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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Veda" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connectar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aisinas personalas" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aisinas personalas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc"><span>Far un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Veda" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Veda" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connectar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_contribucions" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_discussions" title="La pagina de discussion per aquesta adreça IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_Veda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_Veda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lo Veda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_Veda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancianatat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancianatat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancianatat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancianatat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Los_Rishi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Los_Rishi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Los Rishi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Los_Rishi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shruti_e_Smriti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shruti_e_Smriti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shruti e Smriti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shruti_e_Smriti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Shruti e Smriti</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shruti_e_Smriti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shruti_e_literatura_sacrada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shruti_e_literatura_sacrada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Shruti e literatura sacrada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shruti_e_literatura_sacrada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smriti_e_literatura_profana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smriti_e_literatura_profana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Smriti e literatura profana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smriti_e_literatura_profana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vedisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vedisme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vedisme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Vedisme</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vedisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Triple_Veda-samhita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triple_Veda-samhita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Triple Veda-samhita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triple_Veda-samhita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quadruple_Veda-samhita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quadruple_Veda-samhita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Quadruple Veda-samhita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quadruple_Veda-samhita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_societat_vedica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_societat_vedica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>La societat vedica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_societat_vedica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_sacrifici_vedic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_sacrifici_vedic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Lo sacrifici vedic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_sacrifici_vedic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bramanisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bramanisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bramanisme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bramanisme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Bramanisme</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bramanisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brāhmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brāhmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Brāhmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brāhmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sūtra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sūtra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sūtra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sūtra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indoïsme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indoïsme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Indoïsme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indoïsme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Indoïsme</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indoïsme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aranyaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aranyaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Aranyaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aranyaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Los_tèxtes_ulteriors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Los_tèxtes_ulteriors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Los tèxtes ulteriors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Los_tèxtes_ulteriors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transicion_del_vedisme_a_l'indoïsme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transicion_del_vedisme_a_l'indoïsme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Transicion del vedisme a l'indoïsme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transicion_del_vedisme_a_l'indoïsme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veda_e_indós_uèi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veda_e_indós_uèi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Veda e indós uèi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veda_e_indós_uèi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtes_e_referéncia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtes_e_referéncia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Nòtes e referéncia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtes_e_referéncia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vejatz_tanben" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vejatz_tanben"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Vejatz tanben</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vejatz_tanben-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Vejatz tanben</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vejatz_tanben-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connèxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connèxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Articles connèxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connèxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligam_extèrne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligam_extèrne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Ligam extèrne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligam_extèrne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Veda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 116 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">116 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="वेद - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वेद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فيدا - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6" title="বেদ - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedes" title="Vedes - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vedes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedalar" title="Vedalar - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vedalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A9da" title="Wéda - balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wéda" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97das" title="Vėdas - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėdas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_(%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="Веды (індуізм) - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Веды (індуізм)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Веди - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Веди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="वेद - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वेद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6" title="বেদ - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="རིག་བྱེད། - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རིག་བྱེད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vede" title="Vede - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vede" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8E%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڤێداکان - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤێداکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9dy" title="Védy - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Védy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedaerne" title="Vedaerne - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vedaerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="वेद - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="वेद" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Βέδες - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βέδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vedas" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedoj" title="Vedoj - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vedoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vedas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veedad" title="Veedad - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veedad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedak" title="Vedak - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vedak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7" title="وداها - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وداها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda-kirjat" title="Veda-kirjat - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veda-kirjat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedaq" title="Vedaq - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vedaq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feda" title="Feda - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Feda" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9da" title="Véda - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Véda" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda_(relixi%C3%B3n)" title="Veda (relixión) - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Veda (relixión)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="वेद - concani de Goa" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="वेद" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="concani de Goa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A6" title="વેદ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વેદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ודות - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ודות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="वेद - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vedas" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vede" title="Vede - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vede" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9d%C3%A1k" title="Védák - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Védák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վեդաներ - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեդաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weda" title="Weda - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Weda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedaritin" title="Vedaritin - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vedaritin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" title="ヴェーダ - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴェーダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A9da" title="Wéda - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wéda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვედები - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვედები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ведалар - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ведалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6" title="ವೇದ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೇದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%A4" title="베다 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ведалар - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ведалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedi" title="Vedi - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vedi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedos" title="Vedos - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vedos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93das" title="Vēdas - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēdas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="वेद - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वेद" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Веди - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Веди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="വേദം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വേദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯚꯦꯗꯥ - manipurí" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯦꯗꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="वेद - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वेद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ودا - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ودا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vedas" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="वेद - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वेद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="वेद - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वेद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda%27s" title="Veda's - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veda's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedaene" title="Vedaene - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vedaene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A6" title="ବେଦ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବେଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A6" title="ਵੇਦ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੇਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="वेद - pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="वेद" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedy" title="Wedy - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wedy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="وید - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vedas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wita" title="Wita - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wita" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vede" title="Vede - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vede" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Веды - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Веды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83" title="वेदः - sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वेदः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱵᱮᱫᱚ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱮᱫᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vedas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ويد - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vede" title="Vede - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vede" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF" title="වේද - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වේද" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vedas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9da" title="Véda - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Véda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vede" title="Vede - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vede" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedat" title="Vedat - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vedat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Веде - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Веде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weda" title="Weda - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Weda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வேதம் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6" title="ವೇದ - toulou" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವೇದ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="toulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="చతుర్వేదాలు - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చతుర్వేదాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Ведаҳо - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ведаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97" title="พระเวท - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเวท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedalar" title="Vedalar - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vedalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ведалар - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ведалар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Веди - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Веди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="وید - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedalar" title="Vedalar - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vedalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_V%E1%BB%87-%C4%91%C3%A0" title="Kinh Vệ-đà - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh Vệ-đà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吠陀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ვედეფი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვედეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吠陀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="吠陀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吠陀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39950#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Veda&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Veda"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bóstia d'aisinas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bóstia d'aisinas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aisinas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai d'opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Veda"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=history"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generau </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Paginas_ligadas/Veda" title="Lista de las paginas ligadas a aquesta. 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lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p>Lo <b>Veda</b> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">devanāgarī</a> : वेद - <a href="/wiki/Sanscrit" title="Sanscrit">sanskrit</a> : « vision » o « coneissença »)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> es un ensemble de tèxtes que, segon la tradicion, foguèron revelats (per l'ausida, <i>Shruti</i>) als savis indians nomenats <i>Rishi</i>. Aquesta « coneissença revelada » foguèt transmesa oralament de <a href="/wiki/Braman" title="Braman">braman</a> a braman al sen del <a href="/wiki/Vedisme" title="Vedisme">vedisme</a>, del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bramanisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bramanisme (la pagina existís pas)">bramanisme</a>, e de l'<a href="/wiki/Indo%C3%AFsme" title="Indoïsme">indoïsme</a> fin ara sus un periòde indeterminat. </p><p>L'origina dins lo temps dels tèxtes vedics es una question que fa debats en Índia e pels indianistas europèus. Pels autors europèus, los primièrs tèxtes de la tradicion vedica aurián estats compausats a partir del sègle XV AbC, d’autors indians prepausan una datacion mai anciana. Per marcar l'unitat del Veda que se manifèsta en una multiplicitat de tèxtes, la tradicion indoa nomena « Triple Veda » l'ensemble dels tres primièrs recuèlhs de tèxtes, un recuèlh de poèmas (estanças) forma lo <i>Rig-Veda</i>, un recuélh de cants rituals lo <i>Sama-Veda</i>, un ancamp de formulas sacrificialas lo <i>Yajur-Veda</i>. Una familha de bramans nomenada <i>Atharva</i> dona son nom a l'<i>Atharva-aṅgiras</i>, libre de <a href="/wiki/Magia" title="Magia">magia</a> blanca e negra, qu’es acceptat coma constituissent lo « Quadruple-Veda », jol nom de <i>Atharva-Veda</i>, après un long periòde de controvèrsisas. </p><p>Lo passatge del vedisme al bramanisme comença amb la redaccion ds <i>Brāhmaṇa</i>, especulacions ritualas en pròsa. E la transicion del bramanisme a l'indoïsme s'accompanha de la redaccion dels <i>Āraṇyaka</i> puèi dels <i>Upaniṣad</i>. La compilacion d’aquestes tèxtes es atribuïda al savi <i>Vyāsa</i>, e las partidas mai recentas de las escrituras del Veda datarián del sègle V AbC<sup id="cite_ref-a_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueste corpus literari, un dels mai dels ancians conegut, es la basa de la literatura indiana. Aquestes tèxtes, que tractan del <a href="/wiki/Rite" title="Rite">ritual</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a>, contenon de passatges qu'estudieràn l'<a href="/wiki/Astrologia" title="Astrologia">astrologia</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomia</a>, que son utizats per sa datacion. « La tradicion dels cant vedic » foguèt proclamada en 2003 puèi inscricha en 2008 per l'<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> sur la <a href="/wiki/Patrim%C3%B2ni_Culturau_Immateriau" title="Patrimòni Culturau Immateriau">lista representativa del patrimòni cultural imaterial de l’umanitat</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Etimologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Etimologia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo tème nominal indoa a <i>veda</i>-, passa atal en <a href="/wiki/Sanscrit" title="Sanscrit">sanskrit</a> (वेद) apond una vocala tematica <i>-a</i> a la raiç <i>VID-</i> transformada en <i>VED-</i> per alternança vocalica: <i>VID- > VED- > veda</i>-<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Varenne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Varenne (la pagina existís pas)">Jean Varenne</a>, lo lexèma <i>VID-</i> dona dos tèmas verbals diferenciats mas de sens complementaris: <i>VID- > VED- > VET- > vetti</i> (sap) e <i>VID- > VIND- > vindati</i> (tròba: <i>hij vindt</i> en neerlandés, <i>he finds</i> en anglés, <i>er/sie findet</i> en alemand)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La semantica del nom <i>veda</i>- s'espandís donc lo sens de « descobèrta, revelacion » que correspond a l'experiéncia dels primièrs savis vedics qu’entendisián lo son primordial manifestat pel Veda original, fins a aqueste de « <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">sciéncia</a>, saber » donat uèi per l'indoïsme a aqueste mot. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Renou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Renou (la pagina existís pas)">Louis Renou</a> espandís atal la traduccion del mot <i>veda</i>- : « coneissença, sciéncia, per exemple sciéncia sacrada, tèxtes sacrats, Escrituras santas, Veda al nombre de quatre o de tres »<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lo_Veda">Lo Veda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo Veda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo Veda"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Veda</i> es un mot eritat del vièlh indian<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passat enseguida dins la lenga sanscrita, que pòt se traduire per « vision » o « coneissença »<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Coma concèpte de la cultura indiana arcaïca, lo <i>Veda</i> es una poténcia agissenta fondamentala que se manifèsta dins l'intuicion cognitiva de l'òrdre cosmic per d’òmes inspirats<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. S’i trapa unas tendéncias al <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monisme</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concebon donc pas cap de separacion al sen d'un mond <i>unitari</i>, mond <i>ciclic</i> que sens començament e sens fin, mond <i>dinamic</i> que percebon los fenomèns naturals e mentals coma de manifestacions de fòrças amagadas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Numen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numen (la pagina existís pas)">numenosas</a> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En coeriencia amb aquesta ment, los indians de totes los temps considèran tanben lo <i>Veda</i> coma unic, dinamic, e increat. </p><p>La cooperacion del<i>Veda</i> als cicles cosmics permet a la cultura indiana d'i agafar las frasas successivas de son evolucion. Lo <i>Veda</i> es considerat, dempuèi l'origina, coma manifestacion de las regularitats de l'òrdre cosmic dins l'escocha atentiva dels savis primordials (la <i>Shruti</i> dels <i>Rishi</i>). Aquesta « escocha » marca la naissença del <i>vedisme</i>, per que lo ritual del <i>yajña</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> es l’« embonilh » de la manifestacion del <i>Veda</i>, centrada sus la <i>vedi</i>, un cròs superficial cobèrt d'èrba <i>barhis</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo <i>Veda</i> demora sempre aqueste fòrça agissenta singulara que manifèsta lo fondament dinamic de l'univèrs. </p><p>Après los Savis <i>Rishi</i> primordials, lo vedisme, lo bramanisme, puèi l'indoïsme considèran totes l'unicitat e la perpetuitat del <i>Veda</i>, manifestat dins l'expression de lors vòts (<i>vrata</i>) qu’espelisson dins una multitud de « poèmas » (<i>rig</i>) oralament en recuèlh (<i>saṃhitā</i>), que sola la recitacion conscienta e corrècta e de votz nauta pren valor de <i>Veda</i>. « Lo mortal que pel fuòc sacrat, per l'invocacion, pel <i>Veda</i>, per l'ofrenda, pels rites pietoses, onora <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agni_(dieu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agni (dieu) (la pagina existís pas)">Agni</a>, obten de corsièrs rapids e venceires, e una glòria lusenta »<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atal canta <i>Sobhari</i>, filh de <i>Kaṇva</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancianatat">Ancianatat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Ancianatat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Ancianatat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'origina dins le temps dels tèxtes vedics es una question qu’es l'objècte de debats en Índia e d’entre los indianistas europèus. La máger dificultat es la desconeguda de la longor d'una tradicion orala que precedèt la fixacion per l'escritura. Per unes autors europèus, los primièrs tèxtes de la tradicion vedica son compausats a partir del sègle XV<sup id="cite_ref-a_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e son pauc a pauc acampat en colleccions nomenadas <i>Saṃhitā</i>. </p><p>Per d’autors indians coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak (la pagina existís pas)">Lokamanya Bâl Gangadhar Tilak</a>, l'origina ven de fòrça mai luènh. Aqueste, dins son libre <i>Orion o Recercas sus l'Antiquitat dels Vedas</i> escrich en 1893 s'esfòrça, mejans d'observacions astronomicas venent dels <i>Veda-saṃhitā</i>, de desmostrar, per unes dels « imnes », una datacion alunhant d'al mens quatre mila ans, veire mai<sup id="cite_ref-b_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Los_Rishi">Los Rishi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Los Rishi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Los Rishi"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rishi (la pagina existís pas)">Rishi</a>.</div><p>Los <i>Rishi</i> (<i>ṛ ṣi</i> en IAST, ऋषि en <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">devanāgarī</a>) son los savis primordials mitics qu’escochan, e entendon lo <i>ṛ ta</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ritme del cosmos manifestat dins lo cors regular de las estelas (<i>ṛ kṣa</i>) e la succession regulara de las sasons (<i>ṛ tu</i>). </p><p>L'ausida perpetuala (<i>Shruti</i>) de l'òrdre eternal (<i>ṛ ta</i>) permet als <i>Rishi</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de conéisser (<i>Veda</i>) aqueste òrdre e de trobar (<i>Veda</i>) los mejans de l'exprimir en estròfas (<i>ṛ cā</i>) ritmadas, plan mesuradas, que se transmeton regularament de boca a aurelha fins als indians d'uèi<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e los passan, eternalament transmesas a las generacions indoïstas debvenir que, « Aryas paires d'una astruca linhada, poscam cantar longtemps encara dins lo sacrifici »<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shruti_e_Smriti">Shruti e Smriti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Shruti e Smriti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Shruti e Smriti"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shruti_e_literatura_sacrada">Shruti e literatura sacrada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Shruti e literatura sacrada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Shruti e literatura sacrada"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo mot <i>Shruti</i> (écrit श्रुति en <i><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">devanāgarī</a></i> e transcrit <i>śruti</i> en IAST) es bastit sus la raiç sanscrita <i>ŚRU-</i> que significa « ausir, entendre, aprene »<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'adjoncion d'un sufixe <i>-ti</i> permet de bastir un nom feminin signalant una accion, <i>śruti</i> es literalament una « audicion » que manifèsta una « revelacion »<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La <i>Shruti</i> revèla lo <i>Veda</i>, l'ausida mèna a la descobèrta e al saber<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquesta <i>Shruti</i> es lo fruch d'una cognicion intuitiva de la vertat eternala<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per de savis inspirats nomenats <i>Rishi</i> (<i>ṛṣi</i>). La literatura indiana classica compren doas categorias de tèxtes, los tèxtes « sacrats » qu'agafa a la <i>Shruti</i>, escocha de manifestacions del <i>Veda</i>, e las òbras profanas nascudas de l'inventivitat umana, transmesa per la <i>Smriti</i>, la memorizacion. </p><p>Uèi encara son transmeses pas qu'oralament<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per una tecnica mnemonica unica, mot per mot, sillaba per sillaba, una tecnica mai fisabla encara que la retranscricion, que lèu vira al telefòn arabi. Los primièrs traductors europèus del Triple Veda lo considèra coma un obratge de poesia lirica, e nomenan « imnes » las estanças del <i>Rig-Veda</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Per la cultura indiana, aquestes tèxtes fondamentals intègran lo Veda, « coneissença » absoluda, que s'exprimís pel son primordial de l'univèrs revelat als <i>Rishi</i>, e lo mormolh produch per son activitat modulat dins l'expression orala del contengut literari dels <i>Saṃhitā</i>. </p><p>La multiplicitat dels <i>Veda-saṃhitā</i> e dels tèxtes « sacrats » que s'intègran enseguida pauc a pauc al <i>Veda</i> incita unes erudits a nomenar « los vedas » las diferentas <i>Saṃhitā</i> e los tèxtes subsequents que s'i agafan, coma los <i>Brahmana</i>, los <i>Aranyaka</i>, los <i>Upanishad</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smriti_e_literatura_profana">Smriti e literatura profana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Smriti e literatura profana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Smriti e literatura profana"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Presa al sens larg, la memorizacion (<i>Smriti</i>) de tèxte « profans » inclutz diferentas colleccions de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sutra (la pagina existís pas)">Sutra</a></i>, de tèxtes explicatius de tecnicas vedicas tanben escrich jos la forma de <i>sutra</i>, de tractats legals dichs <i>Dharmashastra</i>, de tèxtes etics dichs <i>Nitishastra</i>, e de tèxtes epics coma lo <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a></i> e lo <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vedisme">Vedisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Vedisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Vedisme"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Las tres primièras colleccions, coma l'ensemble se nomena Triple-Veda per mostrar pla l'unitat <b>del</b> <i>Veda</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, son las estanças vedicas del <i>Rig-Veda</i>, los cants vedics del <i>Sama-Veda</i>, e las formulas vedicas sacrificialas del <i>Yajur-Veda</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triple_Veda-samhita">Triple Veda-samhita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Triple Veda-samhita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Triple Veda-samhita"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Los <i>Saṃhitā</i> (devanagarī : संहिता) del Triple Veda son: </p><p>La <i>Rigveda-saṃhitā</i> (devanāgarī : ऋग्वेद) conten d’imnes per mercejar e cridar los devas. Lo <i>Rig-Véda</i> es lo recuèlh de basa que son derivats los autres <i>Veda-samhitas</i>. Compta 1028 imnes destriats en 10462 estanças, lo primièr essent dedicat a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agni_(dieu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agni (dieu) (la pagina existís pas)">Agni</a>, protector del <i>Rig-Veda</i>. Constituisson un tresaur poetic font d'inspiracion de preguièras o de recitacions liturgicas. </p><p>La <i>Sāmaveda-saṃhitā</i> consistís subretot en estanças tiradas del <i>Rig-Veda</i> e adaptadas a la recitacion cantada. Es un cantic amb de notacions musicalas e d’indicacions de melodias. </p><p>La <i>Yajurveda-saṃhitā</i> amassa de formulas en vèrs e en pròsa mesclats, dirèctament tocats al culte e dispausada dins l'òrdre ont son utilizadas pendent de ceremonias de la liturgia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quadruple_Veda-samhita">Quadruple Veda-samhita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Quadruple Veda-samhita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Quadruple Veda-samhita"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo primièr tèxte qu’integrèt lo <i>Veda</i> après los tres <i>Saṃhitā</i> nomenat Triple-Veda es l'<i>Atharvaveda-saṃhitā</i>, recuèlh de tèxtes utils al <i>purohita</i>- (protector, òme-mètge) mas non utilizat pendent lo ritual dels <i>yajñâ</i> (sacrificis vedics). </p><p>La <i>Atharvaveda-saṃhitā</i> conten d’embelinaires magics de longa vida, contra la malautiá, la possession demoniaca, per ganhar l'amor d'altrú o la riquesa. </p><p>Força mai tard, aqueste quatren recuèlh, l’<i>Atharva-Véda</i> (de « Atharva », nom d'una familha de prèire) foguèt pauc a pauc acceptat coma integranta del Quadruple-Veda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_societat_vedica">La societat vedica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : La societat vedica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La societat vedica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Los <i>Veda-samhitas</i> permeton de conéisser las basas de la cultura dels Arians. Fan refréncia als enemics dels Arians coma essent los Dâsas (demònis) o Daysus (barbars, bandits, bandilièrs), qu’unes indianistas descrivon coma negre de pèl (benlèu los Dravidians)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, pas cap d’imne lo menciona. Los Arians constituisson de monarquias tribalas dirigidas pel raja (<a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">râja</a>), tèrme parent del latin « rex ». Parteja sa sobeiranetat amb dos conselhs de tribú, la <i>sabhâ</i> e la <i>samiti</i>, que participan a son eleccion. Es assistit per un general (<i>senâni</i>) e un grand prèire oficiant (<i>purohita</i>) que, per de sacrificis, assegura la prosperitat de la tribú e sa victòria a la guèrra. </p><p>Dempuèi l’edat vedica se constituisson las quatre grandas divisions de la societat ariana (<i>varna</i>): los bramans (prèires), los <i>kshatriya</i> (guerrièrs), los <i>vaishya</i> (païsans) e los <i>shudra</i> (sèvis). La familha constituís la cellula de basa de la societat, lo villatge es de biais frequent descrich coma lo regropament d’una linhada puslèu que coma un regropament territorial. </p><p>La religion vedica es una religion sociala e non pas individuala<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A set ans d’edat, lo jovent, elevat fins alara per las femnas dins lo ginecèu, recep l’initiacion (<i>upanayana</i>) e deu enseguida començar a aprene ses devers religioses. Un mèstre li ensenha de rites en li fasent repetir de formulas, tot en relatant los mites que los explican. A detz e set ans d’edat alara que mestreja lo saber religiós (Veda), se marida. Las filhas son pas exclusidas de l’initiacion, al mens dins la mai antiquitat, que « a l'epóca vedica, [la femna] foguèt, a totes vejaires, tenguda per l'egala de l'òme. Al mèsma títol que el, èra investida de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajnopavita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yajnopavita (la pagina existís pas)">veta sacrada</a> ; coma [l'òme], recebiá l'ensenhament esperital (mai d’unas <i>Upanishad</i> foguèron composadas per de femnas). »<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_sacrifici_vedic">Lo sacrifici vedic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo sacrifici vedic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo sacrifici vedic"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La religion domestica compòrta un cèrt nombre de rites obligatòris coma l’<i>agnihotra</i>, sacrifici quotidian que consistís en una libacion de lach molzut de frèsc de treslús. Un grop important de rites, reservat a un elèit d’iniciats, s’organiza a l’entorn de la consomacion d’una bevenda sacrada, lo <i>Soma</i> (obtengut a partir d'una planta, encara non definida uèi que los efièchs son descrichs dins RV IX. 113 e RV X 119). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bramanisme">Bramanisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Bramanisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bramanisme"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après un periòde d'ausida (la <i>Shruti</i> dels <i>Rishis</i>), seguís un periòde de descobèrta de la poténcia cosmica fondamentala manifestada dins lo ritual vedic (primièra forma del <i>Veda</i>), naís un periòde d'intelligéncia especulativa que mèna los bramans a soscar a l'importança d'un poder afermissent fondamental (lo <i>braman</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brāhmana"><span id="Br.C4.81hmana"></span>Brāhmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Brāhmana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Brāhmana"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per lors interpretacions del <i>braman</i>, los bramans assajan d'explicar las especificitats ritualas del <i>yajña</i>, lo sacrifici vedic, manifestadas dins las estanças (<i>Rik</i>) proclamadas per l'oficiant <i>hotṛ</i>, dins las melodias (<i>Sama</i>) cantadas per l'oficiant <i>udgātṛ</i>, e dins las formulas variadas (<i>Yajus</i>) utilizadas per l'oficiant <i>adhvaryu</i>. Lo fruch de lors recercas acampat dins un ensemble d'escrichs nomenats <i>Brāhmana</i> (ब्राह्मण), que l'escritura s'espandís entre lo sègle X e VII avant l'èra correnta. </p><p>Son de comentaris en pròsa del Triple-Veda. Aquestes relatius a la <i>Rigveda-samhita</i> son los <i>Aitareya-brahmana</i> e <i>Kausitaki-brahmana</i>. Aqustes al subjècte de la <i>Samaveda-samhita</i> son lo <i>Pañcavimsha-brahmana</i> e <i>Jaiminiya-brahmana</i>. Aquestes que volon comentar la <i>Yajurveda-samhita </i>son los <i>Taittiriya-brahmana</i> e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shatapatha_Brahmana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shatapatha Brahmana (la pagina existís pas)">Shatapatha Brahmana</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" class="extiw" title="en:Shatapatha Brahmana"><span style="font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:small" title="Pagina « Shatapatha Brahmana » dens una autra lenga">(en)</span></a></i>, e unas partidas en pròsa de la <i>Yajurveda-samhita</i>, initiatriças d’aqueste mòde novèl de pensada de l'Índia anciana. </p><p>Diferentas brancas (<i>shakha</i>) de bramans destriadas gardan de<i>Veda-samhita</i> e los <i>Brahmana</i> que lor son relativas coma un tresaur de familha. Aquestas brancas (<i>shakha</i>) se nomenan <i>Aitareya</i>, <i>Kausitaki</i>, <i>Jaiminiya</i>, <i>Taittiriya</i>. Los <i>Shatapatha-brahmana</i> coneisson doas recensions, aquesta de la <i>shakha</i> dels <i>Kanviya</i> e aquesta dels <i>Mandhyandina</i>. </p><p>Lo contengut dels <i>Brahmana</i> presenta d’explicacions e d’etimologias prescientificas, de combinasons numericas, diferentas classificacions pigalhadas de mites e fablas ancianas, qu’assajan de justificar totes los detalhs del ritual vedic<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sūtra"><span id="S.C5.ABtra"></span>Sūtra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Sūtra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Sūtra"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La literatura del bramanisme complèta enseguida lo <i>Brahmana</i> per de recuèlh de <i>sūtra</i>. La tradicion indiana considèra aquestes tèxtes coma produchs de la memorizacion umana (<i>Smriti</i>) e non pas coma emanacion de l'ausida del Veda (<i>Shruti</i>) levat los <i>Shrautasûtra</i>. </p><p>Los <i>Shrautasûtra</i> e subretot los <i>Latyayana-shrautasûtra</i> contenon los <i>sûtra</i> mai ancians d’aquesta tradicion, destinada a guidar los oficiants dins l'execucion mai justa de las modalitats del rite vedic. </p><p>Los <i>Grihyasûtra</i> comentan l'activita del <i>purohita,</i> medicinaire del <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">râja</a> paire de familha<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquestas <i>sūtra</i> concernisson donc pas lo ritual del sacrifici <i>yajña</i>. De recensions remarcablas de <i>grihyasûtra</i> son aquestas de las linhadas bramanicas <i>Apastambiya</i>, <i>Ashvalayana</i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baudhayana_sutras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baudhayana sutras (la pagina existís pas)">Baudhayana sutras</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudhayana_sutras" class="extiw" title="en:Baudhayana sutras"><span style="font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:small" title="Pagina « Baudhayana sutras » dens una autra lenga">(en)</span></a></i>, <i>Gobhila</i>, <i>Hiranyakesi</i>, <i>Paraskara</i>, e <i>Shankhayana</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Los <i>Kausika-sûtra</i> intègran l'<i>Atharvaveda-samhita</i> e contenon doas categorias d'explicacions, aquestas relativas al ritual domestic (<i>Grihya</i>) e aquestas relativas als rites magics<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indoïsme"><span id="Indo.C3.AFsme"></span>Indoïsme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Indoïsme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Indoïsme"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'indoïsme concep pauc a pauc los devas coma de personas, qu'esitz pas a representa per l'iconografia de per abans desconeguda, e culmina dins la <i>bhakti.</i> Diferents tèxtes s'apondon enseguida al primièr corpus de tèxtes vedics, <i>los</i> <i>Āranyaka</i> e <i>los</i> <i>Upanishad</i> que marcan la transicion del vedisme a l'indoïsme, e son considerats per cada novèla sisa culturala coma integrant lo Veda, unic e eternal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Aranyaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Aranyaka"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Las <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80ranyaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Āranyaka (la pagina existís pas)">Āranyaka</a></i> (आरण्यक), contenon las explicacions esotericas e misticas dels <i>mantra</i>. </p><p>Lo ritualisme acaba pauc a pauc d'èsser lo sol pensament dels bramans, sembla satisfar pas lor psiquisme en quista d'explicacions filosoficas mai prigondas. Unes d’eles se retiran dins los boscs per meditar. E per escriure dins los « tèxtes del bòsc » (<i>Aranyaka</i>) un saber esoteric considerat dangierós pels tenents del ritual vedic tradicional. Aquestes escrichs forman la transicion entre lo bramanisme e l'indoïsme ancian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upanishad">Upanishad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Upanishad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Upanishad"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Los <i>Upanishad</i> (उपनिषद्), contenon de tèxtes filosofics e metafisics tractan de la natura e del rapòrt de l'alma (atman) a l'esperit suprèma Brahman. Lo canon Muktika conten 108 Upanishads que la compositcon s'espandís de -800 a 1300 de nòtra èra. Se destria tradicionalament dotze Upanishads màger o principalas e nonenta sièis Upanishads menoras destriadas en sèis categorias<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Los_tèxtes_ulteriors"><span id="Los_t.C3.A8xtes_ulteriors"></span>Los tèxtes ulteriors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Los tèxtes ulteriors" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Los tèxtes ulteriors"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cada <i>Veda-samhita</i> s'alarga pauc a pauc en diferents libres de lei e manuals rituals que dependon d’el: lo <i>Dharmashastras</i>, <i>Grihyasutras</i>, etc., mas fòrça erudits los considèran pas coma partida integranta de la literatura eissida de la Shruti o de <i>Veda</i> en pròsa. Ligan aquestes tèxtes a la memorizacion (<i>Smriti</i>) de sciéncias umanas « profanas ». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transicion_del_vedisme_a_l'indoïsme"><span id="Transicion_del_vedisme_a_l.27indo.C3.AFsme"></span>Transicion del vedisme a l'indoïsme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Transicion del vedisme a l'indoïsme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Transicion del vedisme a l'indoïsme"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lo vedisme utiliza un ensemble de nocions exprimidas per de mots que l'indoïsme recebrá en eritatge, qu'« emplenará » de concepcions novèlas e desconegudas dels ancians <i>arya</i>.</li> <li>Lo vedisme conéis d'autres autors als <i>Vedas</i> que los sept <i>rishi</i> tradicionals. .<br /><br />L'indoïsme atribuís la redaccion dels tèxtes ancians a <i>Vyâsa</i> (lo compilator) a que es atribuís tanben la redaccion de l'epopèa <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahâbhârata</a></i>.</li> <li>Pel vedisme, lo <i>deva</i> es literalament l'accion brilhanta, lusenta, un dels poders imprevisibles del <i>rita</i> (<i>DIV</i> significa elusir coma lo jorn, mas tanben jogar als dats, e <i>deva</i> es l'accion de <i>DIV</i>). Las poténcias agissentas son gramaticalament nomenadas al masculin o al feminin, mas son pas de « divesas » coma <a href="/wiki/Junon" title="Junon">Junon</a> o <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A8nus_(mitologia)" title="Vènus (mitologia)">Vènus</a> pels Romans.</li> <li>Dins lo vedisme, lo braman es aquesta energia del <i>rita</i> que la foncion es de fondar l'òrdre, de lo fixar, e non pas una persona o una causa.<br /><br />L'indoïsme intègra son incarnacion <a href="/wiki/Brama" title="Brama">Brama</a> al sen d'una <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">trimûrti</a> (Brama, <a href="/wiki/Vishn%C3%B3" title="Vishnó">Vishnó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>).</li> <li>Dins lo vedisme, los <i>devas</i> constituisson una societat veraia. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agni_(dieu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agni (dieu) (la pagina existís pas)">Agni</a> èra lo prèire actual. <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(vedisme)" title="Mitra (vedisme)">Mitra</a> simboliza l’aliança entre los òmes e los semidieus, e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varuna (la pagina existís pas)">Varuna</a>, lo castig que cal a aqueste que la trencan. Son assistits d’Aryaman e de Bhaga. Mitra garda la lutz, Varuna presidís de nuèch. <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> ten la foncion guerrièra.<br /><br />Segon lo Ṛgveda, i a 33 dieus, mas aqueste nombre es incomplet<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueste chifre, simbolic, de 33 s’encontra dins la Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad (3, 9, 1) : « Lo nombre dels dieus es aqueste mencionat per las Escrituras. Lor nombre es tres cent tres e tres mila tres. »<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dins l’indoïsme tardièr, es representat pel nombre de 33 crores (330 000 000)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p>Aquestas diferéncias son pas d’oposicions mas lo resultat d'una lenta evolucion de las ments en Índia. Vedisme, bramanisme enindoïsme considèran totes que lo Veda es uni e eternal, mas que sas manifestacions pendent lo cicle cosmic pren un nombre infinit de nuanças. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veda_e_indós_uèi"><span id="Veda_e_ind.C3.B3s_u.C3.A8i"></span>Veda e indós uèi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Veda e indós uèi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Veda e indós uèi"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En 1966, la Cort suprèma de l'Índia decretèt l’encastre de la fe indoa en set punts. Lo primièr punt va de « l’acceptacion respectuosa dels Vedas coma Nautissima Autoritet suls subjèctes religioses e filosofics e l’acceptacion respectuosa dels Vedas pels pensaires e filosófs indós coma basa unica de la filosofia indoa »<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, l'<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> constata que se lo Veda jòga encara un ròtle important en Índia, solas tretze brancas vedicas sus las mila alara existentas son encara presentas<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtes_e_referéncia"><span id="N.C3.B2tes_e_refer.C3.A9ncia"></span>Nòtes e referéncia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtes e referéncia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtes e referéncia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sanskrit_Heritage_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sanskrit Heritage Dictionary (la pagina existís pas)">The Sanskrit Heritage Dictionary</a></i> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Huet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérard Huet (la pagina existís pas)">Gérard Huet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-a_2-0">2,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-a_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Les Maîtres spirituels de l'hindouisme</i>. Alexandre Astier. Éd. Yerolles, 2008, page 26. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/9782212541946" title="Especial:Obratge de referéncia/9782212541946">ISBN: 9782212541946</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Varenne, <i>Grammaire du sanskrit</i>, page 29, §38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Varenne, <i>opus citatum</i>, page 86, §118 remarques.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stchoupak & Nitti & Renou, <i>Dictionnaire sanskrit-français</i>, page 693.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Z. Caland, <i>Altindisches Zauberritual</i>, Amsterdam 1900.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Blondel, dans le <i>Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie</i> de André Lalande, page 171, dit : « Connaître<i> et </i>connaissance<i> diffèrent surtout de </i>croire<i> et </i>croyance<i> en ce que ces derniers termes impliquent que le motif de l'adhésion ne réside pas dans la clarté directe et intrinsèque de l'objet considéré ».</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda, op. cit., page 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda, <i>opus citatum</i>, page 240 : « Il ne faut pas oublier que les tendances monistes n'ont pas tardé à se manifester d'une façon ou d'une autre ».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Otto, <i>Le Sacré</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">le « sacrifice » védique.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda, <i>op. cit.</i>, page 172, « Les cérémonies avaient lieu soit dans la maison de celui qui prenait l'initiative du sacrifice, soit sur un terrain avoisinant, où celui-ci (au sud du feu âhavanîya), sa femme et le prêtre brahmane prenaient place; le lit sacrificiel (vedi), morceau du champ légèrement creusé et recouvert ensuite d'herbe à sacrifices (barhis), se trouvait au milieu. »</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandre Langlois, <i>op. cit.</i>, (RV 6,1,8, versets 5 & 6), page 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Angot, <i>L'inde</i>, Éd. PUF-Clio (collection « Culture guides »), 2012, voir le début de la section « Les religions védiques (entre c. 1500 et c. 500 AEC) ». <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/9782130576273" title="Especial:Obratge de referéncia/9782130576273">ISBN: 9782130576273</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-b_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>L'origine polaire de la tradition Vedique</i>. Lokamanya Bâl Gangadhar Tilak. Traduction française aux éditions Archè, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda, <i>opus citatum</i>, page 58: « Çraddhâ, qui selon ÇB 12, 8, 2, 4 est une forme de consécration (Dîksâ) et parfois (cf. Rk 10, 151) reçoit un culte comme une déesse, est même appelée Première-née de Rta, soit première et plus importante manifestation de la structure harmonique de l'univers (TB 3,12, 3, 2) ».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">la mentalité des <i>Rishi</i> n'a pas encore inventé les notions de <i><a href="/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu">Deus</a></i>, ou d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Esprit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esprit (la pagina existís pas)">Esprit</a>, ou de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendance (la pagina existís pas)">transcendance</a>, car leur pensée <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">moniste</a> ne crée aucune division dans leur monde (pas même celle des <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_de_castes_en_Inde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Système de castes en Inde (la pagina existís pas)">castes</a>, invention ultérieure elle aussi).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda, <i>op. cit.</i>, page 19: « Ce « savoir », qui, d'après la tradition indienne, est éternel, n'a été que formulé par la divinité et « contemplé » aux origines par des sages inspirés (Rsi's), est né pour la majeure partie dans des familles de chanteurs brahmanes, à partir de la croyance populaire et a été transmis dans les « écoles » des brahmanes, les détenteurs de la science sacerdotale et ésotérique, pendant très longtemps sous la seule forme orale. ».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandre Langlois, <i>op. cit.</i>, (RV 2,8,7, verset 3 <i>partim</i>), page 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stchoupak & Nitti & Renou, <i>op. cit.</i>, page 743.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Varenne, <i>op. cit.</i>, page 38, traduit <i>śruti</i> par révélation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Varenne, <i>op. cit.</i>, page 127 : le thème nominal indo-aryen <i>veda</i>, passé tel quel en sanskrit, ajoute une <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyelle (la pagina existís pas)">voyelle</a> thématique <i>-a</i> à la racine <i>VID</i> transformée en <i>VED</i> par alternance vocalique : <i>VID > VED > veda</i>. Le <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex%C3%A8me&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexème (la pagina existís pas)">lexème</a> <i>VID</i> donne aussi deux thèmes verbaux différenciés mais de sens complémentaires : <i>VID > VED > VET > vetti</i> (<b>il sait</b>) et <i>VID > VIND> vindati</i> (<b>il trouve</b> : <i>hij vindt</i> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A9erlandais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Néerlandais (la pagina existís pas)">néerlandais</a>, <i>he finds</i> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglais (la pagina existís pas)">anglais</a>. <i>Veda</i> peut se traduire « savoir » ou « trouvaille » (on nommera « trouvères » certains poètes du Moyen Âge) ou « découverte ».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda, <i>op. cit.</i>, page 132 : « Les Çrautasûtras déclarent reposer sur la Çruti (c'est-à-dire l'« Audition » de la vérité éternelle par des sages inspirés des premiers temps) ».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda, op. cit. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="pagina(s)">p.</abbr> 148</span>: La durée des études était, nous l'avons dit, de douze ans pour chaque Véda, ou d'autant qu'il fallait pour que l'élève le comprît.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandre Langlois, <i>Rig-Véda ou Livre des hymnes</i>, éditions Jean Maisonneuve, Paris 1872.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James S. Bare, article <i>Smriti</i> dans <i>The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions (Abingdon)</i>, page 696.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">manifesté au travers d'une multitude de traditions et de textes véhiculés successivement par les <i>rishi</i>, les <i>arya</i> (<i>aR-ya</i> né du <i>R.</i>, de l'ordre), les brahmanes, les hindous médiévaux, puis ceux de l'ère <i>internet</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret et James Stutley, <i>A dictionary of Hinduism - its mythology, folklore and development, 1500 BC - AD 1500</i>, Routledge & Kegan Paul London and Henley, 1977 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/0-7102-0587-2" title="Especial:Obratge de referéncia/0-7102-0587-2">ISBN: 0-7102-0587-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Universalis, article "Veda"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le plus beau fleuron de la discrimination, Viveka-Cûdâ-Mani</i>, par Sri Sankarâcârya, d'après la traduction anglaise du Swâmi Mâdhavânanda, par Marcel Sauton, Adrien Maisonneuve éditeur, p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Helfer, de l'Université Wesleyan (États-Unis), dans <i>The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions (Abingdon)</i>, pages 117 et 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda, <i>Inleiding tot het Indische Denken</i>, Antwerpen 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oldenberg, Hermann, trans., Max Müller, ed. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXIX, <a href="//archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul01oldeuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:grihyastrasrul01oldeuoft">"The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"</a>, part 1, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1886</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oldenberg, Hermann, trans. Müller, Max, trans. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXX, <a href="//archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul02oldeuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:grihyastrasrul02oldeuoft">"The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"</a>, part 2, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda, <i>op. cit.</i>, pages 17 à 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Caland, <i>Altindisches Zauberritual</i>, Amsterdam 1900.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">India History. Krishna Reddy. Éd. Tata McGraw-Hill, 2006, page 119. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/9780070635777" title="Especial:Obratge de referéncia/9780070635777">ISBN: 9780070635777</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda, Védisme et hindouisme ancien, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="pagina(s)">p.</abbr> 65</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Daniélou : Mythes et dieux de l’Inde, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="pagina(s)">p.</abbr> 129</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Daniélou : Mythes et dieux de l’Inde, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="pagina(s)">p.</abbr> 134</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindouisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindouisme (la pagina existís pas)">Définition de l'hindouisme par la Cour suprême de l'Inde</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The vedic religion in the trial of universalization: A sight on current Hinduism</i>. Guébi Noel Adjo. Éd. L'Harmattan, 2011 page 33. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/9782296469938" title="Especial:Obratge de referéncia/9782296469938">ISBN: 9782296469938</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/fr/RL/00062">La tradition du chant védique</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vejatz_tanben">Vejatz tanben</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Vejatz tanben" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Vejatz tanben"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Monografias</b> </p> <ul><li>Lokamanya Bâl Gangâdhar Tilak, <i>Orion ou Recherches sur l'Antiquité des Védas</i> (original écrit en 1893), 240 pages, Éditions Archè, Milan 1989, distributeur français : Les Belles Lettres.</li> <li>Gerhard J. Bellinger, <i>Knaurs Grosser Religions Führer</i>, 1986, traduction française préfacée par Pierre Chaunu sous le titre <i>Encyclopédie des religions</i>, 804 pages, Librairie Générale Française, Paris 2000, Le Livre de Poche, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/2-253-13111-3" title="Especial:Obratge de referéncia/2-253-13111-3">ISBN: 2-253-13111-3</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> Kreith Crim, General Editor, <i>The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions, originally published as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions</i>, 830 pages, Harpers and Row, Publishers, San Francisco, 1981, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/978-0-06-061613-7" title="Especial:Obratge de referéncia/978-0-06-061613-7">ISBN: 978-0-06-061613-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a>, <i>Les dieux souverains des Indo-Européens</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Tresen">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> édition 1977, NRF Gallimard <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/2-07-029586-9" title="Especial:Obratge de referéncia/2-07-029586-9">ISBN: 2-07-029586-9</a></li> <li>Jan Gonda, <i>Die Religionen Indiens, Band 1: Veda und älterer Hinduismus</i>, 1960, traduction française <i>Védisme et hindouisme ancien</i>. Traduit de l'allemand par L. Jospin, 432 pages, Payot, Paris 1962, ISBN (épuisé en français)</li> <li>Charles Malamoud et Nguyen Thanh Thiên, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140917093557/http://lakischool.free.fr/Book_propos-croises_C-Malamoud_NguyenTT.pdf">« Le champ des arts martiaux, la scène du sacrifice.Propos croisés sur des formes de rituels dans le monde sino-japonais et dans l’Inde »</a>, 2013, particulièrement <span style="white-space:nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="pagina(s)">p.</abbr> 22-28</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connèxes"><span id="Articles_conn.C3.A8xes"></span>Articles connèxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Articles connèxes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=25" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Articles connèxes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasas (la pagina existís pas)">Dasas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drech_ind%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drech indó (la pagina existís pas)">Drech indó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B2ga" title="Iòga">Iòga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligam_extèrne"><span id="Ligam_ext.C3.A8rne"></span>Ligam extèrne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Ligam extèrne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veda&action=edit&section=26" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Ligam extèrne"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/fr/RL/00062">La tradicion del cant vedic</a> sul site oficial de l'<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veda&oldid=2407914">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veda&oldid=2407914</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Cultura_indiana" title="Categoria:Cultura indiana">Cultura indiana</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorias amagadas : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Ligam_a_una_traduccion_demandada" title="Categoria:Ligam a una traduccion demandada">Ligam a una traduccion demandada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Portal:Lengas/Articles_ligats" title="Categoria:Portal:Lengas/Articles ligats">Portal:Lengas/Articles ligats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_traduccions_sense_revisar" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb traduccions sense revisar">Pàgines amb traduccions sense revisar</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 20 novembre de 2023 a 08.28.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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