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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatori_de_Leiden" title="Observatori de Leiden – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Observatori de Leiden" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternwarte_Leiden" title="Sternwarte Leiden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sternwarte Leiden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leideni_observatoorium" title="Leideni observatoorium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leideni observatoorium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorio_de_Leiden" title="Observatorio de Leiden – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Observatorio de Leiden" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorio_de_Leiden" title="Observatorio de Leiden – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Observatorio de Leiden" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatoire_de_Leyde" title="Observatoire de Leyde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Observatoire de Leyde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լեյդենի աստղադիտարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեյդենի աստղադիտարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osservatorio_di_Leida" title="Osservatorio di Leida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Osservatorio di Leida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatoire_Leiden" title="Observatoire Leiden – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Observatoire Leiden" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrewacht_Leiden" title="Sterrewacht Leiden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sterrewacht Leiden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B0" title="ライデン天文台 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライデン天文台" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observat%C3%B3rio_de_Leiden" title="Observatório de Leiden – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Observatório de Leiden" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лейденская обсерватория – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лейденская обсерватория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_G%C3%B6zlemevi" title="Leiden Gözlemevi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leiden Gözlemevi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лейденська 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leiden_Observatory&params=52.15486_N_4.48389_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°09′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°29′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.15486°N 4.48389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.15486; 4.48389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Established 1633 in the Netherlands</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Observatory</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Leiden Observatory</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oude_Sterrewacht,_Leiden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Oude_Sterrewacht%2C_Leiden.jpg/290px-Oude_Sterrewacht%2C_Leiden.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Oude_Sterrewacht%2C_Leiden.jpg/435px-Oude_Sterrewacht%2C_Leiden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Oude_Sterrewacht%2C_Leiden.jpg/580px-Oude_Sterrewacht%2C_Leiden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186244?uselang=en#P137" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes" title="List of observatory codes">Observatory code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes#013" title="List of observatory codes"> 013</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186244?uselang=en#P717" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leiden_Observatory&params=52.15486_N_4.48389_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°09′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°29′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.15486°N 4.48389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.15486; 4.48389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/oudesterrewacht,%20https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/old-observatory">www<wbr />.universiteitleiden<wbr />.nl<wbr />/oudesterrewacht,%20https:<wbr />//www<wbr />.universiteitleiden<wbr />.nl<wbr />/old-observatory</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186244#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leiden Observatory is located in Netherlands"><img alt="Leiden Observatory is located in Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/240px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/360px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/480px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.843%;left:31.452%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Leiden Observatory"><img alt="Leiden Observatory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of Leiden Observatory</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leiden_Observatory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leiden Observatory">Related media on Commons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186244" class="extiw" title="d:Q186244">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leiden Observatory</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Sterrewacht Leiden</i>) is an astronomical institute of <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Established in 1633 to house the quadrant of <a href="/wiki/Willebrord_Snellius" title="Willebrord Snellius">Willebrord Snellius</a>, it is the oldest operating university observatory in the world, with the only older still existing observatory being the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Observatory" title="Vatican Observatory">Vatican Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The observatory was initially located on the university building in the centre of Leiden before a new observatory building and dome were constructed in the university's botanical garden in 1860. It remained there until 1974 when the department moved to the science campus north-west of the city. Notable astronomers that have worked or directed the observatory include <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1633–1860"><span id="1633.E2.80.931860"></span>1633–1860</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1633–1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_Observatory_in_1670.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leiden_Observatory_in_1670.png/220px-Leiden_Observatory_in_1670.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leiden_Observatory_in_1670.png/330px-Leiden_Observatory_in_1670.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leiden_Observatory_in_1670.png/440px-Leiden_Observatory_in_1670.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of Leiden Observatory in 1670, seen on top of the university building.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronomical_quadrant,_Museum_Boerhaave_Leiden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Astronomical_quadrant%2C_Museum_Boerhaave_Leiden.jpg/220px-Astronomical_quadrant%2C_Museum_Boerhaave_Leiden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Astronomical_quadrant%2C_Museum_Boerhaave_Leiden.jpg/330px-Astronomical_quadrant%2C_Museum_Boerhaave_Leiden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Astronomical_quadrant%2C_Museum_Boerhaave_Leiden.jpg/440px-Astronomical_quadrant%2C_Museum_Boerhaave_Leiden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3698" data-file-height="3346" /></a><figcaption>The 17th century (1600s), Quadrant instrument of Professor Willem Snel van Royen, displayed in a modern exhibit.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> established the observatory in 1633; astronomy had been on the curriculum for a long time, and due to possession of a large <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">quadrant</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Snellius" title="Rudolph Snellius">Rudolph Snellius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Golius" title="Jacobus Golius">Jacobus Golius</a> requested an observatory in which to use it. The observatory was one of the first purpose-built observatories in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Though Golius used the observatory regularly, no publications came from its use by him.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known whether Golius had any instrumentation other than Snellius' quadrant at the observatory.<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1682 <a href="/wiki/Burchardus_de_Volder" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchardus de Volder">Burchardus de Volder</a> became professor of mathematics at the university and thus took over responsibility for the observatory. During his tenure, the observatory was enlarged, including a second turret to house a brass <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a> which he purchased, and the rebuilding of the old turret. Both turrets had rotating roofs. Upon retiring in 1705, de Volder handed over a catalogue of instruments which showed that the observatory owned two other quadrants, a 12-inch telescope, two <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objectives</a>, and several smaller telescopes. For the next two years, Lotharius Zumbach de Coesfeld ran the observatory until his appointment as professor of mathematics in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> in 1708. Between then and 1717 the observatory went without a director until <a href="/wiki/Willem_%27s_Gravesande" title="Willem 's Gravesande">Willem 's Gravesande</a> was appointed director. During his time at the observatory, Gravesande purchased a number of new instruments including new telescopes and tools, before his death in 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gravesande's successor was Johan Lulofs who used the observatory to observe <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Halley's comet">Halley's comet</a> in 1759 and <a href="/wiki/Solar_transit" title="Solar transit">solar transits</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> (in 1743 and 1753) and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> (in 1761). In November 1768 when Lulofs died, Dionysius van de Wijnpersse took over responsibility for the observatory until <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Nieuwland" title="Pieter Nieuwland">Pieter Nieuwland</a> became its director in 1793 for a year until he died in 1794. For a number of years the curators attempted to find a suitable astronomer to look after the observatory, eventually employing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Frederik_van_Beeck_Calkoen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Frederik van Beeck Calkoen (page does not exist)">Jan Frederik van Beeck Calkoen</a> in 1799, who left in 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1817 the observatory towers were pulled down and rebuilt. <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kaiser" title="Frederik Kaiser">Frederik Kaiser</a> was appointed lecturer of astronomy and director of the observatory in 1837, and again renovated the observatory, providing the towers with rotatable roofs with full shutters, and reinforcing the north-western tower. Kaiser also acquired a number of new instruments and telescopes with which he made observations including that of comets, planets, and <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the increased interest in astronomy brought about due to Kaiser's popular writings and teachings, a commission was founded in 1853 to fund a new observatory.<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1859 to 1909 the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_time" title="Civil time">civil time</a> was set according to the local civil time at the observatory; communicated using the <a href="/wiki/Telegraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraphic">telegraphic</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1860–1974"><span id="1860.E2.80.931974"></span>1860–1974</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1860–1974"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_old_observatory2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leiden_old_observatory2.jpg/220px-Leiden_old_observatory2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leiden_old_observatory2.jpg/330px-Leiden_old_observatory2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leiden_old_observatory2.jpg/440px-Leiden_old_observatory2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>The second building to house the Leiden Observatory (built in 1860). This building now houses part of the law faculty. Two of the optical <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> domes can be seen on the roof.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1860 the new observatory building was completed. The new building was constructed in a quiet side of the city inside the university's botanical gardens. It consisted of a number of offices, living quarters for astronomers, and a number of observing domes containing telescopes. In 1873 two new rooms were added to the building in order to house the tools required to verify nautical instruments; tools used to test compasses, sextants and other instruments. Two of the domes were rebuilt, one in 1875 and the other in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More new buildings were constructed before the end of the 19th century including the Western tower in 1878, one to the East in 1898, and another small building to house a gas engine in the same year (used for electricity until the observatory was connected to the city grid). In 1896 the observatory purchased their first photographic telescope, with a dome being built to house it between then and 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923 the observatory formed a research agreement with <a href="/wiki/Union_Observatory" title="Union Observatory">Union Observatory</a> to allow researchers use of both facilities. The first visitor from Leiden was <a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a>. In 1954 the telescopes were moved to <a href="/wiki/Hartbeespoort" title="Hartbeespoort">Hartbeespoort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collaboration lasted until 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The old Observatory building of this period was restored from 2008 to 2012, and in the 2010s houses a visitor center and also has tours.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1974-_Present">1974- Present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1974- Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The astronomy department moved to the science campus north-west of the city centre in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although professional astronomical observations are no longer carried out from Leiden itself, the department still calls itself Leiden Observatory. In much of astronomy, the data came from elsewhere and could be analyzed and studied on the campus; for example in modern times the instruments may even be located in space, with data transmitted back to Earth and then studied on a computer display. (An example of this was the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Netherlands_Satellite" title="Astronomical Netherlands Satellite">Astronomical Netherlands Satellite</a>, launched in 1974.) </p><p>The archive of the Leiden Observatory is available at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Library" title="Leiden University Library">Leiden University Library</a> and digitally accessible through Digital Collections<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Einstein's_Chair_in_the_Ten-inch_dome"><span id="Einstein.27s_Chair_in_the_Ten-inch_dome"></span>Einstein's Chair in the Ten-inch dome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Einstein's Chair in the Ten-inch dome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einsteinchair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Einsteinchair.jpg/220px-Einsteinchair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Einsteinchair.jpg/330px-Einsteinchair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Einsteinchair.jpg/440px-Einsteinchair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Einstein's Chair</figcaption></figure> <p>Einstein's Chair is an astronomical observing chair at the Leiden Observatory. This chair, made in 1861, is the only piece of furniture in the observatory that dates from that time. The chair gets its name from the fact that it was used by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> on several occasions during his visits to the observatory. Einstein was a frequent visitor of the building during his professorship at Leiden university due to his good friendship with the director, <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a>. The chair can be found in the largest dome of the observatory, the so-called 10-inch dome (named after the 10-inch telescope that is placed inside). The chair is still used by observers and a popular attraction at the observatory. </p><p>On 21 October 2015, Einstein's Chair got a short segment on the Dutch astronomy program <i>Heel Nederland Kijkt Sterren</i>. During this segment the science populariser <a href="/wiki/Govert_Schilling" title="Govert Schilling">Govert Schilling</a> and the science historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Baneke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Baneke (page does not exist)">David Baneke</a> talked about its origins.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Einstein is noted for his visits to Leiden Observatory during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration">Restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The old Observatory building facilities (from 1860s) was restored in the 2010s. While not longer the base for the modern Leiden Observatory academically, it does have the astronomical historical items at the facility. Also, a solar telescope was crowd funded to provide live optically transmitted images of the Sun to the Visitor center, which is also known to have offered tours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archive">Archive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Archive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The archives of the Leiden Observatory and its successive directors, 1829-1992 are held at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Library" title="Leiden University Library">Leiden University Libraries</a> and are digitally available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_Observatory_in_1861_NW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Leiden Observatory in 1861 from the north-west direction."><img alt="Leiden Observatory in 1861 from the north-west direction." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Leiden_Observatory_in_1861_NW.png/120px-Leiden_Observatory_in_1861_NW.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Leiden_Observatory_in_1861_NW.png/180px-Leiden_Observatory_in_1861_NW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Leiden_Observatory_in_1861_NW.png/240px-Leiden_Observatory_in_1861_NW.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="382" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leiden Observatory in 1861 from the north-west direction.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016349_Panorama_vanaf_de_Sterrenwacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Leiden from the Observatory. Glass negative, ca. 1900"><img alt="Panoramic view of Leiden from the Observatory. Glass negative, ca. 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016349_Panorama_vanaf_de_Sterrenwacht.jpg/120px-ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016349_Panorama_vanaf_de_Sterrenwacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016349_Panorama_vanaf_de_Sterrenwacht.jpg/180px-ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016349_Panorama_vanaf_de_Sterrenwacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016349_Panorama_vanaf_de_Sterrenwacht.jpg/240px-ErfgoedLeiden_LEI001016349_Panorama_vanaf_de_Sterrenwacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5115" data-file-height="4040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view of Leiden from the Observatory. Glass negative, ca. 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NIMH_-_2011_-_0300_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Leiden,_The_Netherlands_-_1920_-_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Observatory and Hortus botanicus, ca. 1920–1940"><img alt="Observatory and Hortus botanicus, ca. 1920–1940" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NIMH_-_2011_-_0300_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Leiden%2C_The_Netherlands_-_1920_-_1940.jpg/120px-NIMH_-_2011_-_0300_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Leiden%2C_The_Netherlands_-_1920_-_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NIMH_-_2011_-_0300_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Leiden%2C_The_Netherlands_-_1920_-_1940.jpg/180px-NIMH_-_2011_-_0300_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Leiden%2C_The_Netherlands_-_1920_-_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NIMH_-_2011_-_0300_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Leiden%2C_The_Netherlands_-_1920_-_1940.jpg/240px-NIMH_-_2011_-_0300_-_Aerial_photograph_of_Leiden%2C_The_Netherlands_-_1920_-_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Observatory and Hortus botanicus, ca. 1920–1940</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LeidenOldObservatory2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The second building to house the Leiden Observatory, during restoration (2010)."><img alt="The second building to house the Leiden Observatory, during restoration (2010)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LeidenOldObservatory2010.jpg/106px-LeidenOldObservatory2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LeidenOldObservatory2010.jpg/160px-LeidenOldObservatory2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LeidenOldObservatory2010.jpg/213px-LeidenOldObservatory2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="2596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The second building to house the Leiden Observatory, during restoration (2010).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2013, after restoration."><img alt="2013, after restoration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-a.jpg/120px-Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-a.jpg/180px-Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-a.jpg/240px-Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2233" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2013, after restoration.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huygens_and_Oort_Buildings.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Huygens Laboratory (left) and J.H. Oort Building (right) which currently house Leiden Observatory on the 4th, 5th and 11th floors."><img alt="The Huygens Laboratory (left) and J.H. Oort Building (right) which currently house Leiden Observatory on the 4th, 5th and 11th floors." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huygens_and_Oort_Buildings.JPG/120px-Huygens_and_Oort_Buildings.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huygens_and_Oort_Buildings.JPG/180px-Huygens_and_Oort_Buildings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huygens_and_Oort_Buildings.JPG/240px-Huygens_and_Oort_Buildings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Huygens Laboratory (left) and J.H. Oort Building (right) which currently house Leiden Observatory on the 4th, 5th and 11th floors.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directors">Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Director </th></tr> <tr> <td>1633–1667<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Golius" title="Jacobus Golius">Jacobus Golius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1668–1681<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christiaan_Melder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christiaan Melder (page does not exist)">Christiaan Melder</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1682–1705<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burchardus_de_Volder" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchardus de Volder">Burchardus de Volder</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1705–1708<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharius_Zumbach_de_Coesfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotharius Zumbach de Coesfeld (page does not exist)">Lotharius Zumbach de Coesfeld</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1717–1742<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_Jacob_Gravesande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem Jacob Gravesande (page does not exist)">Willem Jacob Gravesande</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1742–1768<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Lulofs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Lulofs (page does not exist)">Johan Lulofs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1768–1793<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysius_van_de_Wijnpersse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dionysius van de Wijnpersse (page does not exist)">Dionysius van de Wijnpersse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1793–1794<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Nieuwland" title="Pieter Nieuwland">Pieter Nieuwland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1799–1805<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Frederik_van_Beeck_Calkoen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Frederik van Beeck Calkoen (page does not exist)">Jan Frederik van Beeck Calkoen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1811–1826<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelus_Ekama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelus Ekama (page does not exist)">Cornelus Ekama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1826–1837<sup id="cite_ref-deSitter_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Uijlenbroek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter Uijlenbroek (page does not exist)">Pieter Uijlenbroek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1837–1872<sup id="cite_ref-Planets_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planets-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kaiser" title="Frederik Kaiser">Frederik Kaiser</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872–1908<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H._G._van_de_Sande_Bakhuyzen" title="H. G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen">H. G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908–1918<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>E. F. van de Sande Bakhuyzen </td></tr> <tr> <td>1918–1934<sup id="cite_ref-Planets_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planets-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934–1945<sup id="cite_ref-Planets_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planets-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945–1970<sup id="cite_ref-Planets_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planets-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996–2003<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_K._Miley" title="George K. Miley">George K. Miley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004–2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tim_de_Zeeuw" title="Tim de Zeeuw">Tim de Zeeuw</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012–2022<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huub_R%C3%B6ttgering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huub Röttgering (page does not exist)">Huub Röttgering</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022–Present </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignas_Snellen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignas Snellen (page does not exist)">Ignas Snellen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden-Sterrewacht-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Leiden-Sterrewacht-01.jpg/220px-Leiden-Sterrewacht-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Leiden-Sterrewacht-01.jpg/330px-Leiden-Sterrewacht-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Leiden-Sterrewacht-01.jpg/440px-Leiden-Sterrewacht-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>The Zunderman reflector</figcaption></figure> <p>Examples:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Zes-Duims Merz Refractor (16.6 cm/6.5 inch objective with wooden telescope tube dating to 1830s)</li> <li>Ten-inch Repsold Refractor ( 26.6 cm/10.5 inch Alvin and Clark objective lens on Repsold und Söhne, since 1885)</li> <li>Photographic Double Refractor (since 1897)</li> <li>Zunderman Reflector (46 cm diameter mirror (~18.1 inches), since 1947)</li> <li>Heliostat</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_telescopes,_observatories,_and_observing_technology" title="Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology">Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_telescopes_in_the_19th_century" title="List of largest optical telescopes in the 19th century">List of largest optical telescopes in the 19th century</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeborah_Todd,_Joseph_A._Angelo2009" class="citation book cs1">Deborah Todd, Joseph A. Angelo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3l4Rngj4B0C&pg=PA262"><i>A to Z of Scientists in Space and Astronomy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438109237" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438109237"><bdi>978-1438109237</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+to+Z+of+Scientists+in+Space+and+Astronomy&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1438109237&rft.au=Deborah+Todd%2C+Joseph+A.+Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3l4Rngj4B0C%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deSitter-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSitter_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._de_Sitter1933" class="citation book cs1">W. de Sitter (1933). <i>Short History of the Observatory of the University at Leiden 1633–1933</i>. Joh. Enschede en Zonen, Haarlem. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933shou.book.....D">1933shou.book.....D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+the+Observatory+of+the+University+at+Leiden+1633%E2%80%931933&rft.pub=Joh.+Enschede+en+Zonen%2C+Haarlem&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933shou.book.....D&rft.au=W.+de+Sitter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrögler2014" class="citation book cs1">Prögler, Daniela (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPmAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT168"><i>English Students at Leiden University, 1575–1650</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409484042" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409484042"><bdi>978-1409484042</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Students+at+Leiden+University%2C+1575%E2%80%931650&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1409484042&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%B6gler&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFPmAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenriette_Hertzsprung-Kapteyn1928" class="citation web cs1">Henriette Hertzsprung-Kapteyn (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222331/http://www.astro.rug.nl/~vdkruit/JCKapteyn/HHKbiog.pdf">"J.C. Kapteyn: His life and his works"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 46. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.rug.nl/~vdkruit/JCKapteyn/HHKbiog.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J.C.+Kapteyn%3A+His+life+and+his+works&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1928&rft.au=Henriette+Hertzsprung-Kapteyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.rug.nl%2F~vdkruit%2FJCKapteyn%2FHHKbiog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assa.saao.ac.za/sections/history/observatories/leiden_obs/">"Leiden Observatory"</a>. <i>www.assa.saao.ac.za</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.assa.saao.ac.za&rft.atitle=Leiden+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassa.saao.ac.za%2Fsections%2Fhistory%2Fobservatories%2Fleiden_obs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiet_C._van_der_Kruit,_Klaas_van_Berkel2001" class="citation book cs1">Piet C. van der Kruit, <a href="/wiki/Klaas_van_Berkel" title="Klaas van Berkel">Klaas van Berkel</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig1T30hcXBQC&pg=PA125"><i>The Legacy of J.C. Kapteyn</i></a>. Springer. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1402003749" title="Special:BookSources/1402003749"><bdi>1402003749</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+J.C.+Kapteyn&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1402003749&rft.au=Piet+C.+van+der+Kruit%2C+Klaas+van+Berkel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIg1T30hcXBQC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g188630-d8119223-Reviews-Old_Observatory_Leiden-Leiden_South_Holland_Province.html">"Old Observatory Leiden - 2019 All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (with Photos)"</a>. <i>TripAdvisor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TripAdvisor&rft.atitle=Old+Observatory+Leiden+-+2019+All+You+Need+to+Know+BEFORE+You+Go+%28with+Photos%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.com%2FAttraction_Review-g188630-d8119223-Reviews-Old_Observatory_Leiden-Leiden_South_Holland_Province.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/old-observatory/the-observatory/history">"History"</a>. <i>www.universiteitleiden.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Telescopes+in+the+Netherlands&rft.aulast=van+Gent&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staff.science.uu.nl%2F~gent0113%2Ftelescope%2Ftelescopenl.htm%23Leiden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/leidenobservatorypapers">‘’Leiden Observatory Papers’’</a>, in Digital Collections (<a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Library" title="Leiden University Library">Leiden University Library</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npo.nl/heel-nederland-kijkt-sterren/21-10-2015/POW_01507545">Heel Nederland Kijkt Sterren</a> on a Dutch VOD website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietrow2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pietrow, Alexander G.M. (2019). "Investigations into the origin of Einstein's Sink". <i>Studium</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 260–268. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.09022">1905.09022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Studi..11E...1P">2019Studi..11E...1P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18352%2Fstudium.10183">10.18352/studium.10183</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studium&rft.atitle=Investigations+into+the+origin+of+Einstein%27s+Sink&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=260-268&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1905.09022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18352%2Fstudium.10183&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Studi..11E...1P&rft.aulast=Pietrow&rft.aufirst=Alexander+G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelft2007" class="citation journal cs1">Delft, Dirk van (2007-01-12). "Albert Einstein in Leiden". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>59</b> (4): 57–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2207039">10.1063/1.2207039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Albert+Einstein+in+Leiden&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=57-62&rft.date=2007-01-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2207039&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft.aulast=Delft&rft.aufirst=Dirk+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planets-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Planets_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Planets_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Planets_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Planets_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmadel2012" class="citation book cs1">Schmadel, Lutz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg=PA130"><i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names</i></a>. Springer. pp. 129–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3642297182" title="Special:BookSources/978-3642297182"><bdi>978-3642297182</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names&rft.pages=129-130&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3642297182&rft.aulast=Schmadel&rft.aufirst=Lutz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaeAg1X7afOoC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeen_Dorsman,_Peter_Jan_Knegtmans2009" class="citation book cs1">Leen Dorsman, Peter Jan Knegtmans (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IiEgo2kWzUQC&pg=PA55"><i>Over de grens: internationale contacten aan Nederlandse universiteiten sedert 1876</i></a>. Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9087041366" title="Special:BookSources/978-9087041366"><bdi>978-9087041366</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+de+grens%3A+internationale+contacten+aan+Nederlandse+universiteiten+sedert+1876&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9087041366&rft.au=Leen+Dorsman%2C+Peter+Jan+Knegtmans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIiEgo2kWzUQC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Baneke2010" class="citation web cs1">David Baneke (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/outreach/strwarchief/EB_inventory.pdf">"Leiden Observatory Archives, E.F. van de Sande Bakhuyzen Archive (EB)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-31032915.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2014</span> – via HighBeam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Dutch+honour+for+retired+Irish-born+astronomer+who+ran+Leiden+Observatory&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft.aulast=Cluskey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-31032915.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204656/http://science.leidenuniv.nl/index.php/english/newsitem/erc_advanced_grant_for_astronomer_huub_roettgering/?weblog=content_news">"ERC Advanced Grant for astronomer Huub Röttgering"</a>. 20 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.leidenuniv.nl/index.php/english/newsitem/erc_advanced_grant_for_astronomer_huub_roettgering/?weblog=content_news">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ERC+Advanced+Grant+for+astronomer+Huub+R%C3%B6ttgering&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.leidenuniv.nl%2Findex.php%2Fenglish%2Fnewsitem%2Ferc_advanced_grant_for_astronomer_huub_roettgering%2F%3Fweblog%3Dcontent_news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/old-observatory/the-observatory/telescopes">"Telescopes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telescopes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universiteitleiden.nl%2Fold-observatory%2Fthe-observatory%2Ftelescopes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/pub/zuidervaart/2007_Zuidervaart_Telescopes_from_Leiden_Observatory.pdf">Telescopes from Leiden Observatory and other collections. 1656 - 1859</a> (.pdf)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4JvDwAAQBAJ&q=a.g.m.+pietrow">From attics to domes: Four centuries of history of Leiden Observatory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden_Observatory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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