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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_and_revolts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_and_revolts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Conflicts and revolts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_and_revolts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_historical_monuments_in_the_Behistun_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_historical_monuments_in_the_Behistun_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other historical monuments in the Behistun complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_historical_monuments_in_the_Behistun_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_reliefs_and_inspiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_reliefs_and_inspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Similar reliefs and inspiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_reliefs_and_inspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Behistun Inscription</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistoen-inskripsie" title="Behistoen-inskripsie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Behistoen-inskripsie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="نقش بيستون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقش بيستون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%C3%BCtun_kitab%C9%99si" title="Bisütun kitabəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bisütun kitabəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="বেহিস্তুন শিলালিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেহিস্তুন শিলালিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Бехістунскі надпіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бехістунскі надпіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Бехистунски надпис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бехистунски надпис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscripci%C3%B3_de_Behistun" title="Inscripció de Behistun – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inscripció de Behistun" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistunsk%C3%BD_n%C3%A1pis" title="Behistunský nápis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Behistunský nápis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisutun-inskriptionerne" title="Bisutun-inskriptionerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bisutun-inskriptionerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun-Inschrift" title="Behistun-Inschrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Behistun-Inschrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistuni_raidkiri" title="Behistuni raidkiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Behistuni raidkiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Επιγραφή του Μπεχιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιγραφή του Μπεχιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscripci%C3%B3n_de_Behist%C3%BAn" title="Inscripción de Behistún – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inscripción de Behistún" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun-surskribo" title="Behistun-surskribo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Behistun-surskribo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistungo_inskripzioa" title="Behistungo inskripzioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Behistungo inskripzioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="سنگ‌نوشته بیستون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ‌نوشته بیستون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscription_de_Behistun" title="Inscription de Behistun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inscription de Behistun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscrici%C3%B3n_de_Behist%C3%BAn" title="Inscrición de Behistún – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inscrición de Behistún" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%9E%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%88%B0_%EB%B9%84%EB%AC%B8" title="베히스툰 비문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베히스툰 비문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բեհիսթունի արձանագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեհիսթունի արձանագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="बीसतून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बीसतून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistunski_natpisi" title="Behistunski natpisi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Behistunski natpisi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasasti_Behistun" title="Prasasti Behistun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prasasti Behistun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscrizioni_di_Bisotun" title="Iscrizioni di Bisotun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iscrizioni di Bisotun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F" title="כתובת ביסותון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתובת ביסותון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბეჰისთუნის წარწერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეჰისთუნის წარწერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niv%C3%AEsk%C3%AAn_B%C3%AAst%C3%BBn%C3%AA" title="Nivîskên Bêstûnê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nivîskên Bêstûnê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бехистун аскасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бехистун аскасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscriptio_Behistunia" title="Inscriptio Behistunia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inscriptio Behistunia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistuno_%C4%AFra%C5%A1ai" title="Behistuno įrašai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Behistuno įrašai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behisztuni_felirat" title="Behisztuni felirat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Behisztuni felirat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title="बेहिस्तुन शिलालेख – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बेहिस्तुन शिलालेख" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ബെഹിസ്തുൻ ലിഖിതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെഹിസ്തുൻ ലിഖിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinqix_ta%27_Bisotun" title="Tinqix ta' Bisotun – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tinqix ta' Bisotun" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87" title="بیستون کتیفه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیستون کتیفه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Бехистуны бичээс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бехистуны бичээс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistuninscriptie" title="Behistuninscriptie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Behistuninscriptie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title="बेहिस्तुन शिलालेख – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेहिस्तुन शिलालेख" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%92%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%B3%E7%A2%91%E6%96%87" title="ベヒストゥン碑文 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベヒストゥン碑文" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistuninnskriftene" title="Behistuninnskriftene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Behistuninnskriftene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscripcion_de_Behistun" title="Inscripcion de Behistun – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Inscripcion de Behistun" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun_kitobalari" title="Behistun kitobalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Behistun kitobalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87" title="د بیستون کتیبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بیستون کتیبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inskrypcja_z_Behistun" title="Inskrypcja z Behistun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inskrypcja z Behistun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscri%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Beistum" title="Inscrição de Beistum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inscrição de Beistum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscrip%C8%9Bia_de_la_Behistun" title="Inscripția de la Behistun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inscripția de la Behistun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Бехистунская надпись – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бехистунская надпись" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADsut%C3%BAnsky_n%C3%A1pis" title="Bísutúnsky nápis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bísutúnsky nápis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistunski_napis" title="Behistunski napis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Behistunski napis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="وێنەبەردینەی بێستوون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێنەبەردینەی بێستوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Бехистунски натписи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бехистунски натписи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistunski_natpisi" title="Behistunski natpisi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Behistunski natpisi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun" title="Behistun – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Behistun" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistuninskriften" title="Behistuninskriften – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Behistuninskriften" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inskripsiyong_Behistun" title="Inskripsiyong Behistun – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inskripsiyong Behistun" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பெஹிஸ்ட்டன் கல்வெட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெஹிஸ்ட்டன் கல்வெட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="จารึกเบฮิสตูน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จารึกเบฮิสตูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Катибаи Бесутун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Катибаи Бесутун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun_Yaz%C4%B1t%C4%B1" title="Behistun Yazıtı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Behistun Yazıtı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Бегістунський напис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бегістунський напис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D9%BE%DB%88%D8%AA%DB%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="بېھىستون قىياتاش پۈتۈكلىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېھىستون قىياتاش پۈتۈكلىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_kh%E1%BA%AFc_Behistun" title="Chữ khắc Behistun – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ khắc Behistun" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B8%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%95%A6%E9%93%AD%E6%96%87" title="贝希斯敦铭文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贝希斯敦铭文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1tabey_Bisutuni" title="Kıtabey Bisutuni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kıtabey Bisutuni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B8%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%95%A6%E9%93%AD%E6%96%87" title="贝希斯敦铭文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝希斯敦铭文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180012#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Behistun_Inscription" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Behistun_Inscription&params=34_23_26_N_47_26_9_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°23′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°26′9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.39056°N 47.43583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.39056; 47.43583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient multilingual stone inscription in Iran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bisitun" redirects here. For the city in Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Bisotun" title="Bisotun">Bisotun</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Bistun</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_(_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86(.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_%28_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%28.jpg/300px-%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_%28_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%28.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_%28_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%28.jpg/450px-%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_%28_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_%28_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%28.jpg/600px-%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_%28_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2765" data-file-height="2074" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Punishment of captured impostors and conspirators: <a href="/wiki/Gaum%C4%81ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumāta">Gaumāta</a> lies under the boot of Darius the Great. The last person in line, wearing a traditional <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> hat and costume, is identified as <a href="/wiki/Skunkha" title="Skunkha">Skunkha</a>. His image was added after the inscription was completed, requiring some of the text to be removed.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Behistun" title="Mount Behistun">Mount Behistun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermanshah Province">Kermanshah Province</a>, Iran</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iii</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1222">1222</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2006 (30th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">187 ha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">361 ha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Behistun_Inscription&params=34_23_26_N_47_26_9_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°23′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°26′9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.39056°N 47.43583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.39056; 47.43583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Behistun Inscription is located in West and Central Asia"><img alt="Behistun Inscription is located in West and Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/250px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/375px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/500px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.455%;left:47.23%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Behistun Inscription"><img alt="Behistun Inscription" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of Behistun Inscription in West and Central Asia</div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of West and Central Asia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Behistun Inscription is located in Iran"><img alt="Behistun Inscription is located in Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.19%;left:19.199%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Behistun Inscription"><img alt="Behistun Inscription" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Behistun Inscription (Iran)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Iran</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Behistun Inscription</b> (also <b>Bisotun</b>, <b>Bisitun</b> or <b>Bisutun</b>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بیستون</span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>: <b>Bagastana</b>, meaning "the place of god") is a multilingual <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_royal_inscriptions" title="Achaemenid royal inscriptions"> Achaemenid royal inscription</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock relief</a> on a cliff at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Behistun" title="Mount Behistun">Mount Behistun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermanshah Province">Kermanshah Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 522–486 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was important to the <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_cuneiform" title="Decipherment of cuneiform">decipherment of cuneiform</a>, as it is the longest known trilingual cuneiform inscription, written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian language">Babylonian</a> (a variety of <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BRAMWELL_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRAMWELL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authored by <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> sometime between his coronation as king of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> in the summer of 522 BC and his death in autumn of 486 BC, the inscription begins with a brief autobiography of Darius, including his ancestry and lineage. Later in the inscription, Darius provides a lengthy sequence of events following the death of <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> in which he fought nineteen battles in a period of one year (ending in December 521 BC) to put down multiple rebellions throughout the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>. The inscription states in detail that the rebellions were orchestrated by several impostors and their co-conspirators in various cities throughout the empire, each of whom falsely proclaimed himself king during the upheaval following Cambyses II's death. Darius the Great proclaimed himself victorious in all battles during the period of upheaval, attributing his success to the "grace of <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>". </p><p>The inscription is approximately 15 m (49 ft) high by 25 m (82 ft) wide and 100 m (330 ft) up a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a>, respectively). The <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 260 lines in eight columns, and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A copy of the text in Aramaic, written during the reign of Darius II, was found in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription was illustrated by a life-sized <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I, the Great</a>, holding a <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a> as a sign of kingship, with his left foot on the chest of a figure lying supine before him. The supine figure is reputed to be the pretender <a href="/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a>. Darius is attended to the left by two servants, and nine one-meter figures stand to the right, with hands tied and rope around their necks, representing conquered peoples. A <a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a> floats above, giving its blessing to the king. One figure appears to have been added after the others were completed, as was Darius's beard, which is a separate block of stone attached with iron pins and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Behistun is derived from usage in Ancient Greek and Arabic sources, particularly <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qubi" title="Ya'qubi">Ya'qubi</a>, transliterated into English in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Henry Rawlinson</a>. The modern Persian version name is Bisotun.<sup id="cite_ref-King_Thompson_Budge_1907_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_Thompson_Budge_1907-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Darius at Behistun</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg/168px-Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg/252px-Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg/336px-Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="3434" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Full figure of Darius trampling rival <a href="/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg/166px-Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg/249px-Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg/332px-Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2096" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Head of Darius with crenellated crown</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After the fall of the Persian Empire's <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Dynasty">Achaemenid Dynasty</a> and its successors, and the lapse of Old Persian cuneiform writing into disuse, the nature of the inscription was forgotten, and fanciful explanations became the norm. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BehistunRoute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BehistunRoute.jpg/220px-BehistunRoute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BehistunRoute.jpg/330px-BehistunRoute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BehistunRoute.jpg/440px-BehistunRoute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Route to inscription at upper right.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Behistun_2.JPG/330px-Behistun_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Behistun_2.JPG/495px-Behistun_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Behistun_2.JPG/660px-Behistun_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Context of the inscription (centre) in 2010. A person is visible in the lower left; reaching the inscription requires climbing the steep cliff face in front of them, then traversing a narrow ledge.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1598, Englishman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sherley" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Sherley">Robert Sherley</a> saw the inscription during a diplomatic mission to <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Persia</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a>, and brought it to the attention of Western European scholars. His party incorrectly came to the conclusion that it was Christian in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French General <a href="/wiki/Claude_Matthieu,_Count_Gardane" title="Claude Matthieu, Count Gardane">Gardanne</a> thought it showed "Christ and his <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">twelve apostles</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ker_Porter" title="Robert Ker Porter">Sir Robert Ker Porter</a> thought it represented the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Tribes of Israel">Lost Tribes of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser of Assyria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1604, Italian explorer <a href="/wiki/Pietro_della_Valle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro della Valle">Pietro della Valle</a> visited the inscription and made preliminary drawings of the monument.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation_efforts">Translation efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Translation efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg/220px-Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg/330px-Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg/440px-Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Column 1 (DB I 1–15), sketch by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Spiegel" title="Friedrich von Spiegel">Friedrich von Spiegel</a> (1881).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aramaic_translation_of_the_behistun_inscripton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Aramaic_translation_of_the_behistun_inscripton.png/220px-Aramaic_translation_of_the_behistun_inscripton.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Aramaic_translation_of_the_behistun_inscripton.png/330px-Aramaic_translation_of_the_behistun_inscripton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Aramaic_translation_of_the_behistun_inscripton.png/440px-Aramaic_translation_of_the_behistun_inscripton.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Behistun_papyrus" title="Behistun papyrus">Behistun papyrus</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> translation of the Behistun inscription's text, known as <a href="/wiki/Textbook_of_Aramaic_Documents_from_Ancient_Egypt" title="Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt">TAD</a> C2.1.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_cuneiform" title="Decipherment of cuneiform">Decipherment of cuneiform</a></div> <p>German surveyor <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Niebuhr" title="Carsten Niebuhr">Carsten Niebuhr</a> visited in around 1764 for <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark" title="Frederick V of Denmark">Frederick V of Denmark</a>, publishing a copy of the inscription in the account of his journeys in 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niebuhr's transcriptions were used by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Grotefend" title="Georg Friedrich Grotefend">Georg Friedrich Grotefend</a> and others in their efforts to decipher the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a> script. Grotefend had deciphered ten of the 37 symbols of Old Persian by 1802, after realizing that unlike the Semitic cuneiform scripts, Old Persian text is alphabetic and each word is separated by a vertical slanted symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1835, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Rawlinson</a>, an officer of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> army assigned to the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> of Iran, began studying the inscription in earnest. As the town of Bisotun's name was anglicized as "Behistun" at this time, the monument became known as the "Behistun Inscription". Despite its relative inaccessibility, Rawlinson was able to scale the cliff with the help of a local boy and copy the Old Persian inscription. The Elamite was across a chasm, and the Babylonian four meters above; both were beyond easy reach and were left for later. In 1847, he was able to send a full and accurate copy to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Hariri2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hariri2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_research_and_activity">Later research and activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later research and activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg/225px-BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg/338px-BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg/450px-BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of the inscription.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_Inscription_in_Persia_ca._520_BC-_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Behistun_Inscription_in_Persia_ca._520_BC-_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site.jpg/220px-Behistun_Inscription_in_Persia_ca._520_BC-_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Behistun_Inscription_in_Persia_ca._520_BC-_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site.jpg/330px-Behistun_Inscription_in_Persia_ca._520_BC-_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Behistun_Inscription_in_Persia_ca._520_BC-_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site.jpg/440px-Behistun_Inscription_in_Persia_ca._520_BC-_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>The Behistun Inscription photographed in 2019 </figcaption></figure> <p>The site was visited by the American linguist <a href="/wiki/A._V._Williams_Jackson" title="A. V. Williams Jackson">A. V. Williams Jackson</a> in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later expeditions, in 1904 sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> and led by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_William_King" title="Leonard William King">Leonard William King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Campbell_Thompson" title="Reginald Campbell Thompson">Reginald Campbell Thompson</a> and in 1948 by George G. Cameron of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, obtained photographs, casts and more accurate transcriptions of the texts, including passages that were not copied by Rawlinson.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also became apparent that rainwater had dissolved some areas of the limestone in which the text was inscribed, while leaving new deposits of limestone over other areas, covering the text. </p><p>In 1938, the inscription became of interest to the Nazi German think tank <a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a>, although research plans were cancelled due to the onset of World War II. </p><p>The monument later suffered some damage from <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> soldiers using it for target practice in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, Iranian archeologists began the documentation and assessment of damages to the site incurred during the 20th century. Malieh Mehdiabadi, who was <a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">project manager</a> for the effort, described a <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetric</a> process by which two-dimensional photos were taken of the inscriptions using two cameras and later transmuted into 3-D images.<sup id="cite_ref-chnpress1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chnpress1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, Iranian archaeologists have been undertaking conservation works. The site became a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the Bisotun Cultural Heritage Center organized an international effort to re-examine the inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Sculptures_and_Inscription_of_Darius_the_Great_on_the_Rock_of_Behist%C3%BBn_in_Persia/Annotated/The_Persian_Text" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Sculptures and Inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia/Annotated/The Persian Text">Full translation of the Behistun Inscription</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lineage_of_Darius_the_Great.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lineage_of_Darius_the_Great.jpg/220px-Lineage_of_Darius_the_Great.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lineage_of_Darius_the_Great.jpg/330px-Lineage_of_Darius_the_Great.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lineage_of_Darius_the_Great.jpg/440px-Lineage_of_Darius_the_Great.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Lineage of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> according to the Behistun inscription.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage">Lineage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Achaemenid family tree</a></div> <p>In the first section of the inscription, Darius the Great declares his ancestry and lineage: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius</a> says: My father is <a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)" title="Hystaspes (father of Darius I)">Hystaspes</a> [Vištâspa]; the father of <a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)" title="Hystaspes (father of Darius I)">Hystaspes</a> was <a href="/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a> [Aršâma]; the father of <a href="/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a> was <a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a> [Ariyâramna]; the father of <a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a> was <a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a> [Cišpiš]; the father of <a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a> was <a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a> [Haxâmaniš]. King <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius</a> says: That is why we are called Achaemenids; from antiquity we have been noble; from antiquity has our dynasty been royal. King <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius</a> says: Eight of my dynasty were kings before me; I am the ninth. Nine in succession we have been kings. </p><p> King <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius</a> says: By the grace of <a href="/wiki/Ahuramazda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahuramazda">Ahuramazda</a> am I king; <a href="/wiki/Ahuramazda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahuramazda">Ahuramazda</a> has granted me the kingdom.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territories">Territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Achaemenid empire at its greatest extent</figcaption></figure> <p>Darius also lists the territories under his rule: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> King <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius</a> says: These are the countries which are subject unto me, and by the grace of <a href="/wiki/Ahuramazda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahuramazda">Ahuramazda</a> I became king of them: <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> [Pârsa], <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> [Ûvja], <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> [Bâbiruš], <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> [Athurâ], <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> [Arabâya], <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> [Mudrâya], the countries by the Sea [Tyaiy Drayahyâ (<a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>)], <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> [Sparda], <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">the Greeks</a> [Yauna (<a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>)], <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a> [Mâda], <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> [Armina], <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> [Katpatuka], <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> [Parthava], <a href="/wiki/Drangiana" title="Drangiana">Drangiana</a> [Zraka], <a href="/wiki/Aria_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aria (satrapy)">Aria</a> [Haraiva], <a href="/wiki/Chorasmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorasmia">Chorasmia</a> [Uvârazmîy], <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> [Bâxtriš], <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> [Suguda], <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> [Gadâra], <a href="/wiki/Skudra" title="Skudra">Scythia</a> [Saka], <a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a> [Thataguš], <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> [Harauvatiš] and <a href="/wiki/Maka_(satrapy)" title="Maka (satrapy)">Maka</a> [Maka]; twenty-three lands in all.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_and_revolts">Conflicts and revolts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conflicts and revolts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later in the inscription, Darius provides an eye-witness account of battles he successfully fought over a one-year period to put down rebellions which had resulted from the deaths of Cyrus the Great, and his son Cambyses II: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_Relief,_Assina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief of Âššina c. 519 BC: "This is Âššina. He lied, saying "I am king of Elam.""[22]"><img alt="Relief of Âššina c. 519 BC: "This is Âššina. He lied, saying "I am king of Elam.""[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg/96px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg/144px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg/192px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Assina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Relief of <a href="/wiki/%C3%82%C5%A1%C5%A1ina" class="mw-redirect" title="Âššina">Âššina</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 519 BC</span>: "This is Âššina. He lied, saying <i>"I am king of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>."</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-DB_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_Relief_Nidintu-B%C3%AAl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief of Nidintu-Bêl: "This is Nidintu-Bêl. He lied, saying "I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus. I am king of Babylon.""[22]"><img alt="Relief of Nidintu-Bêl: "This is Nidintu-Bêl. He lied, saying "I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus. I am king of Babylon.""[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Behistun_Relief_Nidintu-B%C3%AAl.jpg/120px-Behistun_Relief_Nidintu-B%C3%AAl.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Behistun_Relief_Nidintu-B%C3%AAl.jpg/180px-Behistun_Relief_Nidintu-B%C3%AAl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Behistun_Relief_Nidintu-B%C3%AAl.jpg/240px-Behistun_Relief_Nidintu-B%C3%AAl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Relief of <a href="/wiki/Nidintu-B%C3%AAl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nidintu-Bêl">Nidintu-Bêl</a>: "This is Nidintu-Bêl. He lied, saying <i>"I am <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>. I am king of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>."</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-DB_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_Relief,_Tritantaechmes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief of Tritantaechmes: "This is Tritantaechmes. He lied, saying "I am king of Sagartia, from the family of Cyaxares.""[22]"><img alt="Relief of Tritantaechmes: "This is Tritantaechmes. He lied, saying "I am king of Sagartia, from the family of Cyaxares.""[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Behistun_Relief%2C_Tritantaechmes.jpg/120px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Tritantaechmes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Behistun_Relief%2C_Tritantaechmes.jpg/180px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Tritantaechmes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Behistun_Relief%2C_Tritantaechmes.jpg/240px-Behistun_Relief%2C_Tritantaechmes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief of <a href="/wiki/Tritantaechmes" title="Tritantaechmes">Tritantaechmes</a>: "This is Tritantaechmes. He lied, saying <i>"I am king of <a href="/wiki/Sagartians" title="Sagartians">Sagartia</a>, from the family of <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a>."</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-DB_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_relief_Arakha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief of Arakha: "This is Arakha. He lied, saying: "I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus. I am king in Babylon.""[22]"><img alt="Relief of Arakha: "This is Arakha. He lied, saying: "I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus. I am king in Babylon.""[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Behistun_relief_Arakha.jpg/120px-Behistun_relief_Arakha.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Behistun_relief_Arakha.jpg/180px-Behistun_relief_Arakha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Behistun_relief_Arakha.jpg/240px-Behistun_relief_Arakha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief of <a href="/wiki/Arakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakha">Arakha</a>: "This is Arakha. He lied, saying: <i>"I am <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>. I am king in Babylon."</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-DB_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_relief_Frada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief of Frâda: "This is Frâda. He lied, saying "I am king of Margiana.""[22]"><img alt="Relief of Frâda: "This is Frâda. He lied, saying "I am king of Margiana.""[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Behistun_relief_Frada.jpg/75px-Behistun_relief_Frada.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Behistun_relief_Frada.jpg/112px-Behistun_relief_Frada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Behistun_relief_Frada.jpg/150px-Behistun_relief_Frada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief of Frâda: "This is Frâda. He lied, saying <i>"I am king of <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a>."</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-DB_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_relief_Skunkha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Behistun relief of Skunkha. Label: "This is Skunkha the Sacan."[22]"><img alt="Behistun relief of Skunkha. Label: "This is Skunkha the Sacan."[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Behistun_relief_Skunkha.jpg/60px-Behistun_relief_Skunkha.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Behistun_relief_Skunkha.jpg/90px-Behistun_relief_Skunkha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Behistun_relief_Skunkha.jpg/120px-Behistun_relief_Skunkha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Behistun relief of <a href="/wiki/Skunkha" title="Skunkha">Skunkha</a>. Label: "This is Skunkha the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sacan</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-DB_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_historical_monuments_in_the_Behistun_complex">Other historical monuments in the Behistun complex</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other historical monuments in the Behistun complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site covers an area of 116 hectares. Archeological evidence indicates that this region became a human shelter 40,000 years ago. There are 18 historical monuments other than the inscription of Darius the Great in the Behistun complex that have been registered in the Iranian national list of historical sites. Some of them are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li>Hunters' cave</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farh%C4%81d_Tar%C4%81sh" title="Farhād Tarāsh">Farhād Tarāsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> fortress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Hercules_in_Behistun" title="Statue of Hercules in Behistun">Statue of Hercules in Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> site of worship</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Palace" title="Behistun Palace">Behistun Palace</a> (said to be Palace of <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Khosrau II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a></li> <li>Median temple</li> <li>Bas relief of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II of Parthia</a></li> <li>Bas relief of <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II of Parthia</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ali_khan_Zangeneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Ali khan Zangeneh">Sheikh Ali khan Zangeneh</a> text endowment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases%27s_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Vologases's relief">Vologases's relief</a></li> <li>Carved Sassanian stones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleucid_statue_of_Hercules_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Herakles in Behistun complex"><img alt="Statue of Herakles in Behistun complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seleucid_statue_of_Hercules_2.jpg/190px-Seleucid_statue_of_Hercules_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seleucid_statue_of_Hercules_2.jpg/285px-Seleucid_statue_of_Hercules_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seleucid_statue_of_Hercules_2.jpg/380px-Seleucid_statue_of_Hercules_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Herakles in Behistun complex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heracles_Behistun_4000762965_10dbfce20a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herakles at Behistun, sculpted for a Seleucis Governor in 148 BC."><img alt="Herakles at Behistun, sculpted for a Seleucis Governor in 148 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Heracles_Behistun_4000762965_10dbfce20a.jpg/190px-Heracles_Behistun_4000762965_10dbfce20a.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Heracles_Behistun_4000762965_10dbfce20a.jpg/285px-Heracles_Behistun_4000762965_10dbfce20a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Heracles_Behistun_4000762965_10dbfce20a.jpg/380px-Heracles_Behistun_4000762965_10dbfce20a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Herakles at Behistun, sculpted for a Seleucis Governor in 148 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Godarz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bas relief of Mithridates II of Parthia and bas relief of Gotarzes II of Parthia and Sheikh Ali khan Zangeneh text endowment"><img alt="Bas relief of Mithridates II of Parthia and bas relief of Gotarzes II of Parthia and Sheikh Ali khan Zangeneh text endowment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Godarz.jpg/190px-Godarz.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Godarz.jpg/285px-Godarz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Godarz.jpg/380px-Godarz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bas relief of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II of Parthia</a> and bas relief of Gotarzes II of Parthia and Sheikh Ali khan Zangeneh text endowment</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun,_Parthian_relief_of_Gotarzes_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Damaged equestrian relief of Gotarzes II at Behistun"><img alt="Damaged equestrian relief of Gotarzes II at Behistun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Behistun%2C_Parthian_relief_of_Gotarzes_II.jpg/190px-Behistun%2C_Parthian_relief_of_Gotarzes_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Behistun%2C_Parthian_relief_of_Gotarzes_II.jpg/285px-Behistun%2C_Parthian_relief_of_Gotarzes_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Behistun%2C_Parthian_relief_of_Gotarzes_II.jpg/380px-Behistun%2C_Parthian_relief_of_Gotarzes_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Damaged equestrian relief of <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a> at Behistun</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vologases's relief in Behistun"><img alt="Vologases's relief in Behistun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4_1.JPG/112px-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4_1.JPG/169px-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4_1.JPG/225px-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vologases's relief in Behistun</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_reliefs_and_inspiration">Similar reliefs and inspiration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Similar reliefs and inspiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anubanini_rock_relief_woodprint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Anubanini_rock_relief_woodprint.jpg/250px-Anubanini_rock_relief_woodprint.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Anubanini_rock_relief_woodprint.jpg/375px-Anubanini_rock_relief_woodprint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Anubanini_rock_relief_woodprint.jpg/500px-Anubanini_rock_relief_woodprint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Anubanini_rock_relief" title="Anubanini rock relief">Anubanini rock relief</a>, dated to 2300 BC, and made by the pre-Iranian <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Anubanini" title="Anubanini">Anubanini</a>, is very similar in content to the Behistun reliefs (woodprint).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anubanini_rock_relief" title="Anubanini rock relief">Anubanini rock relief</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anubanini_rock_relief" title="Anubanini rock relief">Anubanini rock relief</a>, also called Sarpol-i Zohab, of the <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi</a> king <a href="/wiki/Anubanini" title="Anubanini">Anubanini</a>, dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2300 BC</span>, and which is located not far from the Behistun reliefs at <a href="/wiki/Sarpol-e_Zahab" title="Sarpol-e Zahab">Sarpol-e Zahab</a>, is very similar to the reliefs at Behistun. The attitude of the ruler, the trampling of an enemy, the lines of prisoners are all very similar, to such extent that it was said that the sculptors of the Behistun Inscription had probably seen the Anubanini relief beforehand and were inspired by it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubian</a> reliefs were the model for the Behistun reliefs of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscriptional tradition of the Achaemenids, starting especially with <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>, is thought to have derived from the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun palace">Behistun palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius I of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a> (Rock reliefs of various Sassanid kings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> (Tomb of Pasargadae <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_I%27s_inscription_at_the_Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rajab" title="Naqsh-e Rajab">Naqsh-e Rajab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the Ancient Near East">Cities of the Ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaumata_(False_Smerdis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata (False Smerdis)">Gaumata (False Smerdis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubanini_rock_relief" title="Anubanini rock relief">Anubanini rock relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">List of colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">World Heritage Sites by country</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-arya-in-iran/articleshow/71559634.cms">"The Arya in Iran"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arya+in+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmumbaimirror.indiatimes.com%2Fothers%2Fsunday-read%2Fthe-arya-in-iran%2Farticleshow%2F71559634.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRAMWELL-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRAMWELL_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Behistun Inscription is a cuneiform text in three ancient languages."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramwell1932" class="citation book cs1">Bramwell, Neil D. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientpersia0000bram/page/6/mode/1up"><i>Ancient Persia</i></a>. NJ Berkeley Heights. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-5251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-5251-2"><bdi>978-0-7660-5251-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=NJ+Berkeley+Heights&rft.date=1932&rft.isbn=978-0-7660-5251-2&rft.aulast=Bramwell&rft.aufirst=Neil+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientpersia0000bram%2Fpage%2F6%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tavernier, Jan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:268449">"A list of the Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions by language"</a>. <i>Phoenix</i> (in French). <b>67</b> (2): 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8329">0031-8329</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-25</span></span>. <q>The rock inscription itself contains no less than 414 lines of Old Persian, 112 lines of Babylonian and 260 lines of Elamite (in an older and a younger version).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=A+list+of+the+Achaemenid+Royal+Inscriptions+by+language&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0031-8329&rft.aulast=Tavernier&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdial.uclouvain.be%2Fpr%2Fboreal%2Fobject%2Fboreal%3A268449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325102656/https://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=bisitun_inscription">"The Bīsitūn Inscription [CDLI Wiki]"</a>. <i>cdli.ox.ac.uk</i>. 2015-09-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=bisitun_inscription">the original</a> on 2023-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-25</span></span>. <q>This tri-lingual inscription has 414 lines in Old Persian cuneiform, 260 in Elamite cuneiform, and 112 in Akkadian cuneiform (Bae: 2008)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdli.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+B%C4%ABsit%C5%ABn+Inscription+%5BCDLI+Wiki%5D&rft.date=2015-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dbisitun_inscription&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tavernier, Jan, "An Achaemenid Royal Inscription: The Text of Paragraph 13 of the Aramaic Version of the Bisitun Inscription", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 161–76, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_Thompson_Budge_1907-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King_Thompson_Budge_1907_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingThompsonBudge1907" class="citation book cs1">King, L.W.; Thompson, R.C.; Budge, E.A.W. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhpkAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Sculptures and Inscription of Darius the Great: On the Rock of Behistûn in Persia</i></a>. British museum. p. xi. <q>The name of the Rock is derived from that of the small village of Bîsitûn or Bîsutûn, which lies near its foot. The form of the name "Behistûn" is not used by the modern inhabitants of the country, although it is that by which the Rock is best known among European scholars. The name "Behistûn," more correctly "Bahistûn," was borrowed by the late Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Bart., G.C. B., from the Arabic geographer Yakût, who mentions the village and its spring, and describes the Rock as being of great height, and refers to the sculptures upon it. The earliest known name of the Rock is that given by Diodorus Siculus, who calls it τό Βαγίστανον ορος, whence, no doubt, are derived the modern forms of the name.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sculptures+and+Inscription+of+Darius+the+Great%3A+On+the+Rock+of+Behist%C3%BBn+in+Persia&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=British+museum&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=L.W.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+R.C.&rft.au=Budge%2C+E.A.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhpkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Denison Ross, The Broadway Travellers: Sir Anthony Sherley and his Persian Adventure, Routledge, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34486-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34486-7">0-415-34486-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/travelsingeorgia02port/travelsingeorgia02port.pdf">[1]</a> Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c. : during the years 1817, 1818, 1819, and 1820, volume 2, Longman, 1821</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipfer2013" class="citation book cs1">Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BDKqBgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology</i></a>. Springer US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781475751338" title="Special:BookSources/9781475751338"><bdi>9781475751338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781475751338&rft.aulast=Kipfer&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBDKqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carsten Niebuhr, Reisebeschreibung von Arabien und anderen umliegenden Ländern, 2 volumes, 1774 and 1778</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/oldpersian.html">"Old Persian"</a>. Ancient Scripts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418053701/http://www.ancientscripts.com/oldpersian.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Persian&rft.pub=Ancient+Scripts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientscripts.com%2Foldpersian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hariri2015-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hariri2015_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarari2015" class="citation book cs1">Harari, Y.N. (2015). "15. The Marriage of Science and Empire". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmyBAwAAQBAJ"><i>Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-231610-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-231610-3"><bdi>978-0-06-231610-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+The+Marriage+of+Science+and+Empire&rft.btitle=Sapiens%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Humankind&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-231610-3&rft.aulast=Harari&rft.aufirst=Y.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmyBAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. V. Williams Jackson, "The Great Behistun Rock and Some Results of a Re-Examination of the Old Persian Inscriptions on It", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, vol. 24, pp. 77–95, 1903</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/sculpturesinscri00brituoft/sculpturesinscri00brituoft.pdf">[2]</a> W. King and R. C. Thompson, The sculptures and inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia: a new collation of the Persian, Susian and Babylonian texts, Longmans, 1907</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George G. Cameron, The Old Persian Text of the Bisitun Inscription, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 47–54, 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George G. Cameron, The Elamite Version of the Bisitun Inscriptions, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 59–68, 1960</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. C. Benedict and Elizabeth von Voigtlander, Darius' Bisitun Inscription, Babylonian Version, Lines 1–29, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 1956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlantisonline.smfforfree2.com/index.php?topic=2799.5;wap2">"BEHISTUN Inscription - Persia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203155912/http://atlantisonline.smfforfree2.com/index.php?topic=2799.5;wap2">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BEHISTUN+Inscription+-+Persia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlantisonline.smfforfree2.com%2Findex.php%3Ftopic%3D2799.5%3Bwap2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chnpress1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chnpress1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918093441/http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=2&id=2589">"Documentation of Behistun Inscription Nearly Complete"</a>. Chnpress.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=2&id=2589">the original</a> on 2011-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentation+of+Behistun+Inscription+Nearly+Complete&rft.pub=Chnpress.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chnpress.com%2Fnews%2F%3Fsection%3D2%26id%3D2589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/06/jul/1130.html">"Iran's Bisotoon Historical Site Registered in World Heritage List"</a>. Payvand.com. 2006-07-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122846/http://www.payvand.com/news/06/jul/1130.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Bisotoon+Historical+Site+Registered+in+World+Heritage+List&rft.pub=Payvand.com&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.payvand.com%2Fnews%2F06%2Fjul%2F1130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529044243/http://www.tehrantimes.com/arts-and-culture/98233-intl-experts-to-reread-bisotun-inscriptions">"Intl. Experts to reread Bisotun inscriptions - Tehran Times"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/arts-and-culture/98233-intl-experts-to-reread-bisotun-inscriptions">the original</a> on 2012-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intl.+Experts+to+reread+Bisotun+inscriptions+-+Tehran+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Farts-and-culture%2F98233-intl-experts-to-reread-bisotun-inscriptions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span> Intl. experts to reread Bisotun inscriptions, Tehran Times, May 27, 2012<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DB-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DB_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-minor-inscriptions/"><i>Behistun, minor inscriptions DBb inscription- Livius</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310112440/https://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-minor-inscriptions/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behistun%2C+minor+inscriptions+DBb+inscription-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsources%2Fcontent%2Fbehistun-persian-text%2Fbehistun-minor-inscriptions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1999" class="citation book cs1">Potts, D. T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&pg=PA318"><i>The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521564960" title="Special:BookSources/9780521564960"><bdi>9780521564960</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012050532/https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+Transformation+of+an+Ancient+Iranian+State&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521564960&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmc4cfzkRVj4C%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesehofer2001" class="citation book cs1">Wiesehofer, Josef (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFocMaM49SgC&pg=PA13"><i>Ancient Persia</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860646751" title="Special:BookSources/9781860646751"><bdi>9781860646751</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502163656/http://books.google.com/books?id=yFocMaM49SgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781860646751&rft.aulast=Wiesehofer&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFocMaM49SgC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastmond2015" class="citation book cs1">Eastmond, Antony (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5uJwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>Viewing Inscriptions in the Late Antique and Medieval World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107092419" title="Special:BookSources/9781107092419"><bdi>9781107092419</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518234133/https://books.google.com/books?id=5uJwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viewing+Inscriptions+in+the+Late+Antique+and+Medieval+World&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107092419&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5uJwBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_and_Lesley_Adkins" title="Roy and Lesley Adkins">Adkins, Lesley</a>, <i>Empires of the Plain: Henry Rawlinson and the Lost Languages of Babylon</i>, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2003.</li> <li>Blakesley, J. W. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3917316;view=1up;seq=23">An Attempt at an Outline of the Early Medo-Persian History, founded on the Rock-Inscriptions of Behistun taken in combination with the Accounts of Herodotus and Ctesias</a></i>. (Trinity College, Cambridge,) in the <i>Proceedings of the Philological Society</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riekele_Borger" title="Riekele Borger">Borger, Rykle</a>. <i>Die Chronologie des Darius-Denkmals am Behistun-Felse</i>, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-85116-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-85116-2">3-525-85116-2</a>.</li> <li>Cameron, George G. "Darius Carved History on Ageless Rock". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Magazine">National Geographic Magazine</a></i>. Vol. XCVIII, Num. 6, December 1950. (pp. 825–844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Campbell_Thompson" title="Reginald Campbell Thompson">Thompson, R. Campbell</a>. "The Rock of Behistun". <i>Wonders of the Past</i>. Edited by Sir J. A. Hammerton. Vol. II. New York: Wise and Co., 1937. (pp. 760–767) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113111204/http://members.ozemail.com.au/~ancientpersia/behistun.html">"Behistun"</a>. Members.ozemail.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.ozemail.com.au/~ancientpersia/behistun.html">the original</a> on January 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behistun&rft.pub=Members.ozemail.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.ozemail.com.au%2F~ancientpersia%2Fbehistun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Herbert_Gray" title="Louis Herbert Gray">Louis H. Gray</a>, Notes on the Old Persian Inscriptions of Behistun, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 23, pp. 56–64, 1902</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/articles/cdlb/2024-3.pdf">[3]</a>Karaj, Iran, "A New Reading of the 70th Paragraph of the Behistun Inscription", Cuneiform Digital Library Bulletin 3, 2024</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Kosmin" title="Paul J. Kosmin">Paul J. Kosmin</a>, A New Hypothesis: The Behistun Inscription as Imperial Calendar, Iran - Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, August 2018</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_T._Olmstead" title="Albert T. Olmstead">A. T. Olmstead</a>, Darius and His Behistun Inscription, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 392–416, 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Rawlinson, H.C.</a>, <i>Archaeologia</i>, 1853, vol. xxxiv, p. 74.</li> <li>Rubio, Gonzalo. "Writing in another tongue: Alloglottography in the Ancient Near East". In <i>Margins of Writing, Origins of Cultures</i> (ed. Seth Sanders. 2nd printing with postscripts and corrections. Oriental Institute Seminars, 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), pp. 33–70.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604035903/http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/ois/ois2.html">"Oriental Institute | Oriental Institute Seminars (OIS)"</a>. Oi.uchicago.edu. 2009-06-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/ois/ois2.html">the original</a> on 2014-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oriental+Institute+%26%23124%3B+Oriental+Institute+Seminars+%28OIS%29&rft.pub=Oi.uchicago.edu&rft.date=2009-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpubs%2Fcatalog%2Fois%2Fois2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Saber Amiri Parian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlb/2017/cdlb2017_003.html">A New Edition of the Elamite Version of the Behistun Inscription (I)</a>, Cuneiform Digital Library Bulletin 2017:003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Schmitt" title="Rüdiger Schmitt">Schmitt, Rüdiger</a>. <i>Die altpersischen Inschriften der Achaimeniden. Editio minor mit deutscher Übersetzung</i>, Reichert, Wiesbaden, 2023, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7520-0716-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7520-0716-9">978-3-7520-0716-9</a>, pp. 9 and 36–96.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Behistun_Inscription" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Sculptures_and_Inscription_of_Darius_the_Great_on_the_Rock_of_Behist%C3%BBn_in_Persia/Annotated/The_Persian_Text" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Sculptures and Inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia/Annotated/The Persian Text">Full translation of the Behistun Inscription</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingThompson1907" class="citation book cs1">King, L. W.; Thompson, R. Campbell (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sculpturesinscri00brituoft"><i>The sculptures and inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia : a new collation of the Persian, Susian and Babylonian texts, with English translations, etc</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sculptures+and+inscription+of+Darius+the+Great+on+the+Rock+of+Behist%C3%BBn+in+Persia+%3A+a+new+collation+of+the+Persian%2C+Susian+and+Babylonian+texts%2C+with+English+translations%2C+etc&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=L.+W.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+R.+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsculpturesinscri00brituoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/be-bm/behistun/behistun01.html">The Behistun Inscription</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225415/http://www.livius.org/be-bm/behistun/behistun01.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, livius.org article by Jona Lendering, including Persian text (in cuneiform and transliteration), King and Thompson's English translation, and additional materials</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolman1908" class="citation book cs1">Tolman, Herbert Cushing (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behistaninscript00daririch"><i>The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Behistan+inscription+of+King+Darius%3A+translation+and+critical+notes+to+the+Persian+text+with+special+reference+to+recent+re-examinations+of+the+rock&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Tolman&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Cushing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehistaninscript00daririch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABehistun+Inscription" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413214509/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Persia/Behistun_txt.html">Tolman's English translation of the inscription text</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1222">Brief description of Bisotun</a> from <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605010957/http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=2&id=7430">"Bisotun receives its World Heritage certificate"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Heritage_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Heritage News Agency">Cultural Heritage News Agency</a>, Tehran, July 3, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/be-bm/behistun/behistun-rem.html">Other monuments of Behistun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107071427/http://www.livius.org/be-bm/behistun/behistun-rem.html">Archived</a> 2016-11-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Rüdiger Schmitt, "Bisotun i", <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bisotun-i">[4]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyland2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hyland, John O. (2014). "The Casualty Figures in Darius' Bisitun Inscription". <i>Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 173–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjaneh-2013-0001">10.1515/janeh-2013-0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:180763595">180763595</a>.</cite><span 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Achaemenid_Empire&#124;link=Achaemenid_Empire_Achaemenid_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#DEB887"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Achaemenid_Empire" title="Template:Achaemenid Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Achaemenid_Empire" title="Template talk:Achaemenid Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Achaemenid_Empire&#124;link=Achaemenid_Empire_Achaemenid_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire"><img alt="Achaemenid Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/15px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/23px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/30px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Achaemenid Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Falcon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/150px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/225px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/300px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Persian_Lion_Rhyton" title="Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton">Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage" title="Achaemenid coinage">Achaemenid coinage</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apadana_hoard" title="Apadana hoard">Apadana hoard</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Danake" title="Danake">Danake</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Daric" title="Daric">Daric</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tachara" title="Tachara">Tachara</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Palace of Darius in Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_column" title="Persian column">Persian column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_at_Xanthos" title="Tombs at Xanthos">Tombs at Xanthos</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_music" title="Achaemenid music">Achaemenid music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Xerxes I's inscription at Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Revolt">Persian Revolt</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba" title="Battle of Hyrba">Battle of Hyrba</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border" title="Battle of the Persian Border">Battle of the Persian Border</a></span></li></ul></li> <li>Lydian-Persian Wars <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Battle of Pteria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Siege of Sardis (547 BC)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" title="Scythian campaign of Darius I">Scythian campaign of Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naxos_(499_BC)" title="Siege of Naxos (499 BC)">Siege of Naxos (499 BC)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lade" title="Battle of Lade">Battle of Lade</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eretria" title="Siege of Eretria">Siege of Eretria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Battle of Artemisium</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_destruction_of_Athens" title="Achaemenid destruction of Athens">Destruction of Athens</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Battle of Mycale</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_revolts_(484_BC)" title="Babylonian revolts (484 BC)">Babylonian revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League" title="Wars of the Delian League">Wars of the Delian League</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eurymedon" title="Battle of the Eurymedon">Battle of the Eurymedon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cyzicus" title="Battle of Cyzicus">Battle of Cyzicus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cnidus" title="Battle of Cnidus">Battle of Cnidus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satraps%27_Revolt" title="Great Satraps' Revolt">Great Satraps' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">Second conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Battle of the Granicus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Miletus" title="Siege of Miletus">Siege of Miletus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Halicarnassus" title="Siege of Halicarnassus">Siege of Halicarnassus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (332 BC)">Siege of Tyre (332 BC)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_(332_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaza (332 BCE)">Siege of Gaza</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Gate" title="Battle of the Persian Gate">Battle of the Persian Gate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_water" title="Earth and water">Earth and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Callias" title="Peace of Callias">Peace of Callias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Antalcidas" title="Peace of Antalcidas">Peace of Antalcidas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Capitals <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Babylon#Persian_conquest" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapies</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of the Achaemenid Empire">Districts of the Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapar_Khaneh" title="Chapar Khaneh">Chapar Khaneh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Angarium" title="Angarium">Angarium</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Angarum" title="Angarum">Angarum</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnacid_dynasty" title="Pharnacid dynasty">Pharnacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_dynasty" title="Mithridatic dynasty">Mithridatic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathid_dynasty" title="Ariarathid dynasty">Ariarathid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamid_dynasty" title="Lygdamid dynasty">Lygdamid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Achaemenid_clans" title="Seven Achaemenid clans">Seven Achaemenid clans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthian_Obelisk" title="Xanthian Obelisk">Xanthian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iran">List of World Heritage Sites in Iran</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Monastic_Ensembles_of_Iran" title="Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran">The Armenian Monastic Ensembles</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/St._Thaddeus_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thaddeus Monastery">St. Thaddeus Monastery</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stepanos_Monastery" title="Saint Stepanos Monastery">St. Stepanos Monastery</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Dzordzor" title="Chapel of Dzordzor">Chapel of Dzordzor</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Chupan" title="Chapel of Chupan">Chapel of Chupan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God,_Darashamb" title="Church of the Holy Mother of God, Darashamb">Church of the Holy Mother of God</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arg-%C3%A9_Bam" class="mw-redirect" title="Arg-é Bam">Bam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">and its cultural landscape</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Cultural landscape of</span> <a href="/wiki/Meymand,_Kerman" title="Meymand, Kerman">Maymand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golestan_Palace" title="Golestan Palace">Golestan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Qabus_(tower)" title="Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)">Gonbad-e Qabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameh_Mosque_of_Isfahan" title="Jameh Mosque of Isfahan">Jameh Mosque of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Jahan_Square" title="Naqsh-e Jahan Square">Naqsh-e Jahan Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasargadae_Persian_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasargadae Persian Garden (page does not exist)">Pasargadae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">Chehel Sotoun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">Eram</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shazdeh_Garden" title="Shazdeh Garden">Shazdeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolatabad_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolatabad Garden (page does not exist)">Dolatabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbasabad_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbasabad Garden (page does not exist)">Abbasabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Akbarieh_Garden" title="Akbarieh Garden">Akbarieh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlevanpour_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahlevanpour Garden (page does not exist)">Pahlevanpour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Safi_al-Din_Kh%C4%81neg%C4%81h_and_Shrine_Ensemble" title="Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble">Sheikh Safi's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Soltaniyeh" title="Dome of Soltaniyeh">Dome of Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushtar_Historical_Hydraulic_System" title="Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System">Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar_of_Tabriz" title="Bazaar of Tabriz">Bazaar of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Qanat" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Qanat">Persian Qanat</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qanats_of_Ghasabeh" title="Qanats of Ghasabeh">Ghasabeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qanats_of_Baladeh_Ferdows" title="Qanats of Baladeh Ferdows">Baladeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarch_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarch qanat (page does not exist)">Zarch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Abad_Moshir_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Abad Moshir qanat (page does not exist)">Hassan Abad Moshir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goharriz_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goharriz qanat (page does not exist)">Goharriz</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akbarabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akbarabad qanat (page does not exist)">Akbarabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghasemabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghasemabad qanat (page does not exist)">Ghasemabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moun_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moun qanat (page does not exist)">Moun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazvan_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazvan qanat (page does not exist)">Vazvan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozdabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozdabad qanat (page does not exist)">Mozdabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebrahimabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebrahimabad qanat (page does not exist)">Ebrahimabad</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Historic city of Yazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Archaeological_Landscape_of_Fars_Region" title="Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region">Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qal%27eh_Dokhtar" title="Qal'eh Dokhtar">Qal'eh Dokhtar</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_Investiture_Relief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardashir Investiture Relief (page does not exist)">Ardashir Investiture Relief</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victory_Relief_of_Ardashir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victory Relief of Ardashir (page does not exist)">Victory Relief of Ardashir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_Khurreh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardashir Khurreh (page does not exist)">Ardashir Khurreh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ardashir" title="Palace of Ardashir">Palace of Ardashir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">City of <a href="/wiki/Bishapur" title="Bishapur">Bishapur</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Colossal_Statue_of_Shapur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossal Statue of Shapur I">Colossal Statue of Shapur I</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_cave" title="Shapur cave">Shapur cave</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sarvestan_Palace" title="Sarvestan Palace">Sarvestan Palace</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Iranian_Railway" title="Trans-Iranian Railway">Trans-Iranian Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_of_Uramanat" title="Cultural Landscape of Uramanat">Cultural Landscape of Uramanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Persian_Caravanserai" title="The Persian Caravanserai">The Persian Caravanserai</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iran"><img alt="Flag of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Iran</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Loot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasht-e Loot">Lut Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Hyrcanian Forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kermanshah_Province,_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kermanshah_Province" title="Template:Kermanshah Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kermanshah_Province" title="Template talk:Kermanshah Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kermanshah_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kermanshah Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kermanshah_Province,_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kermanshah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermanshah Province">Kermanshah Province</a>, Iran</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kermanshah_in_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kermanshah_in_Iran.svg/150px-Kermanshah_in_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kermanshah_in_Iran.svg/225px-Kermanshah_in_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kermanshah_in_Iran.svg/300px-Kermanshah_in_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Counties</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iran">cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dalahu_County" title="Dalahu County">Dalahu County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerend-e_Gharb" title="Kerend-e Gharb">Kerend-e Gharb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gahvareh" title="Gahvareh">Gahvareh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eslamabad-e_Gharb_County" title="Eslamabad-e Gharb County">Eslamabad-e Gharb County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eslamabad-e_Gharb" title="Eslamabad-e Gharb">Eslamabad-e Gharb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeyl" title="Homeyl">Homeyl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilan-e_Gharb_County" title="Gilan-e Gharb County">Gilan-e Gharb County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilan-e_Gharb" title="Gilan-e Gharb">Gilan-e Gharb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmast" title="Sarmast">Sarmast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harsin_County" title="Harsin County">Harsin County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsin" title="Harsin">Harsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisotun" title="Bisotun">Bisotun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Javanrud_County" title="Javanrud County">Javanrud County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javanrud" title="Javanrud">Javanrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kangavar_County" title="Kangavar County">Kangavar County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangavar" title="Kangavar">Kangavar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kermanshah_County" title="Kermanshah County">Kermanshah County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halashi,_Iran" title="Halashi, Iran">Halashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzaran" title="Kuzaran">Kuzaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robat" title="Robat">Robat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paveh_County" title="Paveh County">Paveh County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paveh" title="Paveh">Paveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banevreh" class="mw-redirect" title="Banevreh">Banevreh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayangan" title="Bayangan">Bayangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowdeshah" title="Nowdeshah">Nowdeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowsud" title="Nowsud">Nowsud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qasr-e_Shirin_County" title="Qasr-e Shirin County">Qasr-e Shirin County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qasr-e_Shirin" title="Qasr-e Shirin">Qasr-e Shirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumar,_Iran" title="Sumar, Iran">Sumar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ravansar_County" title="Ravansar County">Ravansar County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravansar" title="Ravansar">Ravansar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaho_(City)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaho (City) (page does not exist)">Shaho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahneh_County" title="Sahneh County">Sahneh County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahneh" title="Sahneh">Sahneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Rahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mian Rahan">Mian Rahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salas-e_Babajani_County" title="Salas-e Babajani County">Salas-e Babajani County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazehabad" title="Tazehabad">Tazehabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezgeleh" title="Ezgeleh">Ezgeleh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarpol-e_Zahab_County" title="Sarpol-e Zahab County">Sarpol-e Zahab County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarpol-e_Zahab" title="Sarpol-e Zahab">Sarpol-e Zahab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sonqor_County" title="Sonqor County">Sonqor County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonqor" title="Sonqor">Sonqor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satar,_Iran" title="Satar, Iran">Satar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kohneh_Bridge" title="Kohneh Bridge">Kohneh Bridge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Anahita_at_Kangavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Anahita at Kangavar">Temple of Anahita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Kohkan" title="Hossein Kohkan">The Stone cave Hossein Kuhkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinavar" title="Dinavar">Dinavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Ganj Dareh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essaqwand_Rock_Tombs" title="Essaqwand Rock Tombs">Essaqwand Rock Tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkh_Deh_chamber_tomb" title="Sorkh Deh chamber tomb">Sorkh Deh chamber tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malek_Tomb" title="Malek Tomb">Malek Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan" title="Hulwan">Hulwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">Median</a> dakhmeh(Darbad,Sahneh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghar_Parau" title="Ghar Parau">Ghar Parau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-Ashkaft_Cave" title="Do-Ashkaft Cave">Do-Ashkaft Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekyeh_Moaven_al-molk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekyeh Moaven al-molk">Tekyeh Moaven al-molk</a></li> <li>Dokan Davood Inscription,Sar Pol-e-Zahab</li> <li>Tagh e gara,Patagh pass</li> <li>Sarab Niloufar</li> <li>Ghoori Ghale Cave</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaja_Barookh%27s_House#Khaja_Barookh.27s_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaja Barookh's House">Khaja Barookh's House</a></li> <li>Chiyajani Tappe</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Other_historical_monuments_in_Behistun_complex">Statue of Herakles in Behistun complex</a></li> <li>Emad al doleh Mosque</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekyeh_Biglarbeygi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekyeh Biglarbeygi">Tekyeh Biglarbeygi</a></li> <li>Hunters cave,Behistun_complex</li> <li>Jamé Mosque of Kermanshah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godin_Tepe" title="Godin Tepe">Godin Tepe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Other_historical_monuments_in_Behistun_complex">Bas relief of Gotarzes II of Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubanini_rock_relief" title="Anubanini rock relief">Anubanini rock relief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">populated places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Kermanshah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Kermanshah Province">List of cities, towns and villages in Kermanshah Province</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&oldid=1257234319">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behistun_Inscription&oldid=1257234319</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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