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4.12686C22.2363 2.60808 21.0051 1.37686 19.4863 1.37686ZM7 6.49996H16.6319L14.6964 8.43547C14.4035 8.72837 14.4035 9.20324 14.6964 9.49613C14.9893 9.78903 15.4641 9.78903 15.757 9.49613L18.3547 6.89846C19.0438 7.34362 19.5 8.11852 19.5 8.99996V19C19.5 20.3807 18.3807 21.5 17 21.5H7C5.61929 21.5 4.5 20.3807 4.5 19V8.99996C4.5 7.61924 5.61929 6.49996 7 6.49996ZM9.25 12C9.25 11.5857 9.58579 11.25 10 11.25H12H14C14.4142 11.25 14.75 11.5857 14.75 12C14.75 12.4142 14.4142 12.75 14 12.75H12H10C9.58579 12.75 9.25 12.4142 9.25 12ZM9.25 17C9.25 16.5857 9.58579 16.25 10 16.25H12H14C14.4142 16.25 14.75 16.5857 14.75 17C14.75 17.4142 14.4142 17.75 14 17.75H12H10C9.58579 17.75 9.25 17.4142 9.25 17Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Аннотация</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Аннотация</span></span></span><a href="/c/vulkany-8b4ad6/annotation" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18.2363 4.12686C18.2363 3.43651 18.796 2.87686 19.4863 2.87686C20.1767 2.87686 20.7363 3.43651 20.7363 4.12686C20.7363 4.81722 20.1767 5.37686 19.4863 5.37686C18.796 5.37686 18.2363 4.81722 18.2363 4.12686ZM19.4863 1.37686C17.9675 1.37686 16.7363 2.60808 16.7363 4.12686C16.7363 4.43206 16.786 4.72564 16.8778 4.99996H7C4.79086 4.99996 3 6.79082 3 8.99996V19C3 21.2091 4.79086 23 7 23H17C19.2091 23 21 21.2091 21 19V8.99996C21 8.16642 20.745 7.39244 20.3089 6.75173C21.4258 6.40207 22.2363 5.35911 22.2363 4.12686C22.2363 2.60808 21.0051 1.37686 19.4863 1.37686ZM7 6.49996H16.6319L14.6964 8.43547C14.4035 8.72837 14.4035 9.20324 14.6964 9.49613C14.9893 9.78903 15.4641 9.78903 15.757 9.49613L18.3547 6.89846C19.0438 7.34362 19.5 8.11852 19.5 8.99996V19C19.5 20.3807 18.3807 21.5 17 21.5H7C5.61929 21.5 4.5 20.3807 4.5 19V8.99996C4.5 7.61924 5.61929 6.49996 7 6.49996ZM9.25 12C9.25 11.5857 9.58579 11.25 10 11.25H12H14C14.4142 11.25 14.75 11.5857 14.75 12C14.75 12.4142 14.4142 12.75 14 12.75H12H10C9.58579 12.75 9.25 12.4142 9.25 12ZM9.25 17C9.25 16.5857 9.58579 16.25 10 16.25H12H14C14.4142 16.25 14.75 16.5857 14.75 17C14.75 17.4142 14.4142 17.75 14 17.75H12H10C9.58579 17.75 9.25 17.4142 9.25 17Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Аннотация</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/c/vulkany-8b4ad6/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Медиа</span></span></span><a href="/c/vulkany-8b4ad6/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/c/vulkany-8b4ad6/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Библиография</span></span></span><a href="/c/vulkany-8b4ad6/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/c/vulkany-8b4ad6/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Версии</span></span></span><a href="/c/vulkany-8b4ad6/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a></div><!--]--></div></div></nav><!--[--><div><meta itemprop="image primaryImageOfPage" content="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SkCKUriUP47MxlQbRi67Fw&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=120"><article itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"><div itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><meta itemprop="address" content="Покровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 1А, Москва, 109028"><meta itemprop="telephone" content="+7 (495) 781-15-95"><meta itemprop="logo" content="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/logo.98u7ubS9.svg"></div><div itemprop="copyrightHolder" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><meta itemprop="address" content="Покровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 1А, Москва, 109028"><meta itemprop="telephone" content="+7 (495) 781-15-95"><meta itemprop="logo" content="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/logo.98u7ubS9.svg"></div><meta itemprop="articleSection" content="Термины"><meta itemprop="headline" content="Вулканы"><meta itemprop="keywords" content="Объекты неживой природы, Геологические образования, Вулканизм"><!----><div class="bre-article-page max-md:tw-mt-10 md:max-lg:tw-mt-[81px] max-md:tw-mt-[105px]"><!----><nav class="bre-article-loc -hide-on-desktop-s"><div class="bre-article-loc-button"><span class="bre-article-loc-title">Содержание</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="bre-article-loc-short">Общая характеристика вулканов Земли</div></div><!----></nav><div class="article-sidebar -hide-on-desktop-s"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><!--[--><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s">Вулканы</div><!--]--></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><header class="bre-article-header -hide-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/t/terms" class="bre-label _link">Термины</a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Термины</span></span></span><!----></div><!--[--><!----><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Вулканы</h1><!--]--><!----></header><section class="-hide-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"><!----></section><!----><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Извержение вулкана Сарычева. Курильские острова (Сахалинская область, Россия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Извержение вулкана Сарычева. Курильские острова (Сахалинская область, Россия)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="guano, flickr.com. CC BY-SA 2.0"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SkCKUriUP47MxlQbRi67Fw&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Извержение вулкана Сарычева. Курильские острова (Сахалинская область, Россия)" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SkCKUriUP47MxlQbRi67Fw&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=fgHdqyrra9THVHxoHOTDmw&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=eZeNtHGKRv3Nw3h6ykVDVA&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=g6aLAgpFrf4sMZtL5zJ78A&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=axGpDJ4MY5nhnfg8i9FKlQ&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=49bXJKWLXKKvxRnGtKvPDw&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5-_JreVJzuhCd6Mt9828Qg&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7p9kY3l-O_S1CPXqlazF6A&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9TRJMHh0Y_qlgQiPE3hyyg&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Извержение вулкана Сарычева. Курильские острова (Сахалинская область, Россия)" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><!----></span><!----><!----></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><!--[--><!--[--><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Вулканология</dd><!--]--><!--]--><!----></dl></div></div></div><div class="bre-article-page__container"><div class="bre-article-page__content bre-article-content"><header class="bre-article-header -show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/t/terms" class="bre-label _link">Термины</a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Термины</span></span></span><!----></div><!--[--><!----><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Вулканы</h1><!--]--><!----></header><section class="tw-flex"><div class="-show-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"><div><div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ViewAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ShareAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div></div><span></span></div></div><span></span></section><div class="js-preview-link-root"><div itemprop="articleBody" class="bre-article-body"><!--[--><section><section><p><b>Вулка́ны</b> (от лат. vulcanus – огонь, пламя; Vulcanus – бог огня в древнеримской мифологии), собирательное название геологических образований различного типа на поверхности Земли или под водой, которые возникли в результате прорыва из недр <a href="/c/magmaticheskii-rasplav-d0d074" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->магматического расплава<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и захваченных им по пути обломков <a href="/c/gornye-porody-e3dabd" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->горных пород<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. Вулканы представляют собой лишь верхнюю (надлитосферную) часть сложно построенных геологических сооружений, нижние части которых уходят в глубинные горизонты <a href="/c/zemnaia-kora-b993ed" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->земной коры<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и верхнюю <a href="/c/mantiia-zemli-a00a5f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->мантию Земли<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. </p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Схема строения стратовулкана (в разрезе)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Схема строения стратовулкана (в разрезе)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Pnw2cysdoqFalQtCDDDdJg&filename=vault/194cf2b7a944128e20499124eb7f2780.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Схема строения стратовулкана (в разрезе)" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Pnw2cysdoqFalQtCDDDdJg&filename=vault/194cf2b7a944128e20499124eb7f2780.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=v8In9GnRANXKgcuXX4XWjA&filename=vault/194cf2b7a944128e20499124eb7f2780.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=8OiA0bMKC0Yje44tBUB7Vw&filename=vault/194cf2b7a944128e20499124eb7f2780.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=32sgn6u5BBR-Y5pnL2djPw&filename=vault/194cf2b7a944128e20499124eb7f2780.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ewkD_QIKLpHanZxvn7yIoA&filename=vault/194cf2b7a944128e20499124eb7f2780.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=YK6HegsgE06ar8rQmI29UA&filename=vault/194cf2b7a944128e20499124eb7f2780.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=_pfvxnG7aoeFo3ZkcCRBhA&filename=vault/194cf2b7a944128e20499124eb7f2780.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=p95vA1YiK5WudDG-_VKecQ&filename=vault/194cf2b7a944128e20499124eb7f2780.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=8HaEq86Y6Mv215wVMZzNHw&filename=vault/194cf2b7a944128e20499124eb7f2780.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Схема строения стратовулкана (в разрезе)" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Схема строения стратовулкана (в разрезе).</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Схема строения стратовулкана (в разрезе).</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span></p><h2 id="h2_oбschaya_harakteristika_vulkanov_zemli">Общая характеристика вулканов Земли</h2><p>Самый высокий в мире активный вулкан <a href="/c/okhos-del-salado-1bea16" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Охос-дель-Саладо<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (6893 м) расположен в Южной Америке на границе Чили и Аргентины. В России самый высокий из наиболее активных вулканов – <a href="/c/kliuchevskaia-sopka-06e07a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Ключевская Сопка<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (4688 м) на п-ове <a href="/c/kamchatka-042ba4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Камчатка<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. Каждый год извергаются 50–70 вулканов, каждые 10 лет – около 160. Всего в мире установлено свыше 1500 (по другим данным, 1300) вулканов, извергавшихся за последние 10 тыс. лет (в <a href="/c/golotsen-9755df" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->голоцене<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>). В России – 83 вулкана, извергавшихся за последние 3,5 тыс. лет; в том числе 40 – на Камчатке (включены в список <a href="/c/vsemirnoe-nasledie-a94941" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Всемирного наследия<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>), 42 – на <a href="/c/kuril-skie-ostrova-2d6703" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Курильских островах<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/el-brus-625933" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Эльбрус<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> – на <a href="/c/kavkaz-prirodnaia-strana-e93ac1" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Кавказе<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. В мире насчитывается около 550 исторически задокументированных извержений вулканов (не считая подводных). <a href="http://www.volcano.si.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-external="true" itemprop="url"><!--[-->Всемирный каталог извергавшихся в течение последних 12 тыс. лет вулканов<!--]--></a> создан и обновляется в <a href="/c/smitsonovskii-institut-9aabaa" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Смитсоновском институте<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. Изучением вулканов занимается <a href="/c/vulkanologiia-4e5047" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->вулканология<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>.</p><div><div class="bre-slider _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Collection https://schema.org/ItemList" itemprop="hasPart"><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude _gallery" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Самый высокий в мире активный вулкан Охос-дель-Саладо"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Самый высокий в мире активный вулкан Охос-дель-Саладо. Граница Чили и Аргентины."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Mariano Mantel, flickr.com. CC BY-NC 2.0"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qcULRiPzWy2dwgFYtvGtLQ&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Самый высокий в мире активный вулкан Охос-дель-Саладо" data-nuxt-img sizes="1024px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qcULRiPzWy2dwgFYtvGtLQ&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ProqGRENgXMsU57TIG3-ow&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EcVoQFfmJ5FfcGIaeNBWxw&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Ie6t2qt6_-VjgVM-Org7Vg&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vDet6goDroqW_96oFby-dA&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3VpuCqQnE1TzyQwaLrx0lQ&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=oakXOu21ZY0LaXZmyuSo0Q&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=CS6wU_6U-Xh4HLER0LhGUg&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=TJJf0Br4S9szuUaZvVoHyg&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Самый высокий в мире активный вулкан Охос-дель-Саладо" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Самый высокий в мире активный вулкан Охос-дель-Саладо. Граница Чили и Аргентины.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Самый высокий в мире активный вулкан Охос-дель-Саладо. Граница Чили и Аргентины.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><span class="-show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _left"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _right"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div></span></span><!--[--><!--]--><div class="bre-slider-dots"><!--[--><button class="bre-slider-dot _current"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><!--]--></div><!--[--><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Ключевская Сопка (Камчатский край, Россия), самый высокий активный вулкан России"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Ключевская Сопка. Самый высокий активный вулкан России (Камчатский край)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Геннадий Теплицкий / Фотобанк Лори"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Panu1HidWQhvZ76T3InqkQ&filename=vault/422c039ea51ca19d2590e390efdf331a.webp&width=120"><!----></div><!--]--></div></div><p></p><h2 id="h2_raspredelenie_vulkanov_na_zemnoi_poverhnosti">Распределение вулканов на земной поверхности</h2><p>Размещение вулканов на поверхности Земли отличается крайней неравномерностью. Подавляющее количество вулканов приурочено к <a href="/c/ostrovnye-dugi-ddea40" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->островным дугам<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (<a href="/c/aleutskie-ostrova-d0fe40" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Алеутской<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, Курило-Камчатской, <a href="/c/iaponskie-ostrova-1bf4c3" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Японской<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, Идзу-Бонинской, <a href="/c/marianskie-ostrova-28cf1b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Марианской<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/zondskie-ostrova-a4c9b2" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Зондской<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и др.) и горным сооружениям Северной и Южной Америки, Южной Европы (Средиземноморье), Юго-Западной Азии, где они образуют <a href="/c/vulkanicheskii-poias-19d1a4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->вулканические пояса<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. Наблюдается связь между количеством действующих вулканов и тектонической активностью района. В океанах действующие вулканы главным образом сосредоточены в <a href="/c/rift-2afdf4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->рифтовых<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> зонах <a href="/c/sredinno-okeanicheskie-khrebty-e844cd" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->срединно-океанических хребтов<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (<a href="/c/gekla-459d4a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Гекла<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, Лаки и др. на о. Исландия в надводной части <a href="/c/sredinno-atlanticheskii-khrebet-68b36f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Срединно-Атлантического хребта<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>), а также в пределах относительно слабосейсмичных подводных и надводных хребтов (<a href="/c/kilauea-805508" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Килауэа<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/mauna-kea-accdde" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Мауна-Кеа<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/mauna-loa-d6674f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Мауна-Лоа<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> на о. Гавайи в юго-восточной части <a href="/c/gavaiskii-khrebet-01f003" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Гавайского хребта<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>) и на отдельных островах (Ла-Кумбре, Вулф, Дарвин, Альседо на <a href="/c/ostrova-galapagos-0185b2" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->островах Галапагос<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>; Тейде на <a href="/c/kanarskie-ostrova-1b75e7" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Канарских островах<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>). Во внутренних частях континентов действующие вулканы локализуются преимущественно в рифтовых системах (<a href="/c/kilimandzharo-e5d382" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Килиманджаро<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/meru-vulkan-a16278" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Меру<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/n-iragongo-972269" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Ньирагонго<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> в пределах <a href="/c/vostochno-afrikanskaia-riftovaia-sistema-04e27b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Восточно-Африканской рифтовой системы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>). </p><div><div class="bre-slider _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Collection https://schema.org/ItemList" itemprop="hasPart"><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude _gallery" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Вулкан Алаид на острове Атласова (Курильские острова, Россия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканы островных дуг. Вулкан Алаид на острове Атласова (Курильские острова, Россия)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Stuart Rankin, flickr.com. CC BY-NC 2.0"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=v-smTRCsQqaEYp94CWPZ0Q&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Вулкан Алаид на острове Атласова (Курильские острова, Россия)" data-nuxt-img sizes="1024px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=v-smTRCsQqaEYp94CWPZ0Q&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7JmKb2ukTQg40uF-bWh4oQ&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pJsyIZN0qhYrmc3nwtnNdQ&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4PLpgCh_hL1NVGJGU2X4fw&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EidQh8bE2z1JHxoSmFWJbw&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ehUgQ98BGmSiMnY011vqzQ&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=hpRSvi9Mcku3nWq_xtA-DA&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=OqqO-yfGF4oAJ4LhVdjj1Q&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=b1nl4vg-zSb4bcn5J3JwmA&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Вулкан Алаид на острове Атласова (Курильские острова, Россия)" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Вулканы островных дуг. Вулкан Алаид на острове Атласова (Курильские острова, Россия).</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Вулканы островных дуг. Вулкан Алаид на острове Атласова (Курильские острова, Россия).</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><span class="-show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _left"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _right"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div></span></span><!--[--><!--]--><div class="bre-slider-dots"><!--[--><button class="bre-slider-dot _current"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><!--]--></div><!--[--><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Вулкан Сакурадзима (Япония)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканы островных дуг. Вулкан Сакурадзима на острове Кюсю (Япония)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Zoonar.com/unununius / easy Fotostock / Фотобанк Лори"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vym3qgaexKAhR0dmexMrEg&filename=vault/50f9f31b6ed540e7cdcd16d5f047c731.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Вулкан Керинчи (остров Суматра, Индонезия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканы островных дуг. Вулкан Керинчи на острове Суматра (Индонезия)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Paul Hessels, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=B3CEAzWHU3vFN-7OebUShQ&filename=vault/17aa923d946cf369508a51178c7f3868.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Вулкан Лассен-Пик. Каскадные горы (США)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканы гор Северной Америки. Вулкан Лассен-Пик (штат Калифорния, США)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Joe Parks, flickr.com. CC BY-NC 2.0"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=L1kukaj96zlmbfV_BA_aEg&filename=vault/d95edc8283a47dc627e5ab26402ea54f.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/"></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Вулкан Тунгурауа (провинция Тунгурауа, Эквадор)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканы гор Южной Америки. Вулкан Тунгурауа (Эквадор)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Person-with-No Name, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ycvJnGJ5K2-hY-ziiSBdZA&filename=vault/362064edb916dbdcbae489b6651c271a.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Извержение вулкана Этна на острове Сицилия (Италия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканы Южной Европы. Вулкан Этна на острове Сицилия (Италия). "><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Antonio Zanghì / Moment / Getty Images"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=uU3R7jCyXrGbX4ohXhohmA&filename=vault/5497363f66d324e3490d7488164d6def.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Стратовулкан Гекла (Исландия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканы рифтовых зон срединно-океанических хребтов. Вулкан Гекла (Исландия)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Ragnar Th. Sigurdsson / age Fotostock / Фотобанк Лори"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=0NmsptAZhMN6gsf6wpm5Hw&filename=vault/a2e850139ae372b8da3615666a79a360.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Вулкан Килауэа (штат Гавайи, США)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканы относительно слабосейсмичных внутриокеанических хребтов. Вулкан Килауэа на острове Гавайи (США)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Brian Snelson, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=UdYPaQWulasN420ZnvikOQ&filename=vault/7c585db99fe518f8e60ad0dad3fdac1c.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Вулканогенно-осадочный тип литогенеза. Лавовые поля в окрестностях вулкана Тейде (остров Тенерифе, Канарские острова, Испания)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканы отдельных океанических островов (групп островов). Вулкан Тейде на острове Тенерифе (Канарские острова, Испания)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Алексей Кирмасов"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=gdTTB8rYeYVo5E4oD8NErw&filename=vault/df4d8c8c4bc9a45893f8458c2b8e5ab6.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Вулкан Килиманджаро (Танзания)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканы континентальных рифтовых систем. Вулкан Килиманджаро, Восточно-Африканская рифтовая система (Танзания)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Jon Haylett, flickr.com. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=P-JZGRDYW6-r4cv6lj7izQ&filename=vault/bdf711bc04304a21c8efb275c9817c27.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/"></div><!--]--></div></div><p>Вулканы, извергавшиеся за последние 10 тыс. лет, сосредоточены в 20 молодых <a href="/c/vulkanicheskaia-oblast-f0d8c6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->вулканических областях<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (см. таблицу 1).</p><div class="tw-my-6"><!--[--><div class="table-wrap-title" itemprop="about"><!--[--><p>Таблица 1. Вулканические области мира</p><!--]--></div><div class="table-wrap" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Table" itemprop="hasPart"><div class="table-scroller"><table><tbody><!--[--><tr><td colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p><br></p></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Название области</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Количество вулканов</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Наиболее известные вулканы</p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Аляска, Алеутские о-ва </p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>93</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Катмай</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Антарктида и Южные Сандвичевы о-ва</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>35</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/erebus-ab2c3a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Эребус<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Атлантический океан</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>30</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/teide-8421ec" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Тейде<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> – Канарские о-ва</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Африка, Аравийский п-ов, Красное море</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>161</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Килиманджаро, Ньирагонго, <a href="/c/n-iamlagira-208ab4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Ньямлагира<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Вест-Индия</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>17</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Монтань-Пеле</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Западная Европа, Турция, Кавказ</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>44</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Везувий, <a href="/c/etna-2b44db" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Этна<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/stromboli-69cbda" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Стромболи<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, Санторин (Тира), <a href="/c/ararat-4a45a1" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Арарат<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, Эльбрус, <a href="/c/kazbek-be8360" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Казбек<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Индийский океан</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>20</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/piton-de-la-furnez-62d0fe" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Питон-де-ла-Фурнез<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> – о. Реюньон</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Индонезия и Андаманские о-ва</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>142</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Кракатау, Тамбора</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Исландия и Северный Ледовитый океан </p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>34</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Гекла, Лаки, Эйяфьядлайёкюдль</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Камчатка и Курильские о-ва</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>160</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/avachinskaia-sopka-6773e7" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Авачинская Cопка<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, Ключевская Cопка, <a href="/c/karymskaia-sopka-b9b0e1" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Карымская Cопка<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/shiveluch-a04e77" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Шивелуч<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>; <a href="/c/alaid-ed0a0d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Алаид<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/ebeko-23ed3c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Эбеко<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, Тятя</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Канада и США</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>73</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Сент-Хеленс – США</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Мексика и Центральная Америка</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>120</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/kolima-vulkany-3043cd" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Колима<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/popokatepetl-dbc41e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Попокатепетль<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/parikutin-c4ff07" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Парикутин<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, Хорульо – Мексика; <a href="/c/isal-ko-ca6d02" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Исалько<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Меланезия и Австралия </p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>85</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Багана – о. Бугенвиль (Соломоновы о-ва)</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Новая Зеландия и Полинезия</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>57</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/ruapekhu-758393" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Руапеху<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> – Северный остров</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Тихий океан</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>48</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Килауэа, Мауна-Лоа</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Филиппины и Юго-Восточная Азия (без Индонезии)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>60</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/taal-vulkan-9fb52d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Тааль<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, Пинатубо – о. Лусон</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Центральная и Восточная Азия (без Японии, Тайваня), Юго-Восток России</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>26</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/pektusan-8f5745" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Пэктусан<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Средний Восток (Иран, Афганистан) и Пакистан</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>11</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/demavend-259bc0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Демавенд<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> – Иран</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Южная Америка</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>193</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Руис – Колумбия, <a href="/c/okhos-del-salado-1bea16" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Охос-дель-Саладо<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Японские о-ва, Тайвань и Марианские о-ва</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>140</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/aso-84ee89" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Асо<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/fudziiama-fff5ab" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Фудзи<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/sakuradzima-bc25a1" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Сакурадзима<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td></tr><!--]--></tbody></table></div></div><div class="table-wrap-summary" itemprop="description"><!--[--><p></p><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><p></p><h2 id="h2_klassifikatsiya_vulkanov">Классификация вулканов</h2><p>Классификация вулканов проводится по разным критериям. По активности вулканы делятся на действующие (активные) – извергавшиеся или проявлявшие <a href="/c/fumaroly-f32e8f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->фумарольную<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> активность (выделение горячего <a href="/c/vulkanicheskie-gazy-8b553e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->вулканического газа<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и водяного пара) за последние 3,5 тыс. лет исторического периода, потенциально действующие – проявлявшие активность, по геологическим данным, в течение последних 3,5–13,5 тыс. лет (по данным других исследователей, к ним относятся только <a href="/c/golotsen-9755df" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->голоценовые<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> вулканы – не древнее 10 тыс. лет), и потухшие – не проявлявшие активности более 13,5 тыс. лет (по мнению других авторов, 10 тыс. лет). По составу изверженных продуктов различают вулканы <a href="/c/bazal-t-e24470" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->базальтовые<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/andezit-f91b96" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->андезитовые<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/datsit-ae3fd6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->дацитовые<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/riolit-4c939c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->риолитовые<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и т. д.; по форме подводящего канала – трещинные и центральные; по строению и облику – <a href="/c/stratovulkany-3b7cc8" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->стратовулканы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/shchitovoi-vulkan-60462d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->щитовые<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, щитообразные, <a href="/c/shlakovyi-konus-91986e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->шлаковые конусы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/ekstruzivnyi-kupol-cd3f48" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->экструзивные купола<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и др.; по стадийности образования – одноактные и многоактные; по месту образования – наземные, <a href="/c/podvodnyi-vulkan-f704f6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->подводные<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, субаэральные и др.</p><div><div class="bre-slider _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Collection https://schema.org/ItemList" itemprop="hasPart"><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude _gallery" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Вулкан Котопахи (Эквадор)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Стратовулкан Котопахи (Эквадор)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="David Ceballos, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QYuMvhd7nYCQPRaKZdhG8Q&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Вулкан Котопахи (Эквадор)" data-nuxt-img sizes="1024px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QYuMvhd7nYCQPRaKZdhG8Q&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=wd3qLGlMd0vI6a00F-8XFg&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mVUpCumvPiZoK3nOLgwJ0w&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=cZUQd89Jlrbumja9Fjqs6A&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=fxv6of--877xnOFI2XfKwQ&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jh8txF294Djp69lcUzKraQ&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2WYnTfF9vMymBdKWm_VnTA&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=f98njdefo9muBl5IEKQ3aQ&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IF6-mleY-54mw_EdIQDNNQ&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Вулкан Котопахи (Эквадор)" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Стратовулкан Котопахи (Эквадор).</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Стратовулкан Котопахи (Эквадор).</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><span class="-show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _left"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _right"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div></span></span><!--[--><!--]--><div class="bre-slider-dots"><!--[--><button class="bre-slider-dot _current"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><!--]--></div><!--[--><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Щитовой вулкан Ньямлагира (Демократическая Республика Конго)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Щитовой вулкан Ньямлагира (Демократическая Республика Конго)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="MONUSCO Photos, flickr.com. CC BY-SA 2.0"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=gfZLIUkZPaofdXRCakT5DQ&filename=vault/49985ebeaa5d66b0d211b8c7416c7126.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/"></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Экструзивный купол Сёва-синдзан. Национальный парк Сикоцу-Тоя (остров Хоккайдо, Япония)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Экструзивный купол Сёва-синдзан (остров Хоккайдо, Япония)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Raita Futo, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bs6NkGexks4ba7OQ64e_fw&filename=vault/9fd97a6143c2a47dcd42a8884c96a311.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"></div><!--]--></div></div><p></p><h2 id="h2_produktы_izverzheniya._forma_vulkanov">Продукты извержения. Форма вулканов</h2><p>Продукты извержения вулканов в момент поступления на поверхность представлены <a href="/c/lava-6974ad" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->лавой<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> разной степени вязкости, <a href="/c/tefra-4f72c8" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->тефрой<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (<a href="/c/piroklasticheskii-material-297362" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->пирокластическим материалом<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>) и разнообразными по составу и температуре вулканическими газами, аэрозолями, высокотемпературными (600–800 °С) газовзвесями. </p><div><div class="bre-slider _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Collection https://schema.org/ItemList" itemprop="hasPart"><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude _gallery" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Лавовый поток при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатка, Россия). Дата съёмки 10 августа 2013"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Лавовый поток при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатка, Россия). Дата съёмки 10 августа 2013."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="VittoriaChe / Фотобанк Лори"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=px9MF035XmtrmRs2tUj3WQ&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Лавовый поток при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатка, Россия). Дата съёмки 10 августа 2013" data-nuxt-img sizes="1024px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=px9MF035XmtrmRs2tUj3WQ&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=zGPeWki5mLkEFNX2_r_wyw&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ZR7cvMm9dAYtVqT-7Jj3Ow&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bualAatSja98C4FT14Lcow&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=hDts-M92mAQWOl02agDBpQ&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=xWz7SoMOe1-9XaNC5mraog&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jQXx1BYgulwVKsQSQO28iQ&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=FGCsibR1fqDFdmA5-ghfOw&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Лавовый поток при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатка, Россия). Дата съёмки 10 августа 2013" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Лавовый поток при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатка, Россия). Дата съёмки 10 августа 2013.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Лавовый поток при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатка, Россия). Дата съёмки 10 августа 2013.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><span class="-show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _left"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _right"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div></span></span><!--[--><!--]--><div class="bre-slider-dots"><!--[--><button class="bre-slider-dot _current"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><!--]--></div><!--[--><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Вулканические бомбы среди тефры на склоне вулкана Менделеева (Курильские острова, Россия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканические бомбы среди тефры на склоне вулкана Менделеева (Курильские острова, Россия)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Евгений Харитонов / Фотобанк Лори"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=72IzUkv_G4Eq1SVsxbxNLA&filename=vault/9f3eb30c2789749d507d40d61d869faa.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Выпадение вулканического пепла в результате активизации вулканов Ключевская Сопка и Шивелуч. Посёлок Усть-Камчатск (Камчатский край, Россия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Выпадение вулканического пепла в результате активизации вулканов Ключевская Сопка и Шивелуч. Посёлок Усть-Камчатск (Камчатский край, Россия)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Информационный медиацентр Усть-Камчатска / РИА Новости"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NLtsHd8LGCyZI-_h4KnzfQ&filename=vault/447b11dbc19049d9bd1c7b1b3d5e1e27.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Выделение вулканических газов при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатский край, Россия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Выделение вулканических газов при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатский край, Россия)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Сергей Краснощеков / Фотобанк Лори"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2we8MATg7l85wYtJIdFo_A&filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp&width=120"><!----></div><!--]--></div></div><p>На ранее сформированных вулканах продукты извержения выбрасываются из вершинного и боковых <a href="/c/krater-vulkana-da3475" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->кратеров<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>; при образовании новых вулканов – из системы трещин и воронок. Основная их масса накапливается, в зависимости от типа извержения, в радиусе от десятков метров до 15–20 км от эруптивных центров (центров извержения), слагая различные по размеру и морфологии вулканические постройки: крутосклонные стратовулканы сложены переслаиванием лавы и тефры; шлаковые и <a href="/c/peplovyi-konus-2f72a4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->пепловые<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> конусы образуются преимущественно пирокластическим материалом при подчинённом количестве лав; пологие щитовые и щитообразные вулканы – преимущественно лавами; экструзивные и <a href="/c/lavovyi-kupol-e15301" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->лавовые<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> купола – только лавами; <a href="/c/tufovoe-kol-tso-cd84bf" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->туфовые кольца<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, валы <a href="/c/maar-4eec24" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->мааров<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и эксплозивных (взрывных) рвов – пирокластическим материалом.</p><p>Жидкая лава перемещается со скоростью 40–50 км/ч, формируя <a href="/c/lavovyi-potok-4c21fc" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->лавовые потоки<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. Наиболее мелкий пирокластический материал (<a href="/c/vulkanicheskii-pepel-05e790" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->вулканический пепел<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>) при сильных и катастрофических извержениях может разноситься на расстояние свыше 1000 км, покрывая огромные площади (сотни тысяч – миллионы квадратных километров). Субмикронные вулканические частицы вместе с капельками <a href="/c/sernaia-kislota-40f7eb" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->серной<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/solianaia-kislota-83d4fb" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->соляной<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и других кислот образуют вулканические аэрозоли, которые, попадая в <a href="/c/stratosfera-082d59" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->стратосферу<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, разносятся по всему земному шару. Высокотемпературная газовзвесь образуется при массовом выбросе с глубины 5–10 км и более газонасыщенной <a href="/c/magma-41e270" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->магмы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, способной к взрыванию в атмосферных условиях; она движется по земной поверхности на газовой подушке со скоростью 100–150 км/ч и образует <a href="/c/piroklasticheskii-potok-9914b0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->пирокластические потоки<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> длиной до 100 км. <span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Подъём эруптивной колонны при извержении вулкана Кальбуко (Чили)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Подъём эруптивной колонны при извержении вулкана Кальбуко (Чили)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Caters News / legion-media.ru"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-OsWAQvzty6mUJA-a8yRUA&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Подъём эруптивной колонны при извержении вулкана Кальбуко (Чили)" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-OsWAQvzty6mUJA-a8yRUA&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=rutBza-eh0pRynEvT7EhWw&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Jy15rAYsZQji56Jlru-9hQ&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=OVZpkXkB4SuzU-MiXbVGEQ&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IwclG8md44iEVPOF9dk_yw&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=6WLKpxhtVFjzvN3-BL23yA&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=1024 1024w" title="Подъём эруптивной колонны при извержении вулкана Кальбуко (Чили)" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Подъём эруптивной колонны при извержении вулкана Кальбуко (Чили).</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Подъём эруптивной колонны при извержении вулкана Кальбуко (Чили).</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span>Объём продуктов извержения, слагающих мелкие вулканические постройки (шлаковые и пепловые конусы, лавовые и экструзивные купола, туфовые кольца, валы мааров и взрывных рвов), – от менее чем 0,00001 до 0,3 км<sup>3</sup>; формирующих щитовые вулканы – от 0,1 до 1500 км<sup>3</sup>, стратовулканы – от 0,3 до 300 км<sup>3</sup>, крупнейшие подводно-надводные вулканические сооружения – до 100–150 тыс. км<sup>3</sup> и более (о. Гавайи).</p><p>При застывании лавы и цементации пирокластического материала формируются <a href="/c/vulkanicheskie-gornye-porody-7a7c49" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->вулканические горные породы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>.</p><div><div class="bre-slider _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Collection https://schema.org/ItemList" itemprop="hasPart"><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude _gallery" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Риолит"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Риолит. Вулканическая порода кислого состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tVF29oi3OHJC6VJoljpmtA&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Риолит" data-nuxt-img sizes="1024px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tVF29oi3OHJC6VJoljpmtA&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-Pvuw0y7qrG2Ov60ocllqA&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bm-xSwWJE9JbBWeeH58QAQ&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=_9iBrgLJyb8qyCQOtJ3UWw&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ynpLE6j8-WfqCdoKOKQiTA&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=zkZ1wnnStc4Zi2b9iqRLzA&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Vai4ATqzVkaVKu7iPByXUw&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2L6fwQTVegWjJxsby-DRtw&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=oLviYTXw-U5Dv8JuQ7Mlag&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Риолит" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Риолит. Вулканическая порода кислого состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Риолит. Вулканическая порода кислого состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><span class="-show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _left"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _right"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div></span></span><!--[--><!--]--><div class="bre-slider-dots"><!--[--><button class="bre-slider-dot _current"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><!--]--></div><!--[--><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Дацит"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Дацит. Вулканическая порода кислого состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IEhs2B2Ksyz1PjxVbGFFsQ&filename=vault/f0adf6a963b67b0a60e0a963e7b4bccd.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Вулканический туф риолитового состава. Окрестности Лимы (Перу)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Вулканический туф риолитового состава. Вулканогенно-обломочная порода. Окрестности Лимы (Перу)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Miguel Vera León, flickr.com. CC BY-NC 2.0"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mdHr99qq-XVJUEmqVsdhgg&filename=vault/8bcb26d1064ce33ec9c93e735a889241.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/"></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Пемза риолитовая. Вестфалия (Германия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Пемза риолитовая. Вулканическая порода кислого состава нормальной щёлочности. Вестфалия (Германия). Фото: Л. Р. Колбанцев. Образец из коллекции Кранца."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Bwz1wwoJtwO1hMFH8tw5Mw&filename=vault/bb3754874083772579bf035ce68ab42c.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Обсидиан. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Обсидиан. Вулканическая порода кислого состава. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EB35JPt618Az9HlXepqjxA&filename=vault/bd6109d73f0a0cc721366196d7366887.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Андезит"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Андезит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vnO20lNX84qEBrioBx6TGQ&filename=vault/a508ec337e35aeb6744e2f11de4bccc0.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Базальт. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Базальт. Вулканическая порода основного состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=wAnDjDikrbP5sd9NVi4DOA&filename=vault/3bab22b2966f5e0261ba56b95be88e08.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Пикрит"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Пикрит. Вулканическая или субвулканическая порода ультраосновного состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kCMb9qVG49c2Y5a8S5nN-Q&filename=vault/3e5fe85f482407a63909855af55dc6da.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Коматиит"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Коматиит. Вулканическая порода ультраосновного состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=57tl5ET3kMx2dAfj_flZ7w&filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Трахит"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Трахит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава субщелочного ряда . Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4AyXkjbIIY1rxYtpA7Aw5Q&filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Латит"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Латит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава субщелочного ряда. Река Агынджа. Омулёвское поднятие (Якутия, Россия). Образец из коллекции О. Ю. Лебедевой. Фото: О. Ю. Лебедева."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=WJkya3no1KWCqYl2ijG2_A&filename=vault/cbd21337b41b18d008a7cb62a6d52fb6.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Лампроит оливин-флогопит-диопсидовый"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Лампроит оливин-флогопит-диопсидовый. Вулканическая порода ультраосновного состава субщелочного ряда. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kaUscXPTgW27F4LwPeEQUw&filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Лейцитовый фонолит. Расдорф (федеральная земля Гессен, Германия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Лейцитовый фонолит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава щелочного ряда. Расдорф (федеральная земля Гессен, Германия). Образец из коллекции Ф. Кранца. Фото: А. Т. Маслов."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ioK3J8P2e8N607KoSEWEtQ&filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Щелочной трахит"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Щелочной трахит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава щелочного ряда. Окрестности г. Нассау. Район Рейн-Лан (федеральная земля Рейнланд-Пфальц, Германия)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NIr4ZKSS5YjCUa36TgoJOA&filename=vault/5f577c1bd67a41f2c59b117c2499df96.webp&width=120"><!----></div><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Нефелинит. Плато Айфель (Германия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Нефелинит. Вулканическая порода ультраосновного состава щелочного ряда. Плато Айфель (Германия). Образец из коллекции Ф. Кранца. Фото: А. Т. Маслов."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Col0fNXNzSd3d6uFUb8rzQ&filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp&width=120"><!----></div><!--]--></div></div><h2 id="h2_tipы_vulkanicheskih_izverzhenii">Типы вулканических извержений</h2><p>Типы вулканических извержений весьма многочисленны, общепринятой их классификации нет. Наиболее общим является разделение извержений на <a href="/c/effuziia-v-vulkanologii-66496c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->эффузивные<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (излияние лавы), <a href="/c/eksploziia-a87f64" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->эксплозивные<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (взрывные), эффузивно-эксплозивные (смешанные) и <a href="/c/ekstruziia-v-geologii-7fe1cd" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->экструзивные<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (выжимание лавы).</p><div><div class="bre-slider _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Collection https://schema.org/ItemList" itemprop="hasPart"><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude _gallery" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Лава, изливающаяся во время извержения вулкана на острове Гавайи (Гавайские острова, США)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Лава, изливающаяся во время эффузивного извержения вулкана на острове Гавайи (Гавайские острова, США)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Zach Jackson, flickr.com. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ZGMHm4JxfXsSGfdPfmPXNQ&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Лава, изливающаяся во время извержения вулкана на острове Гавайи (Гавайские острова, США)" data-nuxt-img sizes="1024px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ZGMHm4JxfXsSGfdPfmPXNQ&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EJRb6gaBd04rIraTIf583A&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bAkZQRPRw-OS-ouey4pfhw&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=DPKyoIhRy34jfI9umAs_3A&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=OabxDXjBzpR0nbVZG9cySQ&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=xFnvh0RFB3aCRYYpniXG-A&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bqiVRpEz9NY8S8fQyEOMRg&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LyE_5bZQ4mcDGv0mGbpCpA&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=0t69BlN23TijtoMPX8F8jQ&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Лава, изливающаяся во время извержения вулкана на острове Гавайи (Гавайские острова, США)" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Лава, изливающаяся во время эффузивного извержения вулкана на острове Гавайи (Гавайские острова, США).</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Лава, изливающаяся во время эффузивного извержения вулкана на острове Гавайи (Гавайские острова, США).</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><span class="-show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _left"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _right"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div></span></span><!--[--><!--]--><div class="bre-slider-dots"><!--[--><button class="bre-slider-dot _current"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><!--]--></div><!--[--><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Извержение вулкана Везувий (Италия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Эксплозивное извержение вулкана Везувий (Италия). Фото из книги: Converse Beach F. The Americana: A Universal Reference Library Comprising the Arts and Sciences, Literature, History, Biography, Geography, Commerce, etc., of the World. New York, 1912. Vol. 21."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="India Amos, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5rtPwhG7MrwcFli0c5qzMw&filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"></div><!--]--></div></div><p>Более детальной и употребимой является классификация американского учёного Г. Макдоналда (1975), учитывающая физическое состояние магмы, характер взрывов, излияний лавы, преобладающих выбросов, морфологию вулканических построек. Классификация включает 10 типов извержений.</p><p><i>Гавайский тип</i>, создающий чаще всего щитовые вулканы, отличается излиянием жидкой (базальтовой) лавы, формирующей протяжённые лавовые потоки и огненно-жидкие озёра в кратерах.</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Извержение вулкана Килауэа, остров Гавайи (штат Гавайи, США)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Гавайский тип извержения. Извержение вулкана Килауэа, остров Гавайи (штат Гавайи, США)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Anthony Quintano, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Ve3bdWOU4eFv6wXLObGFrA&filename=vault/67b166e29f4c94692f2978eb054b6b8b.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Извержение вулкана Килауэа, остров Гавайи (штат Гавайи, США)" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Ve3bdWOU4eFv6wXLObGFrA&filename=vault/67b166e29f4c94692f2978eb054b6b8b.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=wmzOGN0ADz_5oW54PgMlPQ&filename=vault/67b166e29f4c94692f2978eb054b6b8b.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bXcOROra9KetsbZFKRL-_g&filename=vault/67b166e29f4c94692f2978eb054b6b8b.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=TQ2l90PGdbyNs4VEpeQhvg&filename=vault/67b166e29f4c94692f2978eb054b6b8b.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=doyVv9OTen10-8DBJBVXOA&filename=vault/67b166e29f4c94692f2978eb054b6b8b.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=KfINIQCHQBm64jAbliZMvg&filename=vault/67b166e29f4c94692f2978eb054b6b8b.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9I5SQXFTrJGBvDecUFcTlw&filename=vault/67b166e29f4c94692f2978eb054b6b8b.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QjnISbCxVsKTvTbW1PmfDA&filename=vault/67b166e29f4c94692f2978eb054b6b8b.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7XqEMZXf7tfoUgHmZg3bCQ&filename=vault/67b166e29f4c94692f2978eb054b6b8b.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Извержение вулкана Килауэа, остров Гавайи (штат Гавайи, США)" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Гавайский тип извержения. Извержение вулкана Килауэа, остров Гавайи (штат Гавайи, США).</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Гавайский тип извержения. Извержение вулкана Килауэа, остров Гавайи (штат Гавайи, США).</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span>Газы, содержащиеся в небольшом количестве, вырываясь, образуют фонтаны из комков и капель жидкой лавы (т. н. <a href="/c/sliozy-pele-bc4fa8" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->слёзы Пеле<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, богини гавайских вулканов), которые, вытягиваясь в полёте, застывают в виде тонких стеклянных нитей – т. н. <a href="/c/volosy-pele-0483a6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->волос Пеле<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (Килауэа, Мауна-Лоа, Мауна-Кеа на о. Гавайи; Вулф, Альседо и др. на о-вах Галапагос; Ньирагонго, Ньямлагира и др. в Восточной Африке). </p><div><div class="bre-slider _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Collection https://schema.org/ItemList" itemprop="hasPart"><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude _gallery" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Слёзы Пеле (штат Гавайи, США)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Слёзы Пеле (штат Гавайи, США)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Karl Schultz, flickr.com. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PCvEs1Ph0BbADMxHRTLXLA&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Слёзы Пеле (штат Гавайи, США)" data-nuxt-img sizes="1024px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PCvEs1Ph0BbADMxHRTLXLA&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=I9Z2Ty6VsZt1S3snT3AbrQ&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bSq5aHIzODfyoBX5TJThuA&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mRa4qJVJX5ZxuBjoNUafAw&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4cyF_bum3Pza-KYrrRj7Cg&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NvjnA3m_dXCVo4zd3fkWtQ&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=HNSW81BJM5qCWLLrBdwltA&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=h40EItBk-fauH5q5Op50cQ&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=08mTK0Bjthr_MlxhGSN5Sg&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Слёзы Пеле (штат Гавайи, США)" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Слёзы Пеле (штат Гавайи, США).</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Слёзы Пеле (штат Гавайи, США).</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><span class="-show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _left"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _right"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div></span></span><!--[--><!--]--><div class="bre-slider-dots"><!--[--><button class="bre-slider-dot _current"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><!--]--></div><!--[--><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Волосы Пеле (вулкан Килауэа). Штат Гавайи (США)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Волосы Пеле (вулкан Килауэа). Штат Гавайи (США)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="James St. John, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=a1P5y8A91tpuIJUm-X3Isw&filename=vault/d1edb3a673b9ffe788eb87ea2e6c235d.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"></div><!--]--></div></div><p><i>Извержения покровных базальтов</i> характеризуются излиянием очень больших объёмов жидкой лавы (на начальной стадии – из трещин), сопровождающимся слабым её фонтанированием (Лаки на о. Исландия).</p><p>В <i>стромболианском типе</i>, формирующем обычно стратовулканы и шлаковые конусы, наряду с излияниями базальтовых и <a href="/c/andezibazal-t-6fff73" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->андезитобазальтовых<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> лав преобладают небольшие взрывы, которые выбрасывают куски шлака, разнообразные витые и веретенообразные <a href="/c/vulkanicheskaia-bomba-c67e89" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->вулканические бомбы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и <a href="/c/lapilli-ab897a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->лапилли<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (Стромболи в Тирренском море, Авачинская Сопка, Карымская Сопка, некоторые извержения Ключевской Сопки на п-ове Камчатка).</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Извержение вулкана Стромболи (Италия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Стромболианский тип извержения. Извержение вулкана Стромболи (Италия)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Stocktrek Images / Stocktrek Images / Getty Images"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bKbcksJ39N--yxnlbNuY8A&filename=vault/6f2bee05c00f4ddf0f0576d7e144b979.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Извержение вулкана Стромболи (Италия)" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bKbcksJ39N--yxnlbNuY8A&filename=vault/6f2bee05c00f4ddf0f0576d7e144b979.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=dQn9S8I8b9RHZU8KXwnuBA&filename=vault/6f2bee05c00f4ddf0f0576d7e144b979.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=V8bJvQw4p21-vx81A7qpdg&filename=vault/6f2bee05c00f4ddf0f0576d7e144b979.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mwM1-HTGb9ShNFKebKov8w&filename=vault/6f2bee05c00f4ddf0f0576d7e144b979.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=gvsauiXT6KEPv5-5EZEKKw&filename=vault/6f2bee05c00f4ddf0f0576d7e144b979.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=_Zlp6I7nzb5VRTEeU0d3dA&filename=vault/6f2bee05c00f4ddf0f0576d7e144b979.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=rhxFj3W0kATYBCOwiofMyA&filename=vault/6f2bee05c00f4ddf0f0576d7e144b979.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=HSxBi4Rt6NlPi3Sczv1WAQ&filename=vault/6f2bee05c00f4ddf0f0576d7e144b979.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LS0g95fybqjP-fxcRtWWVw&filename=vault/6f2bee05c00f4ddf0f0576d7e144b979.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Извержение вулкана Стромболи (Италия)" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Стромболианский тип извержения. Извержение вулкана Стромболи (Италия).</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Стромболианский тип извержения. Извержение вулкана Стромболи (Италия).</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span>В <i>вульканском типе</i>, создающем глыбовые, пеплоглыбовые и пепловые конусы, большую роль играют газовые взрывы и выбросы огромных туч, переполненных обломками пород, лав и вулканическим пеплом (<a href="/c/vul-kano-792b97" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Вулькано<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> на Липарских о-вах); лавы вязкие (андезитовые, дацитовые или риолитовые), изредка образующие небольшие потоки.</p><p><i>Пелейский тип</i> характеризуется выжиманием из канала вулкана вязкой (андезитовой, дацитовой или риолитовой) лавы с формированием экструзивных куполов и обелисков и направленными взрывами с палящими тучами, переполненными самовзрывающимися в полёте и при скатывании по склону вулкана обломками лав (Монтань-Пеле на о. Мартиника).</p><p>Отличительной особенностью <i>плинианского типа</i> являются сильные внезапные взрывы, приводящие к обрушению верхней части вулканического конуса и образованию <a href="/c/kal-dera-ddf2b3" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->кальдеры<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, и следующие за ними пепло- и <a href="/c/pemza-310720" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->пемзопады<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (Везувий, извержение в 79 н. э.; Санторин, Тамбора, Кракатау).</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Извержение вулкана Кракатау"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Плинианский тип извержения. Извержение вулкана Кракатау (Индонезия)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="andersen_oystein / E+ / Getty Images"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=GMzJ5S2OwvRN9npQZLst6g&filename=vault/da7cee61f1bdad5f45f98af1616d8a19.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Извержение вулкана Кракатау" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=GMzJ5S2OwvRN9npQZLst6g&filename=vault/da7cee61f1bdad5f45f98af1616d8a19.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=XR6p6KdDWOYqm5gvZtanzQ&filename=vault/da7cee61f1bdad5f45f98af1616d8a19.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=yLbDSZZy_ah8VnzQk_ZTug&filename=vault/da7cee61f1bdad5f45f98af1616d8a19.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Tygu-EBqXgoRcuSQKnOCag&filename=vault/da7cee61f1bdad5f45f98af1616d8a19.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LGR9ROMx_XOGiJDvsXpu0g&filename=vault/da7cee61f1bdad5f45f98af1616d8a19.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3PkDxTqDbbiK5Q7CqAlD5g&filename=vault/da7cee61f1bdad5f45f98af1616d8a19.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kYDGGTOWsJKH0Pagpec8_g&filename=vault/da7cee61f1bdad5f45f98af1616d8a19.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=hyjMhHQt1dL-hL-pEYQQ6w&filename=vault/da7cee61f1bdad5f45f98af1616d8a19.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=UEGtQx2Dkm26M2x2NHyXzg&filename=vault/da7cee61f1bdad5f45f98af1616d8a19.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Извержение вулкана Кракатау" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Плинианский тип извержения. Извержение вулкана Кракатау (Индонезия).</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Плинианский тип извержения. Извержение вулкана Кракатау (Индонезия).</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span>При <i>газовых извержениях</i> взрывы формируют взрывные воронки (Пульвермар, Штрон и др. в Германии), причём в составе выбросов главным образом породы основания вулкана. Также выделяют типы извержения: покровных риолитов, ультравульканский, фумарольный.</p><p>О <b>вулканических явлениях</b>, предваряющих, сопровождающих и завершающих извержения вулканов, см. в статье <a href="/c/vulkanizm-40a526" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Вулканизм<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>.</p><span class="author _note-exclude"><span itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" class="-text-caption-2-italic"><a href="/a/iv-melekestsev-68fb04" class=""><span itemprop="name">Мелекесцев Иван Васильевич</span></a><span>. </span></span>Первая публикация: Большая российская энциклопедия, 2006. Актуализация: 2024.</span></section><section><h2 id="h2_katastroficheskie_izverzheniya_vulkanov">Катастрофические извержения вулканов</h2><p>Вулканические извержения, особенно катастрофические, изменяют рельеф, влияют на климат, уничтожают растительность, животный мир, разрушают города и вызывают гибель людей. Катастрофические извержения известны с древних времён (см. таблицу 2).</p><div class="tw-my-6"><!--[--><div class="table-wrap-title" itemprop="about"><!--[--><p>Таблица 2. Катастрофические извержения вулканов</p><!--]--></div><div class="table-wrap" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Table" itemprop="hasPart"><div class="table-scroller"><table><tbody><!--[--><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Дата извержения</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Название вулкана </p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Географическое положение</p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Характеристика извержения, разрушительные последствия и жертвы</p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p> 15 в. до н. э.</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Санторин (Тира)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Эгейское море, Греция</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Объём извергнутой магмы 39–60 км<sup>3</sup>, пепел поднимался на высоту 30–35 км. Извержение сопровождалось цунами в Средиземном море, которое, предположительно, уничтожило минойскую культуру</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p> 79 н. э.</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/vezuvii-24e6fd" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Везувий<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Апеннинский п-ов, Италия</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Объём извергнутой магмы около 4 км<sup>3</sup>. Является эталоном извержений плинианского типа. Были разрушены города Геркуланум, Помпеи, Оплонтис и Стабии. Количество жертв оценивается в 2 тыс. человек</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p> 1631</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Везувий</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Апеннинский п-ов, Италия</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Общий объём магмы 0,55 км<sup>3</sup>, из которого лавовые потоки составляют только 0,08 км<sup>3</sup>. Известно большим количеством пирокластических потоков и палящих туч, погубивших 3–6 тыс. человек</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p> 1783–1784</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/laki-vulkan-568a43" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Лаки<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Южная часть Исландии</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Самое мощное в историческое время трещинное извержение – 12 км<sup>3</sup> лавы и 0,3 км<sup>3</sup> тефры. Вулканический пепел осел на площади около 6 тыс. км<sup>2</sup>, что вызвало разрушения и гибель крупного рогатого скота, лошадей, овец; последовавший голод привёл к гибели свыше 10 тыс. человек (около ⅕ населения острова)</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p> 1815</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/tambora-e9b206" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Тамбора<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>О. Сумбава, Индонезия</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Крупнейшее историческое извержение – 160 км<sup>3</sup> магмы. Привело к глобальному похолоданию на 0,4–0,7 °C и погодным катаклизмам на различных континентах в 1816 г. Более 11 тыс. человек погибли непосредственно во время извержения и более 49 тыс. человек – от последовавшего голода и эпидемий на близлежащих островах</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p> 1883</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/krakatau-866f20" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Кракатау<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> </p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Зондский пролив, между о-вами Ява и Суматра, Индонезия</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Извержение плинианского типа, объём магмы около 11 км<sup>3</sup>. Более 36 тыс. погибших от пеплопадов, пирокластических потоков и вызванного извержением цунами</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p> 1902</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/montan-pele-e81fd3" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Монтань-Пеле<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> </p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>О. Мартиника, центральная часть архипелага Малые Антильские о-ва</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Является эталонным извержением пелейского типа. Палящая туча накрыла город Сен-Пьер; погибли около 28 тыс. человек </p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p> 1912</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/katmai-8a029d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Катмай<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>П-ов Аляска, в северной части Алеутского хребта, США</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Крупнейшее извержение 20 в. – 13 км<sup>3</sup> магмы. Извержение плинианского типа; продолжалось 60 ч и сформировало долину Десяти тысяч дымов. Жертв не было</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p> 1980</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/sent-khelens-7d5a45" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Сент-Хеленс<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Каскадные горы, США</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Извержение плинианского типа с объёмом магмы около 1 км<sup>3</sup>, сопровождавшееся обрушением постройки вулкана. Колонна пепла достигала высоты 25 км. 35 человек погибли и 23 пропали без вести</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>1985</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/ruis-c4ee1b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Руис<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Северные Анды, Колумбия</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Плинианское извержение (объём магмы около 1 км<sup>3</sup>, высота пепловой колонны до 31 км). Вызвало таяние снеговой шапки вулкана и катастрофический <a href="/c/lakhar-b4fd5d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->лахар<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, уничтоживший город Армеро с населением 23 тыс. человек</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>1991</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/pinatubo-01ff48" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Пинатубо<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>О. Лусон, Филиппины</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Крупное извержение. Объём магмы 4,5 км<sup>3</sup></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>2010</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/eiiaf-iadlaiiokiudl-f7f5e2" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Эйяфьядла-йёкюдль<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Исландия</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Выброс облака пепла прервал авиасообщение над Западной Европой и некоторыми регионами Северной Америки</p></td></tr><!--]--></tbody></table></div></div><div class="table-wrap-summary" itemprop="description"><!--[--><p></p><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><p><br><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Эйяфьядлайёкюдль (Исландия). 2010"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Эйяфьядлайёкюдль (Исландия). 2010."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Bjarki Sigursveinsson, flickr.com. CC BY-SA 2.0"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=MuKjNxJiF7ZdgZrCOT49dQ&filename=vault/56ead7c2a8b2190650ea2b52d6cb373c.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Эйяфьядлайёкюдль (Исландия). 2010" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=MuKjNxJiF7ZdgZrCOT49dQ&filename=vault/56ead7c2a8b2190650ea2b52d6cb373c.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=KSPBzU_SOAAkoiU6FLqBxQ&filename=vault/56ead7c2a8b2190650ea2b52d6cb373c.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=H9OaZNoNAtkdXaJIkFkGMw&filename=vault/56ead7c2a8b2190650ea2b52d6cb373c.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=e9usD3pyUByF37_Da6EtaA&filename=vault/56ead7c2a8b2190650ea2b52d6cb373c.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=zEx4afzNCsW6qZl8dzQRag&filename=vault/56ead7c2a8b2190650ea2b52d6cb373c.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=DFpiD-l4pvtwRGhCPyW4iA&filename=vault/56ead7c2a8b2190650ea2b52d6cb373c.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=R2_bVjzOjsXNeE8dAWniGg&filename=vault/56ead7c2a8b2190650ea2b52d6cb373c.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=aPBIlmt2Qtjmh-BVg1cw4g&filename=vault/56ead7c2a8b2190650ea2b52d6cb373c.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=dgxt5D_far7qf4RP3J4Oew&filename=vault/56ead7c2a8b2190650ea2b52d6cb373c.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Эйяфьядлайёкюдль (Исландия). 2010" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Эйяфьядлайёкюдль (Исландия). 2010.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Эйяфьядлайёкюдль (Исландия). 2010.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span></p><span itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" class="-text-caption-2-italic tw-justify-end tw-mt-4 tw-mb-10 author _note-exclude"><a href="/a/p-plechov-c0b748" class=""><span itemprop="name">Плечов Павел Юрьевич</span></a></span></section><section><h2 id="h2_prichinы_deyatel'nosti_vulkanov">Причины деятельности вулканов</h2><p>В процессе вулканизма, тесно связанного с <a href="/c/magmatizm-a83a6b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->магматизмом<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, Земля «сбрасывает» свои «критические» запасы энергии, а вулканы служат своеобразными естественными «предохранительными клапанами» планеты. Причины деятельности вулканов зависят от <a href="/c/geodinamicheskaia-obstanovka-bd2c95" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->геодинамических обстановок<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. В зонах перехода океан – континент, где происходит поддвиг океанических <a href="/c/litosfernye-plity-816982" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->литосферных плит<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> под континентальные (<a href="/c/subduktsiia-e070a0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->субдукция<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>), вулканические извержения происходят в результате подъёма свежего мантийного вещества, продуктов избирательного плавления пород погружающихся плит и вторично активизированных магматических очагов, которые ранее питали действовавшие вулканы.</p><div title="Образовательная 3D–анимация процесса субдукции, сопровождаемого формированием надсубдукционного вулканического пояса."><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude"><!--[--><div class="bre-video-player" tabindex="0"><div itemscope itemprop="video" itemtype="https://schema.org/VideoObject"><meta itemprop="isFamilyFriendly" content="true"><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT25S"><div><meta itemprop="name" content="Образовательная 3D–анимация процесса субдукции, сопровождаемого формированием надсубдукционного вулканического пояса"><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Aunt Spray / Shutterstock"><meta itemprop="description" content="Образовательная 3D–анимация процесса субдукции, сопровождаемого формированием надсубдукционного вулканического пояса."><!----></div><div><link itemprop="thumbnail" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=WJtaM_LOE5n-Cz2XCRMJMw&filename=vault/228d652efe3216c67cdfca1a6050231b.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="thumbnailUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=WJtaM_LOE5n-Cz2XCRMJMw&filename=vault/228d652efe3216c67cdfca1a6050231b.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="embedUrl" href="https://m.bigenc.ru/vault/c54722b59f3f450e3c5927be5f0c1ed4.webm#t=0"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://m.bigenc.ru/vault/c54722b59f3f450e3c5927be5f0c1ed4.webm#t=0"><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2022-05-11T12:34:42Z"><meta itemprop="bitrate" content="2256362"></div></div><div class="bre-video-player__placeholder tw-aspect-video tw-w-full"></div><button class="bre-video-player__play"></button><div class="bre-video-player__layer"><span class="bre-media-image _poster"><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=WJtaM_LOE5n-Cz2XCRMJMw&filename=vault/228d652efe3216c67cdfca1a6050231b.webp&width=120" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=WJtaM_LOE5n-Cz2XCRMJMw&filename=vault/228d652efe3216c67cdfca1a6050231b.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=prGeJ5EOaLoI5B-bcCanhQ&filename=vault/228d652efe3216c67cdfca1a6050231b.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=YR1t9Z7WspXeKIbhSRFOoA&filename=vault/228d652efe3216c67cdfca1a6050231b.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Co9BscYKx2LPfxgcX5NuZA&filename=vault/228d652efe3216c67cdfca1a6050231b.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=AzPz0KvpRKu3rMuCRzO-Bg&filename=vault/228d652efe3216c67cdfca1a6050231b.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=e3iW5puHeyvpv3p7wTtFWw&filename=vault/228d652efe3216c67cdfca1a6050231b.webp&width=1024 1024w" alt="Образовательная 3D–анимация процесса субдукции, сопровождаемого формированием надсубдукционного вулканического пояса" sizes="(max-width: 1023px) 100vw, 1024px" loading="lazy"></span></div></div><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Образовательная 3D–анимация процесса субдукции, сопровождаемого формированием надсубдукционного вулканического пояса.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Образовательная 3D–анимация процесса субдукции, сопровождаемого формированием надсубдукционного вулканического пояса.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><div class="bre-media-reference tw-mt-2"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-ml-0.5 tw-line-clamp-1 tw-cursor-default -text-body-2 tw-text-gray-2">Aunt Spray / Shutterstock</span><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><!--[--><span class="-text-caption-1 tw-inline-block tw-cursor-default tw-text-primary-white">Aunt Spray / Shutterstock</span><!--]--></span></span></div></span></span></div><p>В активных рифтовых зонах срединно-океанических хребтов вулканическая деятельность связана с многократным подъёмом порций расплавов базальтов из верхней мантии Земли, после застывания которых возникают полосы новообразованного океанического дна. Вулканизм внутри океанических плит (вулканизм <a href="/c/goriachaia-tochka-d0ae3b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->горячих точек<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>), приводящий к формированию подводных вулканов и вулканов-островов, возникает при наличии восходящих потоков мантийного вещества (<a href="/c/mantiinyi-plium-b7569b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->мантийных плюмов<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, или струй) и вихревых структур, способствующих подъёму магматического расплава. В континентальных рифтах деятельность вулканов обусловлена плавлением вещества мантии Земли (в условиях декомпрессии в связи с расколом <a href="/c/zemnaia-kora-b993ed" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->земной коры<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>) или подъёмом мантийного <a href="/c/diapir-0bd2b8" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->диапира<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (формированием выступа <a href="/c/astenosfera-b09a5c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->астеносферы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>). Подъём магмы на больших глубинах, вероятнее всего, происходит под действием гидростатических сил; в верхних горизонтах земной коры – в результате интенсивной дегазации магмы, в некоторых случаях – взаимодействия её с <a href="/c/podzemnye-vody-d2b312" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->подземными водами<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, приводящего к газово-взрывным извержениям.</p><h2 id="h2_prakticheskoe_znachenie_vulkanov._monitoring">Практическое значение вулканов. Мониторинг</h2><p>Вулканы служат источником тепла (см. в статье <a href="/c/geotermal-nye-resursy-f9dec9" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Геотермальные ресурсы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>), однако представляют потенциальную опасность, поэтому проводятся систематические наблюдения, позволяющие предсказать будущие извержения. Комплекс прогнозных работ включает регистрацию и анализ движений земной коры, <a href="/c/zemletriasenie-93226d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->землетрясений<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, электромагнитных аномалий, акустических явлений, изменений состава и интенсивности выделения фумарольных газов.</p><span class="author _note-exclude"><span itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" class="-text-caption-2-italic"><a href="/a/iv-melekestsev-68fb04" class=""><span itemprop="name">Мелекесцев Иван Васильевич</span></a><span>. </span></span>Первая публикация: Большая российская энциклопедия, 2009. Актуализация: 2024.</span></section></section><!--]--></div><span class="bre-inline-menu _article-meta" style=""><meta itemprop="description" content="Вулка́ны, собирательное название геологических образований различного типа на поверхности Земли или под водой, которые возникли в результате прорыва..."><span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block"><!--[-->Опубликовано <!--]--><span itemprop="datePublished">11 июня 2024 г. в 15:53 (GMT+3). </span></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block"> Последнее обновление <span itemprop="dateModified">11 июня 2024 г. в 15:53 (GMT+3).</span></span></span><span class="-flex-divider"></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item tw-items-start"><button type="button" class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--link -text-button-text tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer" data-v-cfbedafc><!----><span class="c-button__content" data-v-cfbedafc><!--[-->Связаться с редакцией<!--]--></span></button></span></span></div></div><div class="bre-tags-wrap"><!--[--><span data-v-063d9480><a href="/l/ob-ekty-nezhivoi-prirody-06dced" class="bre-article-tag bre-article-tag__link _default _no-border" data-v-063d9480>#Объекты неживой природы</a><!----></span><span data-v-063d9480><a href="/l/geologicheskie-obrazovaniia-857b37" class="bre-article-tag bre-article-tag__link _default _no-border" data-v-063d9480>#Геологические образования</a><!----></span><span data-v-063d9480><a href="/l/vulkanizm-88a5a4" class="bre-article-tag bre-article-tag__link _default _no-border" data-v-063d9480>#Вулканизм</a><!----></span><!--]--></div></div><aside class="bre-article-page__sidebar -show-on-desktop-s" style=""><!----><nav class="bre-article-loc lg:tw-sticky"><div class="bre-article-loc-button"><span class="bre-article-loc-title">Содержание</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="bre-article-loc-short">Общая характеристика вулканов Земли</div></div><!----></nav><div class="bre-article-page__sidebar-wrapper"><div class="article-sidebar"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><!--[--><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"></div><!--]--></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><!----><!----><!----><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Извержение вулкана Сарычева. Курильские острова (Сахалинская область, Россия)"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Извержение вулкана Сарычева. Курильские острова (Сахалинская область, Россия)."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="guano, flickr.com. CC BY-SA 2.0"><link itemprop="copyrightHolder" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SkCKUriUP47MxlQbRi67Fw&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Извержение вулкана Сарычева. Курильские острова (Сахалинская область, Россия)" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SkCKUriUP47MxlQbRi67Fw&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=fgHdqyrra9THVHxoHOTDmw&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=eZeNtHGKRv3Nw3h6ykVDVA&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=g6aLAgpFrf4sMZtL5zJ78A&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=axGpDJ4MY5nhnfg8i9FKlQ&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=49bXJKWLXKKvxRnGtKvPDw&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5-_JreVJzuhCd6Mt9828Qg&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7p9kY3l-O_S1CPXqlazF6A&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9TRJMHh0Y_qlgQiPE3hyyg&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Извержение вулкана Сарычева. Курильские острова (Сахалинская область, Россия)" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><!----></span><!----><!----></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><!--[--><!--[--><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Вулканология</dd><!--]--><!--]--><!----></dl></div></div></div></div></aside></div><!----></article></div><!--]--></div><!----><!--]--><div></div></main><footer class="bre-footer" itemscope itemprop="hasPart" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter"><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="&copy;&nbsp;АНО БРЭ, 2022&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;2024. 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Все права защищены.</span></span></li><li class="-hide-on-tablet _stretch-width -text-caption-1 text-decoration-underline tw-text-gray-2 tw-cursor-pointer bre-inline-menu__item"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[-->Условия использования информации.<!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Вся информация, размещенная на данном портале, предназначена только для использования в личных целях и не подлежит дальнейшему воспроизведению.<br />Медиаконтент (иллюстрации, фотографии, видео, аудиоматериалы, карты, скан образы) может быть использован только с разрешения правообладателей.</span></span></span></li><li class="-show-on-tablet _stretch-width -text-caption-1 text-decoration-underline tw-text-gray-2 tw-cursor-pointer bre-inline-menu__item"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[-->Условия использования информации.<!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Вся информация, размещенная на данном портале, предназначена только для использования в личных целях и не подлежит дальнейшему воспроизведению.<br />Медиаконтент (иллюстрации, фотографии, видео, аудиоматериалы, карты, скан образы) может быть использован только с разрешения правообладателей.</span></span></span></li><!--]--></ul></div><!--]--></div></footer><span></span></div></div><!----><!--]--></div><script type="application/json" id="__NUXT_DATA__" data-ssr="true">[["Reactive",1],{"data":2,"state":3,"once":4,"_errors":5,"serverRendered":6,"path":7,"pinia":8},{},{"$sreferer":-1},["Set"],{},true,"/c/vulkany-8b4ad6",{"preview":9,"auth-token":11,"search":14,"page-loading":19,"search-suggestions":20,"filters":23,"component-header":25,"collection":26,"article":27,"article-media-slider":2842,"modal":3246,"article-notes":3247,"article-loc":3248,"article-sidebar":3249,"author":3250,"article-metrics":3251,"collection-articles-favorite":3252,"article-collections":3253,"article-versions":3254,"error-form":3263,"text-selection":3264},{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6},null,{"post_":10,"postError":10,"postPending":6,"savedRoutePath":10,"isAuthorized":12,"firstNameLetter":13,"fullName":13,"userId":13,"processingRefresh":12,"showAuthModal":10},false,"",{"searchQuery":13,"savedList":15,"limit":16,"offset":17,"loading":12,"isSearchOpened":12,"page":18},[],10,0,1,{"loading":12},{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6,"headerSearchQuery":13,"pageSearchQuery":13,"selectedSuggestionIndex":21,"focusOn":22},-1,"header",{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6,"loading":12,"isExtendedSearchOpened":12,"chosenFilters":24},{},{"showCategories":12,"isFixed":12},{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6,"put_":-1,"putError":10,"putPending":6,"delete_":-1,"deleteError":10,"deletePending":6},{"get_":28,"getError":10,"getPending":12,"headers":2831,"timeline":2840,"isFullScreen":12,"getCache":2841},{"article":29,"components":2825},{"content":30,"createdAt":2798,"id":251,"lastVersionId":2799,"meta":2800,"sections":10,"slug":2813,"tags":2814,"updatedAt":2798},{"article":31,"biblioRecord":2764,"category":2765,"categorySlug":2766,"sidebar":2767,"title":2797},[32],{"content":33,"type":1934},[34,1935,2578],{"attrs":35,"content":37,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":1934},{"section_id":36},"76544282-2f86-409f-b044-a66e19f8f02d",[38,99,119,126,245,254,256,262,461,467,482,1274,1276,1282,1403,1409,1411,1417,1451,1457,1512,1625,1639,1645,1651,1687,1693,1698,1709,1746,1752,1762,1804,1837,1847,1879,1902,1923],{"attrs":39,"content":40,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":98},{"textAlign":10},[41,49,51,64,66,75,77,86,88,96],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":42,"text":47,"type":48},[43],{"attrs":44,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":46},{"version":45},"1","bold","Вулка́ны","text",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":50,"type":48}," (от лат. vulcanus – огонь, пламя; Vulcanus – бог огня в древнеримской мифологии), собирательное название геологических образований различного типа на поверхности Земли или под водой, которые возникли в результате прорыва из недр ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":52,"text":63,"type":48},[53],{"attrs":54,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":55,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":58,"link_type":61,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"d0d07454-e2e7-4e27-8ed5-d1e5f04144d6","#","2",{"slug":59,"type":60},"magmaticheskii-rasplav-d0d074","article","14","a","магматического расплава",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":65,"type":48}," и захваченных им по пути обломков ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":67,"text":74,"type":48},[68],{"attrs":69,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":70,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":71,"link_type":73,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"e3dabd2e-6113-4fb3-b731-f292bdc98fd7",{"slug":72,"type":60},"gornye-porody-e3dabd","114","горных пород",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":76,"type":48},". 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Во внутренних частях континентов действующие вулканы локализуются преимущественно в рифтовых системах (",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":424,"text":430,"type":48},[425],{"attrs":426,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":427,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":428,"link_type":138,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"e5d38214-ccd6-4118-9e97-e006dd5ad985",{"slug":429,"type":60},"kilimandzharo-e5d382","Килиманджаро",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":192,"type":48},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":433,"text":439,"type":48},[434],{"attrs":435,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":436,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":437,"link_type":138,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"a1627869-68c3-4457-8ee4-f8496a6aa93a",{"slug":438,"type":60},"meru-vulkan-a16278","Меру",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":192,"type":48},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":442,"text":448,"type":48},[443],{"attrs":444,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":445,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":446,"link_type":138,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"97226978-6cb0-493b-9de6-3d257d21be16",{"slug":447,"type":60},"n-iragongo-972269","Ньирагонго",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":450,"type":48}," в пределах ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":452,"text":458,"type":48},[453],{"attrs":454,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":455,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":456,"link_type":84,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"04e27be8-2fd3-45fc-ba77-a2b07595c5ec",{"slug":457,"type":60},"vostochno-afrikanskaia-riftovaia-sistema-04e27b","Восточно-Африканской рифтовой системы",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":460,"type":48},"). ",{"attrs":462,"content":463,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":253},{"class":13},[464],{"attrs":465,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":252},{"items":466,"parentArticleId":251},"[{\"id\":\"c2005c2a-dcdf-4147-8c3e-efc6c23e356e\",\"caption\":\"Вулканы островных дуг. 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Вулкан Тунгурауа (Эквадор).\",\"copyright\":\"Person-with-No Name, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0\",\"copyrightLink\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/\",\"order\":4},{\"id\":\"8b891216-b683-4b3e-9fe7-35ebb8853d13\",\"caption\":\"Вулканы Южной Европы. 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Посёлок Усть-Камчатск (Камчатский край, Россия).\",\"copyright\":\"Информационный медиацентр Усть-Камчатска / РИА Новости\",\"copyrightLink\":\"\",\"order\":3},{\"id\":\"c7cecfa1-e797-4f6f-a937-d7bad3a1e060\",\"caption\":\"Выделение вулканических газов при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатский край, Россия).\",\"src\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2we8MATg7l85wYtJIdFo_A\\u0026filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp\\u0026width=120\",\"srcset\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2we8MATg7l85wYtJIdFo_A\\u0026filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp\\u0026width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=cusmxmpZ9fcCPxsjhF_FYg\\u0026filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp\\u0026width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=F9Qu5hasdSXVEjuuOUlPzg\\u0026filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp\\u0026width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=r-AIOHmo5aa6Gt_j9V7pYA\\u0026filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp\\u0026width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ZPk0gQWPX4mbLrACMSktGA\\u0026filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp\\u0026width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ekINW7CaUyTeYHzTTB7U6A\\u0026filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp\\u0026width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9c3bwAGDwOcRm2VqSS0WoQ\\u0026filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp\\u0026width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=U10kYiugepKxyDh9Ig3eoA\\u0026filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp\\u0026width=1920 1920w\",\"title\":\"Выделение вулканических газов при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатский край, Россия)\",\"text\":\"Выделение вулканических газов при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатский край, Россия).\",\"copyright\":\"Сергей Краснощеков / Фотобанк Лори\",\"copyrightLink\":\"\",\"order\":2}]",{"attrs":1458,"content":1459,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":98},{"textAlign":10},[1460,1462,1470,1472,1480,1482,1490,1492,1500,1502,1510],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1461,"type":48},"На ранее сформированных вулканах продукты извержения выбрасываются из вершинного и боковых ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1463,"text":1469,"type":48},[1464],{"attrs":1465,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1466,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1467,"link_type":138,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"da347577-53d0-42b5-91db-288c244c3d1a",{"slug":1468,"type":60},"krater-vulkana-da3475","кратеров",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1471,"type":48},"; при образовании новых вулканов – из системы трещин и воронок. Основная их масса накапливается, в зависимости от типа извержения, в радиусе от десятков метров до 15–20 км от эруптивных центров (центров извержения), слагая различные по размеру и морфологии вулканические постройки: крутосклонные стратовулканы сложены переслаиванием лавы и тефры; шлаковые и ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1473,"text":1479,"type":48},[1474],{"attrs":1475,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1476,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1477,"link_type":138,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"2f72a451-e93d-4803-b756-fe84409a5b5d",{"slug":1478,"type":60},"peplovyi-konus-2f72a4","пепловые",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1481,"type":48}," конусы образуются преимущественно пирокластическим материалом при подчинённом количестве лав; пологие щитовые и щитообразные вулканы – преимущественно лавами; экструзивные и ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1483,"text":1489,"type":48},[1484],{"attrs":1485,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1486,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1487,"link_type":138,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"e15301be-138d-4611-b52c-e0756794bc56",{"slug":1488,"type":60},"lavovyi-kupol-e15301","лавовые",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1491,"type":48}," купола – только лавами; ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1493,"text":1499,"type":48},[1494],{"attrs":1495,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1496,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1497,"link_type":138,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"cd84bfdd-da0b-4c91-86fd-9bb5d5520a4f",{"slug":1498,"type":60},"tufovoe-kol-tso-cd84bf","туфовые кольца",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1501,"type":48},", валы ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1503,"text":1509,"type":48},[1504],{"attrs":1505,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1506,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1507,"link_type":138,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"4eec2429-7777-42fd-abb6-f0f7563e275f",{"slug":1508,"type":60},"maar-4eec24","мааров",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1511,"type":48}," и эксплозивных (взрывных) рвов – пирокластическим материалом.",{"attrs":1513,"content":1514,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":98},{"textAlign":10},[1515,1517,1525,1527,1535,1537,1545,1546,1554,1556,1564,1566,1574,1576,1584,1586,1597,1599,1605,1607,1611,1613,1617,1619,1623],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1516,"type":48},"Жидкая лава перемещается со скоростью 40–50 км/ч, формируя ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1518,"text":1524,"type":48},[1519],{"attrs":1520,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1521,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1522,"link_type":1305,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"4c21fc07-3556-4a9c-8372-08ad3af2cfac",{"slug":1523,"type":60},"lavovyi-potok-4c21fc","лавовые потоки",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1526,"type":48},". 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Субмикронные вулканические частицы вместе с капельками ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1538,"text":1544,"type":48},[1539],{"attrs":1540,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1541,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1542,"link_type":73,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"40f7eb58-32df-4da8-8029-985bf048b404",{"slug":1543,"type":60},"sernaia-kislota-40f7eb","серной",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":192,"type":48},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1547,"text":1553,"type":48},[1548],{"attrs":1549,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1550,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1551,"link_type":73,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"83d4fb73-67a0-4ee6-a1f2-c9cf6f57835a",{"slug":1552,"type":60},"solianaia-kislota-83d4fb","соляной",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1555,"type":48}," и других кислот образуют вулканические аэрозоли, которые, попадая в ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1557,"text":1563,"type":48},[1558],{"attrs":1559,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1560,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1561,"link_type":73,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"082d59e6-256d-4f27-86ab-52b0712c512c",{"slug":1562,"type":60},"stratosfera-082d59","стратосферу",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1565,"type":48},", разносятся по всему земному шару. Высокотемпературная газовзвесь образуется при массовом выбросе с глубины 5–10 км и более газонасыщенной ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1567,"text":1573,"type":48},[1568],{"attrs":1569,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1570,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1571,"link_type":1305,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"41e27035-3211-4dce-b7b9-2bed02a8b7d8",{"slug":1572,"type":60},"magma-41e270","магмы",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1575,"type":48},", способной к взрыванию в атмосферных условиях; она движется по земной поверхности на газовой подушке со скоростью 100–150 км/ч и образует ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1577,"text":1583,"type":48},[1578],{"attrs":1579,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1580,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1581,"link_type":1305,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"9914b00d-5478-4af5-9775-60b394fd561a",{"slug":1582,"type":60},"piroklasticheskii-potok-9914b0","пирокластические потоки",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1585,"type":48}," длиной до 100 км. ",{"attrs":1587,"content":10,"marks":1594,"text":13,"type":118},{"alt":13,"caption":1588,"copyright":1589,"copyrightLink":13,"display":106,"ref_id":1590,"src":1591,"srcset":1592,"storage_link":13,"text":1588,"title":1593,"ts_expire":111,"width":112},"Подъём эруптивной колонны при извержении вулкана Кальбуко (Чили).","Caters News / legion-media.ru","c88b57f6-f92d-418f-962d-4609b4286219","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-OsWAQvzty6mUJA-a8yRUA&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-OsWAQvzty6mUJA-a8yRUA&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=rutBza-eh0pRynEvT7EhWw&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Jy15rAYsZQji56Jlru-9hQ&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=OVZpkXkB4SuzU-MiXbVGEQ&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IwclG8md44iEVPOF9dk_yw&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=6WLKpxhtVFjzvN3-BL23yA&filename=vault/eb1bbb09acd55ab088107a64a6a9f3bd.webp&width=1024 1024w","Подъём эруптивной колонны при извержении вулкана Кальбуко (Чили)",[1595],{"attrs":1596,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":117},{"caption":1588,"display":106,"style":116,"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1598,"type":48},"Объём продуктов извержения, слагающих мелкие вулканические постройки (шлаковые и пепловые конусы, лавовые и экструзивные купола, туфовые кольца, валы мааров и взрывных рвов), – от менее чем 0,00001 до 0,3 км",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1600,"text":1604,"type":48},[1601],{"attrs":1602,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":1603},{"version":45},"sup","3",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1606,"type":48},"; формирующих щитовые вулканы – от 0,1 до 1500 км",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1608,"text":1604,"type":48},[1609],{"attrs":1610,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":1603},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1612,"type":48},", стратовулканы – от 0,3 до 300 км",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1614,"text":1604,"type":48},[1615],{"attrs":1616,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":1603},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1618,"type":48},", крупнейшие подводно-надводные вулканические сооружения – до 100–150 тыс. км",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1620,"text":1604,"type":48},[1621],{"attrs":1622,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":1603},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1624,"type":48}," и более (о. Гавайи).",{"attrs":1626,"content":1627,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":98},{"textAlign":10},[1628,1630,1638],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1629,"type":48},"При застывании лавы и цементации пирокластического материала формируются ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":1631,"text":1637,"type":48},[1632],{"attrs":1633,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":1634,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":1635,"link_type":1305,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"7a7c49d4-b68d-46a7-acf3-1bb4b9dd06d8",{"slug":1636,"type":60},"vulkanicheskie-gornye-porody-7a7c49","вулканические горные породы",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":244,"type":48},{"attrs":1640,"content":1641,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":253},{"class":13},[1642],{"attrs":1643,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":252},{"items":1644,"parentArticleId":251},"[{\"id\":\"912a8c3a-5d9a-4fca-8df7-d11b75d15ac1\",\"caption\":\"Риолит. Вулканическая порода кислого состава нормальной щелочности. 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Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».\",\"src\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=57tl5ET3kMx2dAfj_flZ7w\\u0026filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp\\u0026width=120\",\"srcset\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=57tl5ET3kMx2dAfj_flZ7w\\u0026filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp\\u0026width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qu5lqCRDhvDQ-GjX0brURA\\u0026filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp\\u0026width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EioCdMCmY9FPmDq5MXYMwg\\u0026filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp\\u0026width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=dfPWDy4XCKPbHGKe9hNtjA\\u0026filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp\\u0026width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=L1o-GhcwP0UHEokA6XZ2Ew\\u0026filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp\\u0026width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=V7n6uTy7yIJ1Vm1b-2ePYg\\u0026filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp\\u0026width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9798ZXkSBOAwAdxuR2QvXg\\u0026filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp\\u0026width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IcBkaR1Rdbiz2CFsZJuATg\\u0026filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp\\u0026width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=iLyjkATjlEgBN6amluq1_A\\u0026filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp\\u0026width=3840 3840w\",\"title\":\"Коматиит\",\"text\":\"Коматиит. Вулканическая порода ультраосновного состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».\",\"copyright\":\"ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»\",\"copyrightLink\":\"\",\"order\":7},{\"id\":\"bdf13b0a-c289-4395-aa26-8d08561b0d57\",\"caption\":\"Трахит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава субщелочного ряда . \\nОбразец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».\",\"src\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4AyXkjbIIY1rxYtpA7Aw5Q\\u0026filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp\\u0026width=120\",\"srcset\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4AyXkjbIIY1rxYtpA7Aw5Q\\u0026filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp\\u0026width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NqalcPC4mct2uMKv_DLAAg\\u0026filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp\\u0026width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1pvtWgLh-TJp1XkMpggcyg\\u0026filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp\\u0026width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=J3k8_xHBmLaenm3FOnCrjQ\\u0026filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp\\u0026width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PHCUOaFGic6yuyuevwHg0A\\u0026filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp\\u0026width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7jyufkAVtA_rSPLcmVTYLw\\u0026filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp\\u0026width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=iLHc-_eg04NQlyuUhQvwFQ\\u0026filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp\\u0026width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=T1oU2vWQk0OT4DOqe1WHEQ\\u0026filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp\\u0026width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=AkFV9Kz0yZatV5wbyStuhg\\u0026filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp\\u0026width=3840 3840w\",\"title\":\"Трахит\",\"text\":\"Трахит. 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Вулканическая порода среднего состава субщелочного ряда. Река Агынджа. Омулёвское поднятие (Якутия, Россия).\\nОбразец из коллекции О. Ю. Лебедевой. Фото: О. Ю. Лебедева.\",\"copyright\":\"ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»\",\"copyrightLink\":\"\",\"order\":9},{\"id\":\"ffa74d85-9f04-4a34-b9c5-9fd284f285ca\",\"caption\":\"Лампроит оливин-флогопит-диопсидовый. Вулканическая порода ультраосновного состава субщелочного ряда. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».\",\"src\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kaUscXPTgW27F4LwPeEQUw\\u0026filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp\\u0026width=120\",\"srcset\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kaUscXPTgW27F4LwPeEQUw\\u0026filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp\\u0026width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=dvQjYm-6EZaHmSLXlbShYw\\u0026filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp\\u0026width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=FcXwPBQHjvlnMVNIHNPJtA\\u0026filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp\\u0026width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=piwL74Ofil8Ng7qCMMsZEQ\\u0026filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp\\u0026width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3t0nNWxwO_tTdYOfHAzb3A\\u0026filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp\\u0026width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=GcWcPVgFX99LntsizUzS4w\\u0026filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp\\u0026width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=yVKZoYEYgHX-sPTa7XSZVg\\u0026filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp\\u0026width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=DTvpuPsFoJ74IGIhgUc9wQ\\u0026filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp\\u0026width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=BRMIrgGP_C6lCINnUwBl5w\\u0026filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp\\u0026width=3840 3840w\",\"title\":\"Лампроит оливин-флогопит-диопсидовый\",\"text\":\"Лампроит оливин-флогопит-диопсидовый. Вулканическая порода ультраосновного состава субщелочного ряда. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».\",\"copyright\":\"ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»\",\"copyrightLink\":\"\",\"order\":10},{\"id\":\"34d6fcf9-9041-45d6-a016-08c9ba3308ea\",\"caption\":\"Лейцитовый фонолит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава щелочного ряда. Расдорф (федеральная земля Гессен, Германия). Образец из коллекции Ф. Кранца. Фото: А. Т. Маслов.\",\"src\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ioK3J8P2e8N607KoSEWEtQ\\u0026filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp\\u0026width=120\",\"srcset\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ioK3J8P2e8N607KoSEWEtQ\\u0026filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp\\u0026width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PqdaWoN4WIscFOdKtdQJ-A\\u0026filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp\\u0026width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=HbyMRVqHi22xv4eY5eBOGQ\\u0026filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp\\u0026width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vtpHNjaVRUlvFN1QWj6v_A\\u0026filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp\\u0026width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=14KYuyc_uHWFGiRgfdpCdw\\u0026filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp\\u0026width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=MYOnLMKjKyRluMbJfXVXcg\\u0026filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp\\u0026width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=0arLpUQUUcLg2yfxGpsVgA\\u0026filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp\\u0026width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LLXNRLG8T30lygoT7RCVzw\\u0026filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp\\u0026width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9e8uhOJQvHHyvuRbpbHXfw\\u0026filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp\\u0026width=3840 3840w\",\"title\":\"Лейцитовый фонолит. 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Маслов.\",\"src\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Col0fNXNzSd3d6uFUb8rzQ\\u0026filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp\\u0026width=120\",\"srcset\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Col0fNXNzSd3d6uFUb8rzQ\\u0026filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp\\u0026width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QUnp0DLs295pywxInswULQ\\u0026filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp\\u0026width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=CkXf1XNm_u3m_-ZOUwFQEA\\u0026filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp\\u0026width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=KikSt_zCp8agQsBRgSnZFw\\u0026filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp\\u0026width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bEGR-OO6SWeiqKiLydiHuw\\u0026filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp\\u0026width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bK4cx20llzRGT-H32Bte3A\\u0026filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp\\u0026width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=uKsN5oVnKlapzbg0GCWMxw\\u0026filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp\\u0026width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ssZg1VPRa11E3T6CV9CkWA\\u0026filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp\\u0026width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PaHG_iEVSy-qOB2yg1G0oQ\\u0026filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp\\u0026width=3840 3840w\",\"title\":\"Нефелинит. Плато Айфель (Германия)\",\"text\":\"Нефелинит. Вулканическая порода ультраосновного состава щелочного ряда. Плато Айфель (Германия). Образец из коллекции Ф. Кранца. Фото: А. Т. Маслов.\",\"copyright\":\"ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»\",\"copyrightLink\":\"\",\"order\":13}]",{"attrs":1646,"content":1648,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":125},{"textAlign":10,"version":45,"id":1647},"h2_tipы_vulkanicheskih_izverzhenii",[1649],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1650,"type":48},"Типы вулканических извержений",{"attrs":1652,"content":1653,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":98},{"textAlign":10},[1654,1656,1665,1667,1675,1677,1685],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1655,"type":48},"Типы вулканических извержений весьма многочисленны, общепринятой их классификации нет. 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CC BY-NC-ND 2.0\",\"copyrightLink\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/\",\"order\":0},{\"id\":\"6ac4740c-6389-4b58-826e-3a9c79ceb5c6\",\"caption\":\"Эксплозивное извержение вулкана Везувий (Италия).\\nФото из книги: Converse Beach F. The Americana: A Universal Reference Library Comprising the Arts and Sciences, Literature, History, Biography, Geography, Commerce, etc., of the World. New York, 1912. Vol. 21.\",\"src\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5rtPwhG7MrwcFli0c5qzMw\\u0026filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp\\u0026width=120\",\"srcset\":\"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5rtPwhG7MrwcFli0c5qzMw\\u0026filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp\\u0026width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pGpAjXCls-0sUp1T-xivUg\\u0026filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp\\u0026width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=8ivl-fqtzzDtPaJnT1zAgg\\u0026filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp\\u0026width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QTEOympp6Y9L2uIbzuJB0g\\u0026filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp\\u0026width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=lJpxwhaJqLTbjx1x2lQXhQ\\u0026filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp\\u0026width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7K96pOjGoSBbTS8_VRfeBw\\u0026filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp\\u0026width=1024 1024w\",\"title\":\"Извержение вулкана Везувий (Италия)\",\"text\":\"Эксплозивное извержение вулкана Везувий (Италия).\\nФото из книги: Converse Beach F. The Americana: A Universal Reference Library Comprising the Arts and Sciences, Literature, History, Biography, Geography, Commerce, etc., of the World. New York, 1912. Vol. 21.\",\"copyright\":\"India Amos, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0\",\"copyrightLink\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/\",\"order\":1}]",{"attrs":1694,"content":1695,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":98},{"textAlign":10},[1696],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1697,"type":48},"Более детальной и употребимой является классификация американского учёного Г. Макдоналда (1975), учитывающая физическое состояние магмы, характер взрывов, излияний лавы, преобладающих выбросов, морфологию вулканических построек. 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Извержение вулкана Килауэа, остров Гавайи (штат Гавайи, США).","Anthony Quintano, flickr.com. 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Подъём магмы на больших глубинах, вероятнее всего, происходит под действием гидростатических сил; в верхних горизонтах земной коры – в результате интенсивной дегазации магмы, в некоторых случаях – взаимодействия её с ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2718,"text":2724,"type":48},[2719],{"attrs":2720,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":2721,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":2722,"link_type":73,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"d2b3123e-2849-46a4-b187-21626c0a7a17",{"slug":2723,"type":60},"podzemnye-vody-d2b312","подземными водами",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2726,"type":48},", приводящего к газово-взрывным извержениям.",{"attrs":2728,"content":2730,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":125},{"textAlign":10,"version":45,"id":2729},"h2_prakticheskoe_znachenie_vulkanov._monitoring",[2731],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2732,"type":48},"Практическое значение вулканов. Мониторинг",{"attrs":2734,"content":2735,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":98},{"textAlign":10},[2736,2738,2746,2748,2756],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2737,"type":48},"Вулканы служат источником тепла (см. в статье ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2739,"text":2745,"type":48},[2740],{"attrs":2741,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":2742,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":2743,"link_type":1305,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"f9dec963-c4ce-44d2-9955-13d28ea7607b",{"slug":2744,"type":60},"geotermal-nye-resursy-f9dec9","Геотермальные ресурсы",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2747,"type":48},"), однако представляют потенциальную опасность, поэтому проводятся систематические наблюдения, позволяющие предсказать будущие извержения. Комплекс прогнозных работ включает регистрацию и анализ движений земной коры, ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2749,"text":2755,"type":48},[2750],{"attrs":2751,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":2752,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":2753,"link_type":73,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"93226d28-b7db-4b6c-923a-f27c1a941b38",{"slug":2754,"type":60},"zemletriasenie-93226d","землетрясений",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2757,"type":48},", электромагнитных аномалий, акустических явлений, изменений состава и интенсивности выделения фумарольных газов.",{"attrs":2759,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":1933},{"list":2760},[2761,2762],{"slug":1927,"type":1928,"value":1929},{"slug":13,"type":1931,"value":2763},"Первая публикация: Большая российская энциклопедия, 2009. Актуализация: 2024.","Мелекесцев И. В., Плечов П. Ю. Вулканы // Большая российская энциклопедия: научно-образовательный портал – URL: https://bigenc.ru/c/vulkany-8b4ad6/?v=10491370. – Дата публикации: 11.06.2024","Термины","terms",{"descriptionList":2768,"image":2772},[2769],{"kind":48,"label":2770,"value":2771},"Области знаний","Вулканология",{"caption":2773,"element":2777},{"copyright":2774,"copyrightLink":2564,"text":2775,"title":2776},"guano, flickr.com. CC BY-SA 2.0","Извержение вулкана Сарычева. Курильские острова (Сахалинская область, Россия).","Извержение вулкана Сарычева. 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768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=49bXJKWLXKKvxRnGtKvPDw&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5-_JreVJzuhCd6Mt9828Qg&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7p9kY3l-O_S1CPXqlazF6A&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9TRJMHh0Y_qlgQiPE3hyyg&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=3840 3840w",2818,"Вулканы","2024-06-11T15:53:36.000Z",10491370,{"article:modified_time":2798,"article:section":2765,"article:tag":2801,"description":2804,"keywords":2805,"og:description":2804,"og:image":2806,"og:image:alt":2776,"og:image:height":2807,"og:image:type":2808,"og:image:width":2809,"og:title":2810,"og:type":60,"og:url":2811,"title":2810,"twitter:card":2812},[2802,2803,1921],"Объекты неживой природы","Геологические образования","Вулка́ны, собирательное название геологических образований различного типа на поверхности Земли или под водой, которые возникли в результате прорыва...","Объекты неживой природы, Геологические образования, Вулканизм","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QM4DofrsdWyo7L-sltfzAg&filename=vault/d31c86163f0be29dd65080d316343feb.webp&width=1200","795","webp&width=1200","1200","Вулканы. Большая российская энциклопедия","https://bigenc.ru/c/vulkany-8b4ad6","summary_large_image","vulkany-8b4ad6",[2815,2819,2822],{"label":2802,"link":2816},{"slug":2817,"type":2818},"ob-ekty-nezhivoi-prirody-06dced","tag",{"label":2803,"link":2820},{"slug":2821,"type":2818},"geologicheskie-obrazovaniia-857b37",{"label":1921,"link":2823},{"slug":2824,"type":2818},"vulkanizm-88a5a4",{"createdAt":2798,"tabs":2826,"title":2797,"updatedAt":2798},[60,2827,2828,2829,2830],"annotation","media","references","versions",[2832,2833,2834,2835,2836,2837,2838,2839],{"id":121,"title":124,"type":125},{"id":258,"title":261,"type":125},{"id":1278,"title":1281,"type":125},{"id":1413,"title":1416,"type":125},{"id":1647,"title":1650,"type":125},{"id":1941,"title":1944,"type":125},{"id":2584,"title":2587,"type":125},{"id":2729,"title":2732,"type":125},{},"/content/articles/vulkany-8b4ad6",{"get_":2843,"getError":10,"getPending":12,"slideNumber":17,"getCache":3245},{"components":2844,"media":2846,"meta":3243},{"createdAt":2798,"tabs":2845,"title":2797,"updatedAt":2798},[60,2827,2828,2829,2830],{"images":2847},[2848,2855,2860,2871,2881,2891,2901,2911,2921,2930,2940,2950,2960,2968,2979,2989,2999,3009,3019,3027,3037,3045,3049,3059,3068,3078,3087,3096,3105,3114,3123,3131,3140,3149,3158,3167,3175,3184,3194,3204,3209,3219,3228,3233,3238],{"caption":2849,"element":2850},{"copyright":2774,"copyrightLink":2564,"text":2775,"title":2776},{"alt":2776,"areaViews":2851,"height":2793,"src":2794,"srcset":2795,"title":2776,"width":2796},[2852,2853,2854],{"alias":2780,"height":2781,"srcset":2782,"width":2781},{"alias":2784,"height":2785,"srcset":2786,"width":2787},{"alias":2789,"height":2790,"srcset":2791,"width":2792},{"caption":2856,"element":2857},{"copyright":105,"text":104,"title":110},{"alt":110,"height":2858,"src":108,"srcset":109,"title":110,"width":2859},4271,4001,{"caption":2861,"element":2866},{"copyright":2862,"copyrightLink":2863,"text":2864,"title":2865},"Mariano Mantel, flickr.com. CC BY-NC 2.0","https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/","Самый высокий в мире активный вулкан Охос-дель-Саладо. Граница Чили и Аргентины.","Самый высокий в мире активный вулкан Охос-дель-Саладо",{"alt":2865,"height":2867,"src":2868,"srcset":2869,"title":2865,"width":2870},1144,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qcULRiPzWy2dwgFYtvGtLQ&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qcULRiPzWy2dwgFYtvGtLQ&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ProqGRENgXMsU57TIG3-ow&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EcVoQFfmJ5FfcGIaeNBWxw&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Ie6t2qt6_-VjgVM-Org7Vg&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vDet6goDroqW_96oFby-dA&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3VpuCqQnE1TzyQwaLrx0lQ&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=oakXOu21ZY0LaXZmyuSo0Q&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=CS6wU_6U-Xh4HLER0LhGUg&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=TJJf0Br4S9szuUaZvVoHyg&filename=vault/b3bdd85299cc47367c9f7ed4f9fb7b6f.webp&width=3840 3840w",4000,{"caption":2872,"element":2876},{"copyright":2873,"text":2874,"title":2875},"Геннадий Теплицкий / Фотобанк Лори","Ключевская Сопка. Самый высокий активный вулкан России (Камчатский край).","Ключевская Сопка (Камчатский край, Россия), самый высокий активный вулкан России",{"alt":2875,"height":2877,"src":2878,"srcset":2879,"title":2875,"width":2880},1285,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Panu1HidWQhvZ76T3InqkQ&filename=vault/422c039ea51ca19d2590e390efdf331a.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Panu1HidWQhvZ76T3InqkQ&filename=vault/422c039ea51ca19d2590e390efdf331a.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=VrOArteQYbXjGRx18Z-mQA&filename=vault/422c039ea51ca19d2590e390efdf331a.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-8Pw3qry_4r0EvVfdy5U8w&filename=vault/422c039ea51ca19d2590e390efdf331a.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1AHtKy5EqRiGDMjA0QDa3A&filename=vault/422c039ea51ca19d2590e390efdf331a.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PP_P1_edJ7P3z4kph6ZfDw&filename=vault/422c039ea51ca19d2590e390efdf331a.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vkoH6LwfyhPcpY3rBsYDSQ&filename=vault/422c039ea51ca19d2590e390efdf331a.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=GC-BkeqRr5K6U4yaB8W-jQ&filename=vault/422c039ea51ca19d2590e390efdf331a.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2XUWkm-IfzBzh5xHkPz-pA&filename=vault/422c039ea51ca19d2590e390efdf331a.webp&width=1920 1920w",1713,{"caption":2882,"element":2886},{"copyright":2883,"copyrightLink":2863,"text":2884,"title":2885},"Stuart Rankin, flickr.com. CC BY-NC 2.0","Вулканы островных дуг. Вулкан Алаид на острове Атласова (Курильские острова, Россия).","Вулкан Алаид на острове Атласова (Курильские острова, Россия)",{"alt":2885,"height":2887,"src":2888,"srcset":2889,"title":2885,"width":2890},4032,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=v-smTRCsQqaEYp94CWPZ0Q&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=v-smTRCsQqaEYp94CWPZ0Q&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7JmKb2ukTQg40uF-bWh4oQ&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pJsyIZN0qhYrmc3nwtnNdQ&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4PLpgCh_hL1NVGJGU2X4fw&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EidQh8bE2z1JHxoSmFWJbw&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ehUgQ98BGmSiMnY011vqzQ&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=hpRSvi9Mcku3nWq_xtA-DA&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=OqqO-yfGF4oAJ4LhVdjj1Q&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=b1nl4vg-zSb4bcn5J3JwmA&filename=vault/e3283fa3b529f800e15b8f4c306eb497.webp&width=3840 3840w",6048,{"caption":2892,"element":2896},{"copyright":2893,"text":2894,"title":2895},"Zoonar.com/unununius / easy Fotostock / Фотобанк Лори","Вулканы островных дуг. Вулкан Сакурадзима на острове Кюсю (Япония).","Вулкан Сакурадзима (Япония)",{"alt":2895,"height":2897,"src":2898,"srcset":2899,"title":2895,"width":2900},1658,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vym3qgaexKAhR0dmexMrEg&filename=vault/50f9f31b6ed540e7cdcd16d5f047c731.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vym3qgaexKAhR0dmexMrEg&filename=vault/50f9f31b6ed540e7cdcd16d5f047c731.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=esaIA6TLsuvSIz2HOKuseQ&filename=vault/50f9f31b6ed540e7cdcd16d5f047c731.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=sc852P0is4RU3CLbFZNGPQ&filename=vault/50f9f31b6ed540e7cdcd16d5f047c731.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LUhZ3hhV23kSXdAVmFkWKg&filename=vault/50f9f31b6ed540e7cdcd16d5f047c731.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QPhi7nV9Oxt81WuO8bLbJA&filename=vault/50f9f31b6ed540e7cdcd16d5f047c731.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IrNBWpKJ4zFccSYyclg6ew&filename=vault/50f9f31b6ed540e7cdcd16d5f047c731.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=91ZS30lT1TBblZCUDD9_8g&filename=vault/50f9f31b6ed540e7cdcd16d5f047c731.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=aGRHfDACT9zFZULhTXTCLA&filename=vault/50f9f31b6ed540e7cdcd16d5f047c731.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kLjmvwBl0Qdup1Gutx2LFA&filename=vault/50f9f31b6ed540e7cdcd16d5f047c731.webp&width=3840 3840w",2653,{"caption":2902,"element":2906},{"copyright":2903,"copyrightLink":1716,"text":2904,"title":2905},"Paul Hessels, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0","Вулканы островных дуг. Вулкан Керинчи на острове Суматра (Индонезия).","Вулкан Керинчи (остров Суматра, Индонезия)",{"alt":2905,"height":2907,"src":2908,"srcset":2909,"title":2905,"width":2910},1811,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=B3CEAzWHU3vFN-7OebUShQ&filename=vault/17aa923d946cf369508a51178c7f3868.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=B3CEAzWHU3vFN-7OebUShQ&filename=vault/17aa923d946cf369508a51178c7f3868.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=e7S4Q1X3PZ9DeeWM11q9DQ&filename=vault/17aa923d946cf369508a51178c7f3868.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5ez1FqHXfVtETipPVwEh6g&filename=vault/17aa923d946cf369508a51178c7f3868.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Hc6VXsKbBd-bb_MozEgOGA&filename=vault/17aa923d946cf369508a51178c7f3868.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pmjxKLLhBG43jObfUARYfw&filename=vault/17aa923d946cf369508a51178c7f3868.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=e6M9c8FHE6uGpnEHUTxMMw&filename=vault/17aa923d946cf369508a51178c7f3868.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pS6xIVHAbvceXovIMrLuHQ&filename=vault/17aa923d946cf369508a51178c7f3868.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IfZNnink8o_wVp84GGJxSg&filename=vault/17aa923d946cf369508a51178c7f3868.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Vrw4axLzFUERXhkL7XRZag&filename=vault/17aa923d946cf369508a51178c7f3868.webp&width=3840 3840w",4059,{"caption":2912,"element":2916},{"copyright":2913,"copyrightLink":2863,"text":2914,"title":2915},"Joe Parks, flickr.com. CC BY-NC 2.0","Вулканы гор Северной Америки. Вулкан Лассен-Пик (штат Калифорния, США).","Вулкан Лассен-Пик. Каскадные горы (США)",{"alt":2915,"height":2917,"src":2918,"srcset":2919,"title":2915,"width":2920},2733,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=L1kukaj96zlmbfV_BA_aEg&filename=vault/d95edc8283a47dc627e5ab26402ea54f.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=L1kukaj96zlmbfV_BA_aEg&filename=vault/d95edc8283a47dc627e5ab26402ea54f.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=igqb14PTc_e8daVQi1eaYA&filename=vault/d95edc8283a47dc627e5ab26402ea54f.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9xdUVUrTSgVDRrS7k3YbNA&filename=vault/d95edc8283a47dc627e5ab26402ea54f.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=rK6ITmGhG-HgqfH8wQjgGQ&filename=vault/d95edc8283a47dc627e5ab26402ea54f.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5CGfVmF7cNHilF53Gix_Mg&filename=vault/d95edc8283a47dc627e5ab26402ea54f.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SttLD57pvdCQ5fJUUV192g&filename=vault/d95edc8283a47dc627e5ab26402ea54f.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1ATZ47w-4x3qptLt9_u7tA&filename=vault/d95edc8283a47dc627e5ab26402ea54f.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=90ycQgtPe90EyjF_zpVfbw&filename=vault/d95edc8283a47dc627e5ab26402ea54f.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=zkPfrJwSTnE-1IO2qBj-Tw&filename=vault/d95edc8283a47dc627e5ab26402ea54f.webp&width=3840 3840w",4099,{"caption":2922,"element":2926},{"copyright":2923,"copyrightLink":1716,"text":2924,"title":2925},"Person-with-No Name, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0","Вулканы гор Южной Америки. Вулкан Тунгурауа (Эквадор).","Вулкан Тунгурауа (провинция Тунгурауа, Эквадор)",{"alt":2925,"height":2870,"src":2927,"srcset":2928,"title":2925,"width":2929},"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ycvJnGJ5K2-hY-ziiSBdZA&filename=vault/362064edb916dbdcbae489b6651c271a.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ycvJnGJ5K2-hY-ziiSBdZA&filename=vault/362064edb916dbdcbae489b6651c271a.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=OsUzRzH_5ZUaPPdmrQov_w&filename=vault/362064edb916dbdcbae489b6651c271a.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=xk8qN4NfUuPahxBy4KojLA&filename=vault/362064edb916dbdcbae489b6651c271a.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=xvpsGEbBtmNwfkN7Ikbu8w&filename=vault/362064edb916dbdcbae489b6651c271a.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PES9SS14ZFaTyLk6ohNOHg&filename=vault/362064edb916dbdcbae489b6651c271a.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5E0_qVMtYK3bK3gLi9a_rA&filename=vault/362064edb916dbdcbae489b6651c271a.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=yNQAjvdpbBtJwwYXM1nYnQ&filename=vault/362064edb916dbdcbae489b6651c271a.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=nhapfZ5FtgnyrOEr4zbe5A&filename=vault/362064edb916dbdcbae489b6651c271a.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=a6ScBNEmvI2CfMgtS3Nr-Q&filename=vault/362064edb916dbdcbae489b6651c271a.webp&width=3840 3840w",6000,{"caption":2931,"element":2935},{"copyright":2932,"text":2933,"title":2934},"Antonio Zanghì / Moment / Getty Images","Вулканы Южной Европы. Вулкан Этна на острове Сицилия (Италия).\n","Извержение вулкана Этна на острове Сицилия (Италия)",{"alt":2934,"height":2936,"src":2937,"srcset":2938,"title":2934,"width":2939},2448,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=uU3R7jCyXrGbX4ohXhohmA&filename=vault/5497363f66d324e3490d7488164d6def.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=uU3R7jCyXrGbX4ohXhohmA&filename=vault/5497363f66d324e3490d7488164d6def.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Q3su2pIG42JMx8aTGmhilQ&filename=vault/5497363f66d324e3490d7488164d6def.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=HgWARfNCcUxiDBrTE89ipQ&filename=vault/5497363f66d324e3490d7488164d6def.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jOK0_aD8u7qqJtkudThpnQ&filename=vault/5497363f66d324e3490d7488164d6def.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=JijKLW_PmACnIbVGtepJJg&filename=vault/5497363f66d324e3490d7488164d6def.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=YlZT5G5ABAL_bToDMLTSqQ&filename=vault/5497363f66d324e3490d7488164d6def.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ilRt5bwg2Y20yZ19oj-ZMg&filename=vault/5497363f66d324e3490d7488164d6def.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=KoEN0qNcFJ4c04Ol5i6O7g&filename=vault/5497363f66d324e3490d7488164d6def.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Luc4qWjHunQjSkSzvrhaSw&filename=vault/5497363f66d324e3490d7488164d6def.webp&width=3840 3840w",3264,{"caption":2941,"element":2945},{"copyright":2942,"text":2943,"title":2944},"Ragnar Th. Sigurdsson / age Fotostock / Фотобанк Лори","Вулканы рифтовых зон срединно-океанических хребтов. Вулкан Гекла (Исландия).","Стратовулкан Гекла (Исландия)",{"alt":2944,"height":2946,"src":2947,"srcset":2948,"title":2944,"width":2949},2593,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=0NmsptAZhMN6gsf6wpm5Hw&filename=vault/a2e850139ae372b8da3615666a79a360.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=0NmsptAZhMN6gsf6wpm5Hw&filename=vault/a2e850139ae372b8da3615666a79a360.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=fwtHqENLOl4iZajslE5qDA&filename=vault/a2e850139ae372b8da3615666a79a360.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vtkALKjwJ_DAbJLvfuswwg&filename=vault/a2e850139ae372b8da3615666a79a360.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=gQqhdDsbZ1A-uRK-2qNMqA&filename=vault/a2e850139ae372b8da3615666a79a360.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NTi387DAg92CxYr_LSiXiA&filename=vault/a2e850139ae372b8da3615666a79a360.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4gU-MgiU4GOq7y7bnIZFxA&filename=vault/a2e850139ae372b8da3615666a79a360.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=RTUapDiHgm_JLdoOLwN47w&filename=vault/a2e850139ae372b8da3615666a79a360.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=0HOIA9UPQMG0W1pki4Cv1Q&filename=vault/a2e850139ae372b8da3615666a79a360.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=e72CowW3Ykmq_mZjQMQn4w&filename=vault/a2e850139ae372b8da3615666a79a360.webp&width=3840 3840w",3393,{"caption":2951,"element":2955},{"copyright":2952,"copyrightLink":1716,"text":2953,"title":2954},"Brian Snelson, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0","Вулканы относительно слабосейсмичных внутриокеанических хребтов. Вулкан Килауэа на острове Гавайи (США).","Вулкан Килауэа (штат Гавайи, США)",{"alt":2954,"height":2956,"src":2957,"srcset":2958,"title":2954,"width":2959},1239,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=UdYPaQWulasN420ZnvikOQ&filename=vault/7c585db99fe518f8e60ad0dad3fdac1c.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=UdYPaQWulasN420ZnvikOQ&filename=vault/7c585db99fe518f8e60ad0dad3fdac1c.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=BH4I8_DPYtSMeqLe7BaokA&filename=vault/7c585db99fe518f8e60ad0dad3fdac1c.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=_3n_xhmjQC_3GEoTAhSfBg&filename=vault/7c585db99fe518f8e60ad0dad3fdac1c.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=reOqrTesMqOJRhj63Ks3gw&filename=vault/7c585db99fe518f8e60ad0dad3fdac1c.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7P7Eg6BdocXfkXFgMOgFuw&filename=vault/7c585db99fe518f8e60ad0dad3fdac1c.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bu4abUYdXtJn8Ej-7uZEOg&filename=vault/7c585db99fe518f8e60ad0dad3fdac1c.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=RIzdwSgvoVIYrssvDxdtgw&filename=vault/7c585db99fe518f8e60ad0dad3fdac1c.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=iB5DujmYE7ReHKKFcxFXFg&filename=vault/7c585db99fe518f8e60ad0dad3fdac1c.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-YG7xWU7DmvEt-S-fB4ijA&filename=vault/7c585db99fe518f8e60ad0dad3fdac1c.webp&width=3840 3840w",2064,{"caption":2961,"element":2965},{"copyright":2962,"text":2963,"title":2964},"Алексей Кирмасов","Вулканы отдельных океанических островов (групп островов). Вулкан Тейде на острове Тенерифе (Канарские острова, Испания).","Вулканогенно-осадочный тип литогенеза. Лавовые поля в окрестностях вулкана Тейде (остров Тенерифе, Канарские острова, Испания)",{"alt":2964,"height":2936,"src":2966,"srcset":2967,"title":2964,"width":2939},"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=gdTTB8rYeYVo5E4oD8NErw&filename=vault/df4d8c8c4bc9a45893f8458c2b8e5ab6.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=gdTTB8rYeYVo5E4oD8NErw&filename=vault/df4d8c8c4bc9a45893f8458c2b8e5ab6.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=xW2BoDZhTq-hrYqpILpiHA&filename=vault/df4d8c8c4bc9a45893f8458c2b8e5ab6.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=AOcD2dYaV8krBhi1oxrkhQ&filename=vault/df4d8c8c4bc9a45893f8458c2b8e5ab6.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=R0TDtKuFttOwiy6G3xEVyg&filename=vault/df4d8c8c4bc9a45893f8458c2b8e5ab6.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=T0V3vVDhCi5_biqbDI9few&filename=vault/df4d8c8c4bc9a45893f8458c2b8e5ab6.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=GfhddEIOJ8x87C0jIKvWPA&filename=vault/df4d8c8c4bc9a45893f8458c2b8e5ab6.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5f-qDJsw4FU2R47azaB8SQ&filename=vault/df4d8c8c4bc9a45893f8458c2b8e5ab6.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=RudBCwzp16sH9wNdEiutIg&filename=vault/df4d8c8c4bc9a45893f8458c2b8e5ab6.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=DuifNQEQ_dTJ3alcqjG7bQ&filename=vault/df4d8c8c4bc9a45893f8458c2b8e5ab6.webp&width=3840 3840w",{"caption":2969,"element":2974},{"copyright":2970,"copyrightLink":2971,"text":2972,"title":2973},"Jon Haylett, flickr.com. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0","https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/","Вулканы континентальных рифтовых систем. Вулкан Килиманджаро, Восточно-Африканская рифтовая система (Танзания).","Вулкан Килиманджаро (Танзания)",{"alt":2973,"height":2975,"src":2976,"srcset":2977,"title":2973,"width":2978},1759,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=P-JZGRDYW6-r4cv6lj7izQ&filename=vault/bdf711bc04304a21c8efb275c9817c27.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=P-JZGRDYW6-r4cv6lj7izQ&filename=vault/bdf711bc04304a21c8efb275c9817c27.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=nS3zaIMx7aHrDTCKxfWz2Q&filename=vault/bdf711bc04304a21c8efb275c9817c27.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=JV3xHMHua2TTLepau0QHbQ&filename=vault/bdf711bc04304a21c8efb275c9817c27.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QSzM_hnmePKj_bNG8muhbA&filename=vault/bdf711bc04304a21c8efb275c9817c27.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=oEm9t2Ox2lXEbbxRQqhxIw&filename=vault/bdf711bc04304a21c8efb275c9817c27.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NYdaBi2BCDTv80B8ZuRxUw&filename=vault/bdf711bc04304a21c8efb275c9817c27.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ILbQ5T4wnZ0nuH-nCSxGFA&filename=vault/bdf711bc04304a21c8efb275c9817c27.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=dtKJuUrWAH-hokj4sQ5HeA&filename=vault/bdf711bc04304a21c8efb275c9817c27.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=An2dPpY0apHzEOuLdaW1Yw&filename=vault/bdf711bc04304a21c8efb275c9817c27.webp&width=3840 3840w",2816,{"caption":2980,"element":2984},{"copyright":2981,"copyrightLink":1716,"text":2982,"title":2983},"David Ceballos, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0","Стратовулкан Котопахи (Эквадор).","Вулкан Котопахи (Эквадор)",{"alt":2983,"height":2985,"src":2986,"srcset":2987,"title":2983,"width":2988},2309,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QYuMvhd7nYCQPRaKZdhG8Q&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QYuMvhd7nYCQPRaKZdhG8Q&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=wd3qLGlMd0vI6a00F-8XFg&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mVUpCumvPiZoK3nOLgwJ0w&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=cZUQd89Jlrbumja9Fjqs6A&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=fxv6of--877xnOFI2XfKwQ&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jh8txF294Djp69lcUzKraQ&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2WYnTfF9vMymBdKWm_VnTA&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=f98njdefo9muBl5IEKQ3aQ&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IF6-mleY-54mw_EdIQDNNQ&filename=vault/1207593a22876e7ba3dd5bc7598c3be6.webp&width=3840 3840w",4288,{"caption":2990,"element":2994},{"copyright":2991,"copyrightLink":2564,"text":2992,"title":2993},"MONUSCO Photos, flickr.com. CC BY-SA 2.0","Щитовой вулкан Ньямлагира (Демократическая Республика Конго).","Щитовой вулкан Ньямлагира (Демократическая Республика Конго)",{"alt":2993,"height":2995,"src":2996,"srcset":2997,"title":2993,"width":2998},3840,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=gfZLIUkZPaofdXRCakT5DQ&filename=vault/49985ebeaa5d66b0d211b8c7416c7126.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=gfZLIUkZPaofdXRCakT5DQ&filename=vault/49985ebeaa5d66b0d211b8c7416c7126.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=aTJDV8-yLc9yQUXFa2LxLA&filename=vault/49985ebeaa5d66b0d211b8c7416c7126.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=542Zfs37oXohqEtG7zD9jQ&filename=vault/49985ebeaa5d66b0d211b8c7416c7126.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4aaPAgBeMiDA_pEJOHD1ug&filename=vault/49985ebeaa5d66b0d211b8c7416c7126.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NZt9YOH__1xZAy-CYcdHKQ&filename=vault/49985ebeaa5d66b0d211b8c7416c7126.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=WMEDAc-jKuTKViGuh_SmtQ&filename=vault/49985ebeaa5d66b0d211b8c7416c7126.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=zIzaju4aSkGWCWyFZUUKsQ&filename=vault/49985ebeaa5d66b0d211b8c7416c7126.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=DTe60DBLJi_Kq6lF1wYd1w&filename=vault/49985ebeaa5d66b0d211b8c7416c7126.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2DaYMudhl0MNrvtOYQWgOQ&filename=vault/49985ebeaa5d66b0d211b8c7416c7126.webp&width=3840 3840w",5760,{"caption":3000,"element":3004},{"copyright":3001,"copyrightLink":1716,"text":3002,"title":3003},"Raita Futo, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0","Экструзивный купол Сёва-синдзан (остров Хоккайдо, Япония).","Экструзивный купол Сёва-синдзан. Национальный парк Сикоцу-Тоя (остров Хоккайдо, Япония)",{"alt":3003,"height":3005,"src":3006,"srcset":3007,"title":3003,"width":3008},3882,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bs6NkGexks4ba7OQ64e_fw&filename=vault/9fd97a6143c2a47dcd42a8884c96a311.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bs6NkGexks4ba7OQ64e_fw&filename=vault/9fd97a6143c2a47dcd42a8884c96a311.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Jou1ZRdl5Y5sANiMKU8sRw&filename=vault/9fd97a6143c2a47dcd42a8884c96a311.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=v5Ck_-8uv8kiKMnArBk5Pw&filename=vault/9fd97a6143c2a47dcd42a8884c96a311.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=W3axMMp1Xyu0OTbZ8wAGTQ&filename=vault/9fd97a6143c2a47dcd42a8884c96a311.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Jppwq6rGvWr7ZGiN1u1QBw&filename=vault/9fd97a6143c2a47dcd42a8884c96a311.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=fSvs_MJ1RfcCX_L1yJYvJg&filename=vault/9fd97a6143c2a47dcd42a8884c96a311.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=OtafVSg2NLujDA982Z1ayQ&filename=vault/9fd97a6143c2a47dcd42a8884c96a311.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=YSP4IGz3_UG5TYApQt4GIg&filename=vault/9fd97a6143c2a47dcd42a8884c96a311.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=q5nCKXldxAu3CvRWS-cRWQ&filename=vault/9fd97a6143c2a47dcd42a8884c96a311.webp&width=3840 3840w",5823,{"caption":3010,"element":3014},{"copyright":3011,"text":3012,"title":3013},"VittoriaChe / Фотобанк Лори","Лавовый поток при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатка, Россия). Дата съёмки 10 августа 2013.","Лавовый поток при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатка, Россия). Дата съёмки 10 августа 2013",{"alt":3013,"height":3015,"src":3016,"srcset":3017,"title":3013,"width":3018},1211,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=px9MF035XmtrmRs2tUj3WQ&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=px9MF035XmtrmRs2tUj3WQ&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=zGPeWki5mLkEFNX2_r_wyw&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ZR7cvMm9dAYtVqT-7Jj3Ow&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bualAatSja98C4FT14Lcow&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=hDts-M92mAQWOl02agDBpQ&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=xWz7SoMOe1-9XaNC5mraog&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jQXx1BYgulwVKsQSQO28iQ&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=FGCsibR1fqDFdmA5-ghfOw&filename=vault/67a4981248dfbe9c4b964bc1465eb6a9.webp&width=1920 1920w",1816,{"caption":3020,"element":3024},{"copyright":3021,"text":3022,"title":3023},"Евгений Харитонов / Фотобанк Лори","Вулканические бомбы среди тефры на склоне вулкана Менделеева (Курильские острова, Россия).","Вулканические бомбы среди тефры на склоне вулкана Менделеева (Курильские острова, Россия)",{"alt":3023,"height":3015,"src":3025,"srcset":3026,"title":3023,"width":3018},"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=72IzUkv_G4Eq1SVsxbxNLA&filename=vault/9f3eb30c2789749d507d40d61d869faa.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=72IzUkv_G4Eq1SVsxbxNLA&filename=vault/9f3eb30c2789749d507d40d61d869faa.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=eXmNV8QbB1LokJ40xTcTDQ&filename=vault/9f3eb30c2789749d507d40d61d869faa.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=dTrosKuW1hBSvnEGjp9ycA&filename=vault/9f3eb30c2789749d507d40d61d869faa.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=hr4j1pmh6JwBCYTz3q-3uQ&filename=vault/9f3eb30c2789749d507d40d61d869faa.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=VKFFAbHDGfZhxslvgYRxlQ&filename=vault/9f3eb30c2789749d507d40d61d869faa.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Sej-0i4oiUoSYdXQAbgfbw&filename=vault/9f3eb30c2789749d507d40d61d869faa.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=FnquZ81wqP5vVwDd-0LRYw&filename=vault/9f3eb30c2789749d507d40d61d869faa.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bioDzt_HsrWmyOVnt2DcGw&filename=vault/9f3eb30c2789749d507d40d61d869faa.webp&width=1920 1920w",{"caption":3028,"element":3032},{"copyright":3029,"text":3030,"title":3031},"Информационный медиацентр Усть-Камчатска / РИА Новости","Выпадение вулканического пепла в результате активизации вулканов Ключевская Сопка и Шивелуч. Посёлок Усть-Камчатск (Камчатский край, Россия).","Выпадение вулканического пепла в результате активизации вулканов Ключевская Сопка и Шивелуч. Посёлок Усть-Камчатск (Камчатский край, Россия)",{"alt":3031,"height":3033,"src":3034,"srcset":3035,"title":3031,"width":3036},750,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NLtsHd8LGCyZI-_h4KnzfQ&filename=vault/447b11dbc19049d9bd1c7b1b3d5e1e27.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NLtsHd8LGCyZI-_h4KnzfQ&filename=vault/447b11dbc19049d9bd1c7b1b3d5e1e27.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qpCq4wUkQSDs2iaiG4rNFg&filename=vault/447b11dbc19049d9bd1c7b1b3d5e1e27.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=blm9F3qa2JULsxqDOp2rPw&filename=vault/447b11dbc19049d9bd1c7b1b3d5e1e27.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=REAx0EISI4zccY-QbU8aPA&filename=vault/447b11dbc19049d9bd1c7b1b3d5e1e27.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2q66nTLx76emyoEG432S6g&filename=vault/447b11dbc19049d9bd1c7b1b3d5e1e27.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=94yhjZFFjlhEve-DSnLuLA&filename=vault/447b11dbc19049d9bd1c7b1b3d5e1e27.webp&width=1024 1024w",1000,{"caption":3038,"element":3042},{"copyright":3039,"text":3040,"title":3041},"Сергей Краснощеков / Фотобанк Лори","Выделение вулканических газов при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатский край, Россия).","Выделение вулканических газов при извержении вулкана Толбачик (Камчатский край, Россия)",{"alt":3041,"height":3015,"src":3043,"srcset":3044,"title":3041,"width":3018},"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2we8MATg7l85wYtJIdFo_A&filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2we8MATg7l85wYtJIdFo_A&filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=cusmxmpZ9fcCPxsjhF_FYg&filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=F9Qu5hasdSXVEjuuOUlPzg&filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=r-AIOHmo5aa6Gt_j9V7pYA&filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ZPk0gQWPX4mbLrACMSktGA&filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ekINW7CaUyTeYHzTTB7U6A&filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9c3bwAGDwOcRm2VqSS0WoQ&filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=U10kYiugepKxyDh9Ig3eoA&filename=vault/3483524ead03dff703c42dd30deec83d.webp&width=1920 1920w",{"caption":3046,"element":3047},{"copyright":1589,"text":1588,"title":1593},{"alt":1593,"height":3048,"src":1591,"srcset":1592,"title":1593,"width":3036},562,{"caption":3050,"element":3054},{"copyright":3051,"text":3052,"title":3053},"ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»","Риолит. Вулканическая порода кислого состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».","Риолит",{"alt":3053,"height":3055,"src":3056,"srcset":3057,"title":3053,"width":3058},2779,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tVF29oi3OHJC6VJoljpmtA&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tVF29oi3OHJC6VJoljpmtA&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-Pvuw0y7qrG2Ov60ocllqA&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bm-xSwWJE9JbBWeeH58QAQ&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=_9iBrgLJyb8qyCQOtJ3UWw&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ynpLE6j8-WfqCdoKOKQiTA&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=zkZ1wnnStc4Zi2b9iqRLzA&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Vai4ATqzVkaVKu7iPByXUw&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2L6fwQTVegWjJxsby-DRtw&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=oLviYTXw-U5Dv8JuQ7Mlag&filename=vault/b34f368adaadbf36e6a1ad014e10f706.webp&width=3840 3840w",3776,{"caption":3060,"element":3063},{"copyright":3051,"text":3061,"title":3062},"Дацит. Вулканическая порода кислого состава нормальной щелочности. \nОбразец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».","Дацит",{"alt":3062,"height":3064,"src":3065,"srcset":3066,"title":3062,"width":3067},3127,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IEhs2B2Ksyz1PjxVbGFFsQ&filename=vault/f0adf6a963b67b0a60e0a963e7b4bccd.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IEhs2B2Ksyz1PjxVbGFFsQ&filename=vault/f0adf6a963b67b0a60e0a963e7b4bccd.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=UZ5GgSWnbZTvryB7aKWA_A&filename=vault/f0adf6a963b67b0a60e0a963e7b4bccd.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=X4B1-aiuovVqudZO8xKFPA&filename=vault/f0adf6a963b67b0a60e0a963e7b4bccd.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=wAqazrDJiT17EjgPi1ux9Q&filename=vault/f0adf6a963b67b0a60e0a963e7b4bccd.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pie0IlELDO-6qa6htF7TGg&filename=vault/f0adf6a963b67b0a60e0a963e7b4bccd.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=cFVyM6VMq0EUJyUhok5JMg&filename=vault/f0adf6a963b67b0a60e0a963e7b4bccd.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=18ST0JUgWQVZmglWnbLBZw&filename=vault/f0adf6a963b67b0a60e0a963e7b4bccd.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5mJihfxB-zwe03pTjKoYVA&filename=vault/f0adf6a963b67b0a60e0a963e7b4bccd.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=VbZmvcBbaup4Cxx5tKWc-A&filename=vault/f0adf6a963b67b0a60e0a963e7b4bccd.webp&width=3840 3840w",4312,{"caption":3069,"element":3073},{"copyright":3070,"copyrightLink":2863,"text":3071,"title":3072},"Miguel Vera León, flickr.com. CC BY-NC 2.0","Вулканический туф риолитового состава. Вулканогенно-обломочная порода. Окрестности Лимы (Перу).","Вулканический туф риолитового состава. Окрестности Лимы (Перу)",{"alt":3072,"height":3074,"src":3075,"srcset":3076,"title":3072,"width":3077},1224,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mdHr99qq-XVJUEmqVsdhgg&filename=vault/8bcb26d1064ce33ec9c93e735a889241.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mdHr99qq-XVJUEmqVsdhgg&filename=vault/8bcb26d1064ce33ec9c93e735a889241.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=93SLSCbAXwimPJ6VwgKQQg&filename=vault/8bcb26d1064ce33ec9c93e735a889241.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pWIAoKex_GwFIdjS3GGgwA&filename=vault/8bcb26d1064ce33ec9c93e735a889241.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=wdrfk6lAyF5nfEul7bdWZA&filename=vault/8bcb26d1064ce33ec9c93e735a889241.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vqdg-8Vjf86UADTHvKXc3w&filename=vault/8bcb26d1064ce33ec9c93e735a889241.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=hiBAMLuvZFyuwYMPmsDm1g&filename=vault/8bcb26d1064ce33ec9c93e735a889241.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Ojkz2bJmy8RcKeVjFyV9JQ&filename=vault/8bcb26d1064ce33ec9c93e735a889241.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=R5MDHDosYDa9qj2HqOby7w&filename=vault/8bcb26d1064ce33ec9c93e735a889241.webp&width=1920 1920w",1632,{"caption":3079,"element":3082},{"copyright":3051,"text":3080,"title":3081},"Пемза риолитовая. Вулканическая порода кислого состава нормальной щёлочности. Вестфалия (Германия).\nФото: Л. Р. Колбанцев. Образец из коллекции Кранца.","Пемза риолитовая. Вестфалия (Германия)",{"alt":3081,"height":3083,"src":3084,"srcset":3085,"title":3081,"width":3086},3288,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Bwz1wwoJtwO1hMFH8tw5Mw&filename=vault/bb3754874083772579bf035ce68ab42c.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Bwz1wwoJtwO1hMFH8tw5Mw&filename=vault/bb3754874083772579bf035ce68ab42c.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ntgdL1QSt6dFbIe5GnEMPA&filename=vault/bb3754874083772579bf035ce68ab42c.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=MiPk_Ssq0caGzIQEP_XGoQ&filename=vault/bb3754874083772579bf035ce68ab42c.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=BzrgT_eMQoAp5S4U3GzQAA&filename=vault/bb3754874083772579bf035ce68ab42c.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=j2N0vwjWnjJJxTmu9p5y1A&filename=vault/bb3754874083772579bf035ce68ab42c.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QxaOM0YOqd7wS5r3yOS4Wg&filename=vault/bb3754874083772579bf035ce68ab42c.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Rp0IfI0pPdzxHeKoCIQYEQ&filename=vault/bb3754874083772579bf035ce68ab42c.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-VDJaUN_xCPSjvvT8D05fg&filename=vault/bb3754874083772579bf035ce68ab42c.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ZTv5H5GW0Tboku0zpAEEPg&filename=vault/bb3754874083772579bf035ce68ab42c.webp&width=3840 3840w",4480,{"caption":3088,"element":3091},{"copyright":3051,"text":3089,"title":3090},"Обсидиан. Вулканическая порода кислого состава. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».","Обсидиан. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»",{"alt":3090,"height":3092,"src":3093,"srcset":3094,"title":3090,"width":3095},1117,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EB35JPt618Az9HlXepqjxA&filename=vault/bd6109d73f0a0cc721366196d7366887.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EB35JPt618Az9HlXepqjxA&filename=vault/bd6109d73f0a0cc721366196d7366887.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=I-CgODYgcDnYQG40I3ZOAQ&filename=vault/bd6109d73f0a0cc721366196d7366887.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=MarEXnMLmvbrdwqdvTbN0g&filename=vault/bd6109d73f0a0cc721366196d7366887.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=nIVC0568R7UyZD5l6zBXLA&filename=vault/bd6109d73f0a0cc721366196d7366887.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=nih9nBP2GlYcr-basDVeHQ&filename=vault/bd6109d73f0a0cc721366196d7366887.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=UU5TYxIV3fTzU5EeX4XOnw&filename=vault/bd6109d73f0a0cc721366196d7366887.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=t8xuefOirut4Xzehdfyi1w&filename=vault/bd6109d73f0a0cc721366196d7366887.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5qdLcFgAG5skKajj7pFXzg&filename=vault/bd6109d73f0a0cc721366196d7366887.webp&width=1920 1920w",1500,{"caption":3097,"element":3100},{"copyright":3051,"text":3098,"title":3099},"Андезит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».","Андезит",{"alt":3099,"height":3101,"src":3102,"srcset":3103,"title":3099,"width":3104},3163,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vnO20lNX84qEBrioBx6TGQ&filename=vault/a508ec337e35aeb6744e2f11de4bccc0.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vnO20lNX84qEBrioBx6TGQ&filename=vault/a508ec337e35aeb6744e2f11de4bccc0.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=63-JYGq2EqV4P89xugRhQg&filename=vault/a508ec337e35aeb6744e2f11de4bccc0.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=_gC1uPJKTKdqXKjPbJj2Iw&filename=vault/a508ec337e35aeb6744e2f11de4bccc0.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5ZP8CgN7pjCCkXzeY1HJ6A&filename=vault/a508ec337e35aeb6744e2f11de4bccc0.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=s0EYPZKnUFeMJ-e8aguD6g&filename=vault/a508ec337e35aeb6744e2f11de4bccc0.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=eed1DhIfA7hQS4jo-HCBFg&filename=vault/a508ec337e35aeb6744e2f11de4bccc0.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1QyJSJ8A3whCLN7okIkZSw&filename=vault/a508ec337e35aeb6744e2f11de4bccc0.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NlyGxHjOG_C2CmnC6vGyvg&filename=vault/a508ec337e35aeb6744e2f11de4bccc0.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ndCWNkpkt__hShJqsdO6iQ&filename=vault/a508ec337e35aeb6744e2f11de4bccc0.webp&width=3840 3840w",4096,{"caption":3106,"element":3109},{"copyright":3051,"text":3107,"title":3108},"Базальт. Вулканическая порода основного состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».","Базальт. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ»",{"alt":3108,"height":3110,"src":3111,"srcset":3112,"title":3108,"width":3113},3007,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=wAnDjDikrbP5sd9NVi4DOA&filename=vault/3bab22b2966f5e0261ba56b95be88e08.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=wAnDjDikrbP5sd9NVi4DOA&filename=vault/3bab22b2966f5e0261ba56b95be88e08.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=KQ7lSeFmY66Sr_xPb-UYOQ&filename=vault/3bab22b2966f5e0261ba56b95be88e08.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EJj1QxvFAPR8NGccbUyt4w&filename=vault/3bab22b2966f5e0261ba56b95be88e08.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jL7JW1pmHQ0v4vQrH2SYQA&filename=vault/3bab22b2966f5e0261ba56b95be88e08.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-fHhchzEr-pChUoWaMJM7w&filename=vault/3bab22b2966f5e0261ba56b95be88e08.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=eL7iSf0kN5x08NT6f842Uw&filename=vault/3bab22b2966f5e0261ba56b95be88e08.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4DxPIDDorsiwGJCgjjgf4Q&filename=vault/3bab22b2966f5e0261ba56b95be88e08.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ohxhfuxAbh3lp9xzjdbDhQ&filename=vault/3bab22b2966f5e0261ba56b95be88e08.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Xm4Gt-LZ1OJVDeMd4_Vo0Q&filename=vault/3bab22b2966f5e0261ba56b95be88e08.webp&width=3840 3840w",3896,{"caption":3115,"element":3118},{"copyright":3051,"text":3116,"title":3117},"Пикрит. Вулканическая или субвулканическая порода ультраосновного состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».","Пикрит",{"alt":3117,"height":3119,"src":3120,"srcset":3121,"title":3117,"width":3122},3522,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kCMb9qVG49c2Y5a8S5nN-Q&filename=vault/3e5fe85f482407a63909855af55dc6da.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kCMb9qVG49c2Y5a8S5nN-Q&filename=vault/3e5fe85f482407a63909855af55dc6da.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=nSEVmX0lOK5k2QcqIuiYig&filename=vault/3e5fe85f482407a63909855af55dc6da.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QhSDSiarfqftyj0daYYk7A&filename=vault/3e5fe85f482407a63909855af55dc6da.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1SKcaNgimmJrsrq7fS_GGw&filename=vault/3e5fe85f482407a63909855af55dc6da.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=k4ztoGX-O4tywcbSJI6EIw&filename=vault/3e5fe85f482407a63909855af55dc6da.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=r5G56GH8Hh7OEGkjaxS5kg&filename=vault/3e5fe85f482407a63909855af55dc6da.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=O6OhjQqHE8Uk69uxrcvb7g&filename=vault/3e5fe85f482407a63909855af55dc6da.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9OtQKNK3vW3DTuqmD0GQUQ&filename=vault/3e5fe85f482407a63909855af55dc6da.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qEnP6CP_eJszn_12Huld2Q&filename=vault/3e5fe85f482407a63909855af55dc6da.webp&width=3840 3840w",4608,{"caption":3124,"element":3127},{"copyright":3051,"text":3125,"title":3126},"Коматиит. Вулканическая порода ультраосновного состава нормальной щелочности. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».","Коматиит",{"alt":3126,"height":3128,"src":3129,"srcset":3130,"title":3126,"width":2870},2832,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=57tl5ET3kMx2dAfj_flZ7w&filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=57tl5ET3kMx2dAfj_flZ7w&filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qu5lqCRDhvDQ-GjX0brURA&filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EioCdMCmY9FPmDq5MXYMwg&filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=dfPWDy4XCKPbHGKe9hNtjA&filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=L1o-GhcwP0UHEokA6XZ2Ew&filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=V7n6uTy7yIJ1Vm1b-2ePYg&filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9798ZXkSBOAwAdxuR2QvXg&filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IcBkaR1Rdbiz2CFsZJuATg&filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=iLyjkATjlEgBN6amluq1_A&filename=vault/9c1f38241219fba7c405b3a410cdf3dc.webp&width=3840 3840w",{"caption":3132,"element":3135},{"copyright":3051,"text":3133,"title":3134},"Трахит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава субщелочного ряда . \nОбразец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».","Трахит",{"alt":3134,"height":3136,"src":3137,"srcset":3138,"title":3134,"width":3139},3023,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4AyXkjbIIY1rxYtpA7Aw5Q&filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4AyXkjbIIY1rxYtpA7Aw5Q&filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NqalcPC4mct2uMKv_DLAAg&filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1pvtWgLh-TJp1XkMpggcyg&filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=J3k8_xHBmLaenm3FOnCrjQ&filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PHCUOaFGic6yuyuevwHg0A&filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7jyufkAVtA_rSPLcmVTYLw&filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=iLHc-_eg04NQlyuUhQvwFQ&filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=T1oU2vWQk0OT4DOqe1WHEQ&filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=AkFV9Kz0yZatV5wbyStuhg&filename=vault/399faf8a05f642442c15a190412657fb.webp&width=3840 3840w",4008,{"caption":3141,"element":3144},{"copyright":3051,"text":3142,"title":3143},"Латит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава субщелочного ряда. Река Агынджа. Омулёвское поднятие (Якутия, Россия).\nОбразец из коллекции О. Ю. Лебедевой. Фото: О. Ю. Лебедева.","Латит",{"alt":3143,"height":3145,"src":3146,"srcset":3147,"title":3143,"width":3148},2390,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=WJkya3no1KWCqYl2ijG2_A&filename=vault/cbd21337b41b18d008a7cb62a6d52fb6.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=WJkya3no1KWCqYl2ijG2_A&filename=vault/cbd21337b41b18d008a7cb62a6d52fb6.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=CgBB1sV6YhHd5WnZl1d2mA&filename=vault/cbd21337b41b18d008a7cb62a6d52fb6.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=rayvmO2N-MBP4XAykSKWGA&filename=vault/cbd21337b41b18d008a7cb62a6d52fb6.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PqAp3zDCG56MzTQAd1a6yw&filename=vault/cbd21337b41b18d008a7cb62a6d52fb6.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=i9krwbKQ3OhyShIPdjXxXQ&filename=vault/cbd21337b41b18d008a7cb62a6d52fb6.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=0QTrDbaum0GvJD3uikJekQ&filename=vault/cbd21337b41b18d008a7cb62a6d52fb6.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kZBvA99c4me8itugICoXXA&filename=vault/cbd21337b41b18d008a7cb62a6d52fb6.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=A6HV-Pzw77jQhDyw7HCjfg&filename=vault/cbd21337b41b18d008a7cb62a6d52fb6.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=DHlh7Az7c2HnG5x3ZNxnCQ&filename=vault/cbd21337b41b18d008a7cb62a6d52fb6.webp&width=3840 3840w",3116,{"caption":3150,"element":3153},{"copyright":3051,"text":3151,"title":3152},"Лампроит оливин-флогопит-диопсидовый. Вулканическая порода ультраосновного состава субщелочного ряда. Образец из коллекции ФГБУ «ВСЕГЕИ».","Лампроит оливин-флогопит-диопсидовый",{"alt":3152,"height":3154,"src":3155,"srcset":3156,"title":3152,"width":3157},2404,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kaUscXPTgW27F4LwPeEQUw&filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kaUscXPTgW27F4LwPeEQUw&filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=dvQjYm-6EZaHmSLXlbShYw&filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=FcXwPBQHjvlnMVNIHNPJtA&filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=piwL74Ofil8Ng7qCMMsZEQ&filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3t0nNWxwO_tTdYOfHAzb3A&filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=GcWcPVgFX99LntsizUzS4w&filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=yVKZoYEYgHX-sPTa7XSZVg&filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=DTvpuPsFoJ74IGIhgUc9wQ&filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=BRMIrgGP_C6lCINnUwBl5w&filename=vault/492eb3c382c3226c7b485eda11604b20.webp&width=3840 3840w",3144,{"caption":3159,"element":3162},{"copyright":3051,"text":3160,"title":3161},"Лейцитовый фонолит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава щелочного ряда. Расдорф (федеральная земля Гессен, Германия). Образец из коллекции Ф. Кранца. Фото: А. Т. Маслов.","Лейцитовый фонолит. Расдорф (федеральная земля Гессен, Германия)",{"alt":3161,"height":3163,"src":3164,"srcset":3165,"title":3161,"width":3166},2057,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ioK3J8P2e8N607KoSEWEtQ&filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ioK3J8P2e8N607KoSEWEtQ&filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PqdaWoN4WIscFOdKtdQJ-A&filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=HbyMRVqHi22xv4eY5eBOGQ&filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vtpHNjaVRUlvFN1QWj6v_A&filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=14KYuyc_uHWFGiRgfdpCdw&filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=MYOnLMKjKyRluMbJfXVXcg&filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=0arLpUQUUcLg2yfxGpsVgA&filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LLXNRLG8T30lygoT7RCVzw&filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9e8uhOJQvHHyvuRbpbHXfw&filename=vault/7998913fc2ecab2273f9ebcea922e7ac.webp&width=3840 3840w",3074,{"caption":3168,"element":3171},{"copyright":3051,"text":3169,"title":3170},"Щелочной трахит. Вулканическая порода среднего состава щелочного ряда. Окрестности г. Нассау. Район Рейн-Лан (федеральная земля Рейнланд-Пфальц, Германия).","Щелочной трахит",{"alt":3170,"height":3172,"src":3173,"srcset":3174,"title":3170,"width":3113},2847,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NIr4ZKSS5YjCUa36TgoJOA&filename=vault/5f577c1bd67a41f2c59b117c2499df96.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NIr4ZKSS5YjCUa36TgoJOA&filename=vault/5f577c1bd67a41f2c59b117c2499df96.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3RsfbPic8gQBxMhhbrfDmA&filename=vault/5f577c1bd67a41f2c59b117c2499df96.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=H9SbUNowSgTBlaroJiQIaQ&filename=vault/5f577c1bd67a41f2c59b117c2499df96.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Mbm811Wb04RLJw5lTSBQsg&filename=vault/5f577c1bd67a41f2c59b117c2499df96.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=OUYEqRorqeZ8XZS8kTPYtw&filename=vault/5f577c1bd67a41f2c59b117c2499df96.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tzWaVKMtDVxhFJvtbwXbGQ&filename=vault/5f577c1bd67a41f2c59b117c2499df96.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=8qhGHhvcrt4P2F8wetbejQ&filename=vault/5f577c1bd67a41f2c59b117c2499df96.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=RiVmfh4zCAOKfpB1jfxwQg&filename=vault/5f577c1bd67a41f2c59b117c2499df96.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=YyMlIsgo5uBuoZSDRM99cA&filename=vault/5f577c1bd67a41f2c59b117c2499df96.webp&width=3840 3840w",{"caption":3176,"element":3179},{"copyright":3051,"text":3177,"title":3178},"Нефелинит. Вулканическая порода ультраосновного состава щелочного ряда. Плато Айфель (Германия). Образец из коллекции Ф. Кранца. Фото: А. Т. Маслов.","Нефелинит. Плато Айфель (Германия)",{"alt":3178,"height":3180,"src":3181,"srcset":3182,"title":3178,"width":3183},3095,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Col0fNXNzSd3d6uFUb8rzQ&filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Col0fNXNzSd3d6uFUb8rzQ&filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QUnp0DLs295pywxInswULQ&filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=CkXf1XNm_u3m_-ZOUwFQEA&filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=KikSt_zCp8agQsBRgSnZFw&filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bEGR-OO6SWeiqKiLydiHuw&filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bK4cx20llzRGT-H32Bte3A&filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=uKsN5oVnKlapzbg0GCWMxw&filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ssZg1VPRa11E3T6CV9CkWA&filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PaHG_iEVSy-qOB2yg1G0oQ&filename=vault/748967cbdb7677fb01eeb970a150d7ca.webp&width=3840 3840w",4144,{"caption":3185,"element":3189},{"copyright":3186,"copyrightLink":2971,"text":3187,"title":3188},"Zach Jackson, flickr.com. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0","Лава, изливающаяся во время эффузивного извержения вулкана на острове Гавайи (Гавайские острова, США).","Лава, изливающаяся во время извержения вулкана на острове Гавайи (Гавайские острова, США)",{"alt":3188,"height":3190,"src":3191,"srcset":3192,"title":3188,"width":3193},1704,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ZGMHm4JxfXsSGfdPfmPXNQ&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ZGMHm4JxfXsSGfdPfmPXNQ&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EJRb6gaBd04rIraTIf583A&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bAkZQRPRw-OS-ouey4pfhw&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=DPKyoIhRy34jfI9umAs_3A&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=OabxDXjBzpR0nbVZG9cySQ&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=xFnvh0RFB3aCRYYpniXG-A&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bqiVRpEz9NY8S8fQyEOMRg&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LyE_5bZQ4mcDGv0mGbpCpA&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=0t69BlN23TijtoMPX8F8jQ&filename=vault/dcee1b40cf880b454ce7754d047b63f4.webp&width=3840 3840w",2130,{"caption":3195,"element":3199},{"copyright":3196,"copyrightLink":1716,"text":3197,"title":3198},"India Amos, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0","Эксплозивное извержение вулкана Везувий (Италия).\nФото из книги: Converse Beach F. The Americana: A Universal Reference Library Comprising the Arts and Sciences, Literature, History, Biography, Geography, Commerce, etc., of the World. New York, 1912. Vol. 21.","Извержение вулкана Везувий (Италия)",{"alt":3198,"height":3200,"src":3201,"srcset":3202,"title":3198,"width":3203},1187,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5rtPwhG7MrwcFli0c5qzMw&filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5rtPwhG7MrwcFli0c5qzMw&filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pGpAjXCls-0sUp1T-xivUg&filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=8ivl-fqtzzDtPaJnT1zAgg&filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QTEOympp6Y9L2uIbzuJB0g&filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=lJpxwhaJqLTbjx1x2lQXhQ&filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7K96pOjGoSBbTS8_VRfeBw&filename=vault/4b78ee7407beb8ea10416bbbdd1903c6.webp&width=1024 1024w",784,{"caption":3205,"element":3206},{"copyright":1715,"copyrightLink":1716,"text":1714,"title":1720},{"alt":1720,"height":3207,"src":1718,"srcset":1719,"title":1720,"width":3208},3648,5472,{"caption":3210,"element":3214},{"copyright":3211,"copyrightLink":2971,"text":3212,"title":3213},"Karl Schultz, flickr.com. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0","Слёзы Пеле (штат Гавайи, США).","Слёзы Пеле (штат Гавайи, США)",{"alt":3213,"height":3215,"src":3216,"srcset":3217,"title":3213,"width":3218},2003,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PCvEs1Ph0BbADMxHRTLXLA&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=PCvEs1Ph0BbADMxHRTLXLA&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=I9Z2Ty6VsZt1S3snT3AbrQ&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bSq5aHIzODfyoBX5TJThuA&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mRa4qJVJX5ZxuBjoNUafAw&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4cyF_bum3Pza-KYrrRj7Cg&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NvjnA3m_dXCVo4zd3fkWtQ&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=HNSW81BJM5qCWLLrBdwltA&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=h40EItBk-fauH5q5Op50cQ&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=08mTK0Bjthr_MlxhGSN5Sg&filename=vault/a25d83249561d409f9ae019674fd19d8.webp&width=3840 3840w",2671,{"caption":3220,"element":3224},{"copyright":3221,"copyrightLink":1716,"text":3222,"title":3223},"James St. John, flickr.com. CC BY 2.0","Волосы Пеле (вулкан Килауэа). Штат Гавайи (США).","Волосы Пеле (вулкан Килауэа). 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