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<span>Greco-Roman world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Roman_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_and_Rococo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_and_Rococo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Baroque and Rococo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_and_Rococo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoclassicism_and_historicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoclassicism_and_historicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Neoclassicism and historicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoclassicism_and_historicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beaux_Arts_and_Art_Nouveau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beaux_Arts_and_Art_Nouveau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Beaux Arts and Art Nouveau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beaux_Arts_and_Art_Nouveau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postmodernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postmodernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Postmodernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postmodernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskaron" title="Maskaron – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maskaron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Маскарон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маскарон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascar%C3%B3_(arquitectura)" title="Mascaró (arquitectura) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mascaró (arquitectura)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskaron" title="Maskaron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maskaron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskaron" title="Maskaron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maskaron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskaroon" title="Maskaroon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maskaroon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascar%C3%B3n" title="Mascarón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mascarón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskarono" title="Maskarono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maskarono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskaroi" title="Maskaroi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maskaroi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascaron" title="Mascaron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mascaron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascar%C3%B3n" title="Mascarón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mascarón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Մասկարոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մասկարոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskeron" title="Maskeron – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maskeron" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskarono" title="Maskarono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maskarono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascherone" title="Mascherone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mascherone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מסקרון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסקרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascaron" title="Mascaron – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mascaron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskaron" title="Maskaron – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maskaron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maszkaron" title="Maszkaron – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maszkaron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascar%C3%A3o" title="Mascarão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mascarão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascaron" title="Mascaron – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mascaron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Маскарон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маскарон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskaroni" title="Maskaroni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maskaroni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskaron" title="Maskaron – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maskaron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Маскарон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маскарон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%AA%E9%9D%A2%E9%9B%95%E9%A3%BE" title="怪面雕飾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="怪面雕飾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1365301#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mascaron_(architecture)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mascaron_(architecture)" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ornament depicting a face</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mascaron,_40_Rue_Mademoiselle,_Paris_19_February_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mascaron%2C_40_Rue_Mademoiselle%2C_Paris_19_February_2017.jpg/220px-Mascaron%2C_40_Rue_Mademoiselle%2C_Paris_19_February_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mascaron%2C_40_Rue_Mademoiselle%2C_Paris_19_February_2017.jpg/330px-Mascaron%2C_40_Rue_Mademoiselle%2C_Paris_19_February_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mascaron%2C_40_Rue_Mademoiselle%2C_Paris_19_February_2017.jpg/440px-Mascaron%2C_40_Rue_Mademoiselle%2C_Paris_19_February_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> mascaron above the door of Rue Mademoiselle no. 40, Paris, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1930</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a>, a <b>mascaron</b> ornament is a face, usually human, sometimes frightening or <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimera (architecture)">chimeric</a>, whose alleged function was originally to frighten away evil spirits so that they would not enter the building.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was subsequently adapted to become a purely decorative element. The most recent <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural styles</a> to extensively employ mascarons were <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to architecture, mascarons are used in the other <a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_Man">Green Man</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Green Man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a></div> <p>In the 11th century, European stonemasons began adding carved foliate mascarons, known as Green Men, to the decoration of churches, an image that early 20th-century scholars suggested had secretly represented a surviving pre-Christian god. Today, few scholars believe this idea. The Green Man is primarily interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> of rebirth, representing the cycle of new growth that occurs every <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Palace_Mosaics_Museum,_Istanbul_(52131482106).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Byzantine mosaic with a Green Man, possibly from the reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565), Great Palace Mosaic Museum, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey)[5]"><img alt="Early Byzantine mosaic with a Green Man, possibly from the reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565), Great Palace Mosaic Museum, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey)[5]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Great_Palace_Mosaics_Museum%2C_Istanbul_%2852131482106%29.jpg/210px-Great_Palace_Mosaics_Museum%2C_Istanbul_%2852131482106%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Great_Palace_Mosaics_Museum%2C_Istanbul_%2852131482106%29.jpg/316px-Great_Palace_Mosaics_Museum%2C_Istanbul_%2852131482106%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Great_Palace_Mosaics_Museum%2C_Istanbul_%2852131482106%29.jpg/420px-Great_Palace_Mosaics_Museum%2C_Istanbul_%2852131482106%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1949" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> mosaic with a Green Man, possibly from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 527–565</span>), <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_Mosaic_Museum" title="Great Palace Mosaic Museum">Great Palace Mosaic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_Cathederal_(51645742179).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elaborate Gothic Green Man in Norwich Cathedral, Norfolk, England, 14th or early 15th century[6]"><img alt="Elaborate Gothic Green Man in Norwich Cathedral, Norfolk, England, 14th or early 15th century[6]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Norwich_Cathederal_%2851645742179%29.jpg/170px-Norwich_Cathederal_%2851645742179%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Norwich_Cathederal_%2851645742179%29.jpg/255px-Norwich_Cathederal_%2851645742179%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Norwich_Cathederal_%2851645742179%29.jpg/340px-Norwich_Cathederal_%2851645742179%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elaborate <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> Green Man in <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norwich Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, 14th or early 15th century<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apartamentos_de_Napole%C3%B3n_III._Louvre._09.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Empire style ceiling with a Green Man in the Napoleon III Apartments, in the Louvre Palace, Paris, designed by Hector Lefuel and decorated with paintings by Charles Raphaël Maréchal, 1859-1860[7]"><img alt="Second Empire style ceiling with a Green Man in the Napoleon III Apartments, in the Louvre Palace, Paris, designed by Hector Lefuel and decorated with paintings by Charles Raphaël Maréchal, 1859-1860[7]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Apartamentos_de_Napole%C3%B3n_III._Louvre._09.JPG/383px-Apartamentos_de_Napole%C3%B3n_III._Louvre._09.JPG" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Apartamentos_de_Napole%C3%B3n_III._Louvre._09.JPG/575px-Apartamentos_de_Napole%C3%B3n_III._Louvre._09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Apartamentos_de_Napole%C3%B3n_III._Louvre._09.JPG/765px-Apartamentos_de_Napole%C3%B3n_III._Louvre._09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire style</a> ceiling with a Green Man in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> Apartments, in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>, Paris, designed by <a href="/wiki/Hector_Lefuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Lefuel">Hector Lefuel</a> and decorated with paintings by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rapha%C3%ABl_Mar%C3%A9chal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Raphaël Maréchal (page does not exist)">Charles Raphaël Maréchal</a>, 1859-1860<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20070924090MDR_Dresden-Striesen_Wittenberger_Stra%C3%9Fe_110_Entree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of Renaissance Revival Green Man (the rest of the ceiling is Eclectic) between the medallions and the putto panel, on the ceiling of a hallway in Wittenberger Straße no. 110, Dresden, Germany, unknown painter or architect, c.1895"><img alt="Pair of Renaissance Revival Green Man (the rest of the ceiling is Eclectic) between the medallions and the putto panel, on the ceiling of a hallway in Wittenberger Straße no. 110, Dresden, Germany, unknown painter or architect, c.1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/20070924090MDR_Dresden-Striesen_Wittenberger_Stra%C3%9Fe_110_Entree.jpg/162px-20070924090MDR_Dresden-Striesen_Wittenberger_Stra%C3%9Fe_110_Entree.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/20070924090MDR_Dresden-Striesen_Wittenberger_Stra%C3%9Fe_110_Entree.jpg/243px-20070924090MDR_Dresden-Striesen_Wittenberger_Stra%C3%9Fe_110_Entree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/20070924090MDR_Dresden-Striesen_Wittenberger_Stra%C3%9Fe_110_Entree.jpg/324px-20070924090MDR_Dresden-Striesen_Wittenberger_Stra%C3%9Fe_110_Entree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="2175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Revival">Renaissance Revival</a> Green Man (the rest of the ceiling is <a href="/wiki/Eclectic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclectic architecture">Eclectic</a>) between the <a href="/wiki/Medallion_(architecture)" title="Medallion (architecture)">medallions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">putto</a> panel, on the ceiling of a hallway in Wittenberger Straße no. 110, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany, unknown painter or architect, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1895</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:46_Strada_Justi%C8%9Biei,_Bucharest_(07).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Complex pair of foliate heads above a window of Strada Justiției no. 46, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect, c.1900"><img alt="Complex pair of foliate heads above a window of Strada Justiției no. 46, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect, c.1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/46_Strada_Justi%C8%9Biei%2C_Bucharest_%2807%29.jpg/273px-46_Strada_Justi%C8%9Biei%2C_Bucharest_%2807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/46_Strada_Justi%C8%9Biei%2C_Bucharest_%2807%29.jpg/410px-46_Strada_Justi%C8%9Biei%2C_Bucharest_%2807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/46_Strada_Justi%C8%9Biei%2C_Bucharest_%2807%29.jpg/547px-46_Strada_Justi%C8%9Biei%2C_Bucharest_%2807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3594" data-file-height="3354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Complex pair of foliate heads above a window of Strada Justiției no. 46, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, unknown architect, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1900</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bucranium">Bucranium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bucranium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bucranium" title="Bucranium">Bucranium</a></div> <p>A bucranium (plural <i>bucrania</i>) is an ox skull mascaron, usually used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a>, for decorating funerary and commemorative monuments. The motif originated in a ceremony wherein an ox's head was hung from the wooden beams supporting the temple roof; this scene was later represented, in stone, on the frieze, or stone lintels, above the columns in <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> temples. The ox skull is usually decorated with ribbons and <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoons</a>. The motif was reused during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, losing its ancient symbolism, being reduced only to a simple ornament. Later it was no longer used until the 18th century, when the excavations at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> lead to <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>, a movement that tried to revive the aesthetic of Classical Greece and Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittore_del_bucranio,_cratere_a_campana_con_scena_di_offerta,_375-350_ac_ca,_da_rudiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek bucrania on a bell krater from Rudiae with an offering scene, by the Bucranium Painter, c.375–350 BC, ceramic, Museo archeologico Sigismondo Castromediano, Lecce, Italy"><img alt="Ancient Greek bucrania on a bell krater from Rudiae with an offering scene, by the Bucranium Painter, c.375–350 BC, ceramic, Museo archeologico Sigismondo Castromediano, Lecce, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pittore_del_bucranio%2C_cratere_a_campana_con_scena_di_offerta%2C_375-350_ac_ca%2C_da_rudiae.jpg/212px-Pittore_del_bucranio%2C_cratere_a_campana_con_scena_di_offerta%2C_375-350_ac_ca%2C_da_rudiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pittore_del_bucranio%2C_cratere_a_campana_con_scena_di_offerta%2C_375-350_ac_ca%2C_da_rudiae.jpg/319px-Pittore_del_bucranio%2C_cratere_a_campana_con_scena_di_offerta%2C_375-350_ac_ca%2C_da_rudiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pittore_del_bucranio%2C_cratere_a_campana_con_scena_di_offerta%2C_375-350_ac_ca%2C_da_rudiae.jpg/424px-Pittore_del_bucranio%2C_cratere_a_campana_con_scena_di_offerta%2C_375-350_ac_ca%2C_da_rudiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="2221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek</a> bucrania on a <a href="/wiki/Bell_krater" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell krater">bell krater</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rudiae" title="Rudiae">Rudiae</a> with an offering scene, by the Bucranium Painter, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>375–350 BC, ceramic, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museo_archeologico_Sigismondo_Castromediano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museo archeologico Sigismondo Castromediano (page does not exist)">Museo archeologico Sigismondo Castromediano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Lecce</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 310.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 308.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frise_aux_bucranes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman bucranium with a festoon and ribbons, unknown architect, late 1st century, marble, Narbo Via Museum, Narbonne, France"><img alt="Roman bucranium with a festoon and ribbons, unknown architect, late 1st century, marble, Narbo Via Museum, Narbonne, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Frise_aux_bucranes.jpg/463px-Frise_aux_bucranes.jpg" decoding="async" width="309" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Frise_aux_bucranes.jpg/696px-Frise_aux_bucranes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Frise_aux_bucranes.jpg/926px-Frise_aux_bucranes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman</a> bucranium with a <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoon</a> and ribbons, unknown architect, late 1st century, marble, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narbo_Via&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narbo Via (page does not exist)">Narbo Via</a> Museum, <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 107.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Pierre_Ador_-_Potpourri_Vase_with_Classical_Figures_-_Walters_57864_-_Profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo bucrania on the foot of a potpurri vase, by Jean-Pierre Ador, 1768, multicoloured gold, en plein and basse-taille enamel, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, US[10]"><img alt="Rococo bucrania on the foot of a potpurri vase, by Jean-Pierre Ador, 1768, multicoloured gold, en plein and basse-taille enamel, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, US[10]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Jean_Pierre_Ador_-_Potpourri_Vase_with_Classical_Figures_-_Walters_57864_-_Profile.jpg/158px-Jean_Pierre_Ador_-_Potpourri_Vase_with_Classical_Figures_-_Walters_57864_-_Profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Jean_Pierre_Ador_-_Potpourri_Vase_with_Classical_Figures_-_Walters_57864_-_Profile.jpg/237px-Jean_Pierre_Ador_-_Potpourri_Vase_with_Classical_Figures_-_Walters_57864_-_Profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Jean_Pierre_Ador_-_Potpourri_Vase_with_Classical_Figures_-_Walters_57864_-_Profile.jpg/316px-Jean_Pierre_Ador_-_Potpourri_Vase_with_Classical_Figures_-_Walters_57864_-_Profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> bucrania on the foot of a potpurri vase, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Pierre_Ador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Pierre Ador (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Ador</a>, 1768, multicoloured gold, <i>en plein</i> and <i>basse-taille</i> enamel, <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, US<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Gu%C3%A9ridon_(Louvre,_OA_11387).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical bucrania on a gueridon (small high table) from the salon of madame Récamier, c.1790, mahogany, gilt bronze and marble, Louvre[11]"><img alt="Neoclassical bucrania on a gueridon (small high table) from the salon of madame Récamier, c.1790, mahogany, gilt bronze and marble, Louvre[11]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Gu%C3%A9ridon_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11387%29.jpg/169px-Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Gu%C3%A9ridon_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11387%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Gu%C3%A9ridon_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11387%29.jpg/253px-Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Gu%C3%A9ridon_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11387%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Gu%C3%A9ridon_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11387%29.jpg/337px-Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Gu%C3%A9ridon_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11387%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> bucrania on a <a href="/wiki/Gueridon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gueridon">gueridon</a> (small high table) from the salon of <a href="/wiki/Madame_R%C3%A9camier" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Récamier">madame Récamier</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1790, mahogany, gilt bronze and marble, Louvre<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_principale_du_Grand_Palais_1,_Paris_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts mosaic of bucrania and festoons on the Grand Palais, Paris, by Charles Girault, 1897–1900"><img alt="Beaux Arts mosaic of bucrania and festoons on the Grand Palais, Paris, by Charles Girault, 1897–1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Entr%C3%A9e_principale_du_Grand_Palais_1%2C_Paris_2009.jpg/273px-Entr%C3%A9e_principale_du_Grand_Palais_1%2C_Paris_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Entr%C3%A9e_principale_du_Grand_Palais_1%2C_Paris_2009.jpg/410px-Entr%C3%A9e_principale_du_Grand_Palais_1%2C_Paris_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Entr%C3%A9e_principale_du_Grand_Palais_1%2C_Paris_2009.jpg/546px-Entr%C3%A9e_principale_du_Grand_Palais_1%2C_Paris_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2793" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaux Arts architecture">Beaux Arts</a> mosaic of bucrania and <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoons</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Girault" title="Charles Girault">Charles Girault</a>, 1897–1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_deco_bucranium_mascarons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco styled bucranium on the Lincoln Bank Tower (East Berry Street no. 116), Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA, designed by Alvin M. Strauss, 1930"><img alt="Art Deco styled bucranium on the Lincoln Bank Tower (East Berry Street no. 116), Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA, designed by Alvin M. Strauss, 1930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Art_deco_bucranium_mascarons.jpg/339px-Art_deco_bucranium_mascarons.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Art_deco_bucranium_mascarons.jpg/509px-Art_deco_bucranium_mascarons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Art_deco_bucranium_mascarons.jpg/678px-Art_deco_bucranium_mascarons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> styled bucranium on the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bank_Tower" title="Lincoln Bank Tower">Lincoln Bank Tower</a> (East Berry Street no. 116), <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, USA, designed by <a href="/wiki/Alvin_M._Strauss" title="Alvin M. Strauss">Alvin M. Strauss</a>, 1930</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Antiquity, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, mascarons were used mainly for decoration, but sometimes for threatening evil spirits. Since the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, they were only used as an ornament, usually presented at the tops of various things (window or door <a href="/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)">keystones</a>, handles, <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">cartouches</a> etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Near_East_and_Egypt">Ancient Near East and Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East and Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mascarons were rarely present in the Ancient Near East. The ones used usually take the form of bull or lion heads. Good examples can be seen at the <a href="/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">Lyres of Ur</a>. </p><p>In ancient Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> was the supreme goddess of love, identified by the Greeks with <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. Her face was used for decorating multiple objects. She was most often depicted as a woman wearing a headdress with horns and a sun disk. Mirrors and <a href="/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum">sistra</a> (a musical instrument used in ancient Egypt) feature a Hathor mascaron on the handle. Some mirrors feature her because in Egypt they were often made of gold or bronze and therefore symbolized the sun disk, and because they were connected with beauty and femininity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199332,_83_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199332,_83-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hathor was sometimes represented as a human face with bovine ears. This mask-like face was placed on the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> of columns beginning in the late <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a>. Columns of this style were used in many temples to Hathor and other goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch1993135–139_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993135–139-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mascarons were also present on Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">canopic jars</a>. These were vessels used for storing the internal organs removed during <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummification</a>. The earliest jars were simple, but during the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a>, the lids of the jars began to be modelled in the form of human heads. From the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">18th Dynasty</a>, they were designed each with a different mascaron, so they resemble the <a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">four sons of Horus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">baboon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a> and human).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumerian bull mascaron for a lyre, c.2600–2350 BC, bronze, inlaid with shell and lapis lazuli, Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC"><img alt="Sumerian bull mascaron for a lyre, c.2600–2350 BC, bronze, inlaid with shell and lapis lazuli, Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070_%28cropped%29.jpg/408px-Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070_%28cropped%29.jpg/544px-Bull%27s_head_ornament_for_a_lyre_MET_DP260070_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> bull mascaron for a lyre, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>2600–2350 BC, bronze, inlaid with shell and <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, NYC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull%27s_head_of_the_Queen%27s_lyre_from_Pu-abi%27s_grave_PG_800,_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur,_Southern_Mesopotamia,_Iraq._The_British_Museum,_London..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumerian bull mascaron of the Queen's lyre from Puabi's grave, c.2500 BC, lapis lazuli, shell and gold, British Museum, London"><img alt="Sumerian bull mascaron of the Queen's lyre from Puabi's grave, c.2500 BC, lapis lazuli, shell and gold, British Museum, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bull%27s_head_of_the_Queen%27s_lyre_from_Pu-abi%27s_grave_PG_800%2C_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur%2C_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London..JPG/199px-Bull%27s_head_of_the_Queen%27s_lyre_from_Pu-abi%27s_grave_PG_800%2C_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur%2C_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London..JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bull%27s_head_of_the_Queen%27s_lyre_from_Pu-abi%27s_grave_PG_800%2C_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur%2C_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London..JPG/299px-Bull%27s_head_of_the_Queen%27s_lyre_from_Pu-abi%27s_grave_PG_800%2C_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur%2C_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bull%27s_head_of_the_Queen%27s_lyre_from_Pu-abi%27s_grave_PG_800%2C_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur%2C_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London..JPG/398px-Bull%27s_head_of_the_Queen%27s_lyre_from_Pu-abi%27s_grave_PG_800%2C_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur%2C_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._The_British_Museum%2C_London..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sumerian bull mascaron of the Queen's lyre from <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>'s grave, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>2500 BC, lapis lazuli, shell and gold, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_with_Hathor_Emblem_Handle_MET_26.8.98_EGDP020852_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian mirror with a Hathor mascaron, c.1479–1425, disk: silver, handle: wood sheathed in gold with restored inlay, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian mirror with a Hathor mascaron, c.1479–1425, disk: silver, handle: wood sheathed in gold with restored inlay, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mirror_with_Hathor_Emblem_Handle_MET_26.8.98_EGDP020852_%28cropped%29.jpg/188px-Mirror_with_Hathor_Emblem_Handle_MET_26.8.98_EGDP020852_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mirror_with_Hathor_Emblem_Handle_MET_26.8.98_EGDP020852_%28cropped%29.jpg/281px-Mirror_with_Hathor_Emblem_Handle_MET_26.8.98_EGDP020852_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mirror_with_Hathor_Emblem_Handle_MET_26.8.98_EGDP020852_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Mirror_with_Hathor_Emblem_Handle_MET_26.8.98_EGDP020852_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="3420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a> mirror with a <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> mascaron, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1479–1425, disk: silver, handle: wood sheathed in gold with restored inlay, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canopic_Jars_(9174679414).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian canopic jars, 744-656 BC, painted sycomore fig wood, British Museum[15]"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian canopic jars, 744-656 BC, painted sycomore fig wood, British Museum[15]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Canopic_Jars_%289174679414%29.jpg/450px-Canopic_Jars_%289174679414%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Canopic_Jars_%289174679414%29.jpg/675px-Canopic_Jars_%289174679414%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Canopic_Jars_%289174679414%29.jpg/900px-Canopic_Jars_%289174679414%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Egyptian canopic jars, 744-656 BC, painted sycomore fig wood, British Museum<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faience_Sistrum_Inscribed_with_the_Name_of_Ptolemy_I_MET_DP245512.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian sistrum with a Hathor mascaron, c.305–282 BC, faience, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian sistrum with a Hathor mascaron, c.305–282 BC, faience, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Faience_Sistrum_Inscribed_with_the_Name_of_Ptolemy_I_MET_DP245512.jpg/225px-Faience_Sistrum_Inscribed_with_the_Name_of_Ptolemy_I_MET_DP245512.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Faience_Sistrum_Inscribed_with_the_Name_of_Ptolemy_I_MET_DP245512.jpg/337px-Faience_Sistrum_Inscribed_with_the_Name_of_Ptolemy_I_MET_DP245512.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Faience_Sistrum_Inscribed_with_the_Name_of_Ptolemy_I_MET_DP245512.jpg/450px-Faience_Sistrum_Inscribed_with_the_Name_of_Ptolemy_I_MET_DP245512.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum">sistrum</a> with a Hathor mascaron, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>305–282 BC, faience, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dendera-Tempel_2016-03-26y.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian mascarons of Hathoric column capitals from the Dendera Temple complex, Dendera, Egypt, unknown architect, 1st century AD"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian mascarons of Hathoric column capitals from the Dendera Temple complex, Dendera, Egypt, unknown architect, 1st century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dendera-Tempel_2016-03-26y.jpg/450px-Dendera-Tempel_2016-03-26y.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dendera-Tempel_2016-03-26y.jpg/675px-Dendera-Tempel_2016-03-26y.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dendera-Tempel_2016-03-26y.jpg/900px-Dendera-Tempel_2016-03-26y.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Egyptian mascarons of <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathoric</a> column capitals from the <a href="/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex" title="Dendera Temple complex">Dendera Temple complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Dendera</a>, Egypt, unknown architect, 1st century AD</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greco-Roman_world">Greco-Roman world</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Greco-Roman world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, and in the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a>, lion mascarons were often used to decorate temple <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornices</a>. The tile-ends at the edges of a roof were concealed by ornamental blocks known as <a href="/wiki/Antefix" title="Antefix">antefixae</a>, which were sometimes decorated with human mascarons.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, mascarons were used for threatening. <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> decorates the <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architrave</a> of the temple of <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a>, and is intended to frighten the enemies of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, stylized so as to be seen from a distance and allow play of light and shadow. </p><p>Besides faces, mascarons sometimes took the form of theatre masks. Theatrical manifestations are initially a sacred ceremony linked to the cult of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. These sacred ceremonies are reflected in decorative <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a> with the faces of <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Bacchus), <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenads</a> (bacchantes among the Romans), <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a>, all with <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoons</a> between them, decorating religious buildings. </p><p>A certain type of mascaron used in the Greco-Roman world was the <a href="/wiki/Bucranium" title="Bucranium">bucranium</a>, a bull head or skull, which will be later rediscovered in the Renaissance and used in styles that use the Classical vocabulary of decoration and design. </p><p>Later, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> took all these decorative elements, as they incorporated many cultural elements of Ancient Greece. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_head_situla_Louvre_Br4235.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek mascaron from a situla, late 6th century BC, bronze, Louvre"><img alt="Ancient Greek mascaron from a situla, late 6th century BC, bronze, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bronze_head_situla_Louvre_Br4235.jpg/200px-Bronze_head_situla_Louvre_Br4235.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bronze_head_situla_Louvre_Br4235.jpg/300px-Bronze_head_situla_Louvre_Br4235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bronze_head_situla_Louvre_Br4235.jpg/400px-Bronze_head_situla_Louvre_Br4235.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek</a> mascaron from a <a href="/wiki/Situla" title="Situla">situla</a>, late 6th century BC, bronze, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Didyma_m%C3%A9dusa_2009_04_28.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek mascaron of a gorgon from the sanctuary of Apollo, Didyma, present-day Turkey, unknown architect, 6th and 3rd centuries BC"><img alt="Ancient Greek mascaron of a gorgon from the sanctuary of Apollo, Didyma, present-day Turkey, unknown architect, 6th and 3rd centuries BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Didyma_m%C3%A9dusa_2009_04_28.jpg/400px-Didyma_m%C3%A9dusa_2009_04_28.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Didyma_m%C3%A9dusa_2009_04_28.jpg/600px-Didyma_m%C3%A9dusa_2009_04_28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Didyma_m%C3%A9dusa_2009_04_28.jpg/800px-Didyma_m%C3%A9dusa_2009_04_28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a> mascaron of a gorgon from the sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, unknown architect, 6th and 3rd centuries BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 411.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 409.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_(parte_terminale_del_tetto).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek fragment with lion mascarons, from the roofline of the Temple of Hera at Paestum, present-day Italy, c.520 BC, carved and painted terracotta, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Paestum"><img alt="Ancient Greek fragment with lion mascarons, from the roofline of the Temple of Hera at Paestum, present-day Italy, c.520 BC, carved and painted terracotta, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Paestum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg/614px-Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="410" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg/920px-Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg/1227px-Tempio_di_Hera_a_Paestum_%28parte_terminale_del_tetto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4463" data-file-height="2184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Greek fragment with lion mascarons, from the roofline of the Temple of Hera at <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>520 BC, carved and painted terracotta, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Paestum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_antefix_(roof_tile)_MET_DP207966.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Etruscan antefix of a female figure, c.520-510 BC, terracotta, Metropolitan Museum of Art[17]"><img alt="Etruscan antefix of a female figure, c.520-510 BC, terracotta, Metropolitan Museum of Art[17]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Terracotta_antefix_%28roof_tile%29_MET_DP207966.jpg/400px-Terracotta_antefix_%28roof_tile%29_MET_DP207966.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Terracotta_antefix_%28roof_tile%29_MET_DP207966.jpg/600px-Terracotta_antefix_%28roof_tile%29_MET_DP207966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Terracotta_antefix_%28roof_tile%29_MET_DP207966.jpg/800px-Terracotta_antefix_%28roof_tile%29_MET_DP207966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a> antefix of a female figure, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>520-510 BC, terracotta, Metropolitan Museum of Art<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorazione_fittile_del_tempio_di_portonaccio,_510_ac_ca.,_antefissa_con_gorgone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Etruscan antefix of Medusa, c.510-500 BC, terracotta, National Etruscan Museum, Rome[18]"><img alt="Etruscan antefix of Medusa, c.510-500 BC, terracotta, National Etruscan Museum, Rome[18]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Decorazione_fittile_del_tempio_di_portonaccio%2C_510_ac_ca.%2C_antefissa_con_gorgone.jpg/288px-Decorazione_fittile_del_tempio_di_portonaccio%2C_510_ac_ca.%2C_antefissa_con_gorgone.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Decorazione_fittile_del_tempio_di_portonaccio%2C_510_ac_ca.%2C_antefissa_con_gorgone.jpg/431px-Decorazione_fittile_del_tempio_di_portonaccio%2C_510_ac_ca.%2C_antefissa_con_gorgone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Decorazione_fittile_del_tempio_di_portonaccio%2C_510_ac_ca.%2C_antefissa_con_gorgone.jpg/575px-Decorazione_fittile_del_tempio_di_portonaccio%2C_510_ac_ca.%2C_antefissa_con_gorgone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="2717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Etruscan antefix of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>510-500 BC, terracotta, <a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">National Etruscan Museum</a>, Rome<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canthare_plastique_%C3%A0_anse_unique,_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_satyre_(CVA_356),_ADUT365(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Etruscan vessel with a single handle, in the shape of a satyr's head, c.340 BC, ceramic, Petit Palais, Paris"><img alt="Etruscan vessel with a single handle, in the shape of a satyr's head, c.340 BC, ceramic, Petit Palais, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Canthare_plastique_%C3%A0_anse_unique%2C_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_satyre_%28CVA_356%29%2C_ADUT365%288%29.jpg/224px-Canthare_plastique_%C3%A0_anse_unique%2C_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_satyre_%28CVA_356%29%2C_ADUT365%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Canthare_plastique_%C3%A0_anse_unique%2C_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_satyre_%28CVA_356%29%2C_ADUT365%288%29.jpg/336px-Canthare_plastique_%C3%A0_anse_unique%2C_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_satyre_%28CVA_356%29%2C_ADUT365%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Canthare_plastique_%C3%A0_anse_unique%2C_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_satyre_%28CVA_356%29%2C_ADUT365%288%29.jpg/448px-Canthare_plastique_%C3%A0_anse_unique%2C_en_forme_de_t%C3%AAte_de_satyre_%28CVA_356%29%2C_ADUT365%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4550" data-file-height="6088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Etruscan vessel with a single handle, in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a>'s head, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>340 BC, ceramic, <a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entablature_of_Temple_of_Zeus_Philios_in_Pergamon,_115-130_BC,_Pergamon_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman mascarons on an entablature fragment from the Temple of Zeus Philios in Pergamon, 115-130 BC, unknown type of stone, Pergamon Museum, Berlin"><img alt="Roman mascarons on an entablature fragment from the Temple of Zeus Philios in Pergamon, 115-130 BC, unknown type of stone, Pergamon Museum, Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Entablature_of_Temple_of_Zeus_Philios_in_Pergamon%2C_115-130_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/188px-Entablature_of_Temple_of_Zeus_Philios_in_Pergamon%2C_115-130_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Entablature_of_Temple_of_Zeus_Philios_in_Pergamon%2C_115-130_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/282px-Entablature_of_Temple_of_Zeus_Philios_in_Pergamon%2C_115-130_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Entablature_of_Temple_of_Zeus_Philios_in_Pergamon%2C_115-130_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/376px-Entablature_of_Temple_of_Zeus_Philios_in_Pergamon%2C_115-130_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2703" data-file-height="4312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman</a> mascarons on an entablature fragment from the Temple of Zeus Philios in <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>, 115-130 BC, unknown type of stone, <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylindrical_funerary_altar_(Rhodes)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek bucrania on a cylindrical funerary altar, 2nd-1st centuries BC, Lartian stone, Archaeological Museum of Rhodes, Rhodes, Greece"><img alt="Ancient Greek bucrania on a cylindrical funerary altar, 2nd-1st centuries BC, Lartian stone, Archaeological Museum of Rhodes, Rhodes, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cylindrical_funerary_altar_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg/249px-Cylindrical_funerary_altar_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cylindrical_funerary_altar_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg/373px-Cylindrical_funerary_altar_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cylindrical_funerary_altar_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg/498px-Cylindrical_funerary_altar_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Greek bucrania on a cylindrical funerary altar, 2nd-1st centuries BC, Lartian stone, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Rhodes" title="Archaeological Museum of Rhodes">Archaeological Museum of Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, Greece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doves_at_a_Basin,_Mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polychrome Roman mask mascarons on the border of a mosaic with doves drinking from a golden basin, after Sosus of Pergamon, 1st century BC, mosaic, National Archaeological Museum, Naples, Italy[19]"><img alt="Polychrome Roman mask mascarons on the border of a mosaic with doves drinking from a golden basin, after Sosus of Pergamon, 1st century BC, mosaic, National Archaeological Museum, Naples, Italy[19]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Doves_at_a_Basin%2C_Mosaic.jpg/291px-Doves_at_a_Basin%2C_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Doves_at_a_Basin%2C_Mosaic.jpg/437px-Doves_at_a_Basin%2C_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Doves_at_a_Basin%2C_Mosaic.jpg/582px-Doves_at_a_Basin%2C_Mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2827" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychrome</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> mask mascarons on the border of a mosaic with doves drinking from a golden basin, after Sosus of Pergamon, 1st century BC, mosaic, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Naples" title="National Archaeological Museum, Naples">National Archaeological Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Italy<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 239.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 237.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Medusa,_bronze_fitting_of_the_Nemi_Ships_built_by_Caligula_around_37-41_AD_at_Lake_Nemi,_Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme,_Rome_(8568541068).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman head of Medusa, 37-41 AD, bronze, Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome[20]"><img alt="Roman head of Medusa, 37-41 AD, bronze, Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome[20]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Head_of_Medusa%2C_bronze_fitting_of_the_Nemi_Ships_built_by_Caligula_around_37-41_AD_at_Lake_Nemi%2C_Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme%2C_Rome_%288568541068%29.jpg/356px-Head_of_Medusa%2C_bronze_fitting_of_the_Nemi_Ships_built_by_Caligula_around_37-41_AD_at_Lake_Nemi%2C_Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme%2C_Rome_%288568541068%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Head_of_Medusa%2C_bronze_fitting_of_the_Nemi_Ships_built_by_Caligula_around_37-41_AD_at_Lake_Nemi%2C_Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme%2C_Rome_%288568541068%29.jpg/535px-Head_of_Medusa%2C_bronze_fitting_of_the_Nemi_Ships_built_by_Caligula_around_37-41_AD_at_Lake_Nemi%2C_Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme%2C_Rome_%288568541068%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Head_of_Medusa%2C_bronze_fitting_of_the_Nemi_Ships_built_by_Caligula_around_37-41_AD_at_Lake_Nemi%2C_Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme%2C_Rome_%288568541068%29.jpg/713px-Head_of_Medusa%2C_bronze_fitting_of_the_Nemi_Ships_built_by_Caligula_around_37-41_AD_at_Lake_Nemi%2C_Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme%2C_Rome_%288568541068%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3540" data-file-height="2980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman head of Medusa, 37-41 AD, bronze, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano#Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Palazzo Massimo alle Terme</a>, Rome<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celsus_library_in_Ephesus_(5631574095).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman mascaron with rinceaux in a segmental pediment of the Library of Celsus, Ephesus, Turkey, unknown architect, c.112–120"><img alt="Roman mascaron with rinceaux in a segmental pediment of the Library of Celsus, Ephesus, Turkey, unknown architect, c.112–120" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Celsus_library_in_Ephesus_%285631574095%29.jpg/451px-Celsus_library_in_Ephesus_%285631574095%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Celsus_library_in_Ephesus_%285631574095%29.jpg/676px-Celsus_library_in_Ephesus_%285631574095%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Celsus_library_in_Ephesus_%285631574095%29.jpg/902px-Celsus_library_in_Ephesus_%285631574095%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman mascaron with <a href="/wiki/Rinceau" title="Rinceau">rinceaux</a> in a segmental <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus">Library of Celsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, unknown architect, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>112–120</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Floor_mosaic_garden_NAMAthens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medusa mascaron on a mosaic floor, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece, unknown architect or craftsman, 2nd century[21]"><img alt="Medusa mascaron on a mosaic floor, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece, unknown architect or craftsman, 2nd century[21]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Floor_mosaic_garden_NAMAthens.jpg/306px-Floor_mosaic_garden_NAMAthens.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Floor_mosaic_garden_NAMAthens.jpg/459px-Floor_mosaic_garden_NAMAthens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Floor_mosaic_garden_NAMAthens.jpg/612px-Floor_mosaic_garden_NAMAthens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3117" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> mascaron on a mosaic floor, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum</a>, Athens, Greece, unknown architect or craftsman, 2nd century<sup id="cite_ref-Sunway_University_Press_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunway_University_Press-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antalya_museum_Garlanded_sarcophagus_3182.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman mascarons on a sarcophagus, 2nd century, stone, Antalya Museum, Konyaaltı, Turkey"><img alt="Roman mascarons on a sarcophagus, 2nd century, stone, Antalya Museum, Konyaaltı, Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Antalya_museum_Garlanded_sarcophagus_3182.jpg/451px-Antalya_museum_Garlanded_sarcophagus_3182.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Antalya_museum_Garlanded_sarcophagus_3182.jpg/677px-Antalya_museum_Garlanded_sarcophagus_3182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Antalya_museum_Garlanded_sarcophagus_3182.jpg/902px-Antalya_museum_Garlanded_sarcophagus_3182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman mascarons on a sarcophagus, 2nd century, stone, <a href="/wiki/Antalya_Museum" title="Antalya Museum">Antalya Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konyaalt%C4%B1" title="Konyaaltı">Konyaaltı</a>, Turkey</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica">Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teotihuacan_Temple_of_Quetzalcoatl_in_Original_Colors,_Replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aztec facade of the Temple of the Feathered Serpent (detail reconstruction), Teotihuacan, Mexico, c.225[22]"><img alt="Aztec facade of the Temple of the Feathered Serpent (detail reconstruction), Teotihuacan, Mexico, c.225[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Teotihuacan_Temple_of_Quetzalcoatl_in_Original_Colors%2C_Replica.jpg/450px-Teotihuacan_Temple_of_Quetzalcoatl_in_Original_Colors%2C_Replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Teotihuacan_Temple_of_Quetzalcoatl_in_Original_Colors%2C_Replica.jpg/675px-Teotihuacan_Temple_of_Quetzalcoatl_in_Original_Colors%2C_Replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Teotihuacan_Temple_of_Quetzalcoatl_in_Original_Colors%2C_Replica.jpg/900px-Teotihuacan_Temple_of_Quetzalcoatl_in_Original_Colors%2C_Replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztec</a> facade of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of the Feathered Serpent">Temple of the Feathered Serpent</a> (detail reconstruction), <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>, Mexico, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>225<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Iglesia_3_Fries.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mayan mascaron from Chichen Itza, Mexico, unknown architect, 750-1050"><img alt="Mayan mascaron from Chichen Itza, Mexico, unknown architect, 750-1050" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/La_Iglesia_3_Fries.jpg/400px-La_Iglesia_3_Fries.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/La_Iglesia_3_Fries.jpg/600px-La_Iglesia_3_Fries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/La_Iglesia_3_Fries.jpg/800px-La_Iglesia_3_Fries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Mayan</a> mascaron from <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, unknown architect, 750-1050</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taotie" title="Taotie">Taotie</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period in China, small <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> objects were created. The hardness of jade gives it durability, which helped at its conservation over millennia. Some of these objects, like the <a href="/wiki/Cong_(vessel)" title="Cong (vessel)">cong</a>, a straight tube with a circular interior and square outer section, were decorated with highly stylized mascarons. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Bronze Age">Chinese Bronze Age</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> dynasties), court intercessions and communication with the spirit world were conducted by a shaman (possibly the king himself). In the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1600–1050 BC), the supreme deity was <a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a>, but aristocratic families preferred to contact the spirits of their ancestors. They prepared elaborate banquets of food and drink for them, heated and served in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronzes" title="Chinese ritual bronzes">bronze ritual vessels</a>. These bronze vessels had many shapes, depending on their purpose: for wine, water, cereals or meat, and some of them were marked with readable characters, which shows the development of writing. One of the most commonly used motifs on these vessels was the <i><a href="/wiki/Taotie" title="Taotie">taotie</a></i>, a stylized mascaron divided symmetrically, with nostrils, eyes, eyebrows, jaws, cheeks and horns, surrounded by incised patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201771_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201771-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Liangzhu_culture_Cong_11022019_1433.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Highly stylized mascarons on a cong, produced by the Liangzhu culture, c.2500 BC, jade, British Museum, London"><img alt="Highly stylized mascarons on a cong, produced by the Liangzhu culture, c.2500 BC, jade, British Museum, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Liangzhu_culture_Cong_11022019_1433.jpg/336px-British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Liangzhu_culture_Cong_11022019_1433.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Liangzhu_culture_Cong_11022019_1433.jpg/505px-British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Liangzhu_culture_Cong_11022019_1433.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Liangzhu_culture_Cong_11022019_1433.jpg/673px-British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Liangzhu_culture_Cong_11022019_1433.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="2661" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Highly stylized mascarons on a <a href="/wiki/Cong_(vessel)" title="Cong (vessel)">cong</a>, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu culture</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>2500 BC, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Ding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taotie on a ding, c. 1384-1050 BC, bronze, Shanghai Museum, Shanghai, China[23]"><img alt="Taotie on a ding, c. 1384-1050 BC, bronze, Shanghai Museum, Shanghai, China[23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/297px-Liu_Ding.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/445px-Liu_Ding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/594px-Liu_Ding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="1901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Taotie" title="Taotie">Taotie</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Ding_(vessel)" title="Ding (vessel)">ding</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1384-1050 BC</span>, bronze, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Museum" title="Shanghai Museum">Shanghai Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201771_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201771-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_vessel_BM_OA1956.10-16.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taotie on a hu (ritual altar vessel), c.1100 BC, cast bronze, British Museum"><img alt="Taotie on a hu (ritual altar vessel), c.1100 BC, cast bronze, British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Altar_vessel_BM_OA1956.10-16.1.jpg/199px-Altar_vessel_BM_OA1956.10-16.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Altar_vessel_BM_OA1956.10-16.1.jpg/299px-Altar_vessel_BM_OA1956.10-16.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Altar_vessel_BM_OA1956.10-16.1.jpg/398px-Altar_vessel_BM_OA1956.10-16.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="4040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taotie on a hu (ritual altar vessel), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1100 BC, <a href="/wiki/Cast_bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast bronze">cast bronze</a>, British Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_handles_in_form_of_glutton_(taotie)_masks,_handle_2,_China,_Warring_States_Period,_475-221_BC,_bronze_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08852.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Taotie of a handle, 475-221 BC, bronze, Fitchburg Art Museum, Fitchburg, US"><img alt="Taotie of a handle, 475-221 BC, bronze, Fitchburg Art Museum, Fitchburg, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pair_of_handles_in_form_of_glutton_%28taotie%29_masks%2C_handle_2%2C_China%2C_Warring_States_Period%2C_475-221_BC%2C_bronze_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08852.JPG/238px-Pair_of_handles_in_form_of_glutton_%28taotie%29_masks%2C_handle_2%2C_China%2C_Warring_States_Period%2C_475-221_BC%2C_bronze_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08852.JPG" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pair_of_handles_in_form_of_glutton_%28taotie%29_masks%2C_handle_2%2C_China%2C_Warring_States_Period%2C_475-221_BC%2C_bronze_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08852.JPG/357px-Pair_of_handles_in_form_of_glutton_%28taotie%29_masks%2C_handle_2%2C_China%2C_Warring_States_Period%2C_475-221_BC%2C_bronze_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08852.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pair_of_handles_in_form_of_glutton_%28taotie%29_masks%2C_handle_2%2C_China%2C_Warring_States_Period%2C_475-221_BC%2C_bronze_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08852.JPG/476px-Pair_of_handles_in_form_of_glutton_%28taotie%29_masks%2C_handle_2%2C_China%2C_Warring_States_Period%2C_475-221_BC%2C_bronze_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08852.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2307" data-file-height="2907" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taotie of a handle, 475-221 BC, bronze, <a href="/wiki/Fitchburg_Art_Museum" title="Fitchburg Art Museum">Fitchburg Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a>, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jade_Monster_Mask_and_Ring.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mascaron on an ornamental handle of a bi disc, c.100 BC, jade, Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"><img alt="Mascaron on an ornamental handle of a bi disc, c.100 BC, jade, Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jade_Monster_Mask_and_Ring.jpg/450px-Jade_Monster_Mask_and_Ring.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jade_Monster_Mask_and_Ring.jpg/675px-Jade_Monster_Mask_and_Ring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jade_Monster_Mask_and_Ring.jpg/900px-Jade_Monster_Mask_and_Ring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mascaron on an ornamental handle of a <i><a href="/wiki/Bi_(jade)" title="Bi (jade)">bi</a></i> disc, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>100 BC, jade, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Mausoleum_of_the_Nanyue_King" title="Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King">Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bright_Yellow_Cauldron_with_Animal-Mask_Decorations.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mascaron on a bright yellow cauldron, before the 17th century, ceramic, National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan"><img alt="Mascaron on a bright yellow cauldron, before the 17th century, ceramic, National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bright_Yellow_Cauldron_with_Animal-Mask_Decorations.jpg/216px-Bright_Yellow_Cauldron_with_Animal-Mask_Decorations.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bright_Yellow_Cauldron_with_Animal-Mask_Decorations.jpg/325px-Bright_Yellow_Cauldron_with_Animal-Mask_Decorations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bright_Yellow_Cauldron_with_Animal-Mask_Decorations.jpg/433px-Bright_Yellow_Cauldron_with_Animal-Mask_Decorations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mascaron on a bright yellow cauldron, before the 17th century, ceramic, <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of mascarons continued during the Middle Ages. They are found in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, especially in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common to find medieval mascarons used as corbels. Mascarons were also used in medieval <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Russian architecture</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB.,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_-_%D0%A6._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian mascarons of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Bogolyubovo, Russia, unknown architect or sculptor, 1165[25]"><img alt="Russian mascarons of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Bogolyubovo, Russia, unknown architect or sculptor, 1165[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB.%2C_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_-_%D0%A6._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_1.jpg/191px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB.%2C_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_-_%D0%A6._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB.%2C_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_-_%D0%A6._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_1.jpg/287px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB.%2C_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_-_%D0%A6._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB.%2C_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_-_%D0%A6._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_1.jpg/382px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB.%2C_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_-_%D0%A6._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a> mascarons of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Intercession_on_the_Nerl" title="Church of the Intercession on the Nerl">Church of the Intercession on the Nerl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogolyubovo,_Vladimir_Oblast" title="Bogolyubovo, Vladimir Oblast">Bogolyubovo</a>, Russia, unknown architect or sculptor, 1165<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1340233_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanesque mascaron of the Église de la Trinité d'Angers, Angers, France, c.1150-1175, unknown architect or sculptor[26]"><img alt="Romanesque mascaron of the Église de la Trinité d'Angers, Angers, France, c.1150-1175, unknown architect or sculptor[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/P1340233_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg/244px-P1340233_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/P1340233_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg/366px-P1340233_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/P1340233_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg/488px-P1340233_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> mascaron of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89glise_de_la_Trinit%C3%A9_d%27Angers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Église de la Trinité d'Angers (page does not exist)">Église de la Trinité d'Angers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>, France, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1150-1175, unknown architect or sculptor<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1340231_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanesque mascaron of the Église de la Trinité d'Angers, Angers, France, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1150-1175[27]"><img alt="Romanesque mascaron of the Église de la Trinité d'Angers, Angers, France, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1150-1175[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/P1340231_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg/265px-P1340231_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/P1340231_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg/397px-P1340231_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/P1340231_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg/529px-P1340231_Angers_eglise_Trinite_FS_mascaron_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romanesque mascaron of the Église de la Trinité d'Angers, Angers, France, unknown architect or sculptor, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1150-1175<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cul-de-lampe-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Bourges_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic mascaron in the crypt of the Bourges Cathedral, Bourges, France, unknown architect or sculptor, 1195-1230"><img alt="Gothic mascaron in the crypt of the Bourges Cathedral, Bourges, France, unknown architect or sculptor, 1195-1230" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cul-de-lampe-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Bourges_%286%29.jpg/340px-Cul-de-lampe-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Bourges_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cul-de-lampe-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Bourges_%286%29.jpg/511px-Cul-de-lampe-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Bourges_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cul-de-lampe-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Bourges_%286%29.jpg/680px-Cul-de-lampe-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Bourges_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> mascaron in the crypt of the <a href="/wiki/Bourges_Cathedral" title="Bourges Cathedral">Bourges Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>, France, unknown architect or sculptor, 1195-1230</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SDIM9321_Saint_George_Cathedral_in_Yuryev-Polsky_(%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)._1230-1234;_collapsed_and_rebuilt_in_15th_c._Detail_of_a_stone_carving_in_the_exterior_wall._(6349686387).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian mascarons on the Saint George Cathedral, Yuryev-Polsky, Russia, unknown architect or sculptor, 1230-1234, collapsed and was rebuilt in 1471[28]"><img alt="Russian mascarons on the Saint George Cathedral, Yuryev-Polsky, Russia, unknown architect or sculptor, 1230-1234, collapsed and was rebuilt in 1471[28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SDIM9321_Saint_George_Cathedral_in_Yuryev-Polsky_%28%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29._1230-1234%3B_collapsed_and_rebuilt_in_15th_c._Detail_of_a_stone_carving_in_the_exterior_wall._%286349686387%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SDIM9321_Saint_George_Cathedral_in_Yuryev-Polsky_%28%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29._1230-1234%3B_collapsed_and_rebuilt_in_15th_c._Detail_of_a_stone_carving_in_the_exterior_wall._%286349686387%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SDIM9321_Saint_George_Cathedral_in_Yuryev-Polsky_%28%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29._1230-1234%3B_collapsed_and_rebuilt_in_15th_c._Detail_of_a_stone_carving_in_the_exterior_wall._%286349686387%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Russian mascarons on the <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Cathedral,_Yuryev-Polsky" title="Saint George Cathedral, Yuryev-Polsky">Saint George Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuryev-Polsky_(town)" title="Yuryev-Polsky (town)">Yuryev-Polsky</a>, Russia, unknown architect or sculptor, 1230-1234, collapsed and was rebuilt in 1471<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renaissance artists reread the myths of Greco-Roman Antiquity which gave them new subjects and ornaments. Archaeological discoveries like the excavations of the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a> by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Farnese" title="House of Farnese">farneses</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a>, inspired sculptors and architects of the 15th and 16th centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Villa of Emperor Hadrian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> in Rome offer construction models radically different from the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic style</a>. The forms of Antiquity are coming back into fashion: <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a>, and statues decorate the buildings of this era. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a>, the last Gothic influences tended to disappear; It was not until the beginning of the 16th century that the decorative faces of Antiquity took their place again in the form of mascarons. </p><p>The Renaissance fashion spread into the rest of Western Europe. It arrived in France with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rosso_Fiorentino" title="Rosso Fiorentino">Rosso Fiorentino</a> (born in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in 1494, died in <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a> in 1540) and <a href="/wiki/Le_Primatice" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Primatice">Le Primatice</a> (born in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> in 1504 and died in Paris in 1570) came to work at Fontainebleau for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>. Rosso, who worked in Italy until the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">sack of the city of Rome in 1527</a>, mastered the <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> technique. Le Primaticce had collaborated in <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> with <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano" title="Giulio Romano">Giulio Romano</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Venise,_grotesque_en_pierre_sculpt%C3%A9e_-_Santa_Maria_Formosa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mascaron adorning the front door of the campanile of the Church of Santa Maria Formosa, Venice, Italy, designed by Mauro Codussi, 1492"><img alt="Mascaron adorning the front door of the campanile of the Church of Santa Maria Formosa, Venice, Italy, designed by Mauro Codussi, 1492" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/0_Venise%2C_grotesque_en_pierre_sculpt%C3%A9e_-_Santa_Maria_Formosa.JPG/200px-0_Venise%2C_grotesque_en_pierre_sculpt%C3%A9e_-_Santa_Maria_Formosa.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/0_Venise%2C_grotesque_en_pierre_sculpt%C3%A9e_-_Santa_Maria_Formosa.JPG/300px-0_Venise%2C_grotesque_en_pierre_sculpt%C3%A9e_-_Santa_Maria_Formosa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/0_Venise%2C_grotesque_en_pierre_sculpt%C3%A9e_-_Santa_Maria_Formosa.JPG/400px-0_Venise%2C_grotesque_en_pierre_sculpt%C3%A9e_-_Santa_Maria_Formosa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mascaron adorning the front door of the campanile of the Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Formosa" title="Santa Maria Formosa">Santa Maria Formosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy, designed by <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Codussi" title="Mauro Codussi">Mauro Codussi</a>, 1492</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moni_Gouvernetou_-_Kloster_-_Fratze_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mascarons on a column of the Gouverneto Monastery, Greece, unknown architect or sculptor, 1537[29] (although other sources say 1548)[30]"><img alt="Mascarons on a column of the Gouverneto Monastery, Greece, unknown architect or sculptor, 1537[29] (although other sources say 1548)[30]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Moni_Gouvernetou_-_Kloster_-_Fratze_1.jpg/225px-Moni_Gouvernetou_-_Kloster_-_Fratze_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Moni_Gouvernetou_-_Kloster_-_Fratze_1.jpg/337px-Moni_Gouvernetou_-_Kloster_-_Fratze_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Moni_Gouvernetou_-_Kloster_-_Fratze_1.jpg/450px-Moni_Gouvernetou_-_Kloster_-_Fratze_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mascarons on a column of the <a href="/wiki/Gouverneto_Monastery" title="Gouverneto Monastery">Gouverneto Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, unknown architect or sculptor, 1537<sup id="cite_ref-ec_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although other sources say 1548)<sup id="cite_ref-ct_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantova,_casa_di_giulio_romano,_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mannerist mascaron on the house of Giulio Romano, Mantua, Italy, designed by Giulio Romano, 1544"><img alt="Mannerist mascaron on the house of Giulio Romano, Mantua, Italy, designed by Giulio Romano, 1544" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mantova%2C_casa_di_giulio_romano%2C_03.JPG/171px-Mantova%2C_casa_di_giulio_romano%2C_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mantova%2C_casa_di_giulio_romano%2C_03.JPG/256px-Mantova%2C_casa_di_giulio_romano%2C_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mantova%2C_casa_di_giulio_romano%2C_03.JPG/342px-Mantova%2C_casa_di_giulio_romano%2C_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="5376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a> mascaron on the house of <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano" title="Giulio Romano">Giulio Romano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>, Italy, designed by Giulio Romano, 1544</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baroque_and_Rococo">Baroque and Rococo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Baroque and Rococo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Succeeding <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>, and developing as a result of religious tensions between <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> across Europe, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> art emerged in the late 16th century. The name may derive from 'barocco', the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> word for misshaped pearl, and it describes art that combined emotion, dynamism and drama with powerful color, realism and strong tonal contrasts. Between 1545 and 1563 at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, it was decided that religious art must encourage piety, realism and accuracy, and, by attracting viewers' attention and empathy, glorify the Catholic Church and strengthen the image of Catholicism. Since Baroque architecture and design extended the classical vocabulary of the Renaissance, mascarons continued to be used. During the 17th and 18th centuries, they were most often decorated <a href="/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)">keystones</a> above arched doors or windows, inside a <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">cartouche</a>. They were present especially at the first floor of many palaces, which often have continuous arched windows and doors. Another frequent use was at the top of cartouches. </p><p>The Baroque was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, which kept some of characteristics of the Baroque, like monumentality and curving shapes, but came with new features, like pastel colours, foliate ornamentation, asymmetry and an emphasis on secular architecture. The Rococo is also mainly associated with palace and domestic architecture, compared to how the Baroque is often seen as a mainly ecclesiastical style. One of the most noticeable characteristic is its delicacy. Besides the use of curving lines and flowers, the fanciness of the style is also visible in the many artworks that show scenes of aristocratic life. People in Rococo painting by artists like <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Watteau" title="Antoine Watteau">Antoine Watteau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_van_Loo" title="Jean-Baptiste van Loo">Jean-Baptiste van Loo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" title="Jean Siméon Chardin">Jean Siméon Chardin</a> have cupid-like faces. Of course, this feature is present in sculpture too, including mascarons. Like in the case of Baroque architecture, most Rococo mascarons are placed on keystones of arched doors or windows. Good examples of them are present at most <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_particulier" title="Hôtel particulier">hôtel particuliers</a> from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> (1715-1774). </p><p>The interactions between Western European nations and the rest of the world brought on by colonialist exploration have had an impact on aesthetics. Rarely, for making a building of an object more over the top, mascarons of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> were added, showing them with stereotypical feather headdresses. Similarly, mascarons of Sub-Saharian Africans were added on buildings from the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bourse,_Bordeaux" title="Place de la Bourse, Bordeaux">Place de la Bourse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France. They are the result of the fact that <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> contributed to the wealth of the city of Bordeaux, both through the slave trade, the trade in goods produced by slaves and the possession of plantations. Out of all these forms of <a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">exoticism</a>, the most popular one was <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a>, a style in <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a>, architecture and design, popular during the 18th century, that was heavily inspired by Chinese art, but also by Rococo at the same time. Because traveling to China or other Far Eastern countries was something hard at that time and so remained mysterious to most Westerners, European imagination were fuelled by perceptions of Asia as a place of wealth and luxury, and consequently patrons from emperors to merchants vied with each other in adorning their living quarters with Asian goods and decorating them in Asian styles. Where Asian objects were hard to obtain, European craftsmen and painters stepped up to fill the demand, creating a blend of Rococo forms and Asian figures, motifs and techniques. As a result, some European aristocrats built garden pavilion inspired by what architects imaged Chinese architecture as looking like. Of course, many of their elements are much closer to the Rococo than to <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> palaces. Some of these structures feature mascarons of people from the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, like in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_House_(Potsdam)" title="Chinese House (Potsdam)">Chinese House</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sanssouci_Park" title="Sanssouci Park">Sanssouci Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Germany, or the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Pavilion_at_Drottningholm" title="Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm">Chinese Pavilion</a> from the gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Drottningholm_Palace" title="Drottningholm Palace">Drottningholm Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012279,_281_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012279,_281-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 273.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 271.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque mascaron of a clock with rais, visual manifestation of the metaphor Sun King (le Roi Soleil) for Louis XIV, on the Marble Court facade of the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, designed by Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, c. 1660-1715"><img alt="Baroque mascaron of a clock with rais, visual manifestation of the metaphor Sun King (le Roi Soleil) for Louis XIV, on the Marble Court facade of the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, designed by Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, c. 1660-1715" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_06.jpg/407px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_06.jpg/610px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_06.jpg/813px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> mascaron of a clock with rais, visual manifestation of the metaphor <i>Sun King</i> (<i>le Roi Soleil</i>) for <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, on the Marble Court facade of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, France, designed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1660</span>-1715</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Versailles,_France_-_April_2011_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque mascarons of various ages above doors of the garden facade of the Palace of Versailles, sculpted by Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy, Pierre Ier Le Gros, Benoît Massou and others, mostly from 1673-1674[32]"><img alt="Baroque mascarons of various ages above doors of the garden facade of the Palace of Versailles, sculpted by Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy, Pierre Ier Le Gros, Benoît Massou and others, mostly from 1673-1674[32]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Palace_of_Versailles%2C_France_-_April_2011_%283%29.jpg/405px-Palace_of_Versailles%2C_France_-_April_2011_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Palace_of_Versailles%2C_France_-_April_2011_%283%29.jpg/608px-Palace_of_Versailles%2C_France_-_April_2011_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Palace_of_Versailles%2C_France_-_April_2011_%283%29.jpg/810px-Palace_of_Versailles%2C_France_-_April_2011_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque mascarons of various ages above doors of the garden facade of the Palace of Versailles, sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_and_Balthazard_Marsy" title="Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy">Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy</a>, Pierre Ier Le Gros, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beno%C3%AEt_Massou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benoît Massou (page does not exist)">Benoît Massou</a> and others, mostly from 1673-1674<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Les_Invalides_-_Avant-corps_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque Hercules mascaron of the Dôme des Invalides, Paris, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1677–1706[33]"><img alt="Baroque Hercules mascaron of the Dôme des Invalides, Paris, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1677–1706[33]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Paris_-_Les_Invalides_-_Avant-corps_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_003.jpg/405px-Paris_-_Les_Invalides_-_Avant-corps_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Paris_-_Les_Invalides_-_Avant-corps_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_003.jpg/608px-Paris_-_Les_Invalides_-_Avant-corps_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Paris_-_Les_Invalides_-_Avant-corps_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_003.jpg/810px-Paris_-_Les_Invalides_-_Avant-corps_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_nord_-_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> mascaron of the <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Dôme des Invalides</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a>, 1677–1706<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012238_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012238-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles,_galerie_des_glaces_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque mascaron in the Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles, designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678-1684[34]"><img alt="Baroque mascaron in the Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles, designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678-1684[34]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_galerie_des_glaces_02.jpg/360px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_galerie_des_glaces_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_galerie_des_glaces_02.jpg/540px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_galerie_des_glaces_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_galerie_des_glaces_02.jpg/720px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_galerie_des_glaces_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4530" data-file-height="3396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque mascaron in the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a>, Palace of Versailles, designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678-1684<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins201486_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins201486-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_with_pedestal_MET_DP214851.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque mascaron on the pedestal of a clock, designed and made by André Charles Boulle, c.1690, gilt wood, Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC"><img alt="Baroque mascaron on the pedestal of a clock, designed and made by André Charles Boulle, c.1690, gilt wood, Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Clock_with_pedestal_MET_DP214851.jpg/215px-Clock_with_pedestal_MET_DP214851.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Clock_with_pedestal_MET_DP214851.jpg/322px-Clock_with_pedestal_MET_DP214851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Clock_with_pedestal_MET_DP214851.jpg/430px-Clock_with_pedestal_MET_DP214851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque mascaron on the pedestal of a clock, designed and made by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Charles_Boulle" class="mw-redirect" title="André Charles Boulle">André Charles Boulle</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1690, gilt wood, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, NYC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 276px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_de_chenizot_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo mascaron above the door of the Hôtel de Chenizot (Rue Saint-Louis-en-l'Île no. 51–53), Paris, designed by Pierre Vigné de Vigny, 1719"><img alt="Rococo mascaron above the door of the Hôtel de Chenizot (Rue Saint-Louis-en-l'Île no. 51–53), Paris, designed by Pierre Vigné de Vigny, 1719" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hotel_de_chenizot_facade.jpg/414px-Hotel_de_chenizot_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hotel_de_chenizot_facade.jpg/621px-Hotel_de_chenizot_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hotel_de_chenizot_facade.jpg/828px-Hotel_de_chenizot_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4697" data-file-height="3063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> mascaron above the door of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Chenizot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel de Chenizot (page does not exist)">Hôtel de Chenizot</a> (Rue Saint-Louis-en-l'Île no. 51–53), Paris, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Vign%C3%A9_de_Vigny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Vigné de Vigny (page does not exist)">Pierre Vigné de Vigny</a>, 1719</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm-Dyck_50.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo Native American mascaron on a corbel of a balcony of the Hôtel de Salm-Dyck (Rue du Bac no. 97), Paris, designed by François Debias-Aubry, 1722"><img alt="Rococo Native American mascaron on a corbel of a balcony of the Hôtel de Salm-Dyck (Rue du Bac no. 97), Paris, designed by François Debias-Aubry, 1722" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Paris_H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm-Dyck_50.JPG/180px-Paris_H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm-Dyck_50.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Paris_H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm-Dyck_50.JPG/270px-Paris_H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm-Dyck_50.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Paris_H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm-Dyck_50.JPG/360px-Paris_H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm-Dyck_50.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> mascaron on a corbel of a balcony of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm-Dyck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel de Salm-Dyck (page does not exist)">Hôtel de Salm-Dyck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Bac,_Paris" title="Rue du Bac, Paris">Rue du Bac</a> no. 97), Paris, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Debias-Aubry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Debias-Aubry (page does not exist)">François Debias-Aubry</a>, 1722</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transparente_of_Toledo_Cathedral_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque putti mascarons on a column of the El Transparente altarpiece, Toledo Cathedral, Toledo, Spain, designed and made by Narciso Tomé, 1729-1732[35]"><img alt="Baroque putti mascarons on a column of the El Transparente altarpiece, Toledo Cathedral, Toledo, Spain, designed and made by Narciso Tomé, 1729-1732[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Transparente_of_Toledo_Cathedral_03.jpg/179px-Transparente_of_Toledo_Cathedral_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Transparente_of_Toledo_Cathedral_03.jpg/268px-Transparente_of_Toledo_Cathedral_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Transparente_of_Toledo_Cathedral_03.jpg/357px-Transparente_of_Toledo_Cathedral_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque <a href="/wiki/Putti" class="mw-redirect" title="Putti">putti</a> mascarons on a column of the <i>El Transparente</i> altarpiece, <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Cathedral" title="Toledo Cathedral">Toledo Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Spain, designed and made by <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Tom%C3%A9" title="Narciso Tomé">Narciso Tomé</a>, 1729-1732<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins201482_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins201482-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strasbourg_PalaisRohan_15.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo cartouche with two horse mascarons and a Green Man at the bottom, on the facade of the Palais Rohan, Strasbourg, France, 1732-1742"><img alt="Rococo cartouche with two horse mascarons and a Green Man at the bottom, on the facade of the Palais Rohan, Strasbourg, France, 1732-1742" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Strasbourg_PalaisRohan_15.JPG/360px-Strasbourg_PalaisRohan_15.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Strasbourg_PalaisRohan_15.JPG/540px-Strasbourg_PalaisRohan_15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Strasbourg_PalaisRohan_15.JPG/720px-Strasbourg_PalaisRohan_15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo cartouche with two horse mascarons and a <a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a> at the bottom, on the facade of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Rohan,_Strasbourg" title="Palais Rohan, Strasbourg">Palais Rohan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, France, 1732-1742</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Le_Li%C3%A8vre_mascaron_dans_la_cour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo mascaron in the courtyard of the Hôtel Le Lièvre de la Grange (Rue de Braque no. 4–6), Paris, designed by Victor-Thierry Dailly, 1734-1735"><img alt="Rococo mascaron in the courtyard of the Hôtel Le Lièvre de la Grange (Rue de Braque no. 4–6), Paris, designed by Victor-Thierry Dailly, 1734-1735" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/H%C3%B4tel_Le_Li%C3%A8vre_mascaron_dans_la_cour.jpg/367px-H%C3%B4tel_Le_Li%C3%A8vre_mascaron_dans_la_cour.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/H%C3%B4tel_Le_Li%C3%A8vre_mascaron_dans_la_cour.jpg/550px-H%C3%B4tel_Le_Li%C3%A8vre_mascaron_dans_la_cour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/H%C3%B4tel_Le_Li%C3%A8vre_mascaron_dans_la_cour.jpg/733px-H%C3%B4tel_Le_Li%C3%A8vre_mascaron_dans_la_cour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3869" data-file-height="2850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo mascaron in the courtyard of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Le_Li%C3%A8vre_de_la_Grange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel Le Lièvre de la Grange (page does not exist)">Hôtel Le Lièvre de la Grange</a> (Rue de Braque no. 4–6), Paris, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor-Thierry_Dailly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor-Thierry Dailly (page does not exist)">Victor-Thierry Dailly</a>, 1734-1735</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mascaron_Place_Stanislas_2212_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo mascaron on a building in Place Stanislas, Nancy, France, designed by Emmanuel Héré de Corny, 1752-1756"><img alt="Rococo mascaron on a building in Place Stanislas, Nancy, France, designed by Emmanuel Héré de Corny, 1752-1756" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mascaron_Place_Stanislas_2212_01.jpg/202px-Mascaron_Place_Stanislas_2212_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mascaron_Place_Stanislas_2212_01.jpg/304px-Mascaron_Place_Stanislas_2212_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mascaron_Place_Stanislas_2212_01.jpg/405px-Mascaron_Place_Stanislas_2212_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo mascaron on a building in <a href="/wiki/Place_Stanislas" title="Place Stanislas">Place Stanislas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>, France, designed by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_H%C3%A9r%C3%A9_de_Corny" title="Emmanuel Héré de Corny">Emmanuel Héré de Corny</a>, 1752-1756</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_Candelabrum_Vase,_1757-1758,_S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory,_probably_designed_by_Jean-Claude_Duplessis,_painted_by_Pierre-Louis-Philippe_Armand_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC09441.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo candelabrum vase with elephant mascarons, 1757–1758, by the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, probably designed by Jean-Claude Duplessis, soft-paste porcelain with enamel and gilding, Art Institute of Chicago, US"><img alt="Rococo candelabrum vase with elephant mascarons, 1757–1758, by the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, probably designed by Jean-Claude Duplessis, soft-paste porcelain with enamel and gilding, Art Institute of Chicago, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Elephant_Candelabrum_Vase%2C_1757-1758%2C_S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory%2C_probably_designed_by_Jean-Claude_Duplessis%2C_painted_by_Pierre-Louis-Philippe_Armand_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC09441.JPG/166px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Elephant_Candelabrum_Vase%2C_1757-1758%2C_S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory%2C_probably_designed_by_Jean-Claude_Duplessis%2C_painted_by_Pierre-Louis-Philippe_Armand_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC09441.JPG/249px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Elephant_Candelabrum_Vase%2C_1757-1758%2C_S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory%2C_probably_designed_by_Jean-Claude_Duplessis%2C_painted_by_Pierre-Louis-Philippe_Armand_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC09441.JPG/332px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo candelabrum vase with elephant mascarons, 1757–1758, by the <a href="/wiki/Manufacture_nationale_de_S%C3%A8vres" title="Manufacture nationale de Sèvres">Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory</a>, probably designed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duplessis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Claude Duplessis">Jean-Claude Duplessis</a>, soft-paste porcelain with enamel and gilding, <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bordeaux_place_de_la_Bourse_Mascaron_visage_d%27une_africaine.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo mascaron of an African woman in a cartouche on a building in the Place de la Bourse, Bordeaux, France, unknown architect and sculptor, 18th century"><img alt="Rococo mascaron of an African woman in a cartouche on a building in the Place de la Bourse, Bordeaux, France, unknown architect and sculptor, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bordeaux_place_de_la_Bourse_Mascaron_visage_d%27une_africaine.JPG/347px-Bordeaux_place_de_la_Bourse_Mascaron_visage_d%27une_africaine.JPG" decoding="async" width="232" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bordeaux_place_de_la_Bourse_Mascaron_visage_d%27une_africaine.JPG/520px-Bordeaux_place_de_la_Bourse_Mascaron_visage_d%27une_africaine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bordeaux_place_de_la_Bourse_Mascaron_visage_d%27une_africaine.JPG/694px-Bordeaux_place_de_la_Bourse_Mascaron_visage_d%27une_africaine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="2041" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo mascaron of an African woman in a cartouche on a building in the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bourse,_Bordeaux" title="Place de la Bourse, Bordeaux">Place de la Bourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France, unknown architect and sculptor, 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 261.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 259.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kina_slott_detalj_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinoiserie mascaron above a window of the Chinese Pavilion, Ekerö Municipality, Sweden, designed by Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz, 1763–1769[36]"><img alt="Chinoiserie mascaron above a window of the Chinese Pavilion, Ekerö Municipality, Sweden, designed by Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz, 1763–1769[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kina_slott_detalj_2011.jpg/389px-Kina_slott_detalj_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kina_slott_detalj_2011.jpg/583px-Kina_slott_detalj_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kina_slott_detalj_2011.jpg/777px-Kina_slott_detalj_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="2115" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a> mascaron above a window of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Pavilion_at_Drottningholm" title="Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm">Chinese Pavilion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eker%C3%B6_Municipality" title="Ekerö Municipality">Ekerö Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, designed by Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz, 1763–1769<sup id="cite_ref-Fastighet_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fastighet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoclassicism_and_historicism">Neoclassicism and historicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Neoclassicism and historicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excavations during the 18th century at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, which had both been buried under volcanic ash during the 79 AD eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a>, inspired a return to order and rationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge201931_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge201931-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-18th century, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a> was upheld as a standard for architecture as never before. Neoclassical architecture focused on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman</a> details, plain, white walls and grandeur of scale. Compared to the previous styles, Baroque and Rococo, Neoclassical exteriors tended to be more minimalist, featuring straight and angular lines, but being still ornamented. </p><p>Neoclassicism was the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> from the mid to late 18th century, until the middle of the 19th. The transition from Rococo to Neoclassicism was not dramatic. The <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a> in France shows clearly the strong interest of architects and designers for the volumes, proportions and motifs of ancient Greece and Rome, but their creations still have the aristocratic and cozy vibe of the Rococo. Similarly, some of the creations of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>, one of the most well known British architects who designed in the Neoclassical style, still have the delicacy of Rococo, like in the case of the <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Osterley_House_The_Dinning_Room_(22773780472).jpg">Eating Room</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a> in London. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a> and design advocated a return to austerity after the "excesses" of the Rococo and thus limited the use of mascarons. The <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> (1800-1815) didn't feature many human mascarons, since they are rare in Ancient Greek and Roman architecture and design, but buildings and designs from this period feature lion mascarons, since these are present in Antiquity. <a href="/wiki/Bucranium" title="Bucranium">Bucrania</a> were also present, but mostly under the form of a head rather than a skull. The keystone often decorated in the past centuries was left empty at the beginning of the 19th century. The interest for Ancient Greece and Rome also led to an appetite for the Ancient Egypt. After the <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French campaign in Egypt and Syria</a>, Egyptian art was brought to European collections, and the history, nature and life in Egypt were documented by scientists. Sometimes, Neoclassical buildings and designs mix Greco-Roman elements with Egyptian motifs. </p><p>In parallel with Neoclassicism, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> was another movement that developed in the 18th century and that reached its peak in the 19th. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, as well as glorification of the past and nature, preferring the medieval to the classical. A mix of literary, religious, and political factors prompted late-18th and 19th century British architects and designers to look back to the Middle Ages for inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, Romanticism was not the key factor that led to the revival of Gothic architecture and design. Vandalism of monuments and buildings associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> (Old Regime) happened during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Because of this an archaeologist, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Lenoir" title="Alexandre Lenoir">Alexandre Lenoir</a>, was appointed curator of the Petits-Augustins depot, where sculptures, statues and tombs removed from churches, abbeys and convents had been transported. He organized the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Monuments_fran%C3%A7ais_(1795%E2%80%931816)" title="Musée des Monuments français (1795–1816)">Museum of French Monuments</a> (1795-1816), and was the first to bring back the taste for the art of the Middle Ages, which progressed slowly to flourish a quarter of a century later. Mascarons are not very common in the Gothic Revival, since in the Middle Ages they were mainly present on <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the Middle Ages, thanks to Romanticism, interest appeared for other periods too, like the Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo. Without a single overreaching authority in style, pluralism became widespread. The Gothic Revival coexisted with a <a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">revival of the Rococo</a> and revivals of other historic styles, some being non-Western. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vase_on_a_column_stand_MET_DP159688.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XVI style mascaron-shaped handle of a vase, by Pierre-Philippe Thomire, c.1780, gilt-bronze, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York"><img alt="Louis XVI style mascaron-shaped handle of a vase, by Pierre-Philippe Thomire, c.1780, gilt-bronze, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vase_on_a_column_stand_MET_DP159688.jpg/225px-Vase_on_a_column_stand_MET_DP159688.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vase_on_a_column_stand_MET_DP159688.jpg/337px-Vase_on_a_column_stand_MET_DP159688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vase_on_a_column_stand_MET_DP159688.jpg/450px-Vase_on_a_column_stand_MET_DP159688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a> mascaron-shaped handle of a vase, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Philippe_Thomire" title="Pierre-Philippe Thomire">Pierre-Philippe Thomire</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1780, gilt-bronze, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dijon_H%C3%B4tel_du_Commandant_militaire_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XVI style Hercules mascaron on the entrance door keystone of the Hôtel du Commandant militaire, Dijon, France, designed by Charles Saint-Père, 1784-1787"><img alt="Louis XVI style Hercules mascaron on the entrance door keystone of the Hôtel du Commandant militaire, Dijon, France, designed by Charles Saint-Père, 1784-1787" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dijon_H%C3%B4tel_du_Commandant_militaire_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg/289px-Dijon_H%C3%B4tel_du_Commandant_militaire_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dijon_H%C3%B4tel_du_Commandant_militaire_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg/434px-Dijon_H%C3%B4tel_du_Commandant_militaire_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dijon_H%C3%B4tel_du_Commandant_militaire_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg/578px-Dijon_H%C3%B4tel_du_Commandant_militaire_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="2212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Louis XVI style <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> mascaron on the entrance door <a href="/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)">keystone</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_du_Commandant_militaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel du Commandant militaire (page does not exist)">Hôtel du Commandant militaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, France, designed by Charles Saint-Père, 1784-1787</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mask_MET_DP109206.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical mascaron, most probably from a piece of furniture, late 18th–early 19th century, gilt bronze, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Neoclassical mascaron, most probably from a piece of furniture, late 18th–early 19th century, gilt bronze, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mask_MET_DP109206.jpg/310px-Mask_MET_DP109206.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mask_MET_DP109206.jpg/466px-Mask_MET_DP109206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mask_MET_DP109206.jpg/621px-Mask_MET_DP109206.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3889" data-file-height="3758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> mascaron, most probably from a piece of furniture, late 18th–early 19th century, gilt bronze, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Place_du_Caire,_Paris_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian Revival mascaron with the face of goddess Hathor on the facade of the Foire du Caire building (Place du Caire no. 2), Paris, by Philippe-Laurent Prétrel, 1798[40]"><img alt="Egyptian Revival mascaron with the face of goddess Hathor on the facade of the Foire du Caire building (Place du Caire no. 2), Paris, by Philippe-Laurent Prétrel, 1798[40]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2_Place_du_Caire%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg/249px-2_Place_du_Caire%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2_Place_du_Caire%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg/373px-2_Place_du_Caire%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2_Place_du_Caire%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg/497px-2_Place_du_Caire%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="3312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian Revival</a> mascaron with the face of goddess <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> on the facade of the Foire du Caire building (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_du_Caire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place du Caire (page does not exist)">Place du Caire</a> no. 2), Paris, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe-Laurent_Pr%C3%A9trel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe-Laurent Prétrel (page does not exist)">Philippe-Laurent Prétrel</a>, 1798<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary,_France,_1804-1814,_amboyna_wood_veneered_on_pine,_gilt-bronze_mounts,_23.147.1_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_New_York_City_-_DSC07689_(cropped_and_fixed_angles).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical secretary decorated with many mascarons, c.1804-1809, amboyna wood veneered on pine; gilt-bronze mounts, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Neoclassical secretary decorated with many mascarons, c.1804-1809, amboyna wood veneered on pine; gilt-bronze mounts, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Secretary%2C_France%2C_1804-1814%2C_amboyna_wood_veneered_on_pine%2C_gilt-bronze_mounts%2C_23.147.1_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_New_York_City_-_DSC07689_%28cropped_and_fixed_angles%29.jpg/165px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Secretary%2C_France%2C_1804-1814%2C_amboyna_wood_veneered_on_pine%2C_gilt-bronze_mounts%2C_23.147.1_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_New_York_City_-_DSC07689_%28cropped_and_fixed_angles%29.jpg/247px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Secretary%2C_France%2C_1804-1814%2C_amboyna_wood_veneered_on_pine%2C_gilt-bronze_mounts%2C_23.147.1_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_New_York_City_-_DSC07689_%28cropped_and_fixed_angles%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="4773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical secretary decorated with many mascarons, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1804-1809, amboyna wood veneered on pine; gilt-bronze mounts, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripod_Vase_-_Wedgwood,_c._1805_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09038.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical lion mascarons on a tripod vase, by Wedgwood, c.1805, jasperware, Brooklyn Museum, New York City"><img alt="Neoclassical lion mascarons on a tripod vase, by Wedgwood, c.1805, jasperware, Brooklyn Museum, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tripod_Vase_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1805_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09038.JPG/228px-Tripod_Vase_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1805_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09038.JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tripod_Vase_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1805_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09038.JPG/342px-Tripod_Vase_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1805_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09038.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tripod_Vase_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1805_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09038.JPG/456px-Tripod_Vase_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1805_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09038.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3747" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical lion mascarons on a tripod vase, by <a href="/wiki/Wedgwood" title="Wedgwood">Wedgwood</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1805, <a href="/wiki/Jasperware" title="Jasperware">jasperware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compi%C3%A8gne_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne_Innen_Salon_bleu_Decke_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical lion mascarons on the ceiling of the Salon Bleu, Château de Compiègne, Compiègne, France, unknown architect of painter, c.1810"><img alt="Neoclassical lion mascarons on the ceiling of the Salon Bleu, Château de Compiègne, Compiègne, France, unknown architect of painter, c.1810" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Compi%C3%A8gne_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne_Innen_Salon_bleu_Decke_2.jpg/400px-Compi%C3%A8gne_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne_Innen_Salon_bleu_Decke_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Compi%C3%A8gne_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne_Innen_Salon_bleu_Decke_2.jpg/600px-Compi%C3%A8gne_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne_Innen_Salon_bleu_Decke_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Compi%C3%A8gne_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne_Innen_Salon_bleu_Decke_2.jpg/800px-Compi%C3%A8gne_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne_Innen_Salon_bleu_Decke_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical lion mascarons on the ceiling of the Salon Bleu, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Château de Compiègne">Château de Compiègne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>, France, unknown architect of painter, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1810</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signet_with_pharaoh_head_and_Egyptian_Revival_motifs,_circa_1810,_bronze,_in_the_Neues_Museum_in_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian Revival signet with a pharaoh mascaron and Egyptian Revival motifs, c.1810, bronze, Neues Museum, Berlin"><img alt="Egyptian Revival signet with a pharaoh mascaron and Egyptian Revival motifs, c.1810, bronze, Neues Museum, Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Signet_with_pharaoh_head_and_Egyptian_Revival_motifs%2C_circa_1810%2C_bronze%2C_in_the_Neues_Museum_in_Berlin.jpg/221px-Signet_with_pharaoh_head_and_Egyptian_Revival_motifs%2C_circa_1810%2C_bronze%2C_in_the_Neues_Museum_in_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Signet_with_pharaoh_head_and_Egyptian_Revival_motifs%2C_circa_1810%2C_bronze%2C_in_the_Neues_Museum_in_Berlin.jpg/332px-Signet_with_pharaoh_head_and_Egyptian_Revival_motifs%2C_circa_1810%2C_bronze%2C_in_the_Neues_Museum_in_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Signet_with_pharaoh_head_and_Egyptian_Revival_motifs%2C_circa_1810%2C_bronze%2C_in_the_Neues_Museum_in_Berlin.jpg/443px-Signet_with_pharaoh_head_and_Egyptian_Revival_motifs%2C_circa_1810%2C_bronze%2C_in_the_Neues_Museum_in_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="3978" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_decorative_arts" title="Egyptian Revival decorative arts">Egyptian Revival</a> signet with a <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> mascaron and Egyptian Revival motifs, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1810, bronze, <a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum" title="Neues Museum">Neues Museum</a>, Berlin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_Cup_-_Wedgwood,_c._1830_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09055.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical bucrania on a coffee cup, by Wedgwood, c.1830, jasperware, Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Neoclassical bucrania on a coffee cup, by Wedgwood, c.1830, jasperware, Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coffee_Cup_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1830_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09055.JPG/324px-Coffee_Cup_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1830_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09055.JPG" decoding="async" width="216" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coffee_Cup_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1830_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09055.JPG/486px-Coffee_Cup_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1830_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09055.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coffee_Cup_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1830_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09055.JPG/648px-Coffee_Cup_-_Wedgwood%2C_c._1830_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09055.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2173" data-file-height="2013" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Bucrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucrania">bucrania</a> on a coffee cup, by Wedgwood, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1830, jasperware, Brooklyn Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Candle_holder,_French,_circa_1830-1850,_patinated_and_gilt_bronze,_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart,_1911,_inv._17782_A,_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic Revival knight mascarons on a candle holder, c.1830-1850, patinated and gilt bronze, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris"><img alt="Gothic Revival knight mascarons on a candle holder, c.1830-1850, patinated and gilt bronze, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candle_holder%2C_French%2C_circa_1830-1850%2C_patinated_and_gilt_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17782_A%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/277px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candle_holder%2C_French%2C_circa_1830-1850%2C_patinated_and_gilt_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17782_A%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/416px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candle_holder%2C_French%2C_circa_1830-1850%2C_patinated_and_gilt_bronze%2C_inherited_from_Maurice_Quentin_Bauchart%2C_1911%2C_inv._17782_A%2C_Museum_of_Decorative_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/555px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2635" data-file-height="2849" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_decorative_arts" title="Gothic Revival decorative arts">Gothic Revival</a> knight mascarons on a candle holder, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1830-1850, patinated and gilt bronze, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" title="Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris">Museum of Decorative Arts</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4114-1._Danaida_fountain_of_Peterhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical lion mascarons on Danaida fountain, Peterhof Palace, Saint Petersburg, designed by Andrei Stackenschneider and sculpted by Ivan Vitali, 1853-1854"><img alt="Neoclassical lion mascarons on Danaida fountain, Peterhof Palace, Saint Petersburg, designed by Andrei Stackenschneider and sculpted by Ivan Vitali, 1853-1854" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/4114-1._Danaida_fountain_of_Peterhof.jpg/232px-4114-1._Danaida_fountain_of_Peterhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/4114-1._Danaida_fountain_of_Peterhof.jpg/348px-4114-1._Danaida_fountain_of_Peterhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/4114-1._Danaida_fountain_of_Peterhof.jpg/465px-4114-1._Danaida_fountain_of_Peterhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="2443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical lion mascarons on Danaida fountain, <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Stackenschneider" title="Andrei Stackenschneider">Andrei Stackenschneider</a> and sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vitali" title="Ivan Vitali">Ivan Vitali</a>, 1853-1854</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Garnier_-_mosa%C3%AFques_ext%C3%A9rieures_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical mascaron in a mosaic on a ceiling of the Palais Garnier, Paris, designed by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875[41]"><img alt="Neoclassical mascaron in a mosaic on a ceiling of the Palais Garnier, Paris, designed by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875[41]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Palais_Garnier_-_mosa%C3%AFques_ext%C3%A9rieures_01.jpg/238px-Palais_Garnier_-_mosa%C3%AFques_ext%C3%A9rieures_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Palais_Garnier_-_mosa%C3%AFques_ext%C3%A9rieures_01.jpg/357px-Palais_Garnier_-_mosa%C3%AFques_ext%C3%A9rieures_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Palais_Garnier_-_mosa%C3%AFques_ext%C3%A9rieures_01.jpg/477px-Palais_Garnier_-_mosa%C3%AFques_ext%C3%A9rieures_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="4813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical mascaron in a mosaic on a ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a>, Paris, designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architect)" title="Charles Garnier (architect)">Charles Garnier</a>, 1860–1875<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014296_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014296-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rond_plafondornament,_een_reli%C3%ABf_met_afgebeeld_de_vier_winddrichtingen_in_hoofden._44._Le_nouvel_Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris._Sculpture_Ornamentale._(titel_op_object)_Le_Nouvel_Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris_met_50_foto%27s_(serietitel),_RP-F-2007-380-33.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical mascarons in a round ceiling ornament that depicts the four cardinal points, designed by Charles Garnier, c.1860–1875"><img alt="Neoclassical mascarons in a round ceiling ornament that depicts the four cardinal points, designed by Charles Garnier, c.1860–1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rond_plafondornament%2C_een_reli%C3%ABf_met_afgebeeld_de_vier_winddrichtingen_in_hoofden._44._Le_nouvel_Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris._Sculpture_Ornamentale._%28titel_op_object%29_Le_Nouvel_Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris_met_50_foto%27s_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-F-2007-380-33.jpg/244px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rond_plafondornament%2C_een_reli%C3%ABf_met_afgebeeld_de_vier_winddrichtingen_in_hoofden._44._Le_nouvel_Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris._Sculpture_Ornamentale._%28titel_op_object%29_Le_Nouvel_Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris_met_50_foto%27s_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-F-2007-380-33.jpg/366px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rond_plafondornament%2C_een_reli%C3%ABf_met_afgebeeld_de_vier_winddrichtingen_in_hoofden._44._Le_nouvel_Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris._Sculpture_Ornamentale._%28titel_op_object%29_Le_Nouvel_Op%C3%A9ra_de_Paris_met_50_foto%27s_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-F-2007-380-33.jpg/489px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4064" data-file-height="4990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical mascarons in a round ceiling ornament that depicts the four cardinal points, designed by Charles Garnier, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1860–1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_a_fireplace_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo Revival mascaron on a fireplace in the Musée Jacquemart-André, Paris, probably designed by Édouard André, c.1869-1875"><img alt="Rococo Revival mascaron on a fireplace in the Musée Jacquemart-André, Paris, probably designed by Édouard André, c.1869-1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Detail_of_a_fireplace_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9_%2801%29.jpg/391px-Detail_of_a_fireplace_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Detail_of_a_fireplace_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9_%2801%29.jpg/587px-Detail_of_a_fireplace_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Detail_of_a_fireplace_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9_%2801%29.jpg/782px-Detail_of_a_fireplace_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3855" data-file-height="2958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo Revival mascaron on a fireplace in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9" title="Musée Jacquemart-André">Musée Jacquemart-André</a>, Paris, probably designed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Andr%C3%A9" title="Édouard André">Édouard André</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1869-1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dijon_Halles_detail_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical ox mascaron on the Halles centrales de Dijon, designed by Louis-Clément Weinberger, 1873-1875"><img alt="Neoclassical ox mascaron on the Halles centrales de Dijon, designed by Louis-Clément Weinberger, 1873-1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dijon_Halles_detail_08.jpg/300px-Dijon_Halles_detail_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dijon_Halles_detail_08.jpg/450px-Dijon_Halles_detail_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dijon_Halles_detail_08.jpg/600px-Dijon_Halles_detail_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical ox mascaron on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halles_centrales_de_Dijon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halles centrales de Dijon (page does not exist)">Halles centrales de Dijon</a>, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Cl%C3%A9ment_Weinberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Clément Weinberger (page does not exist)">Louis-Clément Weinberger</a>, 1873-1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayeux_Vase_-_OA_2467_-_Louvre_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical Medusa mascaron on a handle of the Mayeux Vase, by the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, 1878, hard-paste porcelain, gilded copper molding on the collar, and gilded bronze handles, Louvre"><img alt="Neoclassical Medusa mascaron on a handle of the Mayeux Vase, by the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, 1878, hard-paste porcelain, gilded copper molding on the collar, and gilded bronze handles, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mayeux_Vase_-_OA_2467_-_Louvre_%2802%29.jpg/214px-Mayeux_Vase_-_OA_2467_-_Louvre_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mayeux_Vase_-_OA_2467_-_Louvre_%2802%29.jpg/321px-Mayeux_Vase_-_OA_2467_-_Louvre_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mayeux_Vase_-_OA_2467_-_Louvre_%2802%29.jpg/428px-Mayeux_Vase_-_OA_2467_-_Louvre_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2879" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> mascaron on a handle of the Mayeux Vase, by the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, 1878, hard-paste porcelain, gilded copper molding on the collar, and gilded bronze handles, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 344px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 342px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_the_Dobre_Nicolau_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest,_Romania_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical skull mascaron on the tomb of the Dobre Nicolau Family, Bellu Cemetery, Bucharest, Romania, designed by Thoma Dobrescu, c.1900"><img alt="Neoclassical skull mascaron on the tomb of the Dobre Nicolau Family, Bellu Cemetery, Bucharest, Romania, designed by Thoma Dobrescu, c.1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Grave_of_the_Dobre_Nicolau_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2802%29.jpg/513px-Grave_of_the_Dobre_Nicolau_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="342" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Grave_of_the_Dobre_Nicolau_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2802%29.jpg/769px-Grave_of_the_Dobre_Nicolau_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Grave_of_the_Dobre_Nicolau_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2802%29.jpg/1025px-Grave_of_the_Dobre_Nicolau_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3687" data-file-height="2159" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical skull mascaron on the tomb of the Dobre Nicolau Family, <a href="/wiki/Bellu_Cemetery" title="Bellu Cemetery">Bellu Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoma_Dobrescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thoma Dobrescu (page does not exist)">Thoma Dobrescu</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:13_Strada_Polon%C4%83,_Bucharest_(03).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanian Revival windows with seraph mascarons at the top, on the facade of Strada Polonă no. 13, Bucharest, unknown architect, c.1900"><img alt="Romanian Revival windows with seraph mascarons at the top, on the facade of Strada Polonă no. 13, Bucharest, unknown architect, c.1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/13_Strada_Polon%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg/296px-13_Strada_Polon%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/13_Strada_Polon%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg/445px-13_Strada_Polon%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/13_Strada_Polon%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg/593px-13_Strada_Polon%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="2757" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival</a> windows with <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">seraph</a> mascarons at the top, on the facade of Strada Polonă no. 13, Bucharest, unknown architect, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:41_Strada_General_H._M._Berthelot,_Bucharest_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo Revival mascaron surrounded by shells and round shapes (aka volutes), on the facade of Strada General H. M. Berthelot no. 41, Bucharest, unknown architect, 1911[42]"><img alt="Rococo Revival mascaron surrounded by shells and round shapes (aka volutes), on the facade of Strada General H. M. Berthelot no. 41, Bucharest, unknown architect, 1911[42]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/41_Strada_General_H._M._Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg/324px-41_Strada_General_H._M._Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/41_Strada_General_H._M._Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg/486px-41_Strada_General_H._M._Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/41_Strada_General_H._M._Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg/648px-41_Strada_General_H._M._Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3447" data-file-height="3192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rococo Revival mascaron surrounded by shells and round shapes (aka <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volutes</a>), on the facade of Strada General H. M. Berthelot no. 41, Bucharest, unknown architect, 1911<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frise3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Māori-inspired mascaron on the Institut de paléontologie humaine, Paris, architect Emmanuel Pontremoli and sculptor Constant Ambroise Roux, 1912-1914"><img alt="Māori-inspired mascaron on the Institut de paléontologie humaine, Paris, architect Emmanuel Pontremoli and sculptor Constant Ambroise Roux, 1912-1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frise3.jpg/450px-Frise3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frise3.jpg/675px-Frise3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frise3.jpg/900px-Frise3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12402" data-file-height="8268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>-inspired mascaron on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_de_pal%C3%A9ontologie_humaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut de paléontologie humaine (page does not exist)">Institut de paléontologie humaine</a>, Paris, architect <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pontremoli" title="Emmanuel Pontremoli">Emmanuel Pontremoli</a> and sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant_Ambroise_Roux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constant Ambroise Roux (page does not exist)">Constant Ambroise Roux</a>, 1912-1914</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beaux_Arts_and_Art_Nouveau">Beaux Arts and Art Nouveau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Beaux Arts and Art Nouveau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The revivalism of the 19th century led in time to <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">Eclecticism</a> (mix of elements of different styles). Because architects usually revived Classical styles, most Eclectic buildings and designs have a distinctive look. In France, they were usually mixes of elements taken from the Renaissance until Napoleon (including Neoclassicism and its forms). The most famous building of this type is the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Opéra Garnier</a> in Paris, which combines for example double columns taken from <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roofline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roofline (page does not exist)">rooflines</a> of mascarons and <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoons</a> taken from Neoclassicism, on the main facade. Alone, these elements are reminiscent of a specific period, but they are put together in a coherent and harmonious way. Many of the mascarons from Eclectic architecture and designs of the 19th and very early 20th centuries are inspired by those found in <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, and just like in the 17th and 18th centuries, they are often on a <a href="/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)">keystone</a> and in a <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">cartouche</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a> was a period that begun around 1871–1880 and that ended with the outbreak of World War I in 1914. It was characterized by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity, colonial expansion, and technological, scientific, and cultural innovations. Eclecticism reached its peak in this period, with <a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaux Arts architecture">Beaux Arts architecture</a>. The style takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a> in Paris, where it developed and where many of the main exponents of the style studied. Buildings in this style often feature <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic columns</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Volue" title="Volue">volues</a> on the corner (like those found in <a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French Baroque</a>), a rusticated basement level, overall simplicity but with some really detailed parts, arched doors, and an arch above the entrance like the one of the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a> in Paris. The style aimed for a <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> opulence through lavishly decorated monumental structures that evoked <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>. Because of the ethereal vibe of the style, many Beaux Arts mascarons have a calm and confident expression, most of them being female. Male mascarons were also sometimes present in decoration, but usually as faces of <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>. </p><p>Besides Beaux Arts, another movement that was popular during the Belle Époque was <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>. Rejecting eclecticism, Art Nouveau was one of the first styles of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>. It had multiple versions in different countries. The Belgian and French form is characterized by organic shapes, ornaments taken from the plant world, sinuous lines, asymmetry (especially when it comes to objects design), the <a href="/wiki/Whiplash_(decorative_art)" title="Whiplash (decorative art)">whiplash</a> motif, the <i><a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme fatale</a></i>, and other elements of nature. In Austria, Germany and the UK, it took a more stylized geometric form, as a form of protest towards revivalism and eclecticism. The geometric ornaments found in <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>'s paintings and in the furniture of <a href="/wiki/Koloman_Moser" title="Koloman Moser">Koloman Moser</a> are representative of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a> (Austrian Art Nouveau).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014140,_143_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014140,_143-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art Nouveau mascarons consist often of faces of young women, showing the preference of many Art Nouveau artists for the <i><a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme fatale</a></i>, a typology of the mysterious, beautiful, and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers, often leading them into compromising, deadly traps. She is often shown as a creature of the night, fused with the natural world. Just like Beaux Arts ones, many Art Nouveau mascarons have calm and confident expressions. Some of the most impressive are found in jewelry. Art Nouveau mascarons were sometimes <a href="/wiki/Maximalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximalist">maximalist</a>, the face having different accessories and/or foliage around it. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casino_de_Montecarlo,_M%C3%B3naco,_2016-06-23,_DD_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts polychrome mosaics with mascarons on the Opéra de Monte-Carlo, Monaco, designed by Charles Garnier, 1879"><img alt="Beaux Arts polychrome mosaics with mascarons on the Opéra de Monte-Carlo, Monaco, designed by Charles Garnier, 1879" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Casino_de_Montecarlo%2C_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_06.jpg/383px-Casino_de_Montecarlo%2C_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Casino_de_Montecarlo%2C_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_06.jpg/576px-Casino_de_Montecarlo%2C_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Casino_de_Montecarlo%2C_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_06.jpg/766px-Casino_de_Montecarlo%2C_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaux Arts architecture">Beaux Arts</a> <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychrome</a> mosaics with mascarons on the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Monte-Carlo" title="Opéra de Monte-Carlo">Opéra de Monte-Carlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architect)" title="Charles Garnier (architect)">Charles Garnier</a>, 1879</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mascaron_8_avenue_Opera_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts mascaron of Avenue de l'Opéra no. 8, Paris, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1880"><img alt="Beaux Arts mascaron of Avenue de l'Opéra no. 8, Paris, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mascaron_8_avenue_Opera_Paris.jpg/280px-Mascaron_8_avenue_Opera_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mascaron_8_avenue_Opera_Paris.jpg/421px-Mascaron_8_avenue_Opera_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mascaron_8_avenue_Opera_Paris.jpg/561px-Mascaron_8_avenue_Opera_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2650" data-file-height="2410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaux Arts mascaron of <a href="/wiki/Avenue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra" title="Avenue de l'Opéra">Avenue de l'Opéra</a> no. 8, Paris, unknown architect or sculptor, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1880</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 256px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 254px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontaine3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts mascaron of the Grande Fontaine (Avenue Léopold-Robert), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, by Louis Maximilien Bourgeois, 1888"><img alt="Beaux Arts mascaron of the Grande Fontaine (Avenue Léopold-Robert), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, by Louis Maximilien Bourgeois, 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fontaine3.jpg/381px-Fontaine3.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fontaine3.jpg/572px-Fontaine3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fontaine3.jpg/762px-Fontaine3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaux Arts mascaron of the Grande Fontaine (Avenue Léopold-Robert), <a href="/wiki/La_Chaux-de-Fonds" title="La Chaux-de-Fonds">La Chaux-de-Fonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Maximilien_Bourgeois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Maximilien Bourgeois (page does not exist)">Louis Maximilien Bourgeois</a>, 1888</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:87_avenue_Henri-Martin_Paris_(cropped_cartouche).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two Beaux Arts mascarons of Avenue Henri-Martin no. 87, Paris, designed by Albert Walwein, 1892"><img alt="Two Beaux Arts mascarons of Avenue Henri-Martin no. 87, Paris, designed by Albert Walwein, 1892" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/87_avenue_Henri-Martin_Paris_%28cropped_cartouche%29.jpg/330px-87_avenue_Henri-Martin_Paris_%28cropped_cartouche%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/87_avenue_Henri-Martin_Paris_%28cropped_cartouche%29.jpg/496px-87_avenue_Henri-Martin_Paris_%28cropped_cartouche%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/87_avenue_Henri-Martin_Paris_%28cropped_cartouche%29.jpg/661px-87_avenue_Henri-Martin_Paris_%28cropped_cartouche%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="1656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two Beaux Arts mascarons of <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Henri-Martin" title="Avenue Henri-Martin">Avenue Henri-Martin</a> no. 87, Paris, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Walwein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Walwein (page does not exist)">Albert Walwein</a>, 1892</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rive_gauche_2013-12-26_(13000112653).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts mascaron on the Pont Alexandre III, Paris, designed by Joseph Cassien-Bernard and Gaston Cousin, 1896-1900"><img alt="Beaux Arts mascaron on the Pont Alexandre III, Paris, designed by Joseph Cassien-Bernard and Gaston Cousin, 1896-1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rive_gauche_2013-12-26_%2813000112653%29.jpg/250px-Rive_gauche_2013-12-26_%2813000112653%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rive_gauche_2013-12-26_%2813000112653%29.jpg/375px-Rive_gauche_2013-12-26_%2813000112653%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rive_gauche_2013-12-26_%2813000112653%29.jpg/499px-Rive_gauche_2013-12-26_%2813000112653%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="2523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaux Arts architecture">Beaux Arts</a> mascaron on the <a href="/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III" title="Pont Alexandre III">Pont Alexandre III</a>, Paris, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Cassien-Bernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Cassien-Bernard (page does not exist)">Joseph Cassien-Bernard</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Cousin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaston Cousin (page does not exist)">Gaston Cousin</a>, 1896-1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Gorgons,_Secession_Hall,_Vienna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The three Secessionist gorgons on the Secession Building, Vienna, Austria, designed by Joseph Maria Olbrich, 1897-1898[44]"><img alt="The three Secessionist gorgons on the Secession Building, Vienna, Austria, designed by Joseph Maria Olbrich, 1897-1898[44]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Three_Gorgons%2C_Secession_Hall%2C_Vienna.jpg/370px-Three_Gorgons%2C_Secession_Hall%2C_Vienna.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Three_Gorgons%2C_Secession_Hall%2C_Vienna.jpg/556px-Three_Gorgons%2C_Secession_Hall%2C_Vienna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Three_Gorgons%2C_Secession_Hall%2C_Vienna.jpg/741px-Three_Gorgons%2C_Secession_Hall%2C_Vienna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4940" data-file-height="3403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The three <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Secessionist</a> gorgons on the <a href="/wiki/Secession_Building" title="Secession Building">Secession Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Maria_Olbrich" title="Joseph Maria Olbrich">Joseph Maria Olbrich</a>, 1897-1898<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014323_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014323-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Breast_ornament_Ren%C3%A9_Lalique_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau mascaron-shaped breast ornament, by René Lalique, 1898–1900, silver, email and alabaster, Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin, Germany"><img alt="Art Nouveau mascaron-shaped breast ornament, by René Lalique, 1898–1900, silver, email and alabaster, Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Breast_ornament_Ren%C3%A9_Lalique_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg/181px-Breast_ornament_Ren%C3%A9_Lalique_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Breast_ornament_Ren%C3%A9_Lalique_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg/272px-Breast_ornament_Ren%C3%A9_Lalique_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Breast_ornament_Ren%C3%A9_Lalique_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg/362px-Breast_ornament_Ren%C3%A9_Lalique_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="3416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> mascaron-shaped breast ornament, by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique" title="René Lalique">René Lalique</a>, 1898–1900, silver, email and <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunstgewerbemuseum_Berlin" title="Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin">Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Calvet_-_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stylized Art Nouveau mascaron of Casa Calvet (Carrer de Casp no. 48), Barcelona, Spain, designed by Antoni Gaudí, 1898-1900"><img alt="Stylized Art Nouveau mascaron of Casa Calvet (Carrer de Casp no. 48), Barcelona, Spain, designed by Antoni Gaudí, 1898-1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Casa_Calvet_-_002.jpg/140px-Casa_Calvet_-_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Casa_Calvet_-_002.jpg/210px-Casa_Calvet_-_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Casa_Calvet_-_002.jpg/279px-Casa_Calvet_-_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stylized Art Nouveau mascaron of <a href="/wiki/Casa_Calvet" title="Casa Calvet">Casa Calvet</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrer_de_Casp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carrer de Casp (page does not exist)">Carrer de Casp</a> no. 48), <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain, designed by <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a>, 1898-1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucharest_025.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts mascaron under a balcony of the Cantacuzino Palace (Calea Victoriei no. 141), Bucharest, designed by Ion D. Berindey, 1898-1906[45]"><img alt="Beaux Arts mascaron under a balcony of the Cantacuzino Palace (Calea Victoriei no. 141), Bucharest, designed by Ion D. Berindey, 1898-1906[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bucharest_025.jpg/191px-Bucharest_025.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bucharest_025.jpg/287px-Bucharest_025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bucharest_025.jpg/382px-Bucharest_025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaux Arts mascaron under a balcony of the <a href="/wiki/Cantacuzino_Palace" title="Cantacuzino Palace">Cantacuzino Palace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calea_Victoriei" title="Calea Victoriei">Calea Victoriei</a> no. 141), Bucharest, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_D._Berindey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion D. Berindey (page does not exist)">Ion D. Berindey</a>, 1898-1906<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4_Strada_Clopotarii_Vechi,_Bucharest_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts mascaron in a small arabesque on the facade of Strada Clopotarii Vechi no. 4, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect, 1899-1900"><img alt="Beaux Arts mascaron in a small arabesque on the facade of Strada Clopotarii Vechi no. 4, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect, 1899-1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/4_Strada_Clopotarii_Vechi%2C_Bucharest_%2811%29.jpg/201px-4_Strada_Clopotarii_Vechi%2C_Bucharest_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/4_Strada_Clopotarii_Vechi%2C_Bucharest_%2811%29.jpg/301px-4_Strada_Clopotarii_Vechi%2C_Bucharest_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/4_Strada_Clopotarii_Vechi%2C_Bucharest_%2811%29.jpg/401px-4_Strada_Clopotarii_Vechi%2C_Bucharest_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3222" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaux Arts mascaron in a small <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> on the facade of Strada Clopotarii Vechi no. 4, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect, 1899-1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Nouveau_pavilion_erected_in_the_court_of_the_Cotroceni_Palace,_with_the_occasion_of_a_party_given_by_the_societies_of_charity_companies_patronized_by_Queen_Maria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant Art Nouveau mascaron on a pavilion erected in the court of the Cotroceni Palace, Bucharest, unknown architect, 1901"><img alt="Giant Art Nouveau mascaron on a pavilion erected in the court of the Cotroceni Palace, Bucharest, unknown architect, 1901" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Art_Nouveau_pavilion_erected_in_the_court_of_the_Cotroceni_Palace%2C_with_the_occasion_of_a_party_given_by_the_societies_of_charity_companies_patronized_by_Queen_Maria.jpg/171px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Art_Nouveau_pavilion_erected_in_the_court_of_the_Cotroceni_Palace%2C_with_the_occasion_of_a_party_given_by_the_societies_of_charity_companies_patronized_by_Queen_Maria.jpg/256px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Art_Nouveau_pavilion_erected_in_the_court_of_the_Cotroceni_Palace%2C_with_the_occasion_of_a_party_given_by_the_societies_of_charity_companies_patronized_by_Queen_Maria.jpg/341px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="3595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Giant Art Nouveau mascaron on a pavilion erected in the court of the <a href="/wiki/Cotroceni_Palace" title="Cotroceni Palace">Cotroceni Palace</a>, Bucharest, unknown architect, 1901</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 253.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 251.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorgoneion_Wilhelm_Lucas_von_Cranach_1902_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau mascaron-shaped breast ornament, designed by Wilhelm Lucas von Cranach, engraved by Max Haseroth, 1902, gold, opal, nephrite, jasper, emeralds, and pearl, Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin"><img alt="Art Nouveau mascaron-shaped breast ornament, designed by Wilhelm Lucas von Cranach, engraved by Max Haseroth, 1902, gold, opal, nephrite, jasper, emeralds, and pearl, Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gorgoneion_Wilhelm_Lucas_von_Cranach_1902_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg/377px-Gorgoneion_Wilhelm_Lucas_von_Cranach_1902_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gorgoneion_Wilhelm_Lucas_von_Cranach_1902_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg/566px-Gorgoneion_Wilhelm_Lucas_von_Cranach_1902_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gorgoneion_Wilhelm_Lucas_von_Cranach_1902_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg/753px-Gorgoneion_Wilhelm_Lucas_von_Cranach_1902_Berlin_24112018_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4363" data-file-height="2955" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Nouveau mascaron-shaped breast ornament, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Lucas_von_Cranach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Lucas von Cranach (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Lucas von Cranach</a>, engraved by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Haseroth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Haseroth (page does not exist)">Max Haseroth</a>, 1902, gold, <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a>, and pearl, Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga,_Latvia_-_Art_Nouveau_House_at_Alberta_iela_nr._4,_Entrance_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau mascarons in Albert Street no. 4, Riga, Latvia, designed by Mikhail Eisenstein, 1904"><img alt="Art Nouveau mascarons in Albert Street no. 4, Riga, Latvia, designed by Mikhail Eisenstein, 1904" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Riga%2C_Latvia_-_Art_Nouveau_House_at_Alberta_iela_nr._4%2C_Entrance_hall.jpg/340px-Riga%2C_Latvia_-_Art_Nouveau_House_at_Alberta_iela_nr._4%2C_Entrance_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Riga%2C_Latvia_-_Art_Nouveau_House_at_Alberta_iela_nr._4%2C_Entrance_hall.jpg/511px-Riga%2C_Latvia_-_Art_Nouveau_House_at_Alberta_iela_nr._4%2C_Entrance_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Riga%2C_Latvia_-_Art_Nouveau_House_at_Alberta_iela_nr._4%2C_Entrance_hall.jpg/680px-Riga%2C_Latvia_-_Art_Nouveau_House_at_Alberta_iela_nr._4%2C_Entrance_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3919" data-file-height="2939" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Nouveau mascarons in <a href="/wiki/Albert_Street,_Riga" title="Albert Street, Riga">Albert Street</a> no. 4, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Eisenstein" title="Mikhail Eisenstein">Mikhail Eisenstein</a>, 1904</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireplace_for_Yvette_Guilbert%27s_house,_by_Xavier_Schoellkopf,_circa_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau mascaron on a fireplace in the house of Yvette Guilbert (Boulevard Berthier no. 23 bis), Paris, designed by Xavier Schoellkopf, c.1905[46]"><img alt="Art Nouveau mascaron on a fireplace in the house of Yvette Guilbert (Boulevard Berthier no. 23 bis), Paris, designed by Xavier Schoellkopf, c.1905[46]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fireplace_for_Yvette_Guilbert%27s_house%2C_by_Xavier_Schoellkopf%2C_circa_1905.jpg/197px-Fireplace_for_Yvette_Guilbert%27s_house%2C_by_Xavier_Schoellkopf%2C_circa_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fireplace_for_Yvette_Guilbert%27s_house%2C_by_Xavier_Schoellkopf%2C_circa_1905.jpg/295px-Fireplace_for_Yvette_Guilbert%27s_house%2C_by_Xavier_Schoellkopf%2C_circa_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fireplace_for_Yvette_Guilbert%27s_house%2C_by_Xavier_Schoellkopf%2C_circa_1905.jpg/393px-Fireplace_for_Yvette_Guilbert%27s_house%2C_by_Xavier_Schoellkopf%2C_circa_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Nouveau mascaron on a fireplace in the house of <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Guilbert" title="Yvette Guilbert">Yvette Guilbert</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulevard_Berthier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulevard Berthier (page does not exist)">Boulevard Berthier</a> no. 23 bis), Paris, designed by <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Schoellkopf" title="Xavier Schoellkopf">Xavier Schoellkopf</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1905<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schaerbeek_rue_Josaphat_229_810.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau sgraffito mascaron of the Groupe scolaire Josaphat (Rue de la Ruche no. 30), Schaerbeek, Belgium, architect Henri Jacobs, sgraffito by Privat Livemont, 1907[47]"><img alt="Art Nouveau sgraffito mascaron of the Groupe scolaire Josaphat (Rue de la Ruche no. 30), Schaerbeek, Belgium, architect Henri Jacobs, sgraffito by Privat Livemont, 1907[47]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Schaerbeek_rue_Josaphat_229_810.jpg/383px-Schaerbeek_rue_Josaphat_229_810.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Schaerbeek_rue_Josaphat_229_810.jpg/575px-Schaerbeek_rue_Josaphat_229_810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Schaerbeek_rue_Josaphat_229_810.jpg/765px-Schaerbeek_rue_Josaphat_229_810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Nouveau <a href="/wiki/Sgraffito" title="Sgraffito">sgraffito</a> mascaron of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_scolaire_Josaphat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groupe scolaire Josaphat (page does not exist)">Groupe scolaire Josaphat</a> (Rue de la Ruche no. 30), <a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek" title="Schaerbeek">Schaerbeek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Jacobs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Jacobs (page does not exist)">Henri Jacobs</a>, sgraffito by <a href="/wiki/Privat_Livemont" class="mw-redirect" title="Privat Livemont">Privat Livemont</a>, 1907<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 249.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 247.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:23_Rue_de_la_Paix,_Paris_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts mascaron on Rue de la Paix no. 23, Paris, unknown architect, 1908"><img alt="Beaux Arts mascaron on Rue de la Paix no. 23, Paris, unknown architect, 1908" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/23_Rue_de_la_Paix%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg/371px-23_Rue_de_la_Paix%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/23_Rue_de_la_Paix%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg/556px-23_Rue_de_la_Paix%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/23_Rue_de_la_Paix%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg/741px-23_Rue_de_la_Paix%2C_Paris_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3777" data-file-height="2601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaux Arts mascaron on <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix,_Paris" title="Rue de la Paix, Paris">Rue de la Paix</a> no. 23, Paris, unknown architect, 1908</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_9e_Printemps_Haussmann_872.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau capital with mascarons of the Printemps Haussmann (Boulevard Haussmann no. 64), Paris, designed by René Binet, 1911[48]"><img alt="Art Nouveau capital with mascarons of the Printemps Haussmann (Boulevard Haussmann no. 64), Paris, designed by René Binet, 1911[48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Paris_9e_Printemps_Haussmann_872.jpg/232px-Paris_9e_Printemps_Haussmann_872.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Paris_9e_Printemps_Haussmann_872.jpg/349px-Paris_9e_Printemps_Haussmann_872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Paris_9e_Printemps_Haussmann_872.jpg/464px-Paris_9e_Printemps_Haussmann_872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="2462" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Nouveau capital with mascarons of the <a href="/wiki/Printemps" title="Printemps">Printemps</a> Haussmann (<a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Haussmann" title="Boulevard Haussmann">Boulevard Haussmann</a> no. 64), Paris, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Binet_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Binet (architect) (page does not exist)">René Binet</a>, 1911<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Boutique_Guerlain_(24409042142).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts mascaron with a multitude of flowers around it, above a window of the parfumery of Jacques and Pierre Guerlain, (Avenue des Champs-Élysées no. 68), Paris, designed by architect Charles-Frédéric Méwès and decorated by Bérard Christian, 1912[49]"><img alt="Beaux Arts mascaron with a multitude of flowers around it, above a window of the parfumery of Jacques and Pierre Guerlain, (Avenue des Champs-Élysées no. 68), Paris, designed by architect Charles-Frédéric Méwès and decorated by Bérard Christian, 1912[49]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Paris_-_Boutique_Guerlain_%2824409042142%29.jpg/383px-Paris_-_Boutique_Guerlain_%2824409042142%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Paris_-_Boutique_Guerlain_%2824409042142%29.jpg/575px-Paris_-_Boutique_Guerlain_%2824409042142%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Paris_-_Boutique_Guerlain_%2824409042142%29.jpg/765px-Paris_-_Boutique_Guerlain_%2824409042142%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaux Arts mascaron with a multitude of flowers around it, above a window of the parfumery of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Guerlain" title="Jacques Guerlain">Jacques</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Guerlain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Guerlain (page does not exist)">Pierre Guerlain</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenue des Champs-Élysées">Avenue des Champs-Élysées</a> no. 68), Paris, designed by architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_M%C3%A9w%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-Frédéric Méwès (page does not exist)">Charles-Frédéric Méwès</a> and decorated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9rard_Christian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bérard Christian (page does not exist)">Bérard Christian</a>, 1912<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_2014_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts mascaron with lavander in its hair, above a window of the parfumery of Jacques and Pierre Guerlain"><img alt="Beaux Arts mascaron with lavander in its hair, above a window of the parfumery of Jacques and Pierre Guerlain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_2014_%282%29.JPG/169px-Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_2014_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_2014_%282%29.JPG/254px-Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_2014_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_2014_%282%29.JPG/339px-Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_2014_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaux Arts mascaron with lavander in its hair, above a window of the parfumery of Jacques and Pierre Guerlain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Immeuble,_68_avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es,_Paris_8e_010.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux Arts mascaron with flowers in its hair, above the door of the perfumery of Jacques and Pierre Guerlain"><img alt="Beaux Arts mascaron with flowers in its hair, above the door of the perfumery of Jacques and Pierre Guerlain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Immeuble%2C_68_avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris_8e_010.JPG/391px-Immeuble%2C_68_avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris_8e_010.JPG" decoding="async" width="261" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Immeuble%2C_68_avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris_8e_010.JPG/587px-Immeuble%2C_68_avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris_8e_010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Immeuble%2C_68_avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris_8e_010.JPG/781px-Immeuble%2C_68_avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_Paris_8e_010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2742" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaux Arts mascaron with flowers in its hair, above the door of the perfumery of Jacques and Pierre Guerlain</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> is a style created as a collective effort of multiple French designers to make a new modern style around 1910. It was obscure before WW1, but became very popular during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, being heavily associated with the 1920s and the 1930s. The movement was a blend of multiple characteristics taken from <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modernist</a> currents from the 1900s and the 1910s, like the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>. Because of this, mascarons are more angular and stylized, mask-like, clearly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a> movement with highly stylized and geometrized human figures, like those found in <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> painted by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>. Painters, sculptors, designers and architects also found inspiration in non-Western regions, like East Asia, Pre-Columbian Americas or Sub-Saharian African art.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art Deco had four phases: early, mature, late, and <a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a>. The buildings of the 1910s and early 1930s are compositionally and stylistically similar with the <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> ones from the 1900s and 1910s, but highly stylized and with a refined geometry. <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">Pilasters</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> elements are used during this decade, but geometrized, together with simple floral motifs and abstract ornaments. An example of early Art Deco is the <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:31-33_Bulevardul_Carol_I,_Bucharest_(02).jpg">Central Social Insurance Company Building</a> (now the Asirom Building) on Bulevardul Carol I, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, by Ion Ionescu, 1930s. Most Art Deco mascarons are present on early Art Deco buildings and designs. Mature Art Deco, highly associated with the 1930s, was more modern and exuberant compared to the early form. Stepped setbacks are a key feature of this period. Late Art Deco, from the late 1930s and the 1940s, paves the way for the <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a>, but without completely abandoning ornamentation. More complex ornaments like mascarons or foliage disappear completely during this period, being seen as out of fashion. Facades with 90° angle corners and decorated minimally only with simple cornices at each level are key features of this phase. However, this doesn't mean that these buildings are banal or dull. Materials of bright colours were used inside, especially <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, and the exteriors usually had lightning rods. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a> was also popular in the 1930s and 40s, characterized by rounded corners and overall dynamism. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernism</a> was mainstream under the form of Art Deco during the interwar period, revivals of historic or local styles continued. In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> for example, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean Revival architecture</a> was one of the main styles of the 1930s, together with Art Deco and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival</a> (the national style). Of course, some of these styles used mascarons for ornamentation. </p><p>At the end of the interwar period, with the rise in popularity of the <a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a>, characterized by the complete lack of any ornamentation, led to the complete abandonment of any ornaments, including mascarons. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Verzon_Buidling_Close-up_(2539269462)_(cropped_elephant_mascaron).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco elephant mascaron on the Barclay–Vesey Building (formerly the New York Telephone Company Building), New York City, architect Ralph Thomas Walker, sculptors Ulysses Ricci and John De Cesare, 1923-1927[51]"><img alt="Art Deco elephant mascaron on the Barclay–Vesey Building (formerly the New York Telephone Company Building), New York City, architect Ralph Thomas Walker, sculptors Ulysses Ricci and John De Cesare, 1923-1927[51]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Verzon_Buidling_Close-up_%282539269462%29_%28cropped_elephant_mascaron%29.jpg/199px-The_Verzon_Buidling_Close-up_%282539269462%29_%28cropped_elephant_mascaron%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Verzon_Buidling_Close-up_%282539269462%29_%28cropped_elephant_mascaron%29.jpg/300px-The_Verzon_Buidling_Close-up_%282539269462%29_%28cropped_elephant_mascaron%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Verzon_Buidling_Close-up_%282539269462%29_%28cropped_elephant_mascaron%29.jpg/399px-The_Verzon_Buidling_Close-up_%282539269462%29_%28cropped_elephant_mascaron%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="676" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> elephant mascaron on the <a href="/wiki/Barclay%E2%80%93Vesey_Building" title="Barclay–Vesey Building">Barclay–Vesey Building</a> (formerly the New York Telephone Company Building), New York City, architect <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Thomas_Walker" title="Ralph Thomas Walker">Ralph Thomas Walker</a>, sculptors <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Ricci" title="Ulysses Ricci">Ulysses Ricci</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_De_Cesare" title="John De Cesare">John De Cesare</a>, 1923-1927<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:41_Avenue_Montaigne,_75008_Paris,_France_27_December_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco mascaron of Avenue Montaigne no. 41, Paris, unknown architect or sculptor, 1924[52]"><img alt="Art Deco mascaron of Avenue Montaigne no. 41, Paris, unknown architect or sculptor, 1924[52]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/41_Avenue_Montaigne%2C_75008_Paris%2C_France_27_December_2016.jpg/170px-41_Avenue_Montaigne%2C_75008_Paris%2C_France_27_December_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/41_Avenue_Montaigne%2C_75008_Paris%2C_France_27_December_2016.jpg/255px-41_Avenue_Montaigne%2C_75008_Paris%2C_France_27_December_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/41_Avenue_Montaigne%2C_75008_Paris%2C_France_27_December_2016.jpg/340px-41_Avenue_Montaigne%2C_75008_Paris%2C_France_27_December_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco mascaron of <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Montaigne" title="Avenue Montaigne">Avenue Montaigne</a> no. 41, Paris, unknown architect or sculptor, 1924<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GCT_Graybar_2_(cropped_mascarons).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco mascarons on the Graybar Building, New York City, by Sloan & Robertson, 1925-1927[53]"><img alt="Art Deco mascarons on the Graybar Building, New York City, by Sloan & Robertson, 1925-1927[53]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/GCT_Graybar_2_%28cropped_mascarons%29.jpg/303px-GCT_Graybar_2_%28cropped_mascarons%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/GCT_Graybar_2_%28cropped_mascarons%29.jpg/454px-GCT_Graybar_2_%28cropped_mascarons%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/GCT_Graybar_2_%28cropped_mascarons%29.jpg/605px-GCT_Graybar_2_%28cropped_mascarons%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco mascarons on the <a href="/wiki/Graybar_Building" title="Graybar Building">Graybar Building</a>, New York City, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloan_%26_Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sloan & Robertson (page does not exist)">Sloan & Robertson</a>, 1925-1927<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pythian_column_capitals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neo-Mesopotamian shedu mascarons on capitals of the Pythian Temple, New York City, part of the architecture that resulted from the interest some Art Deco architects and designers had for non-Western cultures, designed by Thomas W. Lamb, 1927"><img alt="Neo-Mesopotamian shedu mascarons on capitals of the Pythian Temple, New York City, part of the architecture that resulted from the interest some Art Deco architects and designers had for non-Western cultures, designed by Thomas W. Lamb, 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Pythian_column_capitals.jpg/341px-The_Pythian_column_capitals.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Pythian_column_capitals.jpg/512px-The_Pythian_column_capitals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Pythian_column_capitals.jpg/681px-The_Pythian_column_capitals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neo-<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian architecture">Mesopotamian</a> <a href="/wiki/Shedu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shedu">shedu</a> mascarons on <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Temple_(New_York_City)" title="Pythian Temple (New York City)">Pythian Temple</a>, New York City, part of the architecture that resulted from the interest some Art Deco architects and designers had for non-Western cultures, designed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamb" title="Thomas W. Lamb">Thomas W. Lamb</a>, 1927</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 491.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 489.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Banque_Buurmans_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco mascarons of the Banque Buurmans (Rue Royale no. 71), Brussels, Belgium, by G.J. Maugue, 1927"><img alt="Art Deco mascarons of the Banque Buurmans (Rue Royale no. 71), Brussels, Belgium, by G.J. Maugue, 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Banque_Buurmans_-_03.jpg/734px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Banque_Buurmans_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="490" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Banque_Buurmans_-_03.jpg/1103px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Banque_Buurmans_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Banque_Buurmans_-_03.jpg/1468px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Banque_Buurmans_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5444" data-file-height="1892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco mascarons of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banque_Buurmans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banque Buurmans (page does not exist)">Banque Buurmans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rue_Royale,_Brussels" title="Rue Royale, Brussels">Rue Royale</a> no. 71), <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, by G.J. Maugue, 1927</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2_rue_Narcisse-Diaz_mascaron_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco mascaron of Avenue de Versailles no. 70-72, Paris, designed by Paul Delaplace and sculpted by Jean Boucher, 1928"><img alt="Art Deco mascaron of Avenue de Versailles no. 70-72, Paris, designed by Paul Delaplace and sculpted by Jean Boucher, 1928" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2_rue_Narcisse-Diaz_mascaron_Paris.jpg/450px-2_rue_Narcisse-Diaz_mascaron_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2_rue_Narcisse-Diaz_mascaron_Paris.jpg/676px-2_rue_Narcisse-Diaz_mascaron_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2_rue_Narcisse-Diaz_mascaron_Paris.jpg/900px-2_rue_Narcisse-Diaz_mascaron_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco mascaron of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avenue_de_Versailles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avenue de Versailles (page does not exist)">Avenue de Versailles</a> no. 70-72, Paris, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Delaplace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Delaplace (page does not exist)">Paul Delaplace</a> and sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Boucher_(artist)" title="Jean Boucher (artist)">Jean Boucher</a>, 1928</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bordeaux_Mascaron_style_art_d%C3%A9co_symbolique_franc_ma%C3%A7onne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco mascaron on an unidentified building in Bordeaux, France, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1930"><img alt="Art Deco mascaron on an unidentified building in Bordeaux, France, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bordeaux_Mascaron_style_art_d%C3%A9co_symbolique_franc_ma%C3%A7onne.jpg/340px-Bordeaux_Mascaron_style_art_d%C3%A9co_symbolique_franc_ma%C3%A7onne.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bordeaux_Mascaron_style_art_d%C3%A9co_symbolique_franc_ma%C3%A7onne.jpg/511px-Bordeaux_Mascaron_style_art_d%C3%A9co_symbolique_franc_ma%C3%A7onne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bordeaux_Mascaron_style_art_d%C3%A9co_symbolique_franc_ma%C3%A7onne.jpg/680px-Bordeaux_Mascaron_style_art_d%C3%A9co_symbolique_franc_ma%C3%A7onne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco mascaron on an unidentified building in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France, unknown architect or sculptor, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1930</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:14_Strada_George_Enescu,_Bucharest_(03).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mediterranean Revival (late revivalism) lion mascarons above a series of window of Strada George Enescu no. 14, Bucharest, unknown architect, c.1930"><img alt="Mediterranean Revival (late revivalism) lion mascarons above a series of window of Strada George Enescu no. 14, Bucharest, unknown architect, c.1930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/14_Strada_George_Enescu%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg/237px-14_Strada_George_Enescu%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/14_Strada_George_Enescu%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg/357px-14_Strada_George_Enescu%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/14_Strada_George_Enescu%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg/475px-14_Strada_George_Enescu%2C_Bucharest_%2803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="3169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Revival">Mediterranean Revival</a> (late revivalism) lion mascarons above a series of window of Strada George Enescu no. 14, Bucharest, unknown architect, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1930</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Palais_de_Chaillot_(26805525573).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco mascarons of the Palais de Chaillot, Paris, designed by Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma, 1937[54]"><img alt="Art Deco mascarons of the Palais de Chaillot, Paris, designed by Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma, 1937[54]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paris_-_Palais_de_Chaillot_%2826805525573%29.jpg/383px-Paris_-_Palais_de_Chaillot_%2826805525573%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paris_-_Palais_de_Chaillot_%2826805525573%29.jpg/575px-Paris_-_Palais_de_Chaillot_%2826805525573%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Paris_-_Palais_de_Chaillot_%2826805525573%29.jpg/765px-Paris_-_Palais_de_Chaillot_%2826805525573%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco mascarons of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Chaillot" title="Palais de Chaillot">Palais de Chaillot</a>, Paris, designed by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_Boileau" title="Louis-Hippolyte Boileau">Louis-Hippolyte Boileau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Carlu" title="Jacques Carlu">Jacques Carlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Az%C3%A9ma" title="Léon Azéma">Léon Azéma</a>, 1937<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_navarre,_maschera_per_una_fontana,_vetro,_ante_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco mascaron for a fountain, by Henri Navarre, 1937, glass, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris"><img alt="Art Deco mascaron for a fountain, by Henri Navarre, 1937, glass, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Henri_navarre%2C_maschera_per_una_fontana%2C_vetro%2C_ante_1937.jpg/194px-Henri_navarre%2C_maschera_per_una_fontana%2C_vetro%2C_ante_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Henri_navarre%2C_maschera_per_una_fontana%2C_vetro%2C_ante_1937.jpg/291px-Henri_navarre%2C_maschera_per_una_fontana%2C_vetro%2C_ante_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Henri_navarre%2C_maschera_per_una_fontana%2C_vetro%2C_ante_1937.jpg/387px-Henri_navarre%2C_maschera_per_una_fontana%2C_vetro%2C_ante_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco mascaron for a fountain, by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Navarre" title="Henri Navarre">Henri Navarre</a>, 1937, glass, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_Paris" title="Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris">Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KingCityHS-RobertStantonTheater-detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco mascarons on the King City High School Auditorium, King City, California, US, designed by Robert Stanton and Joseph Jacinto Mora, 1939"><img alt="Art Deco mascarons on the King City High School Auditorium, King City, California, US, designed by Robert Stanton and Joseph Jacinto Mora, 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KingCityHS-RobertStantonTheater-detail.JPG/340px-KingCityHS-RobertStantonTheater-detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KingCityHS-RobertStantonTheater-detail.JPG/511px-KingCityHS-RobertStantonTheater-detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KingCityHS-RobertStantonTheater-detail.JPG/680px-KingCityHS-RobertStantonTheater-detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco mascarons on the <a href="/wiki/King_City_High_School_Auditorium" title="King City High School Auditorium">King City High School Auditorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_City,_California" title="King City, California">King City</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, US, designed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanton_(architect)" title="Robert Stanton (architect)">Robert Stanton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacinto_Mora" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Jacinto Mora">Joseph Jacinto Mora</a>, 1939</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:89_Bulevardul_Eroii_Sanitari,_Bucharest_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mediterranean Revival window of the Prof. C.A. Teodorescu House (Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari no. 89), Bucharest, designed by Ion Giurgea, 1941[55]"><img alt="Mediterranean Revival window of the Prof. C.A. Teodorescu House (Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari no. 89), Bucharest, designed by Ion Giurgea, 1941[55]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/89_Bulevardul_Eroii_Sanitari%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg/186px-89_Bulevardul_Eroii_Sanitari%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/89_Bulevardul_Eroii_Sanitari%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg/279px-89_Bulevardul_Eroii_Sanitari%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/89_Bulevardul_Eroii_Sanitari%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg/372px-89_Bulevardul_Eroii_Sanitari%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2541" data-file-height="3485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mediterranean Revival window of the Prof. C.A. Teodorescu House (Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari no. 89), Bucharest, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Giurgea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Giurgea (page does not exist)">Ion Giurgea</a>, 1941<sup id="cite_ref-Curentul_Mediteraneean_în_arhitectu_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curentul_Mediteraneean_în_arhitectu-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Postmodernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a>, a movement that questioned <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> after WW2), promoted the inclusion of elements of historic styles in new designs. An early text questioning Modernism was by architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a>, <i>Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture</i> (1966), in which he recommended a revival of the 'presence of the past' in architectural design. He tried to include in his own buildings qualities that he described as 'inclusion, inconsistency, compromise, accommodation, adaptation, superadjacency, equivalence, multiple focus, juxtaposition, or good and bad space.'<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venturi encouraged 'quotation', which means reusing elements of the past in new designs. Part manifesto, part architectural scrapbook accumulated over the previous decade, the book represented the vision for a new generation of architects and designers who had grown up with Modernism but who felt increasingly constrained by its perceived rigidities. Multiple Postmodern architects and designers put simplified reinterpretations of the elements found in Classical decoration on their creations. However, they were in most cases highly simplified, and more reinterpretations than true reuses of the elements intended. Because of their complexity, mascarons were very rarely used in Postmodern architecture and design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014200,_203_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014200,_203-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Face_House_Kyoto_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Face House, Kyoto, Japan, by Kazumasa Yamashita, 1974[58]"><img alt="Face House, Kyoto, Japan, by Kazumasa Yamashita, 1974[58]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Face_House_Kyoto_006.jpg/225px-Face_House_Kyoto_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Face_House_Kyoto_006.jpg/337px-Face_House_Kyoto_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Face_House_Kyoto_006.jpg/450px-Face_House_Kyoto_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Face House, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazumasa_Yamashita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazumasa Yamashita (page does not exist)">Kazumasa Yamashita</a>, 1974<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PiazzaDItalia1990_(cropped_mascarons).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mascarons in cartouches spilling water in Piazza d'Italia, New Orleans, USA, by Charles Moore, 1978[59]"><img alt="Mascarons in cartouches spilling water in Piazza d'Italia, New Orleans, USA, by Charles Moore, 1978[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/PiazzaDItalia1990_%28cropped_mascarons%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="211" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mascarons in <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">cartouches</a> spilling water in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_d%27Italia_(New_Orleans)" title="Piazza d'Italia (New Orleans)">Piazza d'Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, USA, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_(architect)" title="Charles Moore (architect)">Charles Moore</a>, 1978<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge201947_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge201947-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Nouveau-inspired_print_on_a_Vans_t-shirt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mascaron with an Art Nouveau-inspired print on a Vans t-shirt, unknown fashion designer and illustrator, c.2021, print on textile"><img alt="Mascaron with an Art Nouveau-inspired print on a Vans t-shirt, unknown fashion designer and illustrator, c.2021, print on textile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Art_Nouveau-inspired_print_on_a_Vans_t-shirt.jpg/400px-Art_Nouveau-inspired_print_on_a_Vans_t-shirt.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Art_Nouveau-inspired_print_on_a_Vans_t-shirt.jpg/600px-Art_Nouveau-inspired_print_on_a_Vans_t-shirt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Art_Nouveau-inspired_print_on_a_Vans_t-shirt.jpg/800px-Art_Nouveau-inspired_print_on_a_Vans_t-shirt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mascaron with an <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>-inspired print on a <a href="/wiki/Vans" title="Vans">Vans</a> t-shirt, unknown fashion designer and illustrator, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>2021, print on textile</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimera (architecture)">Chimera (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">Mask</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100138414">"mascaron"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Reference">Oxford Reference</a></i><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=canopic+jar%3B+model&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FY_EA9562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2002" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Emily (2002). <i>Architectural Details - A Visual Guide to 5000 Years of Building Styles</i>. Ivy Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78240-169-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78240-169-8"><bdi>978-1-78240-169-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Details+-+A+Visual+Guide+to+5000+Years+of+Building+Styles&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Ivy+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-78240-169-8&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia2017" class="citation book cs1">Virginia, L. Campbell (2017). <i>Ancient Rome - Pocket Museum</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51959-2"><bdi>978-0-500-51959-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome+-+Pocket+Museum&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51959-2&rft.aulast=Virginia&rft.aufirst=L.+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia2017" class="citation book cs1">Virginia, L. Campbell (2017). <i>Ancient Rome - Pocket Museum</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51959-2"><bdi>978-0-500-51959-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome+-+Pocket+Museum&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51959-2&rft.aulast=Virginia&rft.aufirst=L.+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>BIRD - Exploring the Winged World</i>. Phaidon. 2021. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83866-140-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83866-140-3"><bdi>978-1-83866-140-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BIRD+-+Exploring+the+Winged+World&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-83866-140-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia2017" class="citation book cs1">Virginia, L. Campbell (2017). <i>Ancient Rome - Pocket Museum</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51959-2"><bdi>978-0-500-51959-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome+-+Pocket+Museum&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51959-2&rft.aulast=Virginia&rft.aufirst=L.+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunway_University_Press-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sunway_University_Press_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2022" class="citation book cs1">Gray, George T. 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Sunway University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-5492-24-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-5492-24-2"><bdi>978-967-5492-24-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Architecture%2C+Art+%26+Design&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Sunway+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-967-5492-24-2&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2022" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Hutton (2022). <i>The History of Art - From Prehistory to Presentday - A Global View</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02236-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02236-8"><bdi>978-0-500-02236-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Art+-+From+Prehistory+to+Presentday+-+A+Global+View&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-500-02236-8&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Hutton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201771-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201771_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry201771_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrina_CiosCălin_DemetrescuViorica_DeneLiviu_Lăzărescu1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Irina Cios; Călin Demetrescu; Viorica Dene; Liviu Lăzărescu; Hortensia Masichievici; Adina Nanu; Ion Panaitescu; Amelia Pavel; Mircea Popescu; Carmen Răchițeanu; Tereza Sinigalia (1995). <i>Dicționar de artă</i> (in Romanian). Editura Meridiane. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-33-0268-6" title="Special:BookSources/973-33-0268-6"><bdi>973-33-0268-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dic%C8%9Bionar+de+art%C4%83&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Editura+Meridiane&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=973-33-0268-6&rft.au=Irina+Cios&rft.au=C%C4%83lin+Demetrescu&rft.au=Viorica+Dene&rft.au=Liviu+L%C4%83z%C4%83rescu&rft.au=Hortensia+Masichievici&rft.au=Adina+Nanu&rft.au=Ion+Panaitescu&rft.au=Amelia+Pavel&rft.au=Mircea+Popescu&rft.au=Carmen+R%C4%83chi%C8%9Beanu&rft.au=Tereza+Sinigalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubert_Faensen1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hubert Faensen, Vladimir Ivanov (1981). <i>Arhitectura Rusă Veche</i> (in Romanian). 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Editura Meridiane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arhitectura+Rus%C4%83+Veche&rft.pub=Editura+Meridiane&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Hubert+Faensen&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Ivanov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ec-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ec_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorecrete.com/crete-west/EN-Gouverneto-Monastery.html">"Gouverneto Monastery"</a>. Explore Crete<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Massin. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7072-0915-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7072-0915-3"><bdi>978-2-7072-0915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Architecture+de+Paris+des+Origins+%C3%A0+Aujourd%27hui&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Massin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-7072-0915-3&rft.aulast=Larbodi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curentul_Mediteraneean_în_arhitectu-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curentul_Mediteraneean_în_arhitectu_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhigeanu2022" class="citation book cs1">Ghigeanu, Mădălin (2022). <i>Curentul Mediteraneean în arhitectura interbelică</i>. Vremea. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-081-135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-081-135-0"><bdi>978-606-081-135-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curentul+Mediteraneean+%C3%AEn+arhitectura+interbelic%C4%83&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Vremea&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-606-081-135-0&rft.aulast=Ghigeanu&rft.aufirst=M%C4%83d%C4%83lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 660. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=660&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014200,_203-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014200,_203_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2014">Hopkins 2014</a>, p. 200, 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2020" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Owen (2020). <i>Postmodern Architecture - Less is a Bore</i>. Phaidon. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_0_7148_7812_6" title="Special:BookSources/978 0 7148 7812 6"><bdi>978 0 7148 7812 6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Architecture+-+Less+is+a+Bore&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780714878126&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge201947-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge201947_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodge2019">Hodge 2019</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2012" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Gauvin Alexander (2012). <i>Baroque & Rococo</i>. Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-5742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-5742-8"><bdi>978-0-7148-5742-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baroque+%26+Rococo&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-5742-8&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Gauvin+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortenberry2017" class="citation book cs1">Fortenberry, Diane (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsxDswEACAAJ"><i>The Art Museum</i></a> (Revised ed.). London: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-7502-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423220204/https://books.google.com/books?id=YsxDswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7502-6&rft.aulast=Fortenberry&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsxDswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2019" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Susie (2019). <i>The Short Story of Architecture</i>. Laurence King Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7370-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7370-3"><bdi>978-1-7862-7370-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Short+Story+of+Architecture&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7862-7370-3&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Susie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2014" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Owen (2014). <i>Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide</i>. Laurence King. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-178067-163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-178067-163-5"><bdi>978-178067-163-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Styles%3A+A+Visual+Guide&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-178067-163-5&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Denna, ed. (2014). <i>Architecture The Whole Story</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29148-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29148-1"><bdi>978-0-500-29148-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+The+Whole+Story&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29148-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinch1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Pinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldine Pinch">Pinch, Geraldine</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5nXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Votive Offerings to Hathor</i></a>. Griffith Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900416545" title="Special:BookSources/978-0900416545"><bdi>978-0900416545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Votive+Offerings+to+Hathor&rft.pub=Griffith+Institute&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0900416545&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM5nXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson" title="Richard H. Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Richard H.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SymbolMagicInEgyptianArtWilkinsonRichardH/page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Symbol and Magic in Egyptian Art</i></a>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500236635" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500236635"><bdi>978-0500236635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbol+and+Magic+in+Egyptian+Art&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0500236635&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSymbolMagicInEgyptianArtWilkinsonRichardH%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMascaron+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascaron_(architecture)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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title="Gadrooning">Gadrooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_ornament" title="Garden ornament">Garden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lawn_ornament" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawn ornament">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland_bearers" title="Garland bearers">Garland bearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilloch%C3%A9" title="Guilloché">Guilloché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarri" title="Hilarri">Hilarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_ornament" title="Hood ornament">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">Lintel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margent" title="Margent">Margent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mascaron</a></li> <li><a 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