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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definisi_Minoritas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi_Minoritas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definisi Minoritas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisi_Minoritas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hak minoritas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 24 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حقوق الأقليات – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقوق الأقليات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azl%C4%B1qlar%C4%B1n_h%C3%BCquqlar%C4%B1" title="Azlıqların hüquqları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azlıqların hüquqları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Права на националните малцинства – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Права на националните малцинства" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مافی کەمینەکان – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مافی کەمینەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minderheitenschutz" title="Minderheitenschutz – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minderheitenschutz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Minority rights" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_de_las_minor%C3%ADas" title="Derechos de las minorías – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derechos de las minorías" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="حقوق اقلیت‌ها – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق اقلیت‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_des_minorit%C3%A9s" title="Droits des minorités – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits des minorités" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin_%27yan_tsiraru" title="Hakkokin 'yan tsiraru – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hakkokin 'yan tsiraru" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D6%84%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փոքրամասնությունների իրավունքներ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոքրամասնությունների իրավունքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%81%AE%E6%A8%A9%E5%88%A9" title="マイノリティの権利 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイノリティの権利" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%88%98_%EA%B6%8C%EB%A6%AC" title="소수 권리 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소수 권리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iura_minoritatum" title="Iura minoritatum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iura minoritatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ന്യൂനപക്ഷാവകാശങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂനപക്ഷാവകാശങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direitos_das_minorias" title="Direitos das minorias – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direitos das minorias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Права меньшинств – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Права меньшинств" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Minority rights" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AB_drejtat_e_pakicave" title="Të drejtat e pakicave – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Të drejtat e pakicave" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мањинска права – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мањинска права" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C4%B1nl%C4%B1k_haklar%C4%B1" title="Azınlık hakları – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Azınlık hakları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Права меншин – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Права меншин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9" title="少数人权利 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="少数人权利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1369260#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hak_minoritas" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan:Hak_minoritas&action=edit&redlink=1" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/188px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/250px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>Logo hak asasi manusia</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> Kategorisasi</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hak_sipil_dan_politik" title="Hak sipil dan politik">Hak sipil dan politik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hak_ekonomi,_sosial,_dan_budaya" title="Hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya">Hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tiga_generasi_hak_asasi_manusia" title="Tiga generasi hak asasi manusia">Tiga generasi HAM</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> Instrumen utama</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pernyataan_Umum_tentang_Hak-Hak_Asasi_Manusia" title="Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia">PUHAM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Sipil_dan_Politik" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik">ICCPR</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kovenan_Internasional_tentang_Hak-Hak_Ekonomi,_Sosial,_dan_Budaya" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya">ICESCR</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> Instrumen regional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konvensi_Eropa_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia">Eropa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Konvensi_Amerika_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia" title="Konvensi Amerika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia">Amerika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Piagam_Afrika_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_dan_Hak_Penduduk" title="Piagam Afrika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hak Penduduk">Afrika</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Hari_Hak_Asasi_Manusia" title="Hari Hak Asasi Manusia">Hari Hak Asasi Manusia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Hak_Asasi_Manusia" title="Templat:Hak Asasi Manusia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Hak_Asasi_Manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Hak Asasi Manusia (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Hak_Asasi_Manusia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hak minoritas</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Hak" title="Hak">hak</a> <a href="/wiki/Individu" title="Individu">individu</a> maupun kolektif yang dimiliki oleh sekelompok <a href="/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat">masyarakat</a> <a href="/wiki/Minoritas" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minoritas">minoritas</a> yang didasarkan kepada rekognisi bahwa masyarakat minoritas merupakan kelompok masyarakat yang lebih sering terancam dibanding kelompok masyarakat mayoritas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sepanjang sejarah, masyarakat minoritas sering mendapatkan pelbagai ancaman <a href="/wiki/Diskriminasi" title="Diskriminasi">diskriminasi</a>, asimilasi paksa, <a href="/wiki/Persekusi" title="Persekusi">persekusi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kekerasan" title="Kekerasan">kekerasan</a> akibat dari status mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh karena itu, hak minoritas ada untuk menjamin bahwa mereka mendapatkan kesetaraan dengan kelompok masyarakat lainnya. </p><p>Hak-hak minoritas ini biasanya berfokus pada beberapa hal seperti kebebasan untuk mengekspresikan kebudayaannya, hak mereka untuk menggunakan bahasa mereka, hak mereka untuk meyakini dan mempraktikkan <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a> mereka, hak mereka untuk mendapatkan <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_berbicara" title="Kebebasan berbicara">kebebasan berekspresi</a> dan berkumpul. Serta hak kebebasan untuk mendapatkan kesempatan yang sama dalam pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan kehidupan publik.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minoritas sering menjadi fokus dari kekerasan disaat terjadi peperangan. Seperti penggunaan gas beracun kepada orang <a href="/wiki/Orang_Kurdi" title="Orang Kurdi">kurdi</a> disaat <a href="/wiki/Perang_Iran-Irak" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Iran-Irak">perang Iran-Irak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun hal ini tidak terjadi hanya pada saat peperangan, ancaman terhadap minoritas juga meningkat di masa damai seiring dengan meningkatnya populisme yang biasanya menyerang hak-hak minoritas.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini terjadi seperti disaat meningkatnya <a href="/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia">islamofobia</a> di negara-negara barat. Di negara berkembang, ancaman terhadap minoritas lebih tampak seiring dengan pesatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi. Seperti masyarakat penganut keagamaan di Indonesia yang sering mendapatkan perlawanan ketika akan membangun tempat ibadah mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada beberapa negara, tidak terpenuhinya hak minoritas seperti ini dapat memicu perlawanan bersenjata seperti yang terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Konflik_internal_di_Myanmar" title="Konflik internal di Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. </p><p>Rekognisi atas hak-hak minoritas sudah muncul seiring dengan bermunculannya <a href="/wiki/Negara_kebangsaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara kebangsaan">negara kebangsaan</a>, dimana kelompok-kelompok non-mayoritas melakukan usaha untuk menjaga agama, budaya, dan etnik mereka. Dalam hukum internasional, rekognisi dan perlindungan hak minoritas dimulai dengan dikeluarkannya "traktat minoritas" oleh <a href="/wiki/Liga_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Liga Bangsa-Bangsa">Liga Bangsa-Bangsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traktat ini merupakan trakat menyangkut minoritas pertama dalam sejarah manusia. Dengan melemahnya liga bangsa-bangsa, trakat ini juga menjadi tidak berguna dan tidak dapat ditegakkan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketika <a href="/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> didirikan pada 1945, mereka juga menghasilkan bermacam-macam <a href="/wiki/Norma_sosial" title="Norma sosial">norma</a>, prosedur, dan mekanisme yang berkaitan dengan minoritas. Namun, pada prakteknya, hak minoritas masih jauh dari realisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hak minoritas bukanlah suatu privilese, tapi merupakan suatu tindakan untuk menjamin kesetaraan untuk anggota dari berbagai komunitas. Hak-hak ini mengakomodasi kelompok rentan dan membawa seluruh anggota kelompok masyarakat untuk mendapatkan kesetaraan dalam menjalankan kehidupannya.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perlindungan atas hak-hak minoritas dapat dicapai dengan <a href="/wiki/Toleransi" title="Toleransi">toleransi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dialog" title="Dialog">dialog</a> terutama dengan memahami sejarah, budaya, bahasa, dan agama kelompok minoritas. Dengan mendorong adanya kesepahaman dan rasa saling menghormati, kelompok-kelompok yang membentuk suatu masyarakat akan dapat saling bekerja sama dan tetap saling mempertahankan identitas mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini dapat menciptakan perdamaian dan kemajuan masyarakat yang berkelanjutan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definisi_Minoritas">Definisi Minoritas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_minoritas&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi Minoritas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_minoritas&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Definisi Minoritas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tidak ada definisi internasional yang disepakati tentang kelompok atau masyarakat mana yang merupakan kelompok minoritas. Hal ini terjadi karena definisi dari minoritas bukan merupakan suatu fakta keras, melainkan harus mempertimbangkan faktor objektif (seperti keberadaan dari budaya tersebut) dan faktor subjektif (seperti individu ataupun kelompok tersebut harus mendefinisikan diri mereka sebagai minoritas). Artikel 1 Deklarasi PBB tentang minoritas sebatas menyatakan bahwa minoritas bisa jadi merupakan suatu <a href="/wiki/Bangsa" title="Bangsa">bangsa</a>, etnik, budaya, identitas keagamaan maupun kebahasaan yang harus dilindungi negara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_minoritas&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_minoritas&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kosovo, ECMI (Desember 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419222037/https://www.ecmikosovo.org/uploads/ECMIKosovoDec2013GuidebookforProfessionalsENG.pdf"><i>A Guidebook for Professionals working with communities in Kosovo</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Kosovo: European Centre for Minority Issues (KCMI) Kosovo. hlm. 9. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecmikosovo.org/uploads/ECMIKosovoDec2013GuidebookforProfessionalsENG.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2022-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guidebook+for+Professionals+working+with+communities+in+Kosovo.&rft.place=Kosovo&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=European+Centre+for+Minority+Issues+%28KCMI%29+Kosovo&rft.date=2013-12&rft.aulast=Kosovo&rft.aufirst=ECMI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecmikosovo.org%2Fuploads%2FECMIKosovoDec2013GuidebookforProfessionalsENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHak+minoritas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politicalyouthnetwork.org/why-are-minority-rights-important-2/">"Why are minority rights important? – Political Youth Network"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205082226/https://politicalyouthnetwork.org/why-are-minority-rights-important-2/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+are+minority+rights+important%3F+%E2%80%93+Political+Youth+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalyouthnetwork.org%2Fwhy-are-minority-rights-important-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHak+minoritas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bretton-Gordon, Hamish de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2016/3/16/remembering-halabja-chemical-attack">"Remembering Halabja chemical attack"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230401182040/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2016/3/16/remembering-halabja-chemical-attack">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Remembering+Halabja+chemical+attack&rft.aulast=Bretton-Gordon&rft.aufirst=Hamish+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2016%2F3%2F16%2Fremembering-halabja-chemical-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHak+minoritas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nugraha, Ignatius Yordan (2020-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3625244">"Human Rights Referendum: Dissonance between 'The Will of the People' and Fundamental Rights?"</a>. <i>Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Rochester, NY. <b>38</b> (2): 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813054758/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3625244">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Netherlands+Quarterly+of+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Referendum%3A+Dissonance+between+%E2%80%98The+Will+of+the+People%E2%80%99+and+Fundamental+Rights%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.aulast=Nugraha&rft.aufirst=Ignatius+Yordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D3625244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHak+minoritas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-55879387">"Kementerian Agama buka peluang 'revisi' SKB dua menteri soal pendirian rumah ibadah"</a>. <i>BBC News Indonesia</i>. 2021-01-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323210348/https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-55879387">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Kementerian+Agama+buka+peluang+%27revisi%27+SKB+dua+menteri+soal+pendirian+rumah+ibadah&rft.date=2021-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Findonesia%2Findonesia-55879387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHak+minoritas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Castellino, Joshua (21 Maret 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315254203/global-minority-rights-joshua-castellino">"Global Minority Rights Law: A Commentary"</a>. <i>Taylor & Francis</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). hlm. xii. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315254203">10.4324/9781315254203</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318183433/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315254203/global-minority-rights-joshua-castellino">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.atitle=Global+Minority+Rights+Law%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pages=xii&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315254203&rft.aulast=Castellino&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781315254203%2Fglobal-minority-rights-joshua-castellino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHak+minoritas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Preece, Jennifer Jackson (1997/01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-international-studies/article/abs/minority-rights-in-europe-from-westphalia-to-helsinki/6BE3B232F24DD71F6956E74A4F8E638E">"Minority rights in Europe: from Westphalia to Helsinki"</a>. <i>Review of International Studies</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>23</b> (1): 84. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0260210597000752">10.1017/S0260210597000752</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-9044">1469-9044</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102065758/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-international-studies/article/abs/minority-rights-in-europe-from-westphalia-to-helsinki/6BE3B232F24DD71F6956E74A4F8E638E">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Minority+rights+in+Europe%3A+from+Westphalia+to+Helsinki&rft.chron=1997%2F01&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0260210597000752&rft.issn=1469-9044&rft.aulast=Preece&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Freview-of-international-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fminority-rights-in-europe-from-westphalia-to-helsinki%2F6BE3B232F24DD71F6956E74A4F8E638E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHak+minoritas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Office of the United Nations, High Commissioner for Human Rights (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/minorityrights_en.pdf"><i>Minority Rights: International Standards and Guide for Implementation</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. United Nations. hlm. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301163051/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/MinorityRights_en.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Rights%3A+International+Standards+and+Guide+for+Implementation&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Office+of+the+United+Nations&rft.aufirst=High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fminorityrights_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHak+minoritas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ringelheim, J. (2010-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngp038">"Minority Rights in a Time of Multiculturalism--The Evolving Scope of the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities"</a>. <i>Human Rights Law Review</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 101–102. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhrlr%2Fngp038">10.1093/hrlr/ngp038</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1461-7781">1461-7781</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813054801/https://academic.oup.com/crawlprevention/governor?content=%2fhrlr%2farticle-lookup%2fdoi%2f10.1093%2fhrlr%2fngp038">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Minority+Rights+in+a+Time+of+Multiculturalism--The+Evolving+Scope+of+the+Framework+Convention+on+the+Protection+of+National+Minorities&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-102&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhrlr%2Fngp038&rft.issn=1461-7781&rft.aulast=Ringelheim&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fhrlr%2Fngp038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHak+minoritas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hak_minoritas&oldid=24008818">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hak_minoritas&oldid=24008818</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_navigasi_masyarakat_dan_ilmu_sosial" title="Kategori:Templat navigasi masyarakat dan ilmu sosial">Templat navigasi masyarakat dan ilmu sosial</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Hak_asasi_manusia_berdasarkan_isu" title="Kategori:Hak asasi manusia berdasarkan isu">Hak asasi manusia berdasarkan isu</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_tanggal" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: tanggal">Galat CS1: tanggal</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 13 Agustus 2023, pukul 05.48.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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