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title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="mozi" >Mozi</a><br /> 　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m37562" href="mo-bian-zhu-xu" >Mo Bian Zhu Xu</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47086" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47086" href="daoism" >Daoism</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=11451&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; 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class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47088" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47088" href="school-of-names" >School of Names</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=81868&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="gongsunlongzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="gongsunlongzi" >Gongsunlongzi</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47089" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47089" href="school-of-the-military" >School of the Military</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=47376&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="art-of-war" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="art-of-war" >The Art of War</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=41728&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="wu-zi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="wu-zi" >Wu Zi</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=41901&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="liu-tao" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="liu-tao" >Liu Tao</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="si-ma-fa" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="si-ma-fa" >Si Ma Fa</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="wei-liao-zi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="wei-liao-zi" >Wei Liao Zi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="three-strategies" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="three-strategies" >Three Strategies</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47090" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47090" href="mathematics" >Mathematics</a><br /> <span class="subcontents">　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m45173" href="hai-dao-suan-jing" >Hai Dao Suan Jing</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="nine-chapters" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="nine-chapters" >The Nine Chapters</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="sunzi-suan-jing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="sunzi-suan-jing" >Sunzi Suan Jing</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; 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inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="gui-gu-zi" >Gui Gu Zi</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=41628&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yin-wen-zi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="yin-wen-zi" >Yin Wen Zi</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" 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onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=285360&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shiji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shiji" >Shiji</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="chun-qiu-zuo-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="chun-qiu-zuo-zhuan" >Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="lost-book-of-zhou" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="lost-book-of-zhou" >Lost Book of Zhou</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="guo-yu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="guo-yu" >Guo Yu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yanzi-chun-qiu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="yanzi-chun-qiu" >Yanzi Chun Qiu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="wu-yue-chun-qiu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="wu-yue-chun-qiu" >Wu Yue Chun Qiu</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=80223&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yue-jue-shu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="yue-jue-shu" >Yue Jue Shu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="zhan-guo-ce" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="zhan-guo-ce" >Zhan Guo Ce</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yan-tie-lun" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="yan-tie-lun" >Yan Tie Lun</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="lie-nv-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="lie-nv-zhuan" >Lie Nü Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="guliang-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="guliang-zhuan" >Guliang Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="gongyang-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="gongyang-zhuan" >Gongyang Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="han-shu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="han-shu" >Han Shu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="qian-han-ji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="qian-han-ji" >Qian Han Ji</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="dong-guan-han-ji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="dong-guan-han-ji" >Dong Guan Han Ji</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="hou-han-shu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="hou-han-shu" >Hou Han Shu</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="zhushu-jinian" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="zhushu-jinian" >Zhushu Jinian</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="mutianzi-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="mutianzi-zhuan" >Mutianzi Zhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="gu-san-fen" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="gu-san-fen" >Gu San Fen</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yandanzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="yandanzi" >Yandanzi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="xijing-zaji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="xijing-zaji" >Xijing Zaji</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47093" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47093" href="ancient-classics" >Ancient Classics</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=47370&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="book-of-poetry" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="book-of-poetry" >Book of Poetry</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=47372&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shang-shu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shang-shu" >Shang Shu</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=47374&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="book-of-changes" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="book-of-changes" >Book of Changes</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="rites-of-zhou" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="rites-of-zhou" >The Rites of Zhou</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="chu-ci" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="chu-ci" >Chu Ci</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yili" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="yili" >Yili</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shan-hai-jing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shan-hai-jing" >Shan Hai Jing</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="jiaoshi-yilin" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="jiaoshi-yilin" >Jiaoshi Yilin</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="jingshi-yizhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="jingshi-yizhuan" >Jingshi Yizhuan</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shishuo" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shishuo" >Shi Shuo</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x47104" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m47104" href="etymology" >Etymology</a><br /> <span class="subcontents">　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shuo-wen-jie-zi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shuo-wen-jie-zi" >Shuo Wen Jie Zi</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="er-ya" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="er-ya" >Er Ya</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=41630&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shi-ming" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shi-ming" >Shi Ming</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=108158&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="fang-yan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="fang-yan" >Fang Yan</a><br /> 　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m279526" href="jijiupian" >Ji Jiu Pian</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x80226" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m80226" href="chinese-medicine" >Chinese Medicine</a><br /> <span class="subcontents">　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="huangdi-neijing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="huangdi-neijing" >Huangdi Neijing</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="nan-jing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="nan-jing" >Nan Jing</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shang-han-lun" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="shang-han-lun" >Shang Han Lun</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="jinkui-yaolue" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="jinkui-yaolue" >Jinkui Yaolue</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x82944" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m82944" href="excavated-texts" >Excavated texts</a><br /> <span class="subcontents">　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="guodian" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="guodian" >Guodian</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="mawangdui" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="mawangdui" >Mawangdui</a><br /> </span></span> <br /> <div class="menuitem listhead"><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m89488" href="post-han" >Post-Han</a><br /> </div><span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x90478" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m90478" href="wei-jin-and-north-south" >Wei, Jin, and North-South</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=90561&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<a class="menuitem" id="m90479" href="dao-de-zhen-jing-zhu" >道德真經註</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shi-shuo-xin-yu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="shi-shuo-xin-yu" >世說新語</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yan-shi-jia-xun" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="yan-shi-jia-xun" >顏氏家訓</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="wenxin-diaolong" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="wenxin-diaolong" >文心雕龍</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="baopuzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="baopuzi" >抱朴子</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="renwuzhi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="renwuzhi" >人物志</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="jinlouzi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="jinlouzi" >金樓子</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shui-jing-zhu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="shui-jing-zhu" >水經注</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="shen-xian-zhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="shen-xian-zhuan" >神仙傳</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="sanguozhi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="sanguozhi" >三國志</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="gaoshizhuan" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="gaoshizhuan" >高士傳</a><br /> 　<a class="menuitem" id="m649377" href="shenyijing" >神異經</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="dongmingji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="dongmingji" >洞冥記</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x278826" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m278826" href="sui-tang" >Sui-Tang</a><br /> <span class="subcontents">　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="qunshu-zhiyao" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="qunshu-zhiyao" >群書治要</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yiwen-leiju" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="yiwen-leiju" >藝文類聚</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="tongdian" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="tongdian" >通典</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yilin" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="yilin" >意林</a><br /> 　<a class="menuitem" id="m649043" href="yinfujing" >黃帝陰符經</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x90471" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m90471" href="song-ming" >Song-Ming</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=90476&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="si-shu-zhang-ju-ji-zhu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="si-shu-zhang-ju-ji-zhu" >四書章句集注</a><br /> <span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=90742&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m90563" href="three-character-classic" >Three Character Classic</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="lunyu-zhushu" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="lunyu-zhushu" >論語注疏</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="xiyouji" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="xiyouji" >西遊記</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="sanguo-yanyi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" href="sanguo-yanyi" >Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="jinpingmei" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="jinpingmei" >金瓶梅</a><br /> 　<div 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class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="taiping-guangji" >太平廣記</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="zhuzi-yulei" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="zhuzi-yulei" >朱子語類</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yingwengong" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="yingwengong" >宋景文公筆記</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="qijing" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="qijing" >棋經</a><br /> 　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="yulizi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="yulizi" 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Scholars</a><br /> </span></span> <span class="menuitem container"><div style="display: inline-block; *display: inline; zoom: 1;'"><div class="sprite-expand" title="+" id="x90473" class="subtitle"><div></div></div></div><a class="etext" style="font-weight: bold;" id="m90473" href="republican-era" >Republican era</a><br /> <span class="subcontents"><span style="float: right; display: block; "><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="#" class="sprite-info" title="Show source information" onclick="window.open('text.pl?node=52382&if=en&menu=none&ref=show','','resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,copyhistory=no,width=600,height=470'); return false;">Show source information<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></span>　<div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="mo-jing-jiao-shi" class="sprite-expand" title="+" >+<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div><a class="menuitem" href="mo-jing-jiao-shi" >墨經校釋</a><br /> </span></span> <div class="menuitem listhead opt"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="notes">Notes</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="resource.pl?node=3925&if=en">Resources</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="dictionary.pl?if=en">Dictionary</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="discuss.pl?if=en">Discussion</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="library.pl?if=en">Library</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="wiki.pl?if=en">Wiki</a></div><div class="menuitem listhead"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="datawiki.pl?if=en">Data Wiki</a></div></div> <div id="search"> <form id="searchform" method="get" action="text.pl"> Search <select name="node" class="booklistbox"><option value="3925" >Pre-Qin and Han</option> <option value="47084" >Confucianism</option> <option value="1081" > The Analects</option> <option value="1602" > Mengzi</option> <option value="9479" > Liji</option> <option value="12245" > Xunzi</option> <option value="20992" > Xiao Jing</option> <option value="21511" > Shuo Yuan</option> <option value="22853" > Chun Qiu Fan Lu</option> <option value="39642" > Han Shi Wai Zhuan</option> <option value="44430" > Da Dai Li Ji</option> <option value="52839" > Bai Hu Tong</option> <option value="53345" > Xin Shu</option> <option value="53728" > Xin Xu</option> <option value="60991" > Yangzi Fayan</option> <option value="83378" > Zhong Lun</option> <option value="84338" > Kongzi Jiayu</option> <option value="84867" > Qian Fu Lun</option> <option value="280221" > Lunheng</option> <option value="283871" > Tai Xuan Jing</option> <option value="284846" > Fengsu Tongyi</option> <option value="285366" > Kongcongzi</option> <option value="601774" > Shen Jian</option> <option value="646727" > Zhong Jing</option> <option value="646765" > Su Shu</option> <option value="646861" > Xin Yu</option> <option value="646956" > Du Duan</option> <option value="648405" > Cai Zhong Lang Ji</option> <option value="47085" >Mohism</option> <option value="101" > Mozi</option> <option value="37562" > Mo Bian Zhu Xu</option> <option value="47086" >Daoism</option> <option value="2712" > Zhuangzi</option> <option value="11591" > Dao De Jing</option> <option value="37397" > Liezi</option> <option value="50769" > He Guan Zi</option> <option value="58487" > Wenzi</option> <option value="279897" > Wen Shi Zhen Jing</option> <option value="285604" > Lie Xian Zhuan</option> <option value="647075" > Yuzi</option> <option value="648877" > Heshanggong Laozi</option> <option value="47087" >Legalism</option> <option value="1879" > Hanfeizi</option> <option value="47107" > Shang Jun Shu</option> <option value="47108" > Shen Bu Hai</option> <option value="47109" > Shenzi</option> <option value="47384" > Jian Zhu Ke Shu</option> <option value="48150" > Guanzi</option> <option value="47088" >School of Names</option> <option value="11553" > Gongsunlongzi</option> <option value="47089" >School of the Military</option> <option value="20908" > The Art of War</option> <option value="41678" > Wu Zi</option> <option value="41730" > Liu Tao</option> <option value="43273" > Si Ma Fa</option> <option value="43348" > Wei Liao Zi</option> <option value="50828" > Three Strategies</option> <option value="47090" >Mathematics</option> <option value="45173" > Hai Dao Suan Jing</option> <option value="51058" > The Nine Chapters</option> <option value="52053" > Sunzi Suan Jing</option> <option value="59424" > Zhou Bi Suan Jing</option> <option value="47091" >Miscellaneous Schools</option> <option value="3022" > Huainanzi</option> <option value="23107" > Lü Shi Chun Qiu</option> <option value="39963" > Gui Gu Zi</option> <option value="41543" > Yin Wen Zi</option> <option value="41632" > Deng Xi Zi</option> <option value="47092" >Histories</option> <option value="4474" > Shiji</option> <option value="16949" > Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan</option> <option value="24161" > Lost Book of Zhou</option> <option value="24449" > Guo Yu</option> <option value="43540" > Yanzi Chun Qiu</option> <option value="47648" > Wu Yue Chun Qiu</option> <option value="49118" > Yue Jue Shu</option> <option value="49462" > Zhan Guo Ce</option> <option value="52405" > Yan Tie Lun</option> <option value="53989" > Lie Nü Zhuan</option> <option value="55039" > Guliang Zhuan</option> <option value="56444" > Gongyang Zhuan</option> <option value="61664" > Han Shu</option> <option value="68780" > Qian Han Ji</option> <option value="69121" > Dong Guan Han Ji</option> <option value="71480" > Hou Han Shu</option> <option value="282742" > Zhushu Jinian</option> <option value="283502" > Mutianzi Zhuan</option> <option value="646779" > Gu San Fen</option> <option value="647105" > Yandanzi</option> <option value="647120" > Xijing Zaji</option> <option value="47093" >Ancient Classics</option> <option value="13985" > Book of Poetry</option> <option value="21030" > Shang Shu</option> <option value="25002" > Book of Changes</option> <option value="36554" > The Rites of Zhou</option> <option value="51791" > Chu Ci</option> <option value="54566" > Yili</option> <option value="83479" > Shan Hai Jing</option> <option value="85326" > Jiaoshi Yilin</option> <option value="280082" > Jingshi Yizhuan</option> <option value="283542" > Shi Shuo</option> <option value="47104" >Etymology</option> <option value="26160" > Shuo Wen Jie Zi</option> <option value="37567" > Er Ya</option> <option value="40087" > Shi Ming</option> <option value="45207" > Fang Yan</option> <option value="279526" > Ji Jiu Pian</option> <option value="80226" >Chinese Medicine</option> <option value="80228" > Huangdi Neijing</option> <option value="81934" > Nan Jing</option> <option value="281911" > Shang Han Lun</option> <option value="647268" > Jinkui Yaolue</option> <option value="82944" >Excavated texts</option> <option value="82945" > Guodian</option> <option value="82987" > Mawangdui</option> <option value="89488" >Post-Han</option> <option value="90478" >Wei, Jin, and North-South</option> <option value="90479" > 道德真經註</option> <option value="90746" > 世說新語</option> <option value="91913" > 顏氏家訓</option> <option value="108160" > 文心雕龍</option> <option value="277835" > 抱朴子</option> <option value="279273" > 人物志</option> <option value="287513" > 金樓子</option> <option value="568082" > 水經注</option> <option value="585926" > 神仙傳</option> <option value="601873" > 三國志</option> <option value="604745" > 高士傳</option> <option value="649377" > 神異經</option> <option value="649426" > 洞冥記</option> <option value="278826" >Sui-Tang</option> <option value="278827" > 群書治要</option> <option value="539864" > 藝文類聚</option> <option value="552245" > 通典</option> <option value="566532" > 意林</option> <option value="649043" > 黃帝陰符經</option> <option value="90471" >Song-Ming</option> <option value="89489" > 四書章句集注</option> <option value="90563" > Three Character Classic</option> <option value="92202" > 論語注疏</option> <option value="93274" > 西遊記</option> <option value="97135" > Romance of the Three Kingdoms</option> <option value="100830" > 金瓶梅</option> <option value="285817" > 封神演義</option> <option value="288029" > 廣韻</option> <option value="361551" > 孝經注疏</option> <option value="361857" > 太平御覽</option> <option value="570777" > 太平廣記</option> <option value="586142" > 朱子語類</option> <option value="649226" > 宋景文公筆記</option> <option value="649494" > 棋經</option> <option value="649521" > 郁離子</option> <option value="90472" >Qing</option> <option value="10473" > Mozi Jiangu</option> <option value="103345" > Hong Lou Meng</option> <option value="108540" > Quan Tang Shi</option> <option value="317453" > Kangxi Zidian</option> <option value="565462" > The Scholars</option> <option value="90473" >Republican era</option> <option value="52326" > 墨經校釋</option> </select> for:<br /> <input type="hidden" name="if" id="if" value="en" /> <input type="text" name="searchu" size="20" value="" class="searchbox" /><br /> <input type="submit" value="Search" /> <span class="etext"><a href="search.pl?if=en">Advanced</a></span></form> </div> <div id="searchbooks"> <a href="searchbooks.pl?if=en">Title search</a><span class="opt">:<br /> <form id="searchform" method="get" action="searchbooks.pl"> <input type="hidden" name="if" value="en" /> <input type="text" name="searchu" size="20" value="" class="searchbox" /><br /> <input type="submit" value="Search" /> </form> </span></div> <script type="text/javascript"> function applyfilter(topicid) { var x=document.getElementById("categoriesform"); var y=document.getElementById("filtervalue"); y.value = topicid; x.submit(); } </script> <div id="logininfo"> <a href="account.pl?if=en&return=%2Fintroduction" rel="nofollow">Log in</a></div> </div> <div id="content"><div class="noprint opt" style="height: 47px; margin: 5px; float: right; text-align: right;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Chinese-Text-Project/112118272147647" rel="nofollow"><img src="icons/facebook.gif" border="0" width="44" height="44" alt="Follow us on Facebook to receive important updates" title="Follow us on Facebook to receive important updates" /></a> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/chinesetextproj" rel="nofollow"><img src="icons/twitter.gif" width="45" height="44" border="0" alt="Follow us on Twitter to receive important updates" title="Follow us on Twitter to receive important updates" /></a> <a href="http://weibo.com/ctext" rel="nofollow"><img src="icons/xinlang.gif" border="0" width="44" height="44" alt="Follow us on sina.com's microblogging site to receive important updates" title="Follow us on sina.com's microblogging site to receive important updates" /></a> <a href="https://site.douban.com/137325/" rel="nofollow"><img src="icons/douban.png" border="0" width="44" height="44" alt="Follow us on Douban to receive important updates" title="Follow us on Douban to receive important updates" /></a></div> <table id="titleline" border="0"> <tr><td valign="top"><div style="display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline;'"><a href="http://ctext.org/zhs" class="sprite-logo" title="Chinese Text Project" >Chinese Text Project<div style="display: inline;"></div></a></div></td> <td valign="middle"><font size="+3">Chinese Text Project</font></td> </tr> </table> <div id="ad2"> <table border="0" width="100%"><tr><td></td><td align="right"></td></tr></table></div> <script type="text/javascript"> var tids=document.getElementById('m4464'); if(tids) { tids.className = 'menuselected'; } var tids2=document.getElementById('x4464'); if(tids2) { tids2.setAttribute('class','sprite-unexpand'); tids2.setAttribute('className','sprite-unexpand'); tids2.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('span')[0].style.display="inline"; } var tids2=document.getElementById('x4463'); if(tids2) { tids2.setAttribute('class','sprite-unexpand'); tids2.setAttribute('className','sprite-unexpand'); tids2.parentNode.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('span')[0].style.display="inline"; } </script> <div id="content3"><h2>Introduction</h2> <p>The goal of this site is to present accurate and accessible copies of ancient (in particular pre-Qin and Han dynasty) Chinese texts in an organized and searchable format, and to make the best possible use of modern technology to aid in the study and research of these texts, so making them accessible to the widest possible audience. </p> <p>This site is available in several versions: English or Chinese interface, and traditional or simplified characters. You can change these at any time using the links at the top left-hand corner of every page. </p> <p>To get the most out of the site, and to use some of the features described below, please <a href="account.pl?if=en">create a free CTP account</a>.</p> <h2>Main Contents and Features</h2> <ul> <li style="min-height: 200px;"> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="daoism"><img src="screen_text.gif" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Textual database - Daoism.</b></td></tr></table></div><h3 id="database">Ancient Text Database</h3> <p>The heart of the site is the ancient text database, which contains the full text of various Chinese texts of philosophical, historical, or linguistic interest from the pre-Qin era through to the Han dynasty and beyond. Texts are stored in a database format which allows for both browsing and searching. In addition, English and modern Chinese translations are provided (where copyright allows); these translations are attached to the original Chinese paragraph by paragraph, making it possible to read a translation and quickly locate the corresponding original passage, or to read the original text and consult a translation of a particular passage.</p> <p>To the left of many passages of text, the system will display some of the following icons, which give immediate access to many of the unique features of the site: <table class="restable"> <tr><th class="colhead">Icon</th><th class="colhead">Function</th></tr> <tr class="resrow"><td><img src="more.gif" /></td><td>Displays the dictionary entries of each word in this passage.</td></tr> <tr class="resrowalt"><td><img src="parallel.gif" /></td><td>Displays parallels between this passage and other passages.</td></tr> <tr class="resrow"><td><img src="photo.gif" /></td><td>Displays a photographic representation of the page(s) containing this passage.</td></tr> <tr class="resrowalt"><td><img src="zhu.gif" /></td><td>Displays text of Chinese commentaries corresponding to this passage.</td></tr> <tr class="resrow"><td><img src="discuss.gif" /></td><td>Displays existing discussion relating to an item.</td></tr> <tr class="resrowalt"><td><img src="discussnew.gif" /></td><td>Creates a new discussion thread relating to an item (only displayed when logged in).</td></tr> <tr class="resrow"><td><img src="meta.gif" /></td><td>Displays existing metadata relating to an item.</td></tr> <tr class="resrowalt"><td><img src="metanew.gif" /></td><td>Creates new metadata for an item (only displayed when logged in).</td></tr> </table> </p></li> <li style="min-height: 200px;"> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="dictionary.pl?if=en&char=%E8%AA%AA"><img src="screen_dic2.gif" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Integrated dictionary - "說".</b></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id="dictionary">Integrated Dictionary</h3> <p>The integrated Chinese character dictionary merges data from three sources: the Unicode Consortium's "Unihan" database, the Ancient Text Database, and the CTP Dictionary which is being developed for this site. The Unihan database provides basic information, including radical and stroke information, alternate character forms, locations in standard printed dictionaries, and an English translation (though this primarily relates to modern Chinese usage). The Ancient Text Database provides actual usage data from a selection of ancient Chinese texts. Finally, the CTP dictionary aims to provide as complete as possible an analysis of character usage and semantics. While a majority of ancient Chinese characters have a relatively small range of uses, a minority (including many frequently used characters) have a range of uses with distinct meanings and/or distinct pronunciations. The CTP dictionary not only lists these different meanings and readings, but also lists exemplary usage for each, drawn from the Ancient Text Database. This is accomplished by means of "semantic linking", whereby a link is established between a particular character in a particular text, and its meaning as stored in the CTP dictionary. Where English translations of cited texts are available in the CTP, translations of the corresponding sentences are also provided.</p> <p>The semantic linking process relies on an understanding of the Chinese text, and is therefore a manual and time-consuming process; hence the scope of the CTP dictionary is presently limited (though continually expanding). For examples of the CTP dictionary in action, please see the integrated dictionary entries for <a href="dictionary.pl?if=en&char=%E8%88%87">與</a>, <a href="dictionary.pl?if=en&char=%E8%AA%AA">說</a>, and <a href="dictionary.pl?if=en&char=%E6%95%85">故</a>. </p> <p>More information: <a href="instructions/dictionary">Dictionary instructions</a>.</p> </li> <li style="min-height: 200px;"> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="dictionary.pl?if=en&id=6307"><img src="screen_dic.gif" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Word list for 晉世家 paragraph 5.</b></td></tr></table></div> <h3>Word lists</h3> <p>By means of the integrated dictionary and the semantic linking process described above, the site can also generate word lists for arbitrary passages in the Ancient Text Database. Word lists display data from the dictionary for each character in the passage, including the specific intended meaning for words which have been semantically linked. This means that a student reading the first paragraph of the Analects of Confucius does not have to guess whether 樂 is pronounced "yue" or "le", and will immediately see that 說 is being used in a manner equivalent to 悅 (see the <a href="dictionary.pl?if=en&id=1102">word list for Xue Er 1</a>). Additionally, where an English translation of a text is available, it is displayed side by side in parallel with the Chinese text for ease of comparison.</p> <p>The semantic linking process is ongoing, and not every character has been linked yet. Where a character has not been linked to its meaning in the particular context, generic information for the character is displayed, together with a link to the full dictionary entry for the character.</p> <p>More information: <a href="instructions/semantic-linking">Semantic linking instructions</a>.</p> </li> <li style="min-height: 200px;"> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="text.pl?node=11592&if=en&show=parallel"><img src="screen_parallel.gif" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Parallel passages for Daodejing paragraph 1.</b></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id="parallel">Parallel passage information</h3> <p>For various reasons, many early Chinese texts contain fragments or even extended passages which share identical or near-identical wording with passages in other texts, such that the two clearly bear some relation to one another and did not develop in complete isolation. This may be evidence that one author intentionally copied a passage from an existing text, or that a phrase was a well-known saying or idiom at the time both texts were written, or may have some other explanation. In many cases, although the fragments have very clear similarities such that their similarity can surely not be ascribed to coincidence, they may differ in important and interesting ways.</p> <p>The parallel passage feature of the CTP matches up these similar or identical passages, and allows them to be displayed together for easy comparison. Any passage which has such information available displays the <img src="parallel.gif" /> icon; clicking on this icon shows each section of the paragraph with its parallels in other texts in the database, together with links to the relevant sections of texts.</p> <p>Parallel passage information is also searchable using the "<a href="introduction#advancedsearch">Advanced search</a>" function described below.</p> <p>More information: <a href="tools/parallel-passages">Introduction to parallel passages</a>.</p> </li> <li style="min-height: 200px;"> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="photo.pl?if=en&node=681"><img src="screen_photo.gif" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Scanned source of the Mozi.</b></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id="scan">Scanned source texts</h3> <p>For many early texts, there are currently in existence many different versions of the text. These may be the result of historically independent routes of transmission, the result of alterations made to correct copying errors of previous scribes, the result of character substitution for rebus characters or variant character forms, or many other factors. These factors together form a complex situation in which it is often difficult to determine whether an electronic or modern printed copy of a text is "accurate" - in fact, it may even be difficult to articulate what exactly an accurate copy might be, given that there may be no "original" version of a particular text written by a single author.</p> <p>For these reasons, the site provides a growing number of texts which are tied character by character to a scanned source text, where the source text is a photographic copy of an early preserved manuscript. Every character in the electronic version should correspond to one character in the scanned text, and the site allows users to display the two side by side to confirm this. Since the manuscript itself may have been determined by subsequent scholarship to be in error, all corrections to the manuscript are annotated in the textual database, while preserving the original (mistaken) character to allow comparison with the original manuscript.</p> <p>Every passage of text which has a photographic representation available displays the <img src="photo.gif" /> icon; clicking on this icon displays the relevant pages side by side, with the text corresponding to the passage highlighted.</p> </li> <li style="min-height: 200px;"> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="text.pl?node=2719&if=en&show=meta"><img src="screen_index.gif" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Concordance data for Zhuangzi 1/4.</b></td></tr></table></div> <h3>Concordance and index data</h3> <p>When passages from early texts are quoted in academic works (particularly works published in English), often the Chinese text is quoted by reference to its location in a standard printed edition or concordance, such as the Harvard-Yenching Institute Sinological Index Series (哈佛燕京學社引得), or the ICS Ancient Chinese Texts Concordance Series (逐字索引叢刊). Page, chapter, and line numbers can be used to identify the location in a text, such as "Harvard-Yenching Zhuangzi: 4/2/35" - meaning page 4, chapter 2, line 35, in this case corresponding to the text "故為是舉莛與楹，厲與西施，恢恑憰怪，道通為一。其分也，成也；其成也，毀也。凡物". However, unless the academic work includes the Chinese text or a translation of it, without access to a copy of the index or concordance, it is often difficult for the reader to determine which passage of text is referred to.</p> <p>For this reason, the Chinese Text Project provides the facility to locate a passage of text simply by using its concordance or index reference. For supported texts, it is possible to enter an index or concordance reference, such as the "<a href="zhuangzi?stdref=4%2F2%2F35&stdrefcode=1">4/2/35</a>" in the example above, and immediately locate the corresponding passage of text. To do this, open the contents page for the text, and enter the reference in the box labelled "Find by reference", or use the corresponding box shown on the <a href="tools/concordance-and-index-data">Concordance and index data</a> page. Additionally, it is possible to determine the location of any passage of text in such a supported index or concordance. To do this, click on the metadata (<img src="meta.gif" alt="metadata" />) icon to the left of the passage, and move the mouse cursor over the text to display the reference information. </p> </li> <li style="min-height: 200px;"> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="text.pl?node=39922&if=en&show=meta"><img src="screen_meta.gif" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Metadata for Han Shi Wai Zhuan.</b></td></tr></table></div> <h3>Metadata system</h3> <p>Many of the features of the CTP can be described as being or relying upon a type of "meta-data" - data about data, in this case, data about early Chinese texts. The purpose of the metadata system is to allow users to add additional metadata to the texts, and so extend the database to include other kinds of information which aren't handled by any of the features described above. CTP metadata can be for your own use, or shared with everyone.</p> <p>Metadata in the CTP consists of a property, such as "source of a chengyu (成語)" or "bits of text I find interesting", an area of text to which it applies, and optionally additional data - perhaps an explanation of why the particular piece of text counts as having that property. Metadata is fully searchable using the "<a href="introduction#advancedsearch">Advanced search</a>" function described below.</p> <p>More information: <a href="instructions/metadata-system">Metadata system instructions</a>.</p> </li> <li style="min-height: 200px;"> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="search.pl?if=en"><img src="screen_search.gif" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Advanced search page.</b></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id="advancedsearch">Advanced search</h3> <p>In addition to the simple full-text search facility provided at the bottom of the left-hand pane of the textual database, a more comprehensive "Advanced search" facility is also available, which allows searching using data associated with many of the features described above. To access the advanced search page, click the "Advanced" link below the simple full-text search box.</p> <p>The advanced search function allows users to search any part of the database for any combination of the following: <ul> <li><b>Occurrences of a character or a string of text</b>.</li> <li><b>Dictionary entries</b>. These only match occurrences corresponding to the specific dictionary sub-entry, such as "<a href="text.pl?node=3925&if=en&filter=d280">文公 (Duke Wen of Jin)</a>", without matching any occurences of the same characters which have different meanings or refer to different people - for example, "<a href="text.pl?node=3925&if=en&filter=d1799">文公 (Duke Wen of Qin)</a>". For dictionary entries, it is also possible to include co-extensive terms, so that "<a href="text.pl?node=3925&if=en&filter=d280c">文公 (Duke Wen of Jin) [coextensive]</a>" matches occurences where he is referred to as "<a href="text.pl?node=3925&if=en&filter=d285">重耳</a>" or even simply "<a href="text.pl?node=3925&if=en&filter=d3795">文</a>".</li> <li><b>Referenced year</b> - for example, <a href="text.pl?node=3925&if=en&yearfrom=-300&yearto=-280">a year between 300 and 280 BC</a>.</li> <li><b>Parallel passage</b> - for example, <a href="text.pl?node=11591&if=en&parallelsearch=1981">parallels between the Daodejing and Hanfeizi Jielao chapter.</a>.</li> <li><b>Metadata</b> - including public and private metadata.</li> </ul> </p> <p>All searches can also be displayed in "statistics mode", which instead of displaying every occurence in turn, displays the number of occurrences in each text or chapter of a text.</p> <p>More information: <a href="instructions/advanced-search">Advanced search instructions</a>.</p> </li> <li style="min-height: 200px;"> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="liji/zhong-yong"><img src="screen_zhu.gif" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Zhong Yong with commentary.</b></td></tr></table></div> <h3 id="commentary">Chinese commentary display</h3> <p>Many of the early texts presented on this site have been the subject of discussion and comment by many scholars over the ages. Commentaries written by scholars of subsequent dynasties often provide vital clues as to the meaning and significance of a text. However, locating the section of a commentary which corresponds to a particular passage of a text can be a laborious process - especially where and editor or commentator has rearranged the original text, or is basing his commentary upon an alternative arrangement of it.</p> <p>For this reason, where the site contains both an early text and a subsequent text which is a commentary to it, the site provides links from each paragraph of the original text to the corresponding location in the commentary. To display the commentary for a passage, click on the <img src="zhu.gif" /> icon.</p> </li> <li style="min-height: 200px;"> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="resource.pl?if=en"><img src="screen_res.gif" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Resources database - All resources.</b></td></tr></table></div> <h3>Published Resources Database</h3> <p>The resource database lists books and academic articles related to the Chinese ancient texts in the textual database, listed under the same categories as the texts themselves. By clicking on the "Related resources" link beside the title of a text or class of texts, one can immediately see a list of research relevant to the chosen topic.</p> <p>If you have any questions related to a resource listed in the resources database, or are able to provide further information or write a review or summary of any resource, you can do so by clicking the <img src="discussnew.gif" /> icon to start a new discussion thread about it. Once you have done this, the item will display the <img src="discuss.gif" /> icon to other users so they can see your question or review.</p> </li> <li style="min-height: 200px;"> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="discuss.pl&if=en"><img src="screen_discuss.gif" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Discussion forum.</b></td></tr></table></div> <h3>Discussion forum</h3> <p>Since the ultimate aim of providing all the data and features described above is to stimulate discussion, debate, learning and scholarship, it is hoped that users who make use of the site will consider sharing their questions, thoughts, and ideas with others by participating in the discussion forums provided.</p> <p>The discussion forum is integrated with the site, such that it is possible to link any discussion thread (i.e. topic) with particular items in the database - such as characters, words, passages of text, or published resources. Doing this allows others who are interested in the items you discuss to immediately notice that other people are interested in the same things - and to see what others have said about them, and join in the discussion.</p> <p>More information: <a href="instructions/discussion-forum">Discussion forum instructions</a>.</p> </li> <li> <div class="screenshot"><table style="border: 1px solid;"><tr><td><a href="wiki.pl?if=en&res=839038"><img src="screen_wiki.png" alt="[Screenshot]" border="0" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><b>Wiki - Sou Shen Ji.</b></td></tr></table></div><h3>Wiki</h3> <p>The Wiki section of the site contains thousands of transmitted texts dating from throughout Chinese history. These texts can be edited collaboratively by users of the site to correct mistakes - please see the <a href="instructions/wiki">Wiki instructions</a> and <a href="instructions/wiki-formatting">style and formatting guidelines</a> for more information about how to help. Please note that texts in the Wiki section may not have been editorially reviewed and may contain errors - please help correct these by comparing the Wiki text against the specified base text. </p> <p>Key features of the Textual Database such as full-text search and dictionary lookup are also available for texts in the Wiki.</p> </li> <li><h3>Even more...</h3> <p>The site is continually evolving and new features are regularly added. Important changes and new features are posted on the <a href="discuss.pl?if=en&board=1">Latest updates</a> forum - you can make sure you don't miss out on the latest news by following us on Facebook, Twitter, or <a href="faq#social">other social media</a>. <table><tr><td> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Chinese-Text-Project/112118272147647"><img src="logos/findonfacebook.png" alt="Find on Facebook" border="0" /></a> </td><td> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/chinesetextproj"><img src="https://twitter-badges.s3.amazonaws.com/follow_us-a.png" alt="Follow chinesetextproj on Twitter" border="0" /></a> </td></tr></table> </p> </li> </ul> <h2>Sources</h2> <p>Source information for texts and their translations is displayed at the bottom of the main contents page for each book, and can also be accessed by clicking on the <img src="info.gif" alt="[?]" /> icon beside titles displayed in the menu to the left of each page. Texts which do not display this icon in the left-hand menu have not yet been corrected against a printed edition. If you wish to quote a text or translation in an academic work, you are <b>strongly advised</b> to check the passage you intend to quote in a recognized printed edition. Particularly with respect to translations, this site aims to provide accessible versions rather than verbatim copies of existing works, and translations are sometimes modified, for example to fit the format of the site or use modern Romanization. Furthermore, if you wish to quote a translation in an academic work, you may find more recent translations than those used on the site more appropriate. This site in general uses copyright-expired English translations in order to protect the rights of modern translators. 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