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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1" title="বাইটকোড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাইটকোড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bytecode" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajtk%C3%B3d" title="Bajtkód – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bajtkód" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte-code" title="Byte-code – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Byte-code" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bytecode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitkood" title="Baitkood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baitkood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bytecode" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajtkodo" title="Bajtkodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bajtkodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%AF" title="بایت‌کد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بایت‌کد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bytecode" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="바이트코드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이트코드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A4" title="Բայթկոդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բայթկոդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicokokodexo" title="Bicokokodexo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bicokokodexo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bytecode" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Bytecode" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Псевдокод – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Псевдокод" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ബൈറ്റ്കോഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൈറ്റ്കോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod_bait" title="Kod bait – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kod bait" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bytecode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="バイトコード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイトコード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod_bajtowy" title="Kod bajtowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kod bajtowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bytecode" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Байт-код – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Байт-код" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajtkod" title="Bajtkod – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bajtkod" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bytecode" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitna_koda" title="Bitna koda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitna koda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Бајт-код – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бајт-код" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavukoodi" title="Tavukoodi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tavukoodi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytekod" title="Bytekod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bytekod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="బైట్ కోడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బైట్ కోడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="รหัสไบต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รหัสไบต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bytecode" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Байт-код – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Байт-код" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bytecode" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B5%84%E7%A2%BC" title="位元組碼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="位元組碼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%8A%82%E7%A0%81" title="字节码 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="字节码" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="margin-top: 0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">Program execution</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translator_(computing)" title="Translator (computing)">Translation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">Compile time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimizing_compiler" title="Optimizing compiler">Optimizing compiler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation">Intermediate representation</a> (IR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">Execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">Runtime system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)#Runtime" title="Execution (computing)">Runtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">Executable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types of code</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">Source code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">Object code</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bytecode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Compilation strategies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">Ahead-of-time</a> (AOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">Just-in-time</a> (JIT) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_just-in-time_compilation" title="Tracing just-in-time compilation">Tracing just-in-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compile_and_go_system" title="Compile and go system">Compile and go system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precompilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Precompilation">Precompilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Transcompilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_recompilation" title="Dynamic recompilation">Recompilation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Notable runtimes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a> (ART)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEAM_(Erlang_virtual_machine)" title="BEAM (Erlang virtual machine)">BEAM</a> (Erlang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a> (CLR) and <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)#Code_Execution_Engine" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> and <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crt0" title="Crt0">crt0</a> (<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> target-specific initializer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> (JVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuaJIT" title="LuaJIT">LuaJIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>'s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zend_Engine" title="Zend Engine">Zend Engine</a> (PHP)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Notable compilers & toolchains</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">MSVC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Program_execution" title="Template:Program execution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Program_execution" title="Template talk:Program execution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Program_execution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Program execution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bytecode</b> (also called <b>portable code</b> or <b>p-code</b>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a> designed for efficient execution by a software <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Human-readable_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-readable code">human-readable</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dynamic_Machine_Code_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dynamic_Machine_Code-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, bytecodes are compact numeric codes, constants, and references (normally numeric addresses) that encode the result of <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> parsing and performing <a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(compilers)" title="Semantic analysis (compilers)">semantic analysis</a> of things like type, scope, and nesting depths of program objects. </p><p>The name bytecode stems from instruction sets that have one-<a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> <a href="/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode">opcodes</a> followed by optional parameters. <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation">Intermediate representations</a> such as bytecode may be output by <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> implementations to ease <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpretation</a>, or it may be used to reduce hardware and <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> dependence by allowing the same code to run <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a>, on different devices. Bytecode may often be either directly executed on a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> (a <a href="/wiki/P-code_machine" title="P-code machine">p-code machine</a>, i.e., interpreter), or it may be further compiled into <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> for better performance. </p><p>Since bytecode instructions are processed by software, they may be arbitrarily complex, but are nonetheless often akin to traditional hardware instructions: virtual <a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">stack machines</a> are the most common, but virtual <a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">register machines</a> have been built also.<sup id="cite_ref-Jucs_Lua_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jucs_Lua-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalvik_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalvik-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different parts may often be stored in separate files, similar to <a href="/wiki/Object_file" title="Object file">object modules</a>, but dynamically loaded during execution. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution">Execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytecode&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bytecode program may be executed by parsing and <i>directly</i> executing the instructions, one at a time. This kind of <i>bytecode interpreter</i> is very portable. Some systems, called dynamic translators, or <i><a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time</a></i> (JIT) compilers, translate bytecode into <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> as necessary at <a href="/wiki/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run time (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a>. This makes the virtual machine hardware-specific but does not lose the portability of the bytecode. For example, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> code is typically stored in bytecode format, which is typically then JIT compiled to translate the bytecode to machine code before execution. This introduces a delay before a program is run, when the bytecode is compiled to native machine code, but improves execution speed considerably compared to interpreting source code directly, normally by around an order of magnitude (10x).<sup id="cite_ref-Byte_Machine_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byte_Machine-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its performance advantage, today many language implementations execute a program in two phases, first compiling the source code into bytecode, and then passing the bytecode to the virtual machine. There are bytecode based virtual machines of this sort for <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>, <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">mawk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a> (however, Forth is seldom compiled via bytecodes in this way, and its virtual machine is more generic instead). The implementation of <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> 1.8 instead work by walking an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree" title="Abstract syntax tree">abstract syntax tree</a> representation derived from the source code. </p><p>More recently, the authors of <a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dynamic_Machine_Code_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dynamic_Machine_Code-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a><sup id="cite_ref-Loitsch_Bytecode_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loitsch_Bytecode-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have challenged the notion that intermediate bytecode is needed for fast and efficient VM implementation. Both of these language implementations currently do direct JIT compiling from source code to machine code with no bytecode intermediary.<sup id="cite_ref-Javascript_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Javascript-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytecode&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a> executes in the ActionScript Virtual Machine (AVM), which is part of Flash Player and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_AIR" title="Adobe AIR">AIR</a>. ActionScript code is typically transformed into bytecode format by a <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>. Examples of compilers include one built into Adobe Flash Professional and one built into Adobe Flash Builder and available in the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Flex" title="Apache Flex">Adobe Flex SDK</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> objects</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BANCStar_programming_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BANCStar programming language (page does not exist)">BANCStar</a>, originally bytecode for an interface-building tool but used also as a language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Packet_Filter" title="Berkeley Packet Filter">Berkeley Packet Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBPF" title="EBPF">EBPF</a></li> <li>Berkeley Pascal<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byte_Code_Engineering_Library" title="Byte Code Engineering Library">Byte Code Engineering Library</a></li> <li>C to <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> compilers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLISP" title="CLISP">CLISP</a> implementation of <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> used to compile only to bytecode for many years; however, now it also supports compiling to native code with the help of <a href="/wiki/GNU_lightning" title="GNU lightning">GNU lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMUCL" class="mw-redirect" title="CMUCL">CMUCL</a> and Scieneer Common Lisp implementations of <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> can compile either to native code or to bytecode, which is far more compact</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">Common Intermediate Language</a> executed by <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a>, used by <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a> bytecode, designed for the <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> platform, is executed by the <a href="/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik virtual machine</a></li> <li>Dis bytecode, designed for the <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno (operating system)</a>, is executed by the <a href="/wiki/Dis_virtual_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dis virtual machine">Dis virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EiffelStudio" title="EiffelStudio">EiffelStudio</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a> programming language</li> <li>EM, the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Compiler_Kit" title="Amsterdam Compiler Kit">Amsterdam Compiler Kit</a> virtual machine used as an intermediate compiling language and as a modern bytecode language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> is a text editor with most of its functions implemented by <a href="/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a>, its built-in dialect of <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>. These features are compiled into bytecode. This architecture allows users to customize the editor with a high level language, which after compiling into bytecode yields reasonable performance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddable_Common_Lisp" title="Embeddable Common Lisp">Embeddable Common Lisp</a> implementation of <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> can compile to bytecode or C code</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> provides a <code>disassemble</code> function<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which prints to the standard output the underlying code of a specified function. The result is implementation-dependent and may or may not resolve to bytecode. Its inspection can be utilized for debugging and optimization purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steel_Bank_Common_Lisp" title="Steel Bank Common Lisp">Steel Bank Common Lisp</a>, for instance, produces:</li></ul> <dl><dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lisp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">disassemble</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">'</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">x</span><span class="p">)))</span> <span class="c1">; disassembly for (LAMBDA (X))</span> <span class="c1">; 2436F6DF: 850500000F22 TEST EAX, [#x220F0000]  ; no-arg-parsing entry point</span> <span class="c1">; E5: 8BD6 MOV EDX, ESI</span> <span class="c1">; E7: 8B05A8F63624 MOV EAX, [#x2436F6A8]  ; #<FDEFINITION object for PRINT></span> <span class="c1">; ED: B904000000 MOV ECX, 4</span> <span class="c1">; F2: FF7504 PUSH DWORD PTR [EBP+4]</span> <span class="c1">; F5: FF6005 JMP DWORD PTR [EAX+5]</span> <span class="c1">; F8: CC0A BREAK 10  ; error trap</span> <span class="c1">; FA: 02 BYTE #X02</span> <span class="c1">; FB: 18 BYTE #X18  ; INVALID-ARG-COUNT-ERROR</span> <span class="c1">; FC: 4F BYTE #X4F  ; ECX</span> </pre></div></dd></dl> <ul><li>Ericsson implementation of <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a> uses BEAM bytecodes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a>'s Virtual Machine (EVM) is the runtime environment, using its own bytecode, for transaction execution in Ethereum (smart contracts).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_(programming_language)" title="Icon (programming language)">Icon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Arizona_Icom_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arizona_Icom-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Unicon_(programming_language)" title="Unicon (programming language)">Unicon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Icon_Unicon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icon_Unicon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> programming languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infocom" title="Infocom">Infocom</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Z-machine" title="Z-machine">Z-machine</a> to make its software applications more portable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java bytecode</a>, which is executed by the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ObjectWeb_ASM" title="ObjectWeb ASM">ASM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCEL" class="mw-redirect" title="BCEL">BCEL</a></li> <li>Javassist</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiko_bytecode" class="mw-redirect" title="Keiko bytecode">Keiko bytecode</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Oberon-2" title="Oberon-2">Oberon-2</a> programming language to make it and the <a href="/wiki/Oberon_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberon operating system">Oberon operating system</a> more portable.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEYB_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="KEYB (command)">KEYB</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>/<a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a> keyboard driver with its resource file <a href="/wiki/KEYBOARD.SYS" class="mw-redirect" title="KEYBOARD.SYS">KEYBOARD.SYS</a> containing layout information and short <a href="/wiki/P-code_machine" title="P-code machine">p-code</a> sequences executed by an interpreter inside the resident driver.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2001_KEYBOARD_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2001_KEYBOARD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mendelson_2001_KEYBOARD_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelson_2001_KEYBOARD-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LLVM_IR" class="mw-redirect" title="LLVM IR">LLVM IR</a></li> <li>LSL, a scripting language used in virtual worlds compiles into bytecode running on a virtual machine. Second Life has the original Mono version, Inworldz developed the Phlox version.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> language uses a register-based bytecode virtual machine</li> <li>m-code of the <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> language<sup id="cite_ref-Patent_6973644_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent_6973644-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbolge" title="Malbolge">Malbolge</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language" title="Esoteric programming language">esoteric</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine language</a> for a ternary virtual machine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-code_machine#Microsoft_P-code" title="P-code machine">Microsoft P-code</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Visual_C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual C++">Visual C++</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplan" title="Multiplan">Multiplan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Multiplan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multiplan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-code" class="mw-redirect" title="O-code">O-code</a> of the <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a> programming language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a> language optionally compiles to a compact bytecode form</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-code_machine" title="P-code machine">p-code</a> of <a href="/wiki/UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal</a> implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot_virtual_machine" title="Parrot virtual machine">Parrot virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick_operating_system" title="Pick operating system">Pick BASIC</a> also referred to as Data BASIC or <a href="/wiki/MultiValue#MultiValue_DataBASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiValue">MultiValue BASIC</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R environment for statistical computing</a> offers a bytecode compiler through the compiler package, now standard with R version 2.13.0. It is possible to compile this version of R so that the base and recommended packages exploit this.<sup id="cite_ref-cran_r_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cran_r-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_2000" title="Pyramid 2000">Pyramid 2000</a> adventure game</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> scripts are being compiled on execution to Python's bytecode language, and the compiled files (.pyc) are cached inside the script's folder</li></ul> <dl><dd>Compiled code can be analysed and investigated using a built-in tool for debugging the low-level bytecode. The tool can be initialized from the shell, for example:</dd> <dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-pycon mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">dis</span> <span class="c1"># "dis" - Disassembler of Python byte code into mnemonics.</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'print("Hello, World!")'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go"> 1 0 LOAD_NAME 0 (print)</span> <span class="go"> 2 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hello, World!')</span> <span class="go"> 4 CALL_FUNCTION 1</span> <span class="go"> 6 RETURN_VALUE</span> </pre></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_48" title="Scheme 48">Scheme 48</a> implementation of Scheme using bytecode interpreter</li> <li>Bytecodes of many implementations of the <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> language</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Parallax_Propeller#Built_in_Spin_bytecode_interpreter" title="Parallax Propeller">Spin interpreter</a> built into the <a href="/wiki/Parallax,_Inc._(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallax, Inc. (company)">Parallax</a> Propeller <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a> database engine translates SQL statements into a bespoke byte-code format.<sup id="cite_ref-SQLite_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQLite-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Apple <a href="/wiki/SWEET16" title="SWEET16">SWEET16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_i#TIMI" title="IBM i">TIMI</a> is used by compilers on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a> platform.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_BASIC#Implementation_in_a_virtual_machine" title="Tiny BASIC">Tiny BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">Visual FoxPro</a> compiles to bytecode</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YARV" title="YARV">YARV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubinius" title="Rubinius">Rubinius</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZCODE" class="mw-redirect" title="ZCODE">ZCODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zend_Engine" title="Zend Engine">Zend Engine</a> opcodes for <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytecode&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bytecode" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bytecode">bytecode</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation">Intermediate representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform (computing)">Platform (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">Runtime system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytecode&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PHP has <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> in PHP 8,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and before while not on in the default version, had options like <a href="/wiki/HHVM" title="HHVM">HHVM</a>. For older versions of PHP: Although <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> opcodes are generated each time the program is launched, and are always interpreted and not <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compiled</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytecode&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dynamic_Machine_Code-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dynamic_Machine_Code_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dynamic_Machine_Code_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/external/github.com/v8/v8.wiki/+/eb80fb157da30e8c838e758f178de674e47648ed/Design-Elements.md">"Dynamic Machine Code Generation"</a>. Google Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305155607/https://github.com/v8/v8/wiki/Design%20Elements">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Machine+Code+Generation&rft.pub=Google+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchromium.googlesource.com%2Fexternal%2Fgithub.com%2Fv8%2Fv8.wiki%2F%2B%2Feb80fb157da30e8c838e758f178de674e47648ed%2FDesign-Elements.md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jucs_Lua-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jucs_Lua_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jucs.org/jucs_11_7/the_implementation_of_lua/jucs_11_7_1159_1176_defigueiredo.html">"The Implementation of Lua 5.0"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Implementation+of+Lua+5.0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jucs.org%2Fjucs_11_7%2Fthe_implementation_of_lua%2Fjucs_11_7_1159_1176_defigueiredo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. This involves a register-based virtual machine.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalvik-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalvik_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518021154/http://source.android.com/tech/dalvik/dalvik-bytecode.html">"Dalvik VM"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://source.android.com/tech/dalvik/dalvik-bytecode.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dalvik+VM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsource.android.com%2Ftech%2Fdalvik%2Fdalvik-bytecode.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. This VM is register based.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byte_Machine-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Byte_Machine_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutcomputing.net/2014/07/byte-code-vs-machine-code.html">"Byte Code Vs Machine Code"</a>. <i>www.allaboutcomputing.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartlang.org/articles/why-not-bytecode/">the original</a> on 2013-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Not+a+Bytecode+VM%3F&rft.pub=Google&rft.aulast=Loitsch&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartlang.org%2Farticles%2Fwhy-not-bytecode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Javascript-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Javascript_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2ality.com/2012/01/bytecode-myth.html">"JavaScript myth: JavaScript needs a standard bytecode"</a>. <i>2ality.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2ality.com&rft.atitle=JavaScript+myth%3A+JavaScript+needs+a+standard+bytecode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2ality.com%2F2012%2F01%2Fbytecode-myth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFG.2022" class="citation web cs1">G., Adam Y. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Berkeley+Pascal&rft.date=2022-07-11&rft.aulast=G.&rft.aufirst=Adam+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fadamyg%2Fberkeley_pascal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Body/f_disass.htm">"CLHS: Function DISASSEMBLE"</a>. <i>www.lispworks.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lispworks.com&rft.atitle=CLHS%3A+Function+DISASSEMBLE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lispworks.com%2Fdocumentation%2FHyperSpec%2FBody%2Ff_disass.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollective2023" class="citation web cs1">Collective (2023-12-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lispcookbook.github.io/cl-cookbook/performance.html">"The Common Lisp Cookbook – Performance Tuning and Tips"</a>. <i>lispcookbook.github.io</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lispcookbook.github.io&rft.atitle=The+Common+Lisp+Cookbook+%E2%80%93+Performance+Tuning+and+Tips&rft.date=2023-12-13&rft.au=Collective&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flispcookbook.github.io%2Fcl-cookbook%2Fperformance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arizona_Icom-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_Icom_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305123148/http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/ftp/doc/ib1up.pdf">"The Implementation of the Icon Programming Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(2001-12-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.msdos.programmer/l_IuSHsBDWQ/887rJF9IYmMJ">"KEYBOARD.SYS internal structure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.msdos.programmer">comp.os.msdos.programmer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170909082257/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/comp.os.msdos.programmer/l_IuSHsBDWQ/887rJF9IYmMJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-17</span></span>. <q>[…] In fact, the format is basically the same in <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> 3.3 - 8.0, <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a> 3.3 - 2000, including Russian, Lithuanian, Chinese and Japanese issues, as well as in Windows NT, 2000, and XP […]. There are minor differences and incompatibilities, but the general format has not changed over the years. […] Some of the data entries contain normal tables […] However, most entries contain <i>executable code</i> interpreted by some kind of <a href="/wiki/P-code_machine" title="P-code machine">p-code interpreter</a> at *<a href="/wiki/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run time (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a>*, including conditional branches and the like. This is why the <a href="/wiki/KEYB_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="KEYB (DOS command)">KEYB</a> driver has such a huge memory footprint compared to table-driven keyboard drivers which can be done in 3 - 4 Kb getting the same level of function except for the interpreter. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KEYBOARD.SYS+internal+structure&rft.pub=comp.os.msdos.programmer&rft.date=2001-12-30&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fd%2Fmsg%2Fcomp.os.msdos.programmer%2Fl_IuSHsBDWQ%2F887rJF9IYmMJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendelson_2001_KEYBOARD-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mendelson_2001_KEYBOARD_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMendelson2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mendelson" title="Edward Mendelson">Mendelson, Edward</a> (2001-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/eurodos.html">"How to Display the Euro in MS-DOS and Windows DOS"</a>. Display the euro symbol in full-screen MS-DOS (including Windows 95 or Windows 98 full-screen DOS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917201248/http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/eurodos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-17</span></span>. <q>[…] Matthias [R.] Paul […] warns that the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a> version of the keyboard driver uses some internal procedures that are not recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> driver, so, if possible, you should use the <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> versions of both <a href="/wiki/KEYB.COM" class="mw-redirect" title="KEYB.COM">KEYB.COM</a> and <a href="/wiki/KEYBOARD.SYS" class="mw-redirect" title="KEYBOARD.SYS">KEYBOARD.SYS</a> instead of mixing Microsoft and IBM versions […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Display+the+Euro+in+MS-DOS+and+Windows+DOS&rft.pages=Display+the+euro+symbol+in+full-screen+MS-DOS+%28including+Windows+95+or+Windows+98+full-screen+DOS%29&rft.date=2001-07-20&rft.aulast=Mendelson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~em36%2Fwpdos%2Feurodos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. What is meant by "procedures" here are some additional bytecodes in the IBM KEYBOARD.SYS file not supported by the Microsoft version of the KEYB driver.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patent_6973644-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patent_6973644_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305001731/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6973644.PN.&OS=PN/6973644&RS=PN/6973644">"United States Patent 6,973,644"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6973644.PN.&OS=PN/6973644&RS=PN/6973644">the original</a> on 2017-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Patent+6%2C973%2C644&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%26Sect2%3DHITOFF%26d%3DPALL%26p%3D1%26u%3D%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fsrchnum.htm%26r%3D1%26f%3DG%26l%3D50%26s1%3D6973644.PN.%26OS%3DPN%2F6973644%26RS%3DPN%2F6973644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Multiplan-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Multiplan_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Microsoft C Pcode Specifications</i>. p. 13. <q><a href="/wiki/Multiplan" title="Multiplan">Multiplan</a> wasn't compiled to <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a>, but to a kind of byte-code which was run by an <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>, in order to make Multiplan portable across the widely varying hardware of the time. This byte-code distinguished between the machine-specific <a href="/wiki/Floating_point_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point format">floating point format</a> to calculate on, and an external (standard) format, which was <a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">binary coded decimal</a> (BCD). The PACK and UNPACK instructions converted between the two.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microsoft+C+Pcode+Specifications&rft.pages=13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cran_r-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cran_r_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-admin.html#Byte_002dcompiler">"R Installation and Administration"</a>. <i>cran.r-project.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cran.r-project.org&rft.atitle=R+Installation+and+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcran.r-project.org%2Fdoc%2Fmanuals%2FR-admin.html%23Byte_002dcompiler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SQLite-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SQLite_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170414044139/http://sqlite.org/opcode.html">"The SQLite Bytecode Engine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sqlite.org/opcode.html">the original</a> on 2017-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+SQLite+Bytecode+Engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqlite.org%2Fopcode.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytecode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bytecode&oldid=1274718822">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bytecode&oldid=1274718822</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtualization" title="Category:Virtualization">Virtualization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bytecodes" title="Category:Bytecodes">Bytecodes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2009" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2009">Articles needing additional references from January 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2019">Use dmy dates from May 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 February 2025, at 21:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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