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The long-term neurologic and psychiatric effects of this viral infection on the central nervous system (CNS) are not well understood." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/14115147/Neurodevelopment_and_Cognition_in_Children_after_Enterovirus_71_Infection" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Neurodevelopment and Cognition in Children after Enterovirus 71 Infection" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Enterovirus 71 is a common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease and encephalitis in Asia and elsewhere. The long-term neurologic and psychiatric effects of this viral infection on the central nervous system (CNS) are not well understood." /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://taiwan.academia.edu/LuanyinChang" /> <meta name="description" content="Enterovirus 71 is a common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease and encephalitis in Asia and elsewhere. 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= {"work":{"id":14115147,"created_at":"2015-07-16T07:34:05.349-07:00","from_world_paper_id":139609153,"updated_at":"2025-02-03T03:46:49.014-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Cognitive Effects of Enterovirus 71 in Children","grobid_abstract":"Enterovirus 71 is a common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease and encephalitis in Asia and elsewhere. The long-term neurologic and psychiatric effects of this viral infection on the central nervous system (CNS) are not well understood.","publication_date":"2010,,","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"44588952"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Neurodevelopment and Cognition in Children after Enterovirus 71 Infection","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [33115704]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":44588952,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Neurodevelopment and Cognition in Children after Enterovirus 71 Infection”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44588952/mini_magick20190214-28627-52i8ma.png?1550149897" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Neurodevelopment and Cognition in Children after Enterovirus 71 Infection</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33115704" href="https://taiwan.academia.edu/LuanyinChang"><img alt="Profile image of Luan-yin Chang" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Luan-yin Chang</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2010</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">9 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 14115147; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=14115147"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Enterovirus 71 is a common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease and encephalitis in Asia and elsewhere. The long-term neurologic and psychiatric effects of this viral infection on the central nervous system (CNS) are not well understood.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":44588952,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/14115147/Neurodevelopment_and_Cognition_in_Children_after_Enterovirus_71_Infection"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":44588952,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/14115147/Neurodevelopment_and_Cognition_in_Children_after_Enterovirus_71_Infection"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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One patient had hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and one had herpangina. The third patient had no skin or mucosal lesions. All three recovered with-</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neurologic Complications in Children with Enterovirus 71 Infection","attachmentId":49338804,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5331433/Neurologic_Complications_in_Children_with_Enterovirus_71_Infection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5331433/Neurologic_Complications_in_Children_with_Enterovirus_71_Infection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="48828711" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48828711/Clinical_Characteristics_and_Functional_Motor_Outcomes_of_Enterovirus_71_Neurological_Disease_in_Children">Clinical Characteristics and Functional Motor Outcomes of Enterovirus 71 Neurological Disease in Children</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7987437" href="https://independent.academia.edu/michaelrodriguez8">michael rodriguez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">JAMA Neurology, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">IMPORTANCE Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes a spectrum of neurological complications with significant morbidity and mortality. Further understanding of the characteristics of EV71-related neurological disease, factors related to outcome, and potential responsiveness to treatments is important in developing therapeutic guidelines. OBJECTIVE To further characterize EV71-related neurological disease and neurological outcome in children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective 2-hospital (The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network) inpatient study of 61 children with enterovirus-related neurological disease during a 2013 outbreak of EV71 in Sydney, Australia. The dates of our analysis were January 1, to June 30, 2013. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Clinical, neuroimaging, laboratory, and pathological characteristics, together with treatment administered and functional motor outcomes, were assessed. RESULTS Among 61 patients, there were 4 precipitous deaths (7%), despite resuscitation at presentation. Among 57 surviving patients, the age range was 0.3 to 5.2 years (median age, 1.5 years), and 36 (63%) were male. Fever (100% [57 of 57]), myoclonic jerks (86% [49 of 57]), ataxia (54% [29 of 54]), and vomiting (54% [29 of 54]) were common initial clinical manifestations. In 57 surviving patients, EV71 neurological disease included encephalomyelitis in 23 (40%), brainstem encephalitis in 20 (35%), encephalitis in 6 (11%), acute flaccid paralysis in 4 (7%), and autonomic dysregulation with pulmonary edema in 4 (7%). Enterovirus RNA was more commonly identified in feces (42 of 44 [95%]), rectal swabs (35 of 37 [95%]), and throat swabs (33 of 39 [85%]) rather than in cerebrospinal fluid (10 of 41 [24%]). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed characteristic increased T2-weighted signal in the dorsal pons and spinal cord. All 4 patients with pulmonary edema (severe disease) demonstrated dorsal brainstem restricted diffusion (odds ratio, 2; 95% CI, 1-4; P = .001). Brainstem or motor dysfunction had resolved in 44 of 57 (77%) at 2 months and in 51 of 57 (90%) at 12 months. Focal paresis was evident in 23 of 57 (40%) at presentation and was the most common persisting clinical and functional problem at 12 months (observed in 5 of 6 patients), with 1 patient also requiring invasive ventilation. Patients initially seen with acute flaccid paralysis or pulmonary edema had significantly greater frequencies of motor dysfunction at follow-up compared with patients initially seen with other syndromes (odds ratio, 15; 95% CI, 3-79; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Enterovirus 71 may cause serious neurological disease in young patients. The distinct clinicoradiological syndromes, predominantly within the spinal cord and brainstem, enable rapid recognition within evolving outbreaks. Long-term functional neurological morbidity is associated with paresis linked to involvement of gray matter in the brainstem or spinal cord.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Clinical Characteristics and Functional Motor Outcomes of Enterovirus 71 Neurological Disease in Children","attachmentId":67250548,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48828711/Clinical_Characteristics_and_Functional_Motor_Outcomes_of_Enterovirus_71_Neurological_Disease_in_Children","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48828711/Clinical_Characteristics_and_Functional_Motor_Outcomes_of_Enterovirus_71_Neurological_Disease_in_Children"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="57076829" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57076829/A_prospective_comparative_study_of_severe_neurological_and_uncomplicated_hand_foot_and_mouth_forms_of_paediatric_enterovirus_71_infections">A prospective, comparative study of severe neurological and uncomplicated hand, foot and mouth forms of paediatric enterovirus 71 infections</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46280674" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YoannCrabol">Yoann Crabol</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this study, we document the clinical characteristics and investigated risk factors for uncomplicated and severe forms of EV-A71 disease in Cambodian children. From March to July 2014 inclusive, all patients with suspicion of EV-A71 infection presenting to Kantha Bopha Hospitals in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap and confirmed by the Virology Unit at the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge were prospectively enrolled in this study. Throat swabs, rectal swabs and serum samples were collected from all consecutive patients with suspected EV-A71 infection. In addition, CSF was also collected from patients with suspected EV-A71 associated encephalitis. A total of 122 patients (29 with uncomplicated disease and 93 with severe disease) with confirmed EV-A71 infection with all available demographic and clinical data for clinical classification and further analysis were included in the study. In this prospective EV-A71 study in Cambodia, we confirmed the previously reported association of male gender an...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A prospective, comparative study of severe neurological and uncomplicated hand, foot and mouth forms of paediatric enterovirus 71 infections","attachmentId":72149698,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57076829/A_prospective_comparative_study_of_severe_neurological_and_uncomplicated_hand_foot_and_mouth_forms_of_paediatric_enterovirus_71_infections","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57076829/A_prospective_comparative_study_of_severe_neurological_and_uncomplicated_hand_foot_and_mouth_forms_of_paediatric_enterovirus_71_infections"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="19991091" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19991091/Diseases_caused_by_enterovirus_71_infection">Diseases caused by enterovirus 71 infection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45143790" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HowranGuo">How-Ran Guo</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40886459" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KowtongChen">Kow-tong Chen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The purpose of this review was to explore the epidemiology, pathogenesis, virology, and management of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection. Published literature was surveyed by Medline using the keyword "EV71." The reported incidence of cases of hand-foot-mouth disease/ herpangina varied from year to year; seasonal variations in incidence were observed, with a peak in incidence during the summer season. Most cases of hand-foot-mouth disease/herpangina hospitalized for complications occurred in children less than 5 years old. The brainstem was the most likely major target of EV71 infection. Different enteroviruses cocirculate in the community annually. The emergence of the EV71 epidemic in the Asia Pacific region has been associated with the circulation of 5 genetic lineages (genotypes B3, B4, C1, C2, C4) that appear to be undergoing rapid evolutionary changes. The relationship between the gene structure of the EV71 virus and the factors that ensure its survival, ease of transmission, and evasion of immunity is still unclear. EV71 central nervous system involvement causes serious clinical illness, death, and long-term neurologic and psychiatric disorders in young children. EV71 infection has emerged as an important public health problem. Vaccine development is recommended for the prevention of EV71 infection in the future.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Diseases caused by enterovirus 71 infection","attachmentId":41166295,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19991091/Diseases_caused_by_enterovirus_71_infection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19991091/Diseases_caused_by_enterovirus_71_infection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="107287369" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107287369/A_murine_oral_enterovirus_71_infection_model_with_central_nervous_system_involvement">A murine oral enterovirus 71 infection model with central nervous system involvement</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="229249937" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChingchuanLiu">Ching-chuan Liu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of General Virology, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes a myriad of diseases from mild hand-foot-and-mouth disease or herpangina to fatal meningoencephalitis complicated with neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Its pathogenesis, especially the CNS involvement, is not clearly understood. The aim of this study was to set up a mouse EV71 infection model with CNS involvement. EV71 virus was administrated orally to neonatal mice. The EV71-infected mice manifested a skin rash at an early stage and hind limb paralysis or death at a later stage. Immunohistochemical staining and virus isolation demonstrated that EV71 replicated in the small intestine, induced viraemia and spread to various organs. Kinetic studies showed that EV71 antigen was first detected in the intestine at 6 h, in the thoracic spinal cord at 24 h, in the cervical spinal cord at 50 h and in the brain stem at 78 h post-infection. Leukocyte infiltration was evident in the spinal cord and brain stem. Furthermore, EV71 virus could be transmitted to littermates within the same cage.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A murine oral enterovirus 71 infection model with central nervous system involvement","attachmentId":105997090,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107287369/A_murine_oral_enterovirus_71_infection_model_with_central_nervous_system_involvement","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107287369/A_murine_oral_enterovirus_71_infection_model_with_central_nervous_system_involvement"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="6043145" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6043145/Enterovirus_71_infection_and_acute_neurological_disease_among_children_in_Brazil_1988_1990">Enterovirus 71 infection and acute neurological disease among children in Brazil (1988–1990</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9076855" href="https://cantareira.academia.edu/DeniseAlvesdeSouza">Denise Alves de Souza</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1998</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Surveillance for Enterovirus 7 1 (EV-7 1) infection in children up to 15 years of age was carried out in Brazil, from 1988Brazil, from to 1990. Patients with acute neurological diseases (AND) such as flaccid paralysis, Bell's palsy, acute cerebellar ataxia and Guillain-BarrC syndrome were included in the study. EV-7 1 infection was detected in 24 of 426 children (5.6%) with AND. EV-71 infection was confirmed only by virus isolation in 13 children, by virus isolation and seroconversion in 4, and by seroconversion alone in 7. EV-7 1 was also isolated from 15 of the 427 household contacts (3.5%) of 165 AND patients. There was some evidence of high infectivity of EV-71: household clusters were detected in the case of 7 of 24 children (29.1%) infected with EV-71 and manifesting AND; EV-71 was isolated from 11140 household contacts (27.5%) of the infected patients but from only 4/387 household contacts (1.0%) of children in whom it was not possible to demonstrate EV-71 infection. Seven of the 24 children infected with EV-71 exhibited residual motor deficiency when examined 6 months after the disease onset. The relevance of these results for the Plan for Global Eradication ofWild Poliovirus is discussed, as well as the need to increase knowledge about the behaviour of this virus and its possible association with AND.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Enterovirus 71 infection and acute neurological disease among children in Brazil (1988–1990","attachmentId":49042772,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6043145/Enterovirus_71_infection_and_acute_neurological_disease_among_children_in_Brazil_1988_1990","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6043145/Enterovirus_71_infection_and_acute_neurological_disease_among_children_in_Brazil_1988_1990"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="56968920" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56968920/A_fatal_central_nervous_system_enterovirus_68_infection">A fatal central nervous system enterovirus 68 infection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2712180" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArtiBarnes">Arti Barnes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The anticipated eradication of poliovirus emphasizes the need to identify other enteroviral causes of severe central nervous system disease. Enterovirus 68 has been implicated only in cases of respiratory illness. We therefore report a case of fatal meningomyeloencephalitis caused by enterovirus 68 in a 5-year-old boy, which required neuropathology, microbiology, and molecular techniques to diagnose.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A fatal central nervous system enterovirus 68 infection","attachmentId":72095289,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56968920/A_fatal_central_nervous_system_enterovirus_68_infection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56968920/A_fatal_central_nervous_system_enterovirus_68_infection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="13766886" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13766886/Enterovirus_71_Infection_with_Central_Nervous_System_Involvement_South_Korea">Enterovirus 71 Infection with Central Nervous System Involvement, South Korea</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32926283" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HyeokJinLee">Hyeok-Jin Lee</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32879418" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WiSunRyu">Wi-Sun Ryu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We assessed neurologic sequelae associated with an enterovirus 71 (EV71) outbreak in South Korea during 2009. Four of 94 patients had high signal intensities at brainstem or cerebellum on magnetic resonance imaging. Two patients died of cardiopulmonary collapse; 2 had severe neurologic sequelae. Severity and case-fatality rates may differ by EV71 genotype or subgenotype.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Enterovirus 71 Infection with Central Nervous System Involvement, South Korea","attachmentId":44976321,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13766886/Enterovirus_71_Infection_with_Central_Nervous_System_Involvement_South_Korea","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13766886/Enterovirus_71_Infection_with_Central_Nervous_System_Involvement_South_Korea"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="72193982" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72193982/Clinical_Spectrum_of_Enterovirus_71_Infection_In_Children_In_Southern_Taiwan_With_An_Emphasis_on_Neurological_Complications">Clinical Spectrum of Enterovirus 71 Infection In Children In Southern Taiwan, With An Emphasis on Neurological Complications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41948582" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChaochingHuang">Chao-ching Huang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Clinical Infectious …, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">An outbreak of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection occurred in Taiwan in 1998. The clinical spectrums and laboratory findings for 97 patients with virus culture-proven EV71 infections were analyzed. Eighty-seven percent of the patients were younger than age 5 years. Hand-foot-...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Clinical Spectrum of Enterovirus 71 Infection In Children In Southern Taiwan, With An Emphasis on Neurological Complications","attachmentId":81219553,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72193982/Clinical_Spectrum_of_Enterovirus_71_Infection_In_Children_In_Southern_Taiwan_With_An_Emphasis_on_Neurological_Complications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72193982/Clinical_Spectrum_of_Enterovirus_71_Infection_In_Children_In_Southern_Taiwan_With_An_Emphasis_on_Neurological_Complications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="101311457" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101311457/The_Pathogenesis_and_Prevention_of_Encephalitis_due_to_Human_Enterovirus_71">The Pathogenesis and Prevention of Encephalitis due to Human Enterovirus 71</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="268498638" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterMcMinn">Peter McMinn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current infectious disease reports, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) has emerged as a major cause of viral encephalitis in Southeast Asia, with increased epidemic activity observed since 1997. This is reflected in a large increase in scientific publications relating directly to HEV71. New research is elucidating details of the viral life cycle, confirming similarities between HEV71 and other enteroviruses. Scavenger receptor B2 (SCARB2) is a receptor for HEV71, although other receptors are likely to be identified. Currently, the only strategies to prevent HEV71-associated disease are early diagnosis and aggressive supportive management of identified cases. As more information emerges regarding the molecular processes of HEV71 infection, further advances may lead to the development of effective antiviral treatments and ultimately a vaccine-protection strategy. The protective efficacies of several inactivated HEV71 vaccines have been confirmed in animal models, suggesting that an effective vaccine may become available in th...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Pathogenesis and Prevention of Encephalitis due to Human Enterovirus 71","attachmentId":101887331,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101311457/The_Pathogenesis_and_Prevention_of_Encephalitis_due_to_Human_Enterovirus_71","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101311457/The_Pathogenesis_and_Prevention_of_Encephalitis_due_to_Human_Enterovirus_71"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":44588952,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":44588952,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_44588952" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="13725634" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13725634/Acute_Encephalomyelitis_during_an_Outbreak_of_Enterovirus_Type_71_Infection_in_Taiwan_Report_of_an_Autopsy_Case_with_Pathologic_Immunofluorescence_and_Molecular_Studies">Acute Encephalomyelitis during an Outbreak of Enterovirus Type 71 Infection in Taiwan: Report of an Autopsy Case with Pathologic, Immunofluorescence, and Molecular Studies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" 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data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="110894631" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110894631/The_Preferential_Infection_of_Astrocytes_by_Enterovirus_71_Plays_a_Key_Role_in_the_Viral_Neurogenic_Pathogenesis">The Preferential Infection of Astrocytes by Enterovirus 71 Plays a Key Role in the Viral Neurogenic Pathogenesis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="146905359" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Naguggema">Na gugge ma</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Preferential Infection of 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data-entity-id="64373498" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64373498/The_case_of_a_2_year_5_month_old_boy_with_aseptic_meningitis_caused_by_Enterovirus_71">The case of a 2-year-5-month-old boy with aseptic meningitis caused by Enterovirus 71</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="199684471" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SatjaIssaranggoonnaAyuthaya">Satja Issaranggoon na Ayuthaya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The case of a 2-year-5-month-old boy with aseptic meningitis caused by Enterovirus 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ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103512735/Enterovirus_71_Can_Directly_Infect_the_Brainstem_via_Cranial_Nerves_and_Infection_Can_Be_Ameliorated_by_Passive_Immunization">Enterovirus 71 Can Directly Infect the Brainstem via Cranial Nerves and Infection Can Be Ameliorated by Passive Immunization</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="243271397" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SoonHaoTan">Soon Hao Tan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Neuropathology &amp; Experimental Neurology, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Enterovirus 71 Can Directly Infect the Brainstem via Cranial Nerves and Infection Can Be Ameliorated by Passive 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82404459/Pathologic_Characterization_of_a_Murine_Model_of_Human_Enterovirus_71_Encephalomyelitis">Pathologic Characterization of a Murine Model of Human Enterovirus 71 Encephalomyelitis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="117686272" href="https://mahsa.academia.edu/ShamalaDeviSekaran">Shamala Devi Sekaran</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Neuropathology &amp; Experimental Neurology, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pathologic Characterization of a Murine Model of Human Enterovirus 71 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