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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:New_Orleans" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. </p> Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>U het toestemming om die bronteks te bekyk en te kopieer. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="af" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">== Geskiedenis == === Smeltkroes van kulture === [[Lêer:St. Louis Cemetery No. 3. New Orleans. 4882.jpg|duimnael|St. Louis-begraafplaas Nr. 3: Bewoners van New Orleans word nie net gedurende hul leeftyd deur Mississippi-water bedreig nie. Weens die hoë grondwatervlakke kan oorledenes nie in gewone grafte ter aarde bestel word nie. Vroeër is doodskiste gereeld deur oorstromings uit begraafplase gespoel – gebeure wat aan New Orleans sy makabere bynaam "Nat Graf" besorg het. Oorledenes word tans in uitgestrekte nekropole met bogrondse grafkelders begrawe wat hul sosiale status weerspieël]] [[Lêer:St Johns Eve Crowded Bridge.jpg|duimnael|'n Ander manier van [[Midsomerfees]]viering: 'n [[Voedoeïsme|voedoeïstiese]] ritueel by die ou Bayou St. John-swaaibrug]] New Orleans, wat by 'n rivierdraai van die Mississippi sowat 100&nbsp;km van sy monding af geleë is, is reeds sedert die vroeë 18de eeu die grootste stad in Louisiana en die besigste noordelike seehawe in die Golf van Mexiko. Die stad se wisselvallige geskiedenis as 'n oorspronklik Franse nedersetting wat in die tweede helfte van die 18de eeu vier dekades lank deur Spanje geadministreer en daarna in 1803 aan die Verenigde State verkoop is, het van New Orleans 'n unieke smeltkroes van kulture gemaak. Toe die Amerikaanse regering Louisiana met die sogenaamde ''Louisiana Purchase'' van 1803 van Frankryk oorgeneem het, het sy bewoners reeds in 'n mengelmoes van tale geleef. Die nuwe deelstaat, wat in 1812 tot die Unie toegelaat is, en meer nog New Orleans as die by verre grootste nedersetting in dié Suidstaat, is deur 'n ingewikkelde kultuur en leefstyl gekenmerk waarin sowel Afrika deur duisende van slawe, wat na die gebied vervoer is, asook Frankryk en Spanje met hul Kreoolse bevolking diep spore gelaat het. Dié spore laat New Orleans steeds merkbaar verskil van ander Amerikaanse stede. In 1812 het een skrywer na New Orleans verwys as die "markplein van al die rykdomme in die Westerse wêreld".<ref name="sublette">Ned Sublette: ''The World That Made New Orleans. From Spanish Silver To Congo Square''. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books 2008, bl. 4</ref> Op dié tydstip was New Orleans reeds die spilpunt van kommunikasielyne en handelstrome wat die Mississippi-waterskeiding, die Golfkus, die Atlantiese kusstreke, die Karibiese Seegebied, Wes-Europa (en hier veral Frankryk en Spanje) en verskeie gebiede van Wes- en Sentraal-Afrika met mekaar verbind het.<ref name="sublette"/> New Orleans was, binne 'n relatief kort tydperk in sy geskiedenis, blootgestel aan drie verskillende koloniale regerings wat almal hul eie Europese taal, kultuur, tradisies en regstelsel saamgebring het. Dit was die raamwerk waarin die blanke Kreoolse – en later Anglo-Amerikaanse – bevolking moes beweeg. Vir die meeste swart Louisianers was daar 'n alternatiewe, en in elk geval vernederende, geskiedenis as al drie bewindhebbers hul eie stelsel van slawerny geïnstalleer, maar ook nuwe golwe van swart etniese groepe uit [[Wes-Afrika|Wes]]- en [[Sentraal-Afrika]] saamgebring het. [[Bambara (volk)|Bambara]], [[Kongo (volk)|Bakongo]] en ander opeenvolgende swart etniese groepe het deel geword en versmelt met New Orleans se kosmopolitiese swart kultuur en beskawing. Gedurende die [[Anglo-Amerikaanse Oorlog van 1812]] en die [[Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog]] (1861–1865) is beslissende slagte om New Orleans gevoer. Vanaf die vroeë 20ste eeu het die stadsregering en bewoners 'n voortdurende stryd teen sosiale wantoestande soos armoede en rassegeskille en meedoënlose natuurgeweld (orkane, oorstromings en New Orleans se langsaam, maar seker dalende landmassa) gevoer. === Franse kolonie === Aan die beginpunt van die moderne geskiedenis van Louisiana, en so ook dié van New Orleans, staan die aanvanklik ambisieuse, maar uiteindelik halfhartige en kortstondige projek van 'n Franse kolonie teen die Mississippi-monding. New Orleans is op 7 Mei 1718 deur Jean Baptiste LeMoyne, Sieur de Bienville, onder die Franse naam ''La Nouvelle-Orléans'' gestig ('n verwysing na die stad Orléans in Frankryk). Vier jaar later het dit die administratiewe setel van Louisiana se koloniale administrasie geword. Straatname is in 1724 ingevoer. === Spaanse bewind === [[Lêer:New Orleans Wedding Second Line Jan 2015 C.jpg|duimnael|links|New Orleans het sy eie ritmes: Huweliksoptog in 2015]] [[Lêer:Cabildo9Jul07SousaphoneFront.jpg|duimnael|Die Cabildo, setel van die Spaanse koloniale administrasie, is tans 'n museum]] [[Lêer:NewOrleans200212 2109.jpg|duimnael|Binnekant die Cabildo hang al die vlae wat ooit oor New Orleans gewapper het]] Die kolonie het in 1763 volgens die Verdrag van San Ildefonso onder Spaanse bewind gekom, alhoewel die Spanjaarde aanvanklik drie jaar lank geen goewerneur benoem het nie. Die Spanjaarde se koloniale bwind was van relatief kort duur – net twee generasies lank was die gebied onder Spaanse beheer: teoreties en volgens politieke ooreenkomste tussen 1762 en 1800, in werklikheid tussen 1769 en 1803. Die Spanjaarde het die kolonie in 'n tyd van groot politieke omwentelinge geadministreer. Drie rewolusies – die [[Amerikaanse Rewolusie|Amerikaanse]], [[Franse Rewolusie|Franse]] en Haïtiaanse Rewolusie val in dié historiese tydperk. New Orleans se grootste omwenteling in dié periode was ekonomies van aard. Vir die eerste keer in sy geskiedenis het sy seehawe groot strategiese betekenis gekry weens die handelsbetrekkinge met Kuba. Die seeroete na en vanaf die Kubaanse hoofstad Havana anderkant die Golf van Meksiko sou sowat 190 jaar lank 'n sentrale rol in New Orleans se ekonomiese lewe speel. Ironies genoeg was die algehele embargo, wat president [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1962 op die handel met die rewolusionêre Kuba onder [[Fidel Castro]] geplaas het, effektief ook 'n handelsboikot teen New Orleans wat die stad van sy belangrikste handelsvennoot ontneem en die plaaslike ekonomie, net soos dié van die hele Amerikaanse Golfkus, nadelig geraak het.<ref name="sublette"/> Ondanks sy kort duur was die Spaanse bewind, waartydens die Spaanse goewerneur van Louisiana direk verantwoordelik was aan die Spaanse kaptein-generaal in Havana, 'n beslissende periode vir die ontwikkeling van Louisiana se Afro-Amerikaanse kultuur en leefstyl. Al het ook die Spanjaarde hul slawe in die algemeen sleg behandel, het die oorname van Spaanse reëlings ten opsigte van slawe ook enkele nuwe vryhede beteken. Aan slawe in die kolonie is 'n reg toegestaan waarvan hul lotgenote in die Verenigde State nie eens durf droom het nie – die reg om hulself vry te koop. In elk geval was daar in dié tyd al 'n relatief groot aantal vrye swart inwoners. In 1795 het Spanje die "Reg op vestiging" aan burgers van die Verenigde State verleen, en die Amerikaners is ook toegestaan om die hawe te gebruik. Frankryk het Louisiana in 1801 met [[Napoléon Bonaparte]] se verowering van Spanje herwin, tog het hy Louisiana slegs twee jaar later teen 15 miljoen dollar aan die VSA verkoop. New Orleans se bevolking is in hierdie tydperk op sowat 10&nbsp;000 beraam. === Amerikaanse bewind === [[Lêer:Katrina 2nd landfall.jpg|duimnael|Orkaan Katrina beweeg in 2005 oor New Orleans]] [[Lêer:Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg|duimnael|Die oorstroming van 2005]] [[Lêer:Catholic school kids in the French Quarter.jpg|duimnael|Leerders van 'n Rooms-Katolieke skool in die Franse Kwartier]] Die bevolking verdubbel in die dertiger- en veertigerjare van die 19de eeu, en New Orleans groei tot die grootste stad in die Amerikaanse suide buite die Atlantiese seekus. Tot 1842 en in die tydperk tussen 1865 en 1882 dien dit as die hoofstad van Louisiana. Die hawe is veral belangrik vir die slawehandel, alhoewel New Orleans destyds gelyktydig die grootste swart bevolking van alle Amerikaanse stede het. Tydens die Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog verower federale troepe die stad sonder geveg, die historiese geboue van New Orleans bly dus bewaar tot vandag. Die boustyl getuig nog steeds van die 19de eeuse rykdom. Aan die begin van die 20ste eeu word New Orleans met die Kreoolse en voodoo-kultuur vereenselwig, in die twintigerjare is dit die bakermat van die jazz-musiek. Die sterk invloede van die Frans-Spaanse kultuur en die [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk|katolisisme]] staan in kontras met die vervelende puritaanse leefwyse in ander dele van die VSA en skep 'n lewendige kultuur wat vermaak, dans en musiek bevorder. In die laat 20ste eeu word die Franse buurt die belangrikste besienswaardigheid van die stad. Die [[orkaan|orkane]] "Betsy" en [[Orkaan Katrina|"Katrina"]] verwoes in 1965 en 2005 groot dele van New Orleans. Selfs een jaar ná die ramp het net sowat die helfte van die bewoners na New Orleans teruggekeer, aangesien die vloedskade in baie stadswyke nog steeds nie herstel is nie. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Keer terug na <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans">https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privaatheidsbeleid</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oor">Inligting oor Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorwaardes">Vrywaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Gedragskode</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Ontwikkelaars</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/af.wikipedia.org">Statistieke</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Koekieverklaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//af.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans&action=edit&section=3&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Selfoonweergawe</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-mf4nx","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.004","walltime":"0.005","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":706,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-mf4nx","timestamp":"20241202012839","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>