJomo2003-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on available data, Kurdistan has a young population with an estimated 36% of the population being under the age of 15.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_data_(1917–1947)"><span id="Ethnic_data_.281917.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Ethnic data (1917–1947)</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <caption> <b>Population of Mosul Province (1917–1947)</b><sup id="cite_ref-data_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic<br />group </th> <th colspan="2">British data 1917 </th> <th colspan="2">British data 1921 </th> <th colspan="2">British data 1930 </th> <th colspan="2">British data 1947 </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005401000000000000♠">401,000</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001544078499265968♠" style="display:none"></span>54.4% </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005454720000000000♠">454,720</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001578916009309099♠" style="display:none"></span>57.9% </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005393000000000000♠">393,000</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001550088882045826♠" style="display:none"></span>55% </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005804240000000000♠">804,240</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001631127922215508♠" style="display:none"></span>63.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005185763000000000♠">185,763</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001236499768291006♠" style="display:none"></span>23.6% </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004658950000000000♠">65,895</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000838926601720248♠" style="display:none"></span>8.4% </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004622250000000000♠">62,225</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000792202865043515♠" style="display:none"></span>7.9% </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004168650000000000♠">16,865</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000214712757235176♠" style="display:none"></span>2.1% </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Other, unknown, not stated </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005336026000000000♠">336,026</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001455921500734031♠" style="display:none"></span>45.6% </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005321430000000000♠">321,430</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001449911117954173♠" style="display:none"></span>45% </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005470050000000000♠">470,050</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001368872077784491♠" style="display:none"></span>36.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><b>Total</b> </th> <th colspan="2">737,026 </th> <th colspan="2">785,468 </th> <th colspan="2">714,430 </th> <th colspan="2">1,274,290 </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kurdistan" title="Religion in Kurdistan">Religion in Kurdistan</a></div> <p>Kurdistan has a religiously diverse population. The dominant religion is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which is professed by the majority of Kurdistan Region's inhabitants. These include Kurds, Iraqi Turkmen, and Arabs, belonging mostly to the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Islam. There is also a small number of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Feyli_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Feyli Kurds">Feyli Kurds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-masara_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masara-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the Kurdistan Regional Government enacted a law to formally protect religious minorities. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a> is professed by <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> make up a significant minority, with some 650,000 in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 560,000 as of 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-masara_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masara-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yarsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarsan">Yarsan</a> (Ahl-e Haqq or Kakai) religion numbers around 200,000 adherents respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-masara_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masara-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, it was reported that 60 Zoroastrian families live in Iraqi Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Zoroastrian temple was opened in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a> (Silêmanî) in September 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tiny ethno-religious community of <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> also exists within the semi-autonomous region. The National Association of Jews from Kurdistan in Israel stated there is a small number of expatriate Jews in the Kurdistan Region, but no Jews remaining from original Jewish communities.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hewler_Old_Minaret.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mudhafaria Minaret in the Minare Park, Erbil"><img alt="Mudhafaria Minaret in the Minare Park, Erbil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hewler_Old_Minaret.jpg/120px-Hewler_Old_Minaret.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hewler_Old_Minaret.jpg/180px-Hewler_Old_Minaret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hewler_Old_Minaret.jpg/240px-Hewler_Old_Minaret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="1764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mudhafaria_Minaret" title="Mudhafaria Minaret">Mudhafaria Minaret</a> in the Minare Park, Erbil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_(Ankawa,_Erbil,_Iraq).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaldean Catholic Mar Yousif Cathedral in Ankawa"><img alt="Chaldean Catholic Mar Yousif Cathedral in Ankawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/80px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/120px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/159px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic</a> Mar Yousif Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Azza village mill in Erbil"><img alt="Azza village mill in Erbil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/120px-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/180px-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg/240px-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azza_village_mill_in_Erbil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azza village mill in Erbil (page does not exist)">Azza village mill in Erbil</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <p>Widespread economic activity between the Kurdistan Region and Turkey has given the opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds in Turkey</a> to seek jobs in the Kurdistan Region. A Kurdish newspaper based in the Kurdish capital estimates that around 50,000 Kurds from Turkey are now living in the Kurdistan Region.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refugees">Refugees</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">Refugees of the Syrian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons_in_Iraq" title="Internally displaced persons in Iraq">Internally displaced persons in Iraq</a></div> <p>The Kurdistan Region is hosting 1.2 million displaced Iraqis who have been displaced by the ISIS war, as of early December 2017. There were about 335,000 in the area prior to 2014 with the rest arriving in 2014 as a result of unrest in Syria and attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kurdistan_Region" title="List of universities in Kurdistan Region">List of universities in Kurdistan Region</a></div> <p>Before the establishment of the Kurdistan Regional Government, primary and secondary education was almost entirely taught in Arabic. Higher education was always taught in Arabic. This however changed with the establishment of the Kurdistan Autonomous Region. The first international school, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_School_of_Choueifat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International School of Choueifat (page does not exist)">International School of Choueifat</a> opened its branch in the Kurdistan Region in 2006. Other international schools have opened and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis-kurdistan.co.uk">British International Schools in Kurdistan</a> is the latest with a planned opening in Suleimaniah in September 2011. </p><p>The Kurdistan Region's official universities are listed below, followed by their English acronym (if commonly used), internet domain, establishment date and latest data about the number of students. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Institute</th> <th>Internet domain</th> <th>Established</th> <th>Students </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sulaimani" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Sulaimani">University of Sulaimani</a> (UOS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://univsul.edu.iq/">univsul.edu.iq</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1968</td> <td>25,900 (2013) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Salahaddin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Salahaddin University">Salahaddin University</a> (SU) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.su.edu.krd/">www.su.edu.krd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1970</td> <td>20,000 (2013) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Duhok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Duhok (page does not exist)">University of Duhok</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uod.ac/">www.uod.ac</a> </td> <td align="center">1992</td> <td>19,615 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Zakho" title="University of Zakho">University of Zakho</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uoz.edu.krd/">www.uoz.edu.krd</a> </td> <td align="center">2010</td> <td>2,600 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Koya" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Koya">University of Koya</a> (KU) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koyauniversity.org/">www.koyauniversity.org</a> </td> <td align="center">2003</td> <td>4260 (2014) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kurdistan_Hewler" title="University of Kurdistan Hewler">University of Kurdistan Hewler</a> (UKH) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukh.edu.krd/">www.ukh.edu.krd</a> </td> <td align="center">2006</td> <td>400 (2006) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_American_University_of_Iraq_%E2%80%93_Sulaimani" class="mw-redirect" title="The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani">The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani</a> (AUIS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auis.edu.krd/">www.auis.edu.krd</a> </td> <td align="center">2007</td> <td>1100 (2014) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/American_University_Duhok_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="American University Duhok Kurdistan">American University Duhok Kurdistan</a> (AUDK) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audk.edu.krd/">www.audk.edu.krd</a> </td> <td align="center">2014</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hawler_Medical_University" title="Hawler Medical University">Hawler Medical University</a> (HMU) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmu.edu.krd/">www.hmu.edu.krd</a> </td> <td align="center">2006</td> <td>(3400) (2018) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Business_%26_Management_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Business & Management University">Business & Management University</a> (BMU) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120806/http://lfu.edu.krd/index.php">www.lfu.edu.krd/index.php</a> </td> <td align="center">2007</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_French_University" title="Lebanese French University">Lebanese French University</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lfu.edu.krd/">www.lfu.edu.krd</a> </td> <td align="center">2007</td> <td>2,600 (2022) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cihan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cihan University">Cihan University</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cihanuniversity.edu.iq/home-university/">www.cihanuniversity.edu.iq</a> </td> <td align="center">2007</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Komar_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Komar University of Science and Technology">Komar University of Science and Technology</a> (KUST) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.komar.edu.iq">www.komar.edu.iq</a> </td> <td align="center">2012</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ishik_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishik University">Ishik University</a> (IU) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ishik.edu.krd/">www.ishik.edu.krd</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809084927/http://ishik.edu.krd/">Archived</a> 2018-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td align="center">2008</td> <td>1,700 (2012) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Soran_University" title="Soran University">Soran University</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soran.edu.iq/">www.soran.edu.iq</a> </td> <td align="center">2009</td> <td>2200 (2011) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nawroz_University" title="Nawroz University">Nawroz University</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.nawroz.edu.krd//">web.nawroz.edu.krd/</a> </td> <td align="center">2004</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Human_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Human Development (page does not exist)">University of Human Development</a> (UHD/Qaradax) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhd.edu.iq/en/index.php">www.uhd.edu.iq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308233615/http://www.uhd.edu.iq/en/index.php">Archived</a> 2017-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td align="center">2008</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sulaimani_Polytechnic_University" title="Sulaimani Polytechnic University">Sulaimani Polytechnic University</a> (SPU) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spu.edu.iq/en/">www.http://spu.edu.iq</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1996</td> <td>13000 (2013) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_University" title="Knowledge University">Knowledge University</a> (KNU) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knu.edu.iq/">knu.edu.iq</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2009</td> <td>2800 (2021) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td nowrap="" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_in_Erbil" title="Catholic University in Erbil">Catholic University in Erbil</a> (CUE) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cue.edu.krd/">cue.edu.krd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2015</td> <td>271 (2022) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_resources">Human resources</h3></div> <p>Iraqi Kurdistan has been investing in the growth of its human capital in general.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public sector employees are often enrolled in local training programmes or sent overseas to participate in training courses, technical classes, and professional development programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-Khodr_2013_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khodr_2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, factors such as the lack of a practical and formal HRD framework specific to the KRG's public sector, the absence of evaluation process, inadequate civil service training institutions, and corruption have hampered effective and efficient professional development and training in the public sector.<sup id="cite_ref-Khodr_2013_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khodr_2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, an assessment of such programmes and their outcomes is needed to identify any misuse of public funds, as well as to assist in the reducing of administrative and political corruption and to make policy recommendations. The government's policies for the public sector have also had an impact on the private sector. However, the government has played a much smaller role in the private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Iraqi Kurdistan, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Planning_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Planning (Iraq)">Ministry of Planning</a> has primarily concentrated on activating training in the public sector, with the goal of expanding opportunities and improving the efficiency of the training process.<sup id="cite_ref-Khodr_2013_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khodr_2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the long run, this will have an effect on private sector training and growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h2></div> <p>In 2010 <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that journalists in the Kurdistan Region who criticize the regional government have faced substantial violence, threats, and lawsuits, and some have fled the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ref22_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref22-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some journalists faced trial and threats of imprisonment for their reports about corruption in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-ref22_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref22-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 Human Rights Watch found that some health providers in Iraqi Kurdistan had been involved in both performing and promoting misinformation about the practice of female genital mutilation. Girls and women receive conflicting and inaccurate messages from media campaigns and medical personnel on its consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-urlAbusing_Patients_|_Human_Rights_Watch_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlAbusing_Patients_|_Human_Rights_Watch-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kurdistan parliament in 2008 passed a draft law outlawing the practice, but the ministerial decree necessary to implement it, expected in February 2009, was cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As reported to the Centre for Islamic Pluralism by the non-governmental organization, called as Stop FGM in Kurdistan, the Kurdistan Regional Government in northern Iraq, on 25 November, officially admitted the wide prevalence in the territory of female genital mutilation (FGM). Recognition by the KRG of the frequency of this custom among Kurds came during a conference program commemorating the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 November 2010, the Kurdish government officially admitted to violence against women in Kurdistan and began taking serious measures.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 21 June 2011 The Family Violence Bill was approved by the Kurdistan Parliament, it includes several provisions criminalizing the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 Kurdish law criminalized FGM practice in Iraqi Kurdistan and law was accepted four years later.<sup id="cite_ref-almonitorfgm_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almonitorfgm-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrw.org_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studies have shown that there is a trend of general decline of FGM.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British lawmaker <a href="/wiki/Robert_Halfon" title="Robert Halfon">Robert Halfon</a> sees the Kurdistan Region as a more progressive Muslim region than the other Muslim countries in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Kurdish regional parliament has officially recognized ethnic minorities such as <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, there have been accusations of Kurdish discrimination against those groups. The Assyrians have reported Kurdish officials' reluctance in rebuilding Assyrian villages in their region while constructing more settlements for the Kurds affected during the <a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his visit to the region, Dutch politician <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Voordewind" title="Joël Voordewind">Joël Voordewind</a> noted that the positions reserved for minorities in the Kurdish parliament were appointed by Kurds as the Assyrians for example had no possibility to nominate their own candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-voordewind_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voordewind-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kurdish regional government has also been accused of trying to <a href="/wiki/Kurdify" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdify">Kurdify</a> other regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> by providing financial support for Kurds who want to settle in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Kurdish forces held the city of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, Kurdish authorities attempted to Kurdify the city. Turkmen and Arab residents in Kirkuk experienced intimidation, harassment and were forced to leave their homes, in order to increase the Kurdish demographic in Kirkuk and bolster their claims to the city. Multiple <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reports detail the confiscation of Turkmen and Arab families' documents, preventing them from voting, buying property and travelling. Turkmen residents of Kirkuk were detained by Kurdish forces and compelled to leave the city. Kurdish authorities expelled hundreds of Arab families from the city, demolishing their homes in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> reports since 2006 have documented that Kurdish authorities and Peshmerga militia forces were illegally policing Kirkuk and other disputed areas, and that these militia have abducted Turkmen and Arabs, subjecting them to torture.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2016, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> wrote that the Kurdish security force of KRG, the <a href="/wiki/Asayish_(Kurdistan_Regional_Government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (Kurdistan Regional Government)">Asayish</a>, blocked the roads to <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> from holding a protest. According to demonstrators, the reason for the blocked protest was that Kurds in the <a href="/wiki/Nahla,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahla, Iraq">Nahla Valley</a>, mainly populated by Assyrians, encroached on <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">land owned by Assyrians</a>, without any action by courts or officials to remove the structures the Kurds built there.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2017, Human Rights Watch said <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> (KRG) forces are detaining men and boys who have fled the fighting in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> even after they have passed security checks. Detainees were held for up to four months without any communication with their families. Relatives of these men and boys said that KRG and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> forces didn't inform them of the places of their detained relatives and didn't facilitate any contact with them.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> security forces and local police detained 32 unarmed protesters in Erbil on March 4, 2017, at a <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (protest)">peaceful demonstration</a> against recent clashes in <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_clashes_(2017)" title="Sinjar clashes (2017)">Sinjar.</a> 23 of them were released at the same day and 3 more within four days, but 6, all foreign nationals, are still being held. A police chief ordered one protester who was released to permanently leave <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, where he was living. While in detention, protesters were not allowed to contact with anyone or have access to a <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Assyrian activists <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Taimoorazy" title="Juliana Taimoorazy">Juliana Taimoorazy</a> and Matthew Joseph accused the Kurdistan Regional Government of issuing threats of violence against Assyrians living in the area who protested its independence referendum. These accusations were later confirmed when the KDP-controlled provincial council of <a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a> issued a statement warning residents that they would face consequences for protesting the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, it was reported that passing of a new law in Iraqi Kurdistan, guaranteeing “gender equality”, has deeply outraged some local religious community, including the minister of endowments and religious affairs and prominent imams, who interpreted the phrase as "legitimizing homosexuality in Kurdistan".<sup id="cite_ref-rudaw_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudaw-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kamil Haji Ali, the minister of endowments and religious affairs, said in this regard that the new law would “spread immorality” and “distort” Kurdish society.<sup id="cite_ref-rudaw_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudaw-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following an outrage of religious movements, the KRG held a press conference, where the public were ensured that gender equality did not include giving marriage rights to homosexuals, whose existence is effectively invisible in Iraq due to restrictive traditional rules.<sup id="cite_ref-rudaw_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudaw-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="#Disputed_areas">disputed areas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a>, the Kurdistan Regional Government has been accused by the native Assyrian<sup id="cite_ref-commission_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commission-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Yazidi<sup id="cite_ref-yazidi_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yazidi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-favored_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-favored-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inhabitants of forcefully disarming them with the guarantee of protection in order to justify the Peshmerga's presence in those regions.<sup id="cite_ref-yazidi_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yazidi-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, when the Islamic State invaded Northern Iraq, the Peshmerga abandoned their posts in these areas without notifying the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-favored_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-favored-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure_and_transportation">Infrastructure and transportation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <p>Due to the devastation of the campaigns of the Iraqi army under Saddam Hussein and other former Iraqi regimes, the Kurdistan Region's infrastructure was never able to modernize. After the 1991 safe haven was established, the Kurdistan Regional Government began projects to reconstruct the Kurdistan Region. Since then, of all the 4,500 villages that were destroyed by Saddam Husseins' regime, 65% have been reconstructed by the KRG.<sup id="cite_ref-krg.org_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krg.org-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:44929_The_Sulayamaniyah_International_Airport_in_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sulaimaniyah International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/44929_The_Sulayamaniyah_International_Airport_in_2007.jpg/200px-44929_The_Sulayamaniyah_International_Airport_in_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/44929_The_Sulayamaniyah_International_Airport_in_2007.jpg/300px-44929_The_Sulayamaniyah_International_Airport_in_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/44929_The_Sulayamaniyah_International_Airport_in_2007.jpg/400px-44929_The_Sulayamaniyah_International_Airport_in_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erbil_International_Airport_terminal_building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Erbil International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Erbil_International_Airport_terminal_building.JPG/200px-Erbil_International_Airport_terminal_building.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Erbil_International_Airport_terminal_building.JPG/300px-Erbil_International_Airport_terminal_building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Erbil_International_Airport_terminal_building.JPG/400px-Erbil_International_Airport_terminal_building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3937" data-file-height="1346" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Airports of Sulaimaniyah and Erbil</div></div></div></div> <p>Iraqi Kurdistan can be reached by land and air. By land, Iraqi Kurdistan can be reached most easily by Turkey through the <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khalil_border_crossing" title="Ibrahim Khalil border crossing">Habur Border Gate</a> which is the only border gate between Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkey. This border gate can be reached by bus or taxi from airports in Turkey as close as the <a href="/wiki/Mardin_Airport" title="Mardin Airport">Mardin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diyarbakir_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir Airport">Diyarbakir</a> airports, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. Iraqi Kurdistan has two border gates with Iran, the <a href="/wiki/Haji_Omeran" title="Haji Omeran">Haji Omaran border gate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bashmaq,_Marivan" title="Bashmaq, Marivan">Bashmeg border gate</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>. Iraqi Kurdistan has also a border gate with Syria known as the <a href="/wiki/Faysh_Khabur" title="Faysh Khabur">Faysh Khabur</a> border gate.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From within Iraq, the Kurdistan Region can be reached by land from multiple roads. </p><p>Two international airports are located in the region; <a href="/wiki/Erbil_International_Airport" title="Erbil International Airport">Erbil International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulaimaniyah_International_Airport" title="Sulaimaniyah International Airport">Sulaimaniyah International Airport</a>, which both operate flights to <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> destinations. The KRG spent millions of dollars on the airports to attract international carriers, and currently <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Airlines" title="Austrian Airlines">Austrian Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Etihad">Etihad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Jordanian" title="Royal Jordanian">Royal Jordanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Air" title="Gulf Air">Gulf Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Airlines" title="Pegasus Airlines">Pegasus Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptair" title="Egyptair">Egyptair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines" title="Middle East Airlines">Middle East Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly_Baghdad" title="Fly Baghdad">Fly Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas Jet">Atlas Jet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Airways" title="Iraqi Airways">Iraqi Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wizz_Air" title="Wizz Air">Wizz Air</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flynas" title="Flynas">Flynas</a><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fly_Dubai" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly Dubai">Fly Dubai</a> all service the region. There are at least 2 military airfields in Iraqi Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Geography"></span><span class="anchor" id="Climate"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_Society">Culture and Society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <p>Kurdistan Region is a multilingual region with several languages and dialects. The majority of the people speak <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> in its various dialects. The two main Kurdish dialects in the region are <a href="/wiki/Central_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Kurdish">Central Kurdish</a> (Sorani) and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kurdish">Northern Kurdish</a> (Kurmanji), other Kurdish dialects and languages spoken in the region by small communities are <a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Hawrami Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Southern Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kurdistan" title="Portal:Kurdistan">Kurdistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Kurdistan_Region" title="List of populated places in Kurdistan Region">List of populated places in Kurdistan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Erbil_Governorate" title="List of archaeological sites in Erbil Governorate">List of archaeological sites in Erbil Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Felaw" title="Lake Felaw">Lake Felaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official in administrative districts with high number of speakers, called <i>Syriac</i> in constitution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official in administrative districts with high number of speakers, the written language of the Iraqi Turkmen is based on <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Istanbul Turkish</a> using the modern <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saatçi_2018_loc=357_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saatçi_2018_loc=357-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sorani_Kurdish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorani Kurdish language">Sorani Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ckb" dir="rtl">هەرێمی کوردستان</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sorani Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ckb-Latn">Herêmî Kurdistan</i></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji_Kurdish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurmanji Kurdish language">Kurmanji Kurdish</a>: <i lang="kmr">Herêma Kurdistanê</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إقليم كردستان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Iqlīm Kurdistān</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Federal region; (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اقليم اتحادي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Iqlīm Ittiḥādī</i></span>) in the Iraqi constitution</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_R._Rudolph_Jr.2015" class="citation book cs1">Joseph R. Rudolph Jr. (2015). <i>Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition</i>. p. 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Ethnic+Conflicts%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=275&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Joseph+R.+Rudolph+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kurdistantribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Kurdistan-Draft-Constitution-2009.doc">"Kurdistan Region Constitution (Article 10)"</a>. Kurdistan Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdistan+Region+Constitution+%28Article+10%29&rft.pub=Kurdistan+Tribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkurdistantribune.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FKurdistan-Draft-Constitution-2009.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kurdistantribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Kurdistan-Draft-Constitution-2009.doc">"Kurdistan Region Constitution (Article 14)"</a>. Kurdistan Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdistan+Region+Constitution+%28Article+14%29&rft.pub=Kurdistan+Tribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkurdistantribune.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FKurdistan-Draft-Constitution-2009.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saatçi_2018_loc=357-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saatçi_2018_loc=357_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaatçi2018" class="citation cs2">Saatçi, Suphi (2018), "The Turkman of Iraq", in Bulut, Christiane (ed.), <i>Linguistic Minorities in Turkey and Turkic-Speaking Minorities of the Periphery</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag" title="Harrassowitz Verlag">Harrassowitz Verlag</a>, p. 357, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447107235" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447107235"><bdi>978-3447107235</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turkman+of+Iraq&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Minorities+in+Turkey+and+Turkic-Speaking+Minorities+of+the+Periphery&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3447107235&rft.aulast=Saat%C3%A7i&rft.aufirst=Suphi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kurdistantribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Kurdistan-Draft-Constitution-2009.doc">"Kurdistan Region Constitution (Article 14, Second)"</a>. Kurdistan Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdistan+Region+Constitution+%28Article+14%2C+Second%29&rft.pub=Kurdistan+Tribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkurdistantribune.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FKurdistan-Draft-Constitution-2009.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krso.gov.krd/en/indicator">"Kurdistan Region Area"</a>. <i>krso.gov.krd</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krso.gov.krd&rft.atitle=Kurdistan+Region+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrso.gov.krd%2Fen%2Findicator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krso.gov.krd/en/indicator/population-and-labor-force/population">"Population"</a>. <i>krso.gov.krd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krso.gov.krd&rft.atitle=Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrso.gov.krd%2Fen%2Findicator%2Fpopulation-and-labor-force%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-data15-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-data15_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-data15_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-data15_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aiti.org.ir/uploads/exhibitionconference/exh-41-3.pdf">"Erbil International Fair"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>aiti.org.ir</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831002818/http://aiti.org.ir/uploads/exhibitionconference/exh-41-3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aiti.org.ir&rft.atitle=Erbil+International+Fair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faiti.org.ir%2Fuploads%2Fexhibitionconference%2Fexh-41-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurdistanchronicle-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kurdistanchronicle_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurdistanchronicle_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurdistanchronicle_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkurdistanchronicle" class="citation web cs1">kurdistanchronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kurdistanchronicle.com/b/2587">"Invest Kurdistan: An Emerging, Multi-Sector Business Hub"</a>. <i>kurdistanchronicle.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+Human+Development+Report+2014&rft.pages=29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ophi.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FIraqNHDR2014-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/kurmanci/kurdistan/221120193">"Şandeke Herêma Kurdistanê serdana Bexdayê dike"</a>. <i>Rûdaw</i> (in Kurdish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219190430/https://www.rudaw.net/kurmanci/kurdistan/221120193">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=R%C3%BBdaw&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eandeke+Her%C3%AAma+Kurdistan%C3%AA+serdana+Bexday%C3%AA+dike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fkurmanci%2Fkurdistan%2F221120193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.krd/">"حکومەتی هەرێمی كوردستان"</a> (in Kurdish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312045320/https://gov.krd/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%87%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%8C+%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgov.krd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq">"Iraq"</a>. CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq&rft.pub=CIA.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en">"Iraq's Constitution of 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515162844/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Constitution+of+2005&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIraq_2005.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danilovich-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danilovich_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danilovich_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Danilovich2016" class="citation book cs1">Alex Danilovich (2016). <i>Iraqi Kurdistan in Middle Eastern politics</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1315468402" title="Special:BookSources/978-1315468402"><bdi>978-1315468402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Kurdistan+in+Middle+Eastern+politics&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1315468402&rft.au=Alex+Danilovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._Lambert1997" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Lambert (December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/9104/unitedstateskurd00lamb.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>The United States and the Kurds: case studies in United States engagement</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Monterey, California: Calhoun – Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School. pp. 85–87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802231253/https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/9104/unitedstateskurd00lamb.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Kurds%3A+case+studies+in+United+States+engagement&rft.place=Monterey%2C+California&rft.pages=85-87&rft.pub=Calhoun+%E2%80%93+Institutional+Archive+of+the+Naval+Postgraduate+School&rft.date=1997-12&rft.au=Peter+J.+Lambert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalhoun.nps.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10945%2F9104%2Funitedstateskurd00lamb.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_S._Hadji2015" class="citation journal cs1">Philip S. Hadji (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/07/iraq-timeline-2003-war">"Iraq Timeline: Since the 2003 War"</a>. <i>United States Institute of Peace</i>. <b>41</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905231729/https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/07/iraq-timeline-2003-war">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.atitle=Iraq+Timeline%3A+Since+the+2003+War&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2015-09&rft.au=Philip+S.+Hadji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fpublications%2F2019%2F07%2Firaq-timeline-2003-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28147263">"Iraqi Kurdistan profile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825152111/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28147263">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Kurdistan+profile&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-28147263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-41663350">"Iraqi Kurds 'withdraw to 2014 lines'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 18 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220193003/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-41663350">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Kurds+%27withdraw+to+2014+lines%27&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-41663350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMari_R._Rostami2019" class="citation book cs1">Mari R. Rostami (2019). <i>Kurdish Nationalism on Stage: Performance, Politics and Resistance in Iraq</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+Iraqi+flag+hailed+as+symbolic+break+with+past&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Ffeb%2F06%2Firaq.international&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/560c6130-e23a-45e7-8491-73a93a892ad4">"Absence of Iraqi flag on Talabani's casket in ceremony was unintentional: PUK official"</a>. <i>Kurdistan24</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920145913/https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/560c6130-e23a-45e7-8491-73a93a892ad4">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kurdistan24&rft.atitle=Absence+of+Iraqi+flag+on+Talabani%27s+casket+in+ceremony+was+unintentional%3A+PUK+official&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistan24.net%2Fen%2Fnews%2F560c6130-e23a-45e7-8491-73a93a892ad4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ina.iq/eng/4282/foreign-ministry-of-jordan-put-the-flag-of-the-kurdistan-region-instead-of-the-iraqi-flag-during-the-reception-of-barzani-error-protocol">"Foreign Ministry of Jordan: put the flag of the Kurdistan region instead of the Iraqi flag during the reception of Barzani error protocol"</a>. <i>Iraqi News Agency</i> (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920145911/http://www.ina.iq/eng/4282/foreign-ministry-of-jordan-put-the-flag-of-the-kurdistan-region-instead-of-the-iraqi-flag-during-the-reception-of-barzani-error-protocol">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraqi+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Foreign+Ministry+of+Jordan%3A+put+the+flag+of+the+Kurdistan+region+instead+of+the+Iraqi+flag+during+the+reception+of+Barzani+error+protocol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ina.iq%2Feng%2F4282%2Fforeign-ministry-of-jordan-put-the-flag-of-the-kurdistan-region-instead-of-the-iraqi-flag-during-the-reception-of-barzani-error-protocol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-katzman-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-katzman_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzman,_Kenneth2010" class="citation book cs1">Katzman, Kenneth (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS22079.pdf"><i>The Kurds in Post-Saddam Iraq</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Congressional Research Service. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815173718/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS22079.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds+in+Post-Saddam+Iraq&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.au=Katzman%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmideast%2FRS22079.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karsh-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karsh_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfraim_Karsh2002" class="citation book cs1">Efraim Karsh (2002). <i>The Iran-Iraq War, 1980–1988</i>. Osprey Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-371-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-371-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-371-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iran-Iraq+War%2C+1980%E2%80%931988&rft.pub=Osprey+Pub&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-371-2&rft.au=Efraim+Karsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_McDowall2004" class="citation book cs1">David McDowall (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernhistorykur00mcdo"><i>A modern history of the Kurds</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernhistorykur00mcdo/page/n373">357</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850434160" title="Special:BookSources/9781850434160"><bdi>9781850434160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+modern+history+of+the+Kurds&rft.pages=357&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781850434160&rft.au=David+McDowall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernhistorykur00mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGareth_R._V._Stansfield2003" class="citation book cs1">Gareth R. V. Stansfield (2003). <i>Iraqi Kurdistan – Political development and emergent democracy</i>. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 146–152. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.465.8736">10.1.1.465.8736</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30278-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30278-1"><bdi>0-415-30278-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Kurdistan+%E2%80%93+Political+development+and+emergent+democracy&rft.pages=146-152&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.465.8736%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.isbn=0-415-30278-1&rft.au=Gareth+R.+V.+Stansfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Makovsky1998" class="citation web cs1">Alan Makovsky (29 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/kurdish-agreement-signals-new-u.s.-commitment">"Kurdish Agreement Signals New U.S. Commitment"</a>. Washington Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211080251/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/kurdish-agreement-signals-new-u.s.-commitment">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Agreement+Signals+New+U.S.+Commitment&rft.pub=Washington+Institute&rft.date=1998-09-29&rft.au=Alan+Makovsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fview%2Fkurdish-agreement-signals-new-u.s.-commitment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Olson1996" class="citation book cs1">Robert W. Olson (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurdishnationali00olso"><i>The Kurdish nationalist movement in the 1990s: its impact on Turkey and the Middle East</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurdishnationali00olso/page/56">56</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+nationalist+movement+in+the+1990s%3A+its+impact+on+Turkey+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Robert+W.+Olson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurdishnationali00olso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanan_Makiya1998" class="citation book cs1">Kanan Makiya (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki"><i>Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki/page/321">321</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520921240" title="Special:BookSources/0520921240"><bdi>0520921240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Fear%3A+The+Politics+of+Modern+Iraq%2C+Updated+Edition&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0520921240&rft.au=Kanan+Makiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicoffearpo00maki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/iraqi-kurds-call-on-turkey-make-peace-with-kurdish-rebels/27164016.html">"Barzani: PKK Rebels Should Leave Northern Iraq"</a>. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 1 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831142456/https://www.rferl.org/a/iraqi-kurds-call-on-turkey-make-peace-with-kurdish-rebels/27164016.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barzani%3A+PKK+Rebels+Should+Leave+Northern+Iraq&rft.pub=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.date=2015-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Firaqi-kurds-call-on-turkey-make-peace-with-kurdish-rebels%2F27164016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_M._A._Ahmed2012" class="citation book cs1">Mohammed M. A. Ahmed (2012). <i>Iraqi Kurds and nation-building</i> (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137034076" title="Special:BookSources/9781137034076"><bdi>9781137034076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Kurds+and+nation-building&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781137034076&rft.au=Mohammed+M.+A.+Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrajeski2013" class="citation news cs1">Krajeski, Jenna (20 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/the-iraq-war-was-a-good-idea-if-you-ask-the-kurds/274196/">"The Iraq War Was a Good Idea, If You Ask the Kurds"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035543/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/the-iraq-war-was-a-good-idea-if-you-ask-the-kurds/274196/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Iraq+War+Was+a+Good+Idea%2C+If+You+Ask+the+Kurds&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft.aulast=Krajeski&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2013%2F03%2Fthe-iraq-war-was-a-good-idea-if-you-ask-the-kurds%2F274196%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=pjcis/six%20terrorist/report/index.htm"><i>Appendix B – Statement of Reasons – Ansar al-Islam (formerly Ansar al-Sunna)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a>. 15 June 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-79186-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-642-79186-3"><bdi>978-0-642-79186-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803020858/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=pjcis/six%20terrorist/report/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Kurdish+opening&rft.date=2012-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21565678-iraqi-kurds-and-western-oil-firms-have-outfoxed-government-baghdad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/150f00cc-472c-11e5-af2f-4d6e0e5eda22">"Israel turns to Kurds for three-quarters of its oil supplies"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 23 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211181256/https://www.ft.com/content/150f00cc-472c-11e5-af2f-4d6e0e5eda22">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+turns+to+Kurds+for+three-quarters+of+its+oil+supplies&rft.date=2015-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F150f00cc-472c-11e5-af2f-4d6e0e5eda22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=iz">U.S. Energy Information Administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223032658/http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=iz">Archived</a> 2014-12-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 2014-12-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-13/iraq-kurds-cabinet-approves-plan-for-starting-oil-company.html">Bloomberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111180634/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-13/iraq-kurds-cabinet-approves-plan-for-starting-oil-company.html">Archived</a> 2015-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 2014-12-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/new-oil-pipeline-boosts-iraqi-kurdistan-the-region-made-of-three-northern-provinces/2014/06/12/50635600-ef30-11e3-bf76-447a5df6411f_story.html">New oil pipeline boosts Iraqi Kurdistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012130446/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/new-oil-pipeline-boosts-iraqi-kurdistan-the-region-made-of-three-northern-provinces/2014/06/12/50635600-ef30-11e3-bf76-447a5df6411f_story.html">Archived</a> 2017-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Washingtonpost. Retrieved 2014-12-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/24/world/meast/iraq-kurds-oil-sale/">Will Kurds use oil to break free from Iraq?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914124058/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/24/world/meast/iraq-kurds-oil-sale">Archived</a> 2014-09-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNN. Retrieved 2014-12-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109173803/http://www.westernzagros.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/121126_operator_activity_EXTERNAL.pdf">"westernzagros.com Oil Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernzagros.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/121126_operator_activity_EXTERNAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=westernzagros.com+Oil+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernzagros.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F12%2F121126_operator_activity_EXTERNAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202112429/http://www.zawya.com/story/ZAWYA20120304053739/">"Exxon's Kurdistan"</a>. <i>Zawya</i>. 3 April 2012. 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Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq+says+expects+Exxon+to+finish+West+Qurna+Sale+by+December&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Firaq-says-expects-exxon-finish-west-qurna-sale-104523440--finance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqupdates.com/p_articles.php/article/19228">"Iraqi Kurds open 40 new oil sites to foreign investors"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Kurds+open+40+new+oil+sites+to+foreign+investors&rft.pub=Iraq+Updates&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqupdates.com%2Fp_articles.php%2Farticle%2F19228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109173803/http://www.westernzagros.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/121126_operator_activity_EXTERNAL.pdf">"Kurdistan Oil and Gas Activity Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Western Zagros. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernzagros.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/121126_operator_activity_EXTERNAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdistan+Oil+and+Gas+Activity+Map&rft.pub=Western+Zagros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernzagros.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F12%2F121126_operator_activity_EXTERNAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012180933/http://kurdistancorporation.com/Oil_and_gas.htm">Official statements on the oil and gas sector in the Kurdistan region</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, Kurdistan Development Corporation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130118132757/http://www.brightwire.com/news/229205-first-shipment-of-kurdistan-crude-arrives-in-turkey">"First Shipment of Kurdistan Crude Arrives in Turkey"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brightwire.com/news/229205-first-shipment-of-kurdistan-crude-arrives-in-turkey">the original</a> on 2013-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Shipment+of+Kurdistan+Crude+Arrives+in+Turkey&rft.pub=BrightWire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brightwire.com%2Fnews%2F229205-first-shipment-of-kurdistan-crude-arrives-in-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasheedEdwards2023" class="citation news cs1">Rasheed, Ahmed; Edwards, Rowena (2023-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/iraq-halts-northern-crude-exports-after-winning-arbitration-case-against-turkey-2023-03-25/">"Iraq halts northern crude exports after winning arbitration case against Turkey"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraq+halts+northern+crude+exports+after+winning+arbitration+case+against+Turkey&rft.date=2023-03-25&rft.aulast=Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Rowena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Firaq-halts-northern-crude-exports-after-winning-arbitration-case-against-turkey-2023-03-25%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzhari2024" class="citation news cs1">Azhari, Timour (2024-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/kurdish-oil-smuggling-iran-flourishes-2024-07-11/">"Kurdish oil smuggling to Iran flourishes"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kurdish+oil+smuggling+to+Iran+flourishes&rft.date=2024-07-11&rft.aulast=Azhari&rft.aufirst=Timour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fkurdish-oil-smuggling-iran-flourishes-2024-07-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StansfieldJomo2003-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StansfieldJomo2003_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGareth_R._V._StansfieldJomo2003" class="citation book cs1">Gareth R. V. Stansfield; Jomo (29 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FB4ErXPRRd0C&pg=PA32"><i>Iraqi Kurdistan: Political Development and Emergent Democracy</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 32–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-41416-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-41416-1"><bdi>978-1-134-41416-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014042258/https://books.google.com/books?id=FB4ErXPRRd0C&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Kurdistan%3A+Political+Development+and+Emergent+Democracy&rft.pages=32-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-08-29&rft.isbn=978-1-134-41416-1&rft.au=Gareth+R.+V.+Stansfield&rft.au=Jomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFB4ErXPRRd0C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krg.org/p/p.aspx?l=12&s=020000&r=304&p=214">"The people of the Kurdistan Region"</a>. <i>www.krg.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106100500/http://www.krg.org/p/p.aspx?l=12&s=020000&r=304&p=214">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Human Right Watch. 20 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520000259/http://www.hrw.org/en/node/87714">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Events+of+2009&rft.btitle=Iraq&rft.pub=Human+Right+Watch&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fnode%2F87714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fgmnetwork.org/gonews.php?subaction=showfull&id=1292628292&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&">"IRAQ: Iraqi Kurdistan Confronts Female Genital Mutilation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142653/http://www.fgmnetwork.org/gonews.php?subaction=showfull&id=1292628292&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRAQ%3A+Iraqi+Kurdistan+Confronts+Female+Genital+Mutilation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fgmnetwork.org%2Fgonews.php%3Fsubaction%3Dshowfull%26id%3D1292628292%26archive%3D%26start_from%3D%26ucat%3D1%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/3318.html">Rudaw in English The Happening: Latest News and Multimedia about Kurdistan, Iraq and the World – Kurdistan Takes Measures Against Gender-Based Violence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902233631/http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/3318.html">Archived</a> 2011-09-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/7/state5293.htm">"Human Rights Watch lauds FGM law in Iraqi Kurdistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ekurd.net" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekurd.net">Ekurd.net</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315215910/http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/7/state5293.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ekurd.net&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Watch+lauds+FGM+law+in+Iraqi+Kurdistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekurd.net%2Fmismas%2Farticles%2Fmisc2011%2F7%2Fstate5293.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-almonitorfgm-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-almonitorfgm_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104536/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/iraq-kurdistan-draft-amendment-violence-women-law.html">"KRG looks to enhance protection of women, children"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/iraq-kurdistan-draft-amendment-violence-women-law.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=KRG+looks+to+enhance+protection+of+women%2C+children&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2015%2F04%2Firaq-kurdistan-draft-amendment-violence-women-law.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/7/state5293.htm">"Human Rights Watch lauds FGM law in Iraqi Kurdistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ekurd.net" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekurd.net">Ekurd.net</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307021736/http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/7/state5293.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ekurd.net&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Watch+lauds+FGM+law+in+Iraqi+Kurdistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fekurd.net%2Fmismas%2Farticles%2Fmisc2011%2F7%2Fstate5293.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw.org-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hrw.org_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/08/29/iraqi-kurdistan-law-banning-fgm-not-being-enforced">Iraqi Kurdistan: Law Banning FGM Not Being Enforced</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021855/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/08/29/iraqi-kurdistan-law-banning-fgm-not-being-enforced">Archived</a> 2017-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Human Rights Watch, August 29, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopfgmkurdistan.org/html/english/fgm_e.htm">"Stop FGM in Kurdistan"</a>. <i>www.stopfgmkurdistan.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123112322/http://stopfgmkurdistan.org/html/english/fgm_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stopfgmkurdistan.org&rft.atitle=Stop+FGM+in+Kurdistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopfgmkurdistan.org%2Fhtml%2Fenglish%2Ffgm_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/1/state4526.htm">"British MP hails Iraqi Kurdistan as regional leader in religioustolerance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ekurd.net" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekurd.net">Ekurd.net</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307092845/http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/1/state4526.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ekurd.net&rft.atitle=British+MP+hails+Iraqi+Kurdistan+as+regional+leader+in+religioustolerance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekurd.net%2Fmismas%2Farticles%2Fmisc2011%2F1%2Fstate4526.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-AliPratt2009" class="citation book cs1">Al-Ali, Nadje; Pratt, Nicola (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7KnoG_52Jh8C&pg=PA109"><i>What kind of liberation?: women and the occupation of Iraq</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25729-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25729-0"><bdi>978-0-520-25729-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107174842/https://books.google.com/books?id=7KnoG_52Jh8C&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+kind+of+liberation%3F%3A+women+and+the+occupation+of+Iraq&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25729-0&rft.aulast=Al-Ali&rft.aufirst=Nadje&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7KnoG_52Jh8C%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voordewind-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-voordewind_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoordewind2008" class="citation book cs1">Voordewind, Joël (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411092008/http://www.assyriacouncil.eu/resources/irak+report+2008+eng+170908_.pdf"><i>Religious Cleansing in Iraq</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. nowords, ChristenUnie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assyriacouncil.eu/resources/irak+report+2008+eng+170908_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-04-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Cleansing+in+Iraq&rft.pub=nowords%2C+ChristenUnie&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Voordewind&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%ABl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assyriacouncil.eu%2Fresources%2Firak%2Breport%2B2008%2Beng%2B170908_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashim2005" class="citation book cs1">Hashim, Ahmed (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C6pHkXuYNw4C&pg=PT251"><i>Insurgency and counter-insurgency in Iraq</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4452-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-4452-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107174842/https://books.google.com/books?id=C6pHkXuYNw4C&pg=PT251">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurgency+and+counter-insurgency+in+Iraq&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4452-4&rft.aulast=Hashim&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC6pHkXuYNw4C%26pg%3DPT251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaneja2007" class="citation book cs1">Taneja, Preti (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2otAQAAIAAJ"><i>Assimilation, exodus, eradication: Iraq's minority communities since 2003</i></a>. Minority Rights Group International. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904584605" title="Special:BookSources/9781904584605"><bdi>9781904584605</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107174842/https://books.google.com/books?id=P2otAQAAIAAJ&q">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assimilation%2C+exodus%2C+eradication%3A+Iraq%27s+minority+communities+since+2003&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781904584605&rft.aulast=Taneja&rft.aufirst=Preti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2otAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/07/iraq-kirkuk-security-forces-expel-displaced-turkmen">"Iraq: Kirkuk Security Forces Expel Displaced Turkmen"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 7 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014050211/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/07/iraq-kirkuk-security-forces-expel-displaced-turkmen">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Kirkuk+Security+Forces+Expel+Displaced+Turkmen&rft.date=2017-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2F07%2Firaq-kirkuk-security-forces-expel-displaced-turkmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/11/03/krg-kurdish-forces-ejecting-arabs-kirkuk">"KRG: Kurdish Forces Ejecting Arabs In Kirkuk"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 3 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025031842/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/11/03/krg-kurdish-forces-ejecting-arabs-kirkuk">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=KRG%3A+Kurdish+Forces+Ejecting+Arabs+In+Kirkuk&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2016%2F11%2F03%2Fkrg-kurdish-forces-ejecting-arabs-kirkuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7ykOzhXU58">"Iraq: Arab's homes destroyed in Kirkuk"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 2 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/W7ykOzhXU58">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Arab%27s+homes+destroyed+in+Kirkuk&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DW7ykOzhXU58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-710-Download-full-report.pdf">"Uncertain Refuge, Dangerous Return: Iraq's Uprooted Minorities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Minority Rights Group International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704191807/https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-710-Download-full-report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.atitle=Uncertain+Refuge%2C+Dangerous+Return%3A+Iraq%27s+Uprooted+Minorities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fold-site-downloads%2Fdownload-710-Download-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/04/22/iraqi-kurdistan-christian-demonstration-blocked">"Iraqi Kurdistan: Christian Demonstration Blocked"</a>. 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