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href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="कुणाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुणाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunala" title="Kunala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kunala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="കുണാൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുണാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="कुणाल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुणाल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="குணாளன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குணாளன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0" title="เจ้าชายกุณาละ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจ้าชายกุณาละ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="کنال (موریا حکمران) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنال (موریا حکمران)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6444173#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kunal" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kunal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kunal (disambiguation)">Kunal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kunala" title="Special:EditPage/Kunala">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kunala%22">"Kunala"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kunala%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kunala%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kunala%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kunala%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kunala%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Crown Prince of Magadha</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Kunala</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Yuvaraja" title="Yuvaraja">Crown Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Magadha</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samprati" title="Samprati">Samprati</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">263 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Mookerji_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mookerji-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Kanchanamala</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samprati" title="Samprati">Samprati</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Padmavati_(wife_of_Ashoka)" title="Padmavati (wife of Ashoka)">Padmavati</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kunala</b> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kuṇāla</i></span>) (263 BC – ?) was the Crown Prince and second son of 3rd Mauryan Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Padmavati_(wife_of_Ashoka)" title="Padmavati (wife of Ashoka)">Queen Padmavati</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">presumptive heir</a> to Ashoka, thus the heir to the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> which once ruled almost all of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. After the departure of <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahendra</a>, Ashoka's eldest son, he was supposed to be the heir to the empire, but was blinded by his step-mother, <a href="/wiki/Tishyaraksha" title="Tishyaraksha">Tishyaraksha</a>, at a young age in jealousy. While he was not able to take the throne, his son, <a href="/wiki/Samprati" title="Samprati">Samprati</a>, became his heir. </p><p>Kunala also served as the <a href="/wiki/Uparaja" title="Uparaja">Viceroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> during the reign of his father, having been appointed to the position in 235 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Mookerji_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mookerji-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_of_name">Significance of name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significance of name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kunal also means "bird with beautiful eyes", "someone who sees beauty in everything" or "one with beautiful eyes".<sup id="cite_ref-strong_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the age of eight, Ashoka sent his son to <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>, to be brought up and carry out his princely education, to become the heir to the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blinding">Blinding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Blinding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_colonisation_of_Khotan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian colonisation of Khotan (page does not exist)">Indian colonisation of Khotan</a></div> <p>When the prince was eight years old, the emperor wrote (in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>) to the tutors and mentioned the word: Adheetaam - Meaning "He(Kunala) must study"(Context: Kunala should begin his studies). <sup id="cite_ref-strong_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Ashoka's wives who wanted to secure the succession to her own son, being then present, took up the letter to read it. She secretly put a dot over the letter 'a', which changed the word to Andheetaam - Meaning "He (Kunala) must be blinded". Without rereading the letter, the emperor sealed and dispatched it. The clerk in Ujjayini was so shocked by the contents of this letter that he was unable to read it aloud to the prince. Kunala, therefore, seized the letter and read the cruel sentence of his father. Considering that as yet no Maurya prince had disobeyed the chief of the house, and unwilling to set a bad example, he stoutly put out his eyesight with a hot iron".<sup id="cite_ref-strong_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, some stories explain that Kunala had been sent to Taxila to put down a rebellion, which he managed to do peacefully. But he was similarly blinded through the treacherousness of Ashoka's wife <a href="/wiki/Tishyaraksha" title="Tishyaraksha">Tishyaraksha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-strong_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is said by some scholars that the letter was sent to Kunal; not believing it, Kunal went to his father. This made Emperor Ashoka angry, finding out that his wife had changed the letter, he sentenced her to death. Kunal then became heir to the throne of Mauryan Empire. It is uncertain whether this is true.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempts_to_claim_throne">Attempts to claim throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attempts to claim throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Years later Kunala came to Ashoka's court dressed as a minstrel accompanied by his favourite wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanchanmala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanchanmala (page does not exist)">Kanchanmala</a>. When he greatly pleased the emperor by his music, the emperor wanted to reward him. At this, the minstrel revealed himself as prince Kunala and demanded his inheritance. Ashoka sadly objected that being blind, Kunala never could ascend the throne. Thereupon the latter said that he claimed the empire not for himself but for his son. "When," cried the emperor, "has a son been born to you?" "<a href="/wiki/Samprati" title="Samprati">Samprati</a>" (meaning "Just now") was the answer. Samprati accordingly was the name given to Kunala's son, and though a baby, he was appointed Ashoka's successor. However, when Ashoka died, Samprati was too young to rule. Therefore, Ashoka was succeeded by another, older grandson, <a href="/wiki/Dasharatha_Maurya" title="Dasharatha Maurya">Dasharatha</a>. After the demise of Dasharatha, Samprati did indeed become Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-strong_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is said that Prince Kunala established a kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila</a> region on the Indo-Nepal Border. It might be the same place where the present village, <a href="/wiki/Kunauli" title="Kunauli">Kunauli</a> (earlier known as Kunal Gram) at the bank of Kosi river on the Indo-Nepal Border is situated. There are some historical and archaeological evidences to support this claim.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal_in_popular_media">Portrayal in popular media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Portrayal in popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A semi-fictionalized portrayal of Kunal's life was produced as a motion picture under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Veer_Kunal" title="Veer Kunal">Veer Kunal</a></i> (1941). <i><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Kumar_(film)" title="Ashok Kumar (film)">Ashok Kumar</a></i>, a Tamil film was produced in 1941 based on the life of Kunal.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhritarashtra" title="Dhritarashtra">Dhritarashtra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mookerji-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mookerji_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mookerji_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1995" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1995). <i>Aśoka</i> (3. rev. ed., repr ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 45,124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120805828" title="Special:BookSources/9788120805828"><bdi>9788120805828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%C5%9Boka&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=45%2C124&rft.edition=3.+rev.+ed.%2C+repr&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788120805828&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2022" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Colleen Taylor (2022). <i>Ashoka and the Mauraya Dynasty: the history and legacy of ancient India's greatest empire</i>. Dynasties. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-596-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-596-0"><bdi>978-1-78914-596-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashoka+and+the+Mauraya+Dynasty%3A+the+history+and+legacy+of+ancient+India%27s+greatest+empire&rft.place=London&rft.series=Dynasties&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-78914-596-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Colleen+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2024" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (2024). <i>Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-27490-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-27490-5"><bdi>978-0-300-27490-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashoka%3A+Portrait+of+a+Philosopher+King.&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-300-27490-5&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahiri2015" class="citation book cs1">Lahiri, Nayanjot (2015). <i>Ashoka in Ancient India</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674057777" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674057777"><bdi>978-0674057777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashoka+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0674057777&rft.aulast=Lahiri&rft.aufirst=Nayanjot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strong-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strong_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strong_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strong_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strong_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strong_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1989" class="citation book cs1">Strong, John S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=feD_AwAAQBAJ"><i>The legend of King Aśoka : a study and translation of the Aśokāvadāna</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01459-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01459-0"><bdi>0-691-01459-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+legend+of+King+A%C5%9Boka+%3A+a+study+and+translation+of+the+A%C5%9Bok%C4%81vad%C4%81na&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-691-01459-0&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfeD_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Kumar_(film)#CITEREFRajadhyakshaWillemen1998" title="Ashok Kumar (film)">Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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