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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy and diversity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy_and_diversity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy and diversity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palaeontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Palaeontology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaeontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Locomotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators,_parasites,_and_pathogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators,_parasites,_and_pathogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Predators, parasites, and pathogens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predators,_parasites,_and_pathogens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Predators, parasites, and pathogens subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Predators,_parasites,_and_pathogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antipredator_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antipredator_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Antipredator adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antipredator_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_human_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_human_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In human culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In human culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food_and_folk_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food_and_folk_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>As food and folk medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food_and_folk_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>In music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mythology_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mythology_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>In mythology and folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mythology_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>As pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="زيزيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيزيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="উচ্চিংড়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উচ্চিংড়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Цикади – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цикади" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicadoidea" title="Cicadoidea – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cicadoidea" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cik%C3%A1dy" title="Cikády – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cikády" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cicada" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زنجره‌واران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنجره‌واران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicadoidea" title="Cicadoidea – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cicadoidea" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cicada" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andidit" title="Andidit – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Andidit" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicadoidea" title="Cicadoidea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cicadoidea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyenje-miti" title="Nyenje-miti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyenje-miti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cik%C4%81%C5%BEu_virsdzimta" title="Cikāžu virsdzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cikāžu virsdzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nekeskab%C3%B3ca-szer%C5%B1ek" title="Énekeskabóca-szerűek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Énekeskabóca-szerűek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorery" title="Jorery – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jorery" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ചീവീട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചീവീട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="زيزيات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زيزيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ပုစဉ်းရင်ကွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုစဉ်းရင်ကွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%9F" title="セミ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セミ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicadoidea" title="Cicadoidea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cicadoidea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratonlar" title="Saratonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saratonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicadoidea" title="Cicadoidea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cicadoidea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarra" title="Cigarra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cigarra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicadoidea" title="Cicadoidea – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Cicadoidea" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiir" title="Tiir – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Tiir" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fustos_b%C3%B6ce%C4%9Fi" title="Ağustos böceği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ağustos böceği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%9F%AC" title="沙蟬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙蟬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1947892#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Cicada<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Late Triassic – recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:139.78461538462px; width:80.215384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:139.78461538462px; width:80.215384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:140.78461538462px; width:78.215384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Neotibicen_linnei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Neotibicen_linnei.jpg/250px-Neotibicen_linnei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Neotibicen_linnei.jpg/330px-Neotibicen_linnei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Neotibicen_linnei.jpg/500px-Neotibicen_linnei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Linne's cicada, <i><a href="/wiki/Neotibicen_linnei" title="Neotibicen linnei">Neotibicen linnei</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Calling_song_of_Magicicada_cassini_-_pone.0000892.s002.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Calling_song_of_Magicicada_cassini_-_pone.0000892.s002.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Calling_song_of_Magicicada_cassini_-_pone.0000892.s002.oga/Calling_song_of_Magicicada_cassini_-_pone.0000892.s002.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Calling song of <i><a href="/wiki/Magicicada_cassini" title="Magicicada cassini">Magicicada cassini</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Cicadoidea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auchenorrhyncha" title="Auchenorrhyncha">Auchenorrhyncha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cicadomorpha" title="Cicadomorpha">Cicadomorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cicadoidea</a><br /><small>Latreille, 1802</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Families </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tettigarctidae" title="Tettigarctidae">Tettigarctidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadidae" title="Cicadidae">Cicadidae</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>cicadas</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>) are a superfamily, the <b>Cicadoidea</b>, of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> in the order <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a> (true bugs). They are in the suborder <a href="/wiki/Auchenorrhyncha" title="Auchenorrhyncha">Auchenorrhyncha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with smaller jumping bugs such as <a href="/wiki/Leafhopper" title="Leafhopper">leafhoppers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Froghopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Froghopper">froghoppers</a>. The superfamily is divided into two families, the <a href="/wiki/Tettigarctidae" title="Tettigarctidae">Tettigarctidae</a>, with two species in Australia, and the <a href="/wiki/Cicadidae" title="Cicadidae">Cicadidae</a>, with more than 3,000 species <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)#Taxonomic_descriptions" title="Taxonomy (biology)">described</a> from around the world; many species remain <a href="/wiki/Undescribed_taxon" title="Undescribed taxon">undescribed</a>. Nearly all cicada species are <a href="/wiki/Annual_cicada" title="Annual cicada">annual cicadas</a> with the exception of the few North American <a href="/wiki/Periodical_cicada" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical cicada">periodical cicada</a> species, genus <i><a href="/wiki/Magicicada" class="mw-redirect" title="Magicicada">Magicicada</a></i>, which in a given region emerge en masse every 13 or 17 years. </p><p>Cicadas have prominent eyes set wide apart, short antennae, and membranous front wings. They have an exceptionally loud song, produced in most species by the rapid buckling and unbuckling of drum-like <a href="/wiki/Tymbal" title="Tymbal">tymbals</a>. The earliest known fossil Cicadomorpha appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Permian">Upper Permian</a> period; extant species occur all around the world in temperate to tropical climates. They typically live in trees, feeding on watery sap from <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> tissue, and laying their eggs in a slit in the bark. Most cicadas are <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">cryptic</a>. The vast majority of species are active during the day as adults, with some calling at dawn or dusk. Only a rare few species are known to be nocturnal. </p><p>One exclusively North American genus, <i>Magicicada</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Periodical_cicadas" title="Periodical cicadas">periodical cicadas</a>), which spend most of their lives as underground nymphs, emerge in predictable intervals of 13 or 17 years, depending on the species and the location. The unusual duration and synchronization of their emergence may reduce the number of cicadas lost to <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>, both by making them a less reliably available prey (so that any predator that evolved to depend on cicadas for sustenance might starve waiting for their emergence), and by emerging in such huge numbers that they will satiate any remaining predators before losing enough of their number to threaten their survival as a species.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Annual_cicada" title="Annual cicada">annual cicadas</a> are species that emerge every year. Though these cicadas' life cycles can vary from 1 to 9 or more years as underground nymphs, their emergence above ground as adults is not synchronized, so some members of each species appear every year.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cicadas have been featured in literature since the time of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and as motifs in art from the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been used in myth and folklore as symbols of carefree living and immortality. The cicada is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Heracles" title="Shield of Heracles">Shield</a></i> (ll.393–394), in which it is said to sing when millet first ripens. Cicadas are eaten by humans in various parts of the world, including <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and central <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/cicada" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/cicada">cicada</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>The name is directly from the <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>cicada</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_diversity">Taxonomy and diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snodgrass_Magicicada_septendecim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Snodgrass_Magicicada_septendecim.jpg/250px-Snodgrass_Magicicada_septendecim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Snodgrass_Magicicada_septendecim.jpg/330px-Snodgrass_Magicicada_septendecim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Snodgrass_Magicicada_septendecim.jpg/500px-Snodgrass_Magicicada_septendecim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Magicicada_cassinii" class="mw-redirect" title="Magicicada cassinii">17-year cicada</a>, <i>Magicicada</i>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Evans_Snodgrass" title="Robert Evans Snodgrass">Robert Evans Snodgrass</a>, 1930<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The superfamily Cicadoidea is a sister of the <a href="/wiki/Froghopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Froghopper">Cercopoidea</a> (the froghoppers). Cicadas are arranged into two families: the Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae. The two <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> species of the Tettigarctidae include one in southern Australia and the other in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. The family Cicadidae is subdivided into the subfamilies <a href="/wiki/Cicadettinae" title="Cicadettinae">Cicadettinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicadinae" title="Cicadinae">Cicadinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derotettiginae" title="Derotettiginae">Derotettiginae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibicininae" title="Tibicininae">Tibicininae</a> (or Tettigadinae), and <a href="/wiki/Tettigomyiinae" title="Tettigomyiinae">Tettigomyiinae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-phylo2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phylo2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are found on all continents except Antarctica. Some previous works also included a family-level taxon called the <a href="/wiki/Tibiceninae" title="Tibiceninae">Tibiceninae</a>. The largest species is the Malaysian emperor cicada <i><a href="/wiki/Megapomponia_imperatoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapomponia imperatoria">Megapomponia imperatoria</a></i>; its wingspan is up to about 20 cm (8 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Carwardine2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carwardine2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cicadas are also notable for the great length of time some species take to mature.<sup id="cite_ref-Burton2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least 3,000 cicada species are distributed worldwide, in essentially any habitat that has deciduous trees, with the majority being in the tropics. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographical region, and many species have a very limited range. This high degree of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemism</a> has been used to study the biogeography of complex island groups such as in Indonesia and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several hundred described species in Australia and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cicadas_of_New_Zealand" title="List of cicadas of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around 150 in South Africa, over 170 in America north of Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least 800 in Latin America,<sup id="cite_ref-Hogue1993_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogue1993-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 200 in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 100 species occur in the <a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palaearctic</a>. A few species are found in southern Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Burton2002_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a single species was known from England, the <a href="/wiki/Cicadetta_montana" title="Cicadetta montana">New Forest cicada</a>, <i>Cicadetta montana</i>, which also occurs in continental Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species await formal description and many well-known species are yet to be studied carefully using modern acoustic analysis tools that allow their songs to be characterized. </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Cicadidae" title="Cicadidae">Cicadidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cicadinae" title="Cicadinae">Cicadinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cicadettinae" title="Cicadettinae">Cicadettinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tettigomyiinae" title="Tettigomyiinae">Tettigomyiinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tibicininae" title="Tibicininae">Tibicininae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tettigarctidae" title="Tettigarctidae">Tettigarctidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">A phylogenetic treatment suggested by a 2018 study.<sup id="cite_ref-phylo2018_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phylo2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many of the North American species are the annual or jarfly or <a href="/wiki/Dog_days" title="Dog days">dog-day</a> cicadas, members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Neotibicen" title="Neotibicen">Neotibicen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Megatibicen" title="Megatibicen">Megatibicen</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Hadoa" title="Hadoa">Hadoa</a></i> genera, so named because they emerge in late July and August.<sup id="cite_ref-Milne_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milne-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known North American genus, however, may be <i><a href="/wiki/Magicicada" class="mw-redirect" title="Magicicada">Magicicada</a></i>. These periodical cicadas have an extremely long life cycle of 13 or 17 years, with adults suddenly and briefly <a href="/wiki/Predator_satiation" title="Predator satiation">emerging in large numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milne_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milne-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-magicicada_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magicicada-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_cicadas_of_Australia" title="List of cicadas of Australia">Australian cicadas</a> are found on tropical islands and cold coastal beaches around Tasmania, in tropical wetlands, high and low deserts, alpine areas of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, large cities including <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, and Tasmanian highlands and snowfields. Many of them have common names such as cherry nose, brown baker, <a href="/wiki/Psaltoda_moerens" title="Psaltoda moerens">red eye</a>, greengrocer, yellow Monday, whisky drinker, <a href="/wiki/Double_drummer" class="mw-redirect" title="Double drummer">double drummer</a>, and black prince. The Australian greengrocer, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclochila_australasiae" title="Cyclochila australasiae">Cyclochila australasiae</a></i>, is among the loudest insects in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chorus_cicada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chorus_cicada.jpg/250px-Chorus_cicada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chorus_cicada.jpg/330px-Chorus_cicada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chorus_cicada.jpg/500px-Chorus_cicada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chorus_cicada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus cicada">chorus cicada</a>, a species endemic to New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm/220px--Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm/Cicada_-_Japan_-_August_2021.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Cicadas in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>More than 40 species from five genera populate New Zealand, ranging from sea level to mountain tops, and all are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to New Zealand and its surrounding islands (<a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>). One species is found on Norfolk Island, which technically is part of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closest relatives of the NZ cicadas live in New Caledonia and Australia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesogereon_superbum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mesogereon_superbum_2.jpg/250px-Mesogereon_superbum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mesogereon_superbum_2.jpg/330px-Mesogereon_superbum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mesogereon_superbum_2.jpg/500px-Mesogereon_superbum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> fossil fore wing of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesogereon_superbum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesogereon superbum (page does not exist)">Mesogereon superbum</a></i>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaeontology">Palaeontology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Palaeontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fossil Cicadomorpha first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a>. The superfamily <a href="/wiki/Palaeontinoidea" title="Palaeontinoidea">Palaeontinoidea</a> contains three families. The Upper Permian Dunstaniidae are found in Australia and South Africa, and also in younger rocks from China. The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Triassic">Upper Triassic</a> Mesogereonidae are found in Australia and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group, though, is currently thought to be more distantly related to Cicadomorpha than previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prolystra_lithographica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Prolystra_lithographica.JPG/250px-Prolystra_lithographica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Prolystra_lithographica.JPG/330px-Prolystra_lithographica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Prolystra_lithographica.JPG/500px-Prolystra_lithographica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>The giant cicada <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolystra_lithographica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prolystra lithographica (page does not exist)">Prolystra lithographica</a></i> from Germany <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, about 145–150 million years ago</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Palaeontinidae" title="Palaeontinidae">Palaeontinidae</a> or "giant cicadas" (though only distantly related to true cicadas) come from the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Cretaceous">Lower Cretaceous</a> of Eurasia and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of these was a fore wing discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Taynton_Limestone_Formation" title="Taynton Limestone Formation">Taynton Limestone Formation</a> of Oxfordshire, England; it was initially described as a butterfly in 1873, before being recognised as a cicada-like form and renamed <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeontina_oolitica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeontina oolitica (page does not exist)">Palaeontina oolitica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-butler_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae had diverged from each other prior to or during the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, as evidenced by fossils related to both lineages present by the Middle Jurassic (~165 million years ago). The morphology of well preserved fossils of early relatives of Cicadidae from the mid Cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Burmese_amber" title="Burmese amber">Burmese amber</a> of Myanmar suggests that unlike many modern cicadids, they were either silent or only made quiet sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most fossil Cicadidae are known from the Cenozoic,<sup id="cite_ref-Moulds2018_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moulds2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the oldest unambiguously identified modern cicadid is <i>Davispia bearcreekensis</i> (subfamily Tibicininae) from the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>, around 56-59 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gratopsaltria_Nigrofuscata_Young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gratopsaltria_Nigrofuscata_Young.jpg/250px-Gratopsaltria_Nigrofuscata_Young.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gratopsaltria_Nigrofuscata_Young.jpg/330px-Gratopsaltria_Nigrofuscata_Young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gratopsaltria_Nigrofuscata_Young.jpg/500px-Gratopsaltria_Nigrofuscata_Young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese Min-min-zemi, called with <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hyalessa_maculaticollis" title="Hyalessa maculaticollis">Hyalessa maculaticollis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Annual_cicada" title="Annual cicada">annual cicada</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platypleura_kaempferi_(NiiNii_cicada).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Platypleura_kaempferi_%28NiiNii_cicada%29.png/200px-Platypleura_kaempferi_%28NiiNii_cicada%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Platypleura_kaempferi_%28NiiNii_cicada%29.png/300px-Platypleura_kaempferi_%28NiiNii_cicada%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Platypleura_kaempferi_%28NiiNii_cicada%29.png/400px-Platypleura_kaempferi_%28NiiNii_cicada%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese Nii-nii-zemi (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BC%E3%83%9F" class="extiw" title="ja:ニイニイゼミ">ニイニイゼミ</a>), called with <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> (<i>Platypleura kaempferi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Annual_cicada" title="Annual cicada">annual cicada</a>）</figcaption></figure> <p>Cicadas are large insects made conspicuous by the courtship calls of the males. They are characterized by having three joints in their <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg#Tarsus" title="Arthropod leg">tarsi</a>, and having small <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> with conical bases and three to six segments, including a <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">seta</a> at the tip.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuvier_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuvier-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Auchenorrhyncha" title="Auchenorrhyncha">Auchenorrhyncha</a> differ from other hemipterans by having a <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a> that arises from the posteroventral part of the head, complex sound-producing membranes, and a mechanism for linking the wings that involves a down-rolled edging on the rear of the fore wing and an upwardly protruding flap on the hind wing.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cicadas are feeble jumpers, and nymphs lack the ability to jump altogether. Another defining characteristic is the adaptations of the fore limbs of nymphs for underground life. The relict family Tettigarctidae differs from the Cicadidae in having the <a href="/wiki/Prothorax" title="Prothorax">prothorax</a> extending as far as the <a href="/wiki/Scutellum_(insect_anatomy)" title="Scutellum (insect anatomy)">scutellum</a>, and by lacking the tympanal apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20190828_semi_uka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/20190828_semi_uka.jpg/250px-20190828_semi_uka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/20190828_semi_uka.jpg/330px-20190828_semi_uka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/20190828_semi_uka.jpg/500px-20190828_semi_uka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>A black cicada just after <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">molting</a> in the garden of a private house (Midwest Saitama Prefecture, Japan)</figcaption></figure> <p>The adult insect, known as an <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">imago</a>, is 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) in total length in most species. The largest, the <a href="/wiki/Empress_cicada" title="Empress cicada">empress cicada</a> (<i>Megapomponia imperatoria</i>), has a head-body length around 7 cm (2.8 in), and its wingspan is 18–20 cm (7–8 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Burton2002_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cicadas have prominent compound eyes set wide apart on the sides of the head. The short antennae protrude between the eyes or in front of them. They also have three small <a href="/wiki/Simple_eyes_in_arthropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple eyes in arthropods">ocelli</a> located on the top of the head in a triangle between the two large eyes; this distinguishes cicadas from other members of the Hemiptera. The mouthparts form a long, sharp <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a> that they insert into the plant to feed.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Clypeus_(arthropod_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)">postclypeus</a> is a large, nose-like structure that lies between the eyes and makes up most of the front of the head; it contains the pumping musculature.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thorax has three segments and houses the powerful wing muscles. They have two pairs of membranous wings that may be <a href="/wiki/Hyaline" title="Hyaline">hyaline</a>, cloudy, or pigmented. The wing venation varies between species and may help in identification. The middle thoracic segment has an <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(animal)" title="Operculum (animal)">operculum</a> on the underside, which may extend posteriorly and obscure parts of the abdomen. The abdomen is segmented, with the hindermost segments housing the reproductive organs, and terminates in females with a large, saw-edged <a href="/wiki/Ovipositor" title="Ovipositor">ovipositor</a>. In males, the abdomen is largely hollow and used as a <a href="/wiki/Resonating_device" title="Resonating device">resonating chamber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The surface of the fore wing is <a href="/wiki/Superhydrophobic_coating" title="Superhydrophobic coating">superhydrophobic</a>; it is covered with minute, waxy cones, blunt spikes that create a water-repellent film. Rain rolls across the surface, removing dirt in the process. In the absence of rain, <a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a> condenses on the wings. When the droplets coalesce, the cicada leaps several millimetres into the air, which also serves to clean the wings.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> landing on the wing surface are not repelled; rather, their membranes are torn apart by the nanoscale-sized spikes, making the wing surface the first-known <a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">biomaterial</a> that can kill bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_regulation">Temperature regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Temperature regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Desert cicadas such as <i><a href="/wiki/Diceroprocta_apache" title="Diceroprocta apache">Diceroprocta apache</a></i> are unusual among insects in controlling their temperature by <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporative cooling">evaporative cooling</a>, analogous to <a href="/wiki/Sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating">sweating</a> in mammals. When their temperature rises above about 39 °C (102 °F), they suck excess sap from the food plants and extrude the excess water through pores in the <a href="/wiki/Tergum" title="Tergum">tergum</a> at a modest cost in energy. Such a rapid loss of water can be sustained only by feeding on water-rich <a href="/wiki/Xylem_sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Xylem sap">xylem sap</a>. At lower temperatures, feeding cicadas would normally need to excrete the excess water. By evaporative cooling, desert cicadas can reduce their bodily temperature by some 5 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some non-desert cicada species such as <i>Magicicada tredecem</i> also cool themselves evaporatively, but less dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, many other cicadas can voluntarily raise their body temperatures as much as 22 °C (40 °F) above ambient temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanborn_et_al_2003_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanborn_et_al_2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Song">Song</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1911_cicada_tymbal_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EB1911_cicada_tymbal_structure.png/250px-EB1911_cicada_tymbal_structure.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EB1911_cicada_tymbal_structure.png/500px-EB1911_cicada_tymbal_structure.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Cicada sound-producing organs and musculature:<br />a, Body of male from below, showing cover-plates;<br />b, From above, showing drumlike <a href="/wiki/Tymbal" title="Tymbal">tymbals</a>;<br />c, Section, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> that vibrate tymbals;<br />d, A tymbal at rest;<br />e, Thrown into vibration, as when singing</figcaption></figure> <p>The "singing" of male cicadas is produced principally and in the majority of species using a special structure called a <a href="/wiki/Tymbal" title="Tymbal">tymbal</a>, a pair of which lies below each side of the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdominal</a> region. The structure is buckled by muscular action and, being made of <a href="/wiki/Resilin" title="Resilin">resilin</a>, unbuckles rapidly on muscle relaxation, producing their characteristic sounds. Some cicadas, however, have mechanisms for <a href="/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulation</a>, sometimes in addition to the tymbals. Here, the wings are rubbed over a series of midthoracic ridges. In the Chinese species <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subpsaltria_yangi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subpsaltria yangi (page does not exist)">Subpsaltria yangi</a></i>, both males and females can stridulate.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sounds may further be modulated by membranous coverings and by resonant cavities.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuvier_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuvier-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The male abdomen in some species is largely hollow, and acts as a <a href="/wiki/Sound_box" title="Sound box">sound box</a>. By rapidly vibrating these membranes, a cicada combines the clicks into apparently continuous notes, and enlarged chambers derived from the <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrate trachea">tracheae</a> serve as <a href="/wiki/Resonating_device" title="Resonating device">resonating chambers</a> with which it amplifies the sound. The cicada also modulates the song by positioning its abdomen toward or away from the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a> (their perch). Partly by the pattern in which it combines the clicks, each species produces its own distinctive mating songs and acoustic signals, ensuring that the song attracts only appropriate mates.<sup id="cite_ref-Milne_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milne-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tettigarctidae" title="Tettigarctidae">tettigarctid (or hairy) cicadas</a> have rudimentary tymbals in both sexes and do not produce airborne sounds, rather, both males and females produce vibrations that are transmitted through the tree they perch upon. They are considered as representing the <a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">original state</a> from which other cicada communication has evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_cicada_song.ogg" title="File:New Zealand cicada song.ogg"><i>Amphipsalta zelandica</i> cicada song</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="New_Zealand_cicada_song.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/New_Zealand_cicada_song.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/New_Zealand_cicada_song.ogg/New_Zealand_cicada_song.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Song, New Zealand, 2006</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanna_japonensis_v01.ogg" title="File:Tanna japonensis v01.ogg">Cicada chorus in Japan</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="97" data-mwtitle="Tanna_japonensis_v01.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Tanna_japonensis_v01.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Tanna_japonensis_v01.ogg/Tanna_japonensis_v01.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Chorus of <i><a href="/wiki/Tanna_japonensis" title="Tanna japonensis">Tanna japonensis</a></i>, Japan, 2011</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicadas_in_Greece.ogg" title="File:Cicadas in Greece.ogg">Cicadas in Greece</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="Cicadas_in_Greece.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Cicadas_in_Greece.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Cicadas_in_Greece.ogg/Cicadas_in_Greece.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Chorus, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, 2008</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicada_calling_in_Irving,_TX_in_June_of_2012.ogg" title="File:Cicada calling in Irving, TX in June of 2012.ogg">A single <i>Neotibicen superbus</i> cicada calling</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Cicada_calling_in_Irving,_TX_in_June_of_2012.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/Cicada_calling_in_Irving%2C_TX_in_June_of_2012.ogg/Cicada_calling_in_Irving%2C_TX_in_June_of_2012.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Cicada_calling_in_Irving%2C_TX_in_June_of_2012.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Song, Texas, 2012</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Average temperature of the natural habitat for the South American species <i><a href="/wiki/Fidicinini" title="Fidicinini">Fidicina rana</a></i> is about 29 °C (84 °F). During sound production, the temperature of the tymbal muscles was found to be significantly higher.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cicadas sing most actively during the hottest hours of a summer day; roughly a <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">24-hour cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most cicadas are diurnal in their calling and <a href="/wiki/Poikilotherm" title="Poikilotherm">depend on external heat</a> to warm them up, while a few are capable of raising their temperatures using muscle action and some species are known to call at dusk.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanborn_et_al_2003_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanborn_et_al_2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kanakia_(cicada)" title="Kanakia (cicada)">Kanakia gigas</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Froggattoides_typicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Froggattoides typicus (page does not exist)">Froggattoides typicus</a></i> are among the few that are known to be truly nocturnal and there may be other nocturnal species living in tropical forests.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cicadas call from varying heights on trees. Where multiple species occur, the species may use different heights and timing of calling.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the vast majority of cicadas call from above the ground, two Californian species, <i><a href="/wiki/Okanagana" title="Okanagana">Okanagana pallidula</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Okanagana_vanduzeei" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagana vanduzeei">O. vanduzeei</a></i> are known to call from hollows made at the base of the tree below the ground level. The adaptive significance is unclear, as the calls are not amplified or modified by the <a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">burrow</a> structure, but this may avoid <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although only males produce the cicadas' distinctive sounds, both sexes have membranous structures called <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympana</a> (singular – tympanum) by which they detect sounds, the equivalent of having ears. Males disable their own tympana while calling, thereby preventing damage to their hearing;<sup id="cite_ref-5050.co.za_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5050.co.za-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a necessity partly because some cicadas produce sounds up to 120 <a href="/wiki/Sound#Sound_Pressure_Level" title="Sound">dB (SPL)</a><sup id="cite_ref-5050.co.za_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5050.co.za-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is among the loudest of all insect-produced sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song is loud enough to cause permanent <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a> in humans should the cicada be at "close range". In contrast, some small species have songs so high in pitch that they are inaudible to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-insecteducation_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insecteducation-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the human ear, telling precisely where a cicada song originates is often difficult. The pitch is nearly constant, the sound is continuous to the human ear, and cicadas sing in scattered groups. In addition to the mating song, many species have a distinct distress call, usually a broken and erratic sound emitted by the insect when seized or panicked. Some species also have courtship songs, generally quieter, and produced after a female has been drawn to the calling song. Males also produce encounter calls, whether in courtship or to maintain personal space within choruses.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The songs of cicadas are considered by entomologists to be unique to a given species, and a number of resources exist to collect and analyse cicada sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some species of cicadas, the males remain in one location and call to attract females. Sometimes, several males aggregate and call in chorus. In other species, the males move from place to place, usually with quieter calls, while searching for females. The Tettigarctidae differ from other cicadas in producing vibrations in the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a> rather than audible sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After mating, the female cuts slits into the bark of a twig where she deposits her eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both male and female cicadas die within a few weeks after emerging from the soil. Although they have mouthparts and are able to consume some plant liquids for nutrition, the amount eaten is very small and the insects have a natural adult lifespan of less than two months. </p><p>When the eggs hatch, the newly hatched <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">nymphs</a> drop to the ground and burrow. Cicadas live underground as nymphs for most of their lives at depths down to about 2.5 m (8 ft). Nymphs have strong front legs for digging and excavating chambers near to roots, where they feed on <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> sap. In the process, their bodies and interior of the burrow become coated in anal fluids. In wet habitats, larger species construct mud towers above ground to aerate their burrows. In the final nymphal <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instar</a>, they construct an exit tunnel to the surface and emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">molt</a> (shed their skins) on a nearby plant for the last time, and emerge as adults. The <a href="/wiki/Exuviae" title="Exuviae">exuviae</a> or abandoned exoskeletons remain, still clinging to the bark of the tree.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most cicadas go through a life cycle that lasts 2–5 years. Some species have much longer life cycles, such as the North American genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Magicicada" class="mw-redirect" title="Magicicada">Magicicada</a></i>, which has a number of distinct "broods" that go through either a 17-year (Brood XIII), or in some parts of the region, a 13-year (Brood XIX) life cycle<sup id="cite_ref-milman_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milman-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long life cycles may have developed as a response to <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sphecius" title="Sphecius">cicada killer wasp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantis" title="Mantis">praying mantis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specialist predator with a shorter life cycle of at least two years could not reliably prey upon the cicadas;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, a 17-year cicada with a predator with a five-year life cycle will only be threatened by a peak predator population every 85 (5 × 17) years, while a non-prime cycle such as 15 would be endangered at every year of emergence.<sup id="cite_ref-dijusto_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dijusto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternate hypothesis is that these long life cycles evolved during the ice ages so as to overcome cold spells, and that as species co-emerged and hybridized, they left distinct species that did not hybridize having periods matching <a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">prime numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 13- and 17-year cicadas only emerge in the midwestern and eastern US in the same year every 221 years (13 × 17), with 2024 being the first such year since 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-milman_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milman-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerging_cicada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A teneral cicada that has just emerged and is waiting to dry before flying away"><img alt="A teneral cicada that has just emerged and is waiting to dry before flying away" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Emerging_cicada.jpg/120px-Emerging_cicada.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Emerging_cicada.jpg/250px-Emerging_cicada.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4762" data-file-height="3154" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A teneral cicada that has just emerged and is waiting to dry before flying away</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicada_Close-Up.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newly emerged adult cicada held on human fingers"><img alt="Newly emerged adult cicada held on human fingers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cicada_Close-Up.jpg/120px-Cicada_Close-Up.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cicada_Close-Up.jpg/180px-Cicada_Close-Up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cicada_Close-Up.jpg/240px-Cicada_Close-Up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Newly emerged adult cicada held on human fingers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicada_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cicada exuviae after the adult cicada has left"><img alt="Cicada exuviae after the adult cicada has left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cicada_skin.jpg/120px-Cicada_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cicada_skin.jpg/180px-Cicada_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cicada_skin.jpg/240px-Cicada_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cicada exuviae after the adult cicada has left</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicada_exuviae_clinging_to_a_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cicada exuviae clinging to a leaf"><img alt="An empty cicada skin captured in June 2024 in Rab Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cicada_exuviae_clinging_to_a_leaf.jpg/120px-Cicada_exuviae_clinging_to_a_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cicada_exuviae_clinging_to_a_leaf.jpg/180px-Cicada_exuviae_clinging_to_a_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cicada_exuviae_clinging_to_a_leaf.jpg/240px-Cicada_exuviae_clinging_to_a_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8160" data-file-height="6144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cicada exuviae clinging to a leaf</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicada_on_an_Eastern_Juniper_tree_in_Oklahoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cicada clinging to the bark of an eastern red cedar tree in Oklahoma"><img alt="Cicada clinging to the bark of an eastern red cedar tree in Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cicada_on_an_Eastern_Juniper_tree_in_Oklahoma.jpg/120px-Cicada_on_an_Eastern_Juniper_tree_in_Oklahoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cicada_on_an_Eastern_Juniper_tree_in_Oklahoma.jpg/250px-Cicada_on_an_Eastern_Juniper_tree_in_Oklahoma.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cicada clinging to the bark of an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_red_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern red cedar">eastern red cedar</a> tree in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cicada nymphs drink sap from the xylem of various species of trees, including <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">cypress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>. While common folklore indicates that adults do not eat, they actually do drink plant sap using their sucking mouthparts.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cicadas excrete fluid in streams of droplets due to their high volume consumption of xylem sap.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jets of urine that cicadas produce have a velocity of up to 3 meters per second, making them the fastest among all assessed animals, including mammals like elephants and horses.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Locomotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">Animal locomotion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jumping" title="Jumping">Jumping</a></div> <p>Cicadas, unlike other Auchenorrhyncha, are not adapted for jumping (saltation).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have the usual insect modes of <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a>, walking and flight, but they do not walk or run well, and take to the wing to travel distances greater than a few centimetres.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predators,_parasites,_and_pathogens"><span id="Predators.2C_parasites.2C_and_pathogens"></span>Predators, parasites, and pathogens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Predators, parasites, and pathogens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_cicada_killer_wasp_(Sphecius_speciosus)_with_Cicada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Eastern_cicada_killer_wasp_%28Sphecius_speciosus%29_with_Cicada.jpg/250px-Eastern_cicada_killer_wasp_%28Sphecius_speciosus%29_with_Cicada.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Eastern_cicada_killer_wasp_%28Sphecius_speciosus%29_with_Cicada.jpg/330px-Eastern_cicada_killer_wasp_%28Sphecius_speciosus%29_with_Cicada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Eastern_cicada_killer_wasp_%28Sphecius_speciosus%29_with_Cicada.jpg/500px-Eastern_cicada_killer_wasp_%28Sphecius_speciosus%29_with_Cicada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Eastern cicada killer wasp (<i><a href="/wiki/Sphecius_speciosus" title="Sphecius speciosus">Sphecius speciosus</a></i>) with cicada prey, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Cicadas are commonly eaten by birds and mammals,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantis" title="Mantis">mantises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asilidae" title="Asilidae">robber flies</a>. In times of mass emergence of cicadas, various amphibians, fish, reptiles, mammals, and birds change their foraging habits so as to benefit from the glut. Newly hatched nymphs may be eaten by ants, and nymphs living underground are preyed on by burrowing mammals such as moles.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northern Japan, brown bears prey on final instar nymphs of cicadas during summer by digging up the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, cicadas are preyed on by the Australian cicada killer wasp (<i><a href="/wiki/Exeirus_lateritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Exeirus lateritius">Exeirus lateritius</a></i>), which stings and stuns cicadas high in the trees, making them drop to the ground, where the cicada hunter mounts and carries them, pushing with its hind legs, sometimes over a distance of 100 m, until they can be shoved down into its burrow, where the numb cicadas are placed onto one of many shelves in a "catacomb", to form the food stock for the wasp grub that grows out of the egg deposited there.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Tettigoniidae" title="Tettigoniidae">katydid</a> predator from Australia is capable of attracting singing male cicadas of a variety of species by imitating the timed click replies of sexually receptive female cicadas, which respond in pair formation by flicking their wings.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their prime-number life cycle prevents predators with a life cycle of two or more years from synchronising with their emergence.<sup id="cite_ref-dijusto_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dijusto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several fungal diseases infect and kill adult cicadas, while other <a href="/wiki/Entomopathogenic_fungus" title="Entomopathogenic fungus">fungi</a> in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiocordyceps" title="Ophiocordyceps">Ophiocordyceps</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Isaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaria">Isaria</a></i> attack nymphs.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Massospora_cicadina" title="Massospora cicadina">Massospora cicadina</a></i> specifically attacks the adults of periodical cicadas, the spores remaining dormant in the soil between outbreaks.<sup id="cite_ref-Massospora_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massospora-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fungus is also capable of dosing cicadas with <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic drug</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Magic_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic mushrooms">magic mushrooms</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">cathinone</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> similar to various <a href="/wiki/Amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamines">amphetamines</a>. These chemicals alter the behaviour of the cicadas, driving males to copulate, including attempts with males, and is thought to be beneficial to the fungus, as the fungal spores are dispersed by a larger number of infected carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants can also defend themselves against cicadas. Although cicadas can feed on the roots of gymnosperms, it has been found that resinous conifers such as pine do not allow the eggs of <i>Magicicada</i> to hatch, the resin sealing up the egg cavities.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antipredator_adaptations">Antipredator adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Antipredator adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Antipredator_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipredator adaptation">Antipredator adaptation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periodical_cicada" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical cicada">Periodical cicada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicada_camouflaged_on_an_olive_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cicada_camouflaged_on_an_olive_tree.jpg/170px-Cicada_camouflaged_on_an_olive_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cicada_camouflaged_on_an_olive_tree.jpg/255px-Cicada_camouflaged_on_an_olive_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cicada_camouflaged_on_an_olive_tree.jpg/340px-Cicada_camouflaged_on_an_olive_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1845" /></a><figcaption>Cicada <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disruptively camouflaged</a> on an olive tree</figcaption></figure> <p>Cicadas use a variety of strategies to evade predators. Large cicadas can fly rapidly to escape if disturbed.<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many are extremely well <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged</a><sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to evade predators such as birds that hunt by sight. Being coloured like tree bark and <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disruptively patterned</a> to break up their outlines, they are difficult to discern;<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their partly transparent wings are held over the body and pressed close to the substrate. Some cicada species <a href="/wiki/Thanatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanatosis">play dead</a> when threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huechys_sanguinea_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Huechys_sanguinea_03.JPG/220px-Huechys_sanguinea_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Huechys_sanguinea_03.JPG/330px-Huechys_sanguinea_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Huechys_sanguinea_03.JPG/440px-Huechys_sanguinea_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The day-flying cicada <i><a href="/wiki/Huechys_sanguinea" title="Huechys sanguinea">Huechys sanguinea</a></i> warns off predators with its <a href="/wiki/Aposematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aposematic">aposematic</a> red and black coloration. (Southeast Asia)</figcaption></figure> <p>Some cicadas such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemisciera_maculipennis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemisciera maculipennis (page does not exist)">Hemisciera maculipennis</a></i> display bright <a href="/wiki/Deimatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deimatic">deimatic</a> flash coloration on their hind wings when threatened; the sudden contrast helps to startle predators, giving the cicadas time to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most cicadas are <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> and rely on camouflage when at rest, but some species use <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a>-related <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a>, wearing the bright colors that warn of toxicity in other animals; the Malaysian <i><a href="/wiki/Huechys_sanguinea" title="Huechys sanguinea">Huechys sanguinea</a></i> has conspicuous red and black warning coloration, is diurnal, and boldly flies about in full view of possible predators.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Predators such as the <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagidae">sarcophagid</a> fly <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblemasoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblemasoma (page does not exist)">Emblemasoma</a></i> hunt cicadas by sound, being attracted to their songs.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singing males soften their song so that the attention of the listener gets distracted to neighbouring louder singers, or cease singing altogether as a predator approaches. A loud cicada song, especially in chorus, has been asserted to repel predators, but observations of predator responses refute the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsSimon_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsSimon-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_human_culture">In human culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In human culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Insects in culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art_and_literature">In art and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schreibzeug_(N%C3%BCrnberg).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Schreibzeug_%28N%C3%BCrnberg%29.jpg/250px-Schreibzeug_%28N%C3%BCrnberg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Schreibzeug_%28N%C3%BCrnberg%29.jpg/330px-Schreibzeug_%28N%C3%BCrnberg%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Schreibzeug_%28N%C3%BCrnberg%29.jpg/500px-Schreibzeug_%28N%C3%BCrnberg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3214" data-file-height="2198" /></a><figcaption>Silver casket with writing utensils, made by the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> goldsmith <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Jamnitzer" title="Wenzel Jamnitzer">Wenzel Jamnitzer</a> (1507/08–1585): a silver cicada is at lower left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_snuff_bottle_in_the_form_of_a_cicada_01A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Japanese_snuff_bottle_in_the_form_of_a_cicada_01A.jpg/250px-Japanese_snuff_bottle_in_the_form_of_a_cicada_01A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Japanese_snuff_bottle_in_the_form_of_a_cicada_01A.jpg/330px-Japanese_snuff_bottle_in_the_form_of_a_cicada_01A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Japanese_snuff_bottle_in_the_form_of_a_cicada_01A.jpg/500px-Japanese_snuff_bottle_in_the_form_of_a_cicada_01A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Snuff_(tobacco)" title="Snuff (tobacco)">snuff</a> bottle in the form of a cicada, <i>c.</i> 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Cicadas have been featured in literature since the time of Homer's <i>Iliad</i>, and as motifs in decorative art from the Chinese Shang dynasty (1766–1122 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are described by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i> and by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>; their mechanism of sound production is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> in his poem "<a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a>": "when the <a href="/wiki/Scolymus" title="Scolymus">Skolymus</a> flowers, and the tuneful <i>Tettix</i> sitting on his tree in the weary summer season pours forth from under his wings his shrill song".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the classic 14th-century Chinese novel <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Diaochan" title="Diaochan">Diaochan</a> took her name from the sable (<i>diāo</i>) tails and jade decorations in the shape of cicadas (<i>chán</i>), which adorned the hats of high-level officials. </p><p>In the Japanese novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a></i>, the title character poetically likens one of his many love interests to a cicada for the way she delicately sheds her robe the way a cicada sheds its shell when molting. Cicada exuviae play a role in the <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Cicada" title="Winter Cicada">Winter Cicada</a></i>. Cicadas are a frequent subject of <i><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a></i>, where, depending on type, they can indicate spring, summer, or autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-haiku_semi_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haiku_semi-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Tan" title="Shaun Tan">Shaun Tan</a>'s illustrated book <i>Cicada</i> tells the story of a hardworking but underappreciated cicada working in an office.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Branden_Jacobs-Jenkins" title="Branden Jacobs-Jenkins">Branden Jacobs-Jenkins</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_(play)" title="Appropriate (play)">Appropriate</a></i> takes place on an Arkansas farm in summer, and calls for the sounds of mating cicadas to underscore the entire show.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fashion">In fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being lightweight, and with hooklike legs, the <a href="/wiki/Exuviae" title="Exuviae">exuviae</a> of cicadas can be used as hair or clothing accessories.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food_and_folk_medicine">As food and folk medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: As food and folk medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepfried_cicada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Deepfried_cicada.jpg/250px-Deepfried_cicada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Deepfried_cicada.jpg/330px-Deepfried_cicada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Deepfried_cicada.jpg/500px-Deepfried_cicada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Deep-fried <i>Cryptotympana atrata</i> in <a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong cuisine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cicadas were eaten in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, and are consumed in selected regions in modern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, both as adults and (more often) as nymphs.<sup id="cite_ref-Simoons1990_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoons1990-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cicadas are also eaten in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, North America, and central Africa, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Ziarat" title="Ziarat">Ziarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female cicadas are prized for being meatier.<sup id="cite_ref-insecteducation_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insecteducation-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shells of cicadas are employed in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claiming that they possess anti-convulsive, sedative, and hypothermic effects.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 17-year "Onondaga Brood"<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Magicicada</i> is culturally important and a particular delicacy to the <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga people</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are considered a novelty food item by modern consumers in several states.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cicadas are featured in the protest song "Como La Cigarra" ("Like the Cicada") written by Argentinian poet and composer <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Elena_Walsh" title="María Elena Walsh">María Elena Walsh</a>. In the song, the cicada is a symbol of survival and defiance against death. The song was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Sosa" title="Mercedes Sosa">Mercedes Sosa</a>, among other Latin American musicians. </p><p>In North America and Mexico, there is a well-known song, "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La Cigarra</i></span>" ("The Cicada"), written by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymundo_P%C3%A9rez_y_Soto" class="extiw" title="es:Raymundo Pérez y Soto">Raymundo Perez Soto</a>, which is a song in the <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">Mariachi</a> tradition, that romanticises the insect as a creature that sings until it dies.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazilian artist <a href="/wiki/Lenine_(musician)" title="Lenine (musician)">Lenine</a> with his track "Malvadeza" from the album <i>Chão</i>, creates a song built upon the sound of the cicada that can be heard along the track.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cicada sounds heavily feature on the 2021 album <i><a href="/wiki/Solar_Power_(album)" title="Solar Power (album)">Solar Power</a></i> by New Zealand artist <a href="/wiki/Lorde" title="Lorde">Lorde</a>. She described cicada song as being emblematic of the New Zealand summer.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mythology_and_folklore">In mythology and folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In mythology and folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cicada_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicada (mythology)">Cicada (mythology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jade_cicada_amulets._Western_Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_-_CE_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jade_cicada_amulets._Western_Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_-_CE_8.jpg/250px-Jade_cicada_amulets._Western_Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_-_CE_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jade_cicada_amulets._Western_Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_-_CE_8.jpg/330px-Jade_cicada_amulets._Western_Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_-_CE_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jade_cicada_amulets._Western_Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_-_CE_8.jpg/500px-Jade_cicada_amulets._Western_Han_Dynasty_206_BCE_-_CE_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Jade cicada amulets. Western Han Dynasty 206 BCE – CE 8</figcaption></figure> <p>Cicadas have been used as money, in folk medicine, to forecast the weather, to provide song (in China), and in folklore and myths around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, the cicada represents the <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and the Mediterranean cities.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cicada has represented <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/insouciance" class="extiw" title="wikt:insouciance">insouciance</a> since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">Jean de La Fontaine</a> began his collection of fables <i>Les fables de La Fontaine</i> with the story "La Cigale et la Fourmi" ("The Cicada and the Ant") based on one of <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>'s fables; in it, the cicada spends the summer singing, while the ant stores away food, and the cicada finds herself without food when the weather turns bitter.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chinese tradition, the cicada (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蟬</span></span>, <i>chán</i>) symbolises rebirth and immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Riegel_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riegel-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Chinese essay "<a href="/wiki/Thirty-Six_Stratagems" title="Thirty-Six Stratagems">Thirty-Six Stratagems</a>", the phrase "to shed the golden cicada skin" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">金蝉脱壳</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">金蟬脫殼</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jīnchán tuōqiào</span></i>) is the poetic name for using a decoy (leaving the exuviae) to fool enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Chinese classic novel <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i> (16th century), the protagonist Priest of Tang was named the Golden Cicada.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, the cicada is associated with the summer season.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many Japanese people, summer hasn't officially begun until the first songs of the cicada are heard.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a>, the song of <i><a href="/wiki/Meimuna_opalifera" title="Meimuna opalifera">Meimuna opalifera</a></i>, called <i>tsuku-tsuku boshi</i>, is said to indicate the end of summer, and it is called so because of its particular call.<sup id="cite_ref-Hearn2007_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearn2007-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric <i>Hymn to Aphrodite</i></a>, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> retells the legend of how <a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a>, the goddess of the dawn, requested <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> to let her lover <a href="/wiki/Tithonus" title="Tithonus">Tithonus</a> live forever as an <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DuBois_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuBois-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeus granted her request, but because Eos forgot to ask him to also make Tithonus ageless, Tithonus never died, but he did grow old.<sup id="cite_ref-DuBois_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuBois-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, he became so tiny and shriveled that he turned into the first cicada.<sup id="cite_ref-DuBois_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuBois-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks also used a cicada sitting on a harp as an emblem of music.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Kapampangan mythology in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the goddess of dusk, Sisilim, is said to be greeted by the sounds and appearances of cicadas whenever she appears.<sup id="cite_ref-auto17_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto17-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pests">As pests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: As pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cicadas feed on <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</a>; they do not <a href="/wiki/Bite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bite">bite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">sting</a> in a true sense, but may occasionally mistake a person's arm for a plant limb and attempt to feed.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male cicadas produce very loud calls that can damage human hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cicadas are not major agricultural pests, but in some outbreak years, trees may be overwhelmed by the sheer numbers of females laying their eggs in the shoots. Small trees may wilt and larger trees may lose small branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although in general, the feeding activities of the nymphs do little damage, during the year before an outbreak of periodic cicadas, the large nymphs feed heavily and plant growth may suffer.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species have turned from wild grasses to <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, which affects the crop adversely, and in a few isolated cases, females have oviposited on <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a> vines, <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> trees, <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cicadas sometimes cause damage to ornamental shrubs and trees, mainly in the form of scarring left on tree branches where the females have laid their eggs. Branches of young trees may die as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OhioCultivator_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OhioCultivator-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="There doesn't seem to be anything here about cicadas, trees or shrubs. (April 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cicada_3301" title="Cicada 3301">Cicada 3301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cicadidae_genera" title="List of Cicadidae genera">List of Cicadidae genera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Auchenorrhyncha were formerly part of the obsolete "<a href="/wiki/Homoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoptera">Homoptera</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Katydid" class="mw-redirect" title="Katydid">katydid</a> for more etymology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A further 300 collected Australian species remain to be described.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance the <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a> cicada from the Han dynasty (<i>c.</i> 210 BCE) in the San Francisco Asian Art Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSimonCooley2022" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, Chris; Cooley, John R. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-072121-061108">"Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of Thirteen- and Seventeen-year periodical cicadas"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i>. <b>67</b>: <span class="nowrap">457–</span>482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-072121-061108">10.1146/annurev-ento-072121-061108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4170">0066-4170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34623904">34623904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238529885">238529885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Advances+in+the+Evolution+and+Ecology+of+Thirteen-+and+Seventeen-year+periodical+cicadas&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E482&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=0066-4170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238529885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34623904&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-072121-061108&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Cooley%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-ento-072121-061108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerals2016" class="citation web cs1">Fitzgerals, Kevin (22 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entomologytoday.org/2016/03/22/how-do-cicadas-know-when-to-emerge-from-the-ground/">"How Do Cicadas Know When to Emerge from the Ground?"</a>. <i>Entomology Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entomology+Today&rft.atitle=How+Do+Cicadas+Know+When+to+Emerge+from+the+Ground%3F&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft.aulast=Fitzgerals&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentomologytoday.org%2F2016%2F03%2F22%2Fhow-do-cicadas-know-when-to-emerge-from-the-ground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orthsoc.org/sina/c700lm29sec01.pdf">Insect singers</a> orthsoc.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitsuhashi2016" class="citation book cs1">Mitsuhashi, Jun (19 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ"><i>Edible Insects of the World</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">2009–</span>2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-35088-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-35088-2"><bdi>978-1-315-35088-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edible+Insects+of+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2009-%3C%2Fspan%3E2010&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-315-35088-2&rft.aulast=Mitsuhashi&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5W_DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cicada">"cicada"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sterling Publishing. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5623-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5623-8"><bdi>978-1-4027-5623-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Records&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-5623-8&rft.aulast=Carwardine&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3FEKopUFkUC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burton2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burton2002_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burton2002_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burton2002_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton,_MauriceBurton,_Robert2002" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BumyQJ14n8sC&pg=PA455"><i>International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Chickaree - crabs</i></a>. 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University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC/page/n244">233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07849-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07849-9"><bdi>978-0-520-07849-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Insects+and+Entomology&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07849-9&rft.aulast=Hogue&rft.aufirst=Charles+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimon2015" class="citation web cs1">Simon, Chris (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009192742/http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php">"The Current Status of Cicada Taxonomy on a Region-by-Region Basis"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+cicadas+bite+or+sting%3F&rft.pub=Cicada+Mania&rft.date=2008-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicadamania.com%2Fcicadas%2Fdo-cicadas-bite-or-sting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620085916/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/cicadas/">"Cicadas | National Geographic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></i>. 10 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/cicadas/">the original</a> on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Cicadas+%26%23124%3B+National+Geographic&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Finvertebrates%2Fgroup%2Fcicadas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yang-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yang_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYang2004" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Louie H. (2004). "Periodical cicadas as resource pulses in North American forests". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>306</b> (5701): <span class="nowrap">1565–</span>1567. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...306.1565Y">2004Sci...306.1565Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1103114">10.1126/science.1103114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15567865">15567865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27088981">27088981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Periodical+cicadas+as+resource+pulses+in+North+American+forests&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5701&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1565-%3C%2Fspan%3E1567&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1103114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27088981%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15567865&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...306.1565Y&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Louie+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1895/09/09/archives/great-damage-from-insects-they-are-doing-more-destruction-to-crops.html">"Great Damage from Insects; They Are Doing More Destruction to Crops This Year than Usual"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 9 September 1895. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Great+Damage+from+Insects%3B+They+Are+Doing+More+Destruction+to+Crops+This+Year+than+Usual&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1895-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1895%2F09%2F09%2Farchives%2Fgreat-damage-from-insects-they-are-doing-more-destruction-to-crops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OhioCultivator-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OhioCultivator_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7HEr8tU414YC&pg=PA3">"Restoring Fertility in Exhausted Wheat Lands – Use of Marlin Ohio, &c"</a>. <i>Ohio Cultivator</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. 1847.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+Cultivator&rft.atitle=Restoring+Fertility+in+Exhausted+Wheat+Lands+%E2%80%93+Use+of+Marlin+Ohio%2C+%26c.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7HEr8tU414YC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClausen1954" class="citation book cs1">Clausen, Lucy W. (1954). <i>Insect Fact and Folklore</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insect+Fact+and+Folklore&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Clausen&rft.aufirst=Lucy+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEgan,_Rory_B.1994" class="citation web cs1">Egan, Rory B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110080531/http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_ancgrcult.html">"Cicada in Ancient Greece"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_ancgrcult.html">the original</a> on 10 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cicada+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Egan%2C+Rory+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bugbios.com%2Fced3%2Fcicada_ancgrcult.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoppensteadtKeller1976" class="citation journal cs1">Hoppensteadt, Frank C; Keller, Joseph B (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109010853/http://www.math.pitt.edu/~bard/classes/mth3380/cicada_hi.pdf">"Synchronization of periodical cicada emergences"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>194</b> (4262): <span class="nowrap">335–</span>337. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Sci...194..335H">1976Sci...194..335H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.987617">10.1126/science.987617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/987617">987617</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.pitt.edu/~bard/classes/mth3380/cicada_hi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Synchronization+of+periodical+cicada+emergences&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=4262&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E337&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F987617&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.987617&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976Sci...194..335H&rft.aulast=Hoppensteadt&rft.aufirst=Frank+C&rft.au=Keller%2C+Joseph+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.pitt.edu%2F~bard%2Fclasses%2Fmth3380%2Fcicada_hi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMain2021" class="citation web cs1">Main, Douglas (3 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503173228/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/brood-x-cicadas-actually-good-fear-not">"Trillions of cicadas are coming to the U.S. Here's why that's a good thing"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/brood-x-cicadas-actually-good-fear-not">the original</a> on 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Trillions+of+cicadas+are+coming+to+the+U.S.+Here%27s+why+that%27s+a+good+thing.&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft.aulast=Main&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Farticle%2Fbrood-x-cicadas-actually-good-fear-not&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyers1929" class="citation book cs1">Myers, JG (1929). <i>Insect Singers: A Natural History of the Cicadas</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insect+Singers%3A+A+Natural+History+of+the+Cicadas&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=JG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamel2005" class="citation web cs1">Ramel, Gordon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthlife.net/insects/cicadidae.html">"The Singing Cicadas"</a>. Earth Life<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Singing+Cicadas&rft.pub=Earth+Life&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ramel&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthlife.net%2Finsects%2Fcicadidae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiegel1994" class="citation book cs1">Riegel, Garland (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110080636/http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_chfolk.html"><i>Cicada in Chinese Folklore</i></a>. Melsheimer Entomological Series. Bug bios. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_chfolk.html">the original</a> on 10 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cicada+in+Chinese+Folklore&rft.series=Melsheimer+Entomological+Series&rft.pub=Bug+bios&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Riegel&rft.aufirst=Garland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bugbios.com%2Fced3%2Fcicada_chfolk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2000" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Annette (2000). <i>The Reed Handbook of Common New Zealand Insects</i>. Reed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7900-0718-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7900-0718-2"><bdi>978-0-7900-0718-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reed+Handbook+of+Common+New+Zealand+Insects&rft.pub=Reed&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7900-0718-2&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACicada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cicadoidea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cicadoidea">Cicadoidea</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/60px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/120px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/cicadidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:cicadidae">cicadidae</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/cicada" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/cicada">cicada</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cicadamania.com/">Cicada Mania</a> – Website dedicated to cicadas, the most amazing insects in the world</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masscic.org/"><i>Massachusetts Cicadas</i></a> describes behavior, sightings, photos, how to find guide, videos, periodical and annual cicada species information and distribution maps</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cicadas.uconn.edu/">Cicadas.uconn.edu/ Brood mapping project</a> – solicits records and observations from the general public</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insectsingers.com/100th_meridian_cicadas/index.html">Song recordings and information of cicadas of the United States and Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/bugs/cicadas.htm">Cicadas of Florida, <i>Neocicada hieroglyphica</i>, <i>Tibicen</i>, <i>Diceroprocta</i> and <i>Melampsalta</i> spp.</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>/<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Food_and_Agricultural_Sciences" title="Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences">IFAS</a> <i>Featured Creatures</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inside.msj.edu/academics/faculty/kritskg/cicada/Site/Cicada_home.html">Greater Cincinnati Cicada Information & Teaching Resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130416023248/http://inside.msj.edu/academics/faculty/kritskg/cicada/Site/Cicada_home.html">Archived</a> 16 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – College of Mt Saint Joseph Cicada Information Site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/digital/metcalf/index.html">DrMetcalf: a resource on cicadas, leafhoppers, planthoppers, spittlebugs, and treehoppers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:12.15em"><a href="/wiki/Cicadomorpha" title="Cicadomorpha">Cicadomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Froghopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Froghopper">Cercopoidea</a><br /><span style="color:#696969"><small><span class="nobold">(froghoppers)</span></small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrophoridae" title="Aphrophoridae">Aphrophoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopidae" title="Cercopidae">Cercopidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clastopteridae" title="Clastopteridae">Clastopteridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischnorhinidae" title="Ischnorhinidae">Ischnorhinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaerotidae" title="Machaerotidae">Machaerotidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cicadoidea</a><br /><span style="color:#696969"><small><span class="nobold">(cicadas)</span></small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cicadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tettigarctidae" title="Tettigarctidae">Tettigarctidae <small>(hairy cicadas)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Membracoidea" title="Membracoidea">Membracoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetalionidae" title="Aetalionidae">Aetalionidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leafhopper" title="Leafhopper">Cicadellidae <small>(leafhoppers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melizoderidae" title="Melizoderidae">Melizoderidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treehopper" title="Treehopper">Membracidae <small>(typical treehoppers, thorn bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myerslopiidae" title="Myerslopiidae">Myerslopiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.15em"><a href="/wiki/Planthopper" title="Planthopper">Fulgoromorpha</a><br /><span style="color:#696969"><small><span class="nobold">(planthoppers)</span></small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Planthopper" title="Planthopper">Fulgoroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanaloniidae" title="Acanaloniidae">Acanaloniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilidae" title="Achilidae">Achilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilixiidae" title="Achilixiidae">Achilixiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cixiidae" title="Cixiidae">Cixiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphacidae" title="Delphacidae">Delphacidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbidae" title="Derbidae">Derbidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyopharidae" title="Dictyopharidae">Dictyopharidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybrachidae" title="Eurybrachidae">Eurybrachidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatidae" title="Flatidae">Flatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgoridae" title="Fulgoridae">Fulgoridae <small>(lanternflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengidae" title="Gengidae">Gengidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochthonellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypochthonellidae">Hypochthonellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issidae" title="Issidae">Issidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnaridae" title="Kinnaridae">Kinnaridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophopidae" title="Lophopidae">Lophopidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenoplidae" title="Meenoplidae">Meenoplidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogodinidae" title="Nogodinidae">Nogodinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricaniidae" title="Ricaniidae">Ricaniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tettigometridae" title="Tettigometridae">Tettigometridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropiduchidae" title="Tropiduchidae">Tropiduchidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Sternorrhyncha448" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Sternorrhyncha" title="Sternorrhyncha">Sternorrhyncha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:23.3em"><a href="/wiki/Whitefly" title="Whitefly">Aleyrodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitefly" title="Whitefly">Aleyrodidae <small>(whiteflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:23.3em"><a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">Aphidoidea</a><br /><span style="color:#696969"><small><span class="nobold">(aphids)</span></small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphididae" title="Aphididae">Aphididae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:23.3em"><a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">Coccoidea</a><br /><span style="color:#696969"><small><span class="nobold">(scale insects)</span></small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aclerdidae" title="Aclerdidae">Aclerdidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterolecaniidae" title="Asterolecaniidae">Asterolecaniidae <small>(pit scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beesoniidae" title="Beesoniidae">Beesoniidae <small>(beesoniids)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carayonemidae" title="Carayonemidae">Carayonemidae <small>(carayonemids)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerococcidae" title="Cerococcidae">Cerococcidae <small>(ornate pit scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidae" title="Coccidae">Coccidae <small>(soft scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conchaspididae" title="Conchaspididae">Conchaspididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylopius" title="Dactylopius">Dactylopiidae <small>(cochineals)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspididae" title="Diaspididae">Diaspididae <small>(armored scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriococcidae" title="Eriococcidae">Eriococcidae <small>(felt scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halimococcidae" title="Halimococcidae">Halimococcidae <small>(pupillarial palm scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermesidae" title="Kermesidae">Kermesidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerriidae" title="Kerriidae">Kerriidae <small>(lac scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecanodiaspididae" title="Lecanodiaspididae">Lecanodiaspididae <small>(false pit scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarodidae" title="Margarodidae">Margarodidae <small>(cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, ground pearls)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrococcidae" title="Micrococcidae">Micrococcidae <small>(Mediterranean scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophlebidae" title="Monophlebidae">Monophlebidae <small>(giant scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortheziidae" title="Ortheziidae">Ortheziidae <small>(ensign scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacoleachiidae" title="Phenacoleachiidae">Phenacoleachiidae <small>(phenacoleachiids)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicococcidae" title="Phoenicococcidae">Phoenicococcidae <small>(palm scales)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealybug" title="Mealybug">Pseudococcidae <small>(mealybugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putoidae" title="Putoidae">Putoidae <small>(giant mealybugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stictococcidae" title="Stictococcidae">Stictococcidae <small>(stictococcids)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:23.3em"><a href="/wiki/Phylloxeroidea" title="Phylloxeroidea">Phylloxeroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelgidae" title="Adelgidae">Adelgidae <small>(woolly conifer aphids)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxeridae" title="Phylloxeridae">Phylloxeridae <small>(phylloxerans)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:23.3em"><a href="/wiki/Psylloidea" title="Psylloidea">Psylloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphalaridae" title="Aphalaridae">Aphalaridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calophyidae" title="Calophyidae">Calophyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsidaridae" title="Carsidaridae">Carsidaridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homotomidae" title="Homotomidae">Homotomidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phacopteronidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacopteronidae">Phacopteronidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyllidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psyllidae">Psyllidae <small>(jumping plant lice)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triozidae" title="Triozidae">Triozidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Heteroptera_(with_Coleorrhyncha)448" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Heteroptera" title="Heteroptera">Heteroptera</a> <small><span class="nobold">(with</span> <a href="/wiki/Peloridiidae" title="Peloridiidae">Coleorrhyncha</a><span class="nobold">)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dipsocoromorpha19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.15em;padding-right:11.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Dipsocoromorpha" title="Dipsocoromorpha">Dipsocoromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceratocombidae" title="Ceratocombidae">Ceratocombidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipsocoridae" title="Dipsocoridae">Dipsocoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsipterygidae" title="Hypsipterygidae">Hypsipterygidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizopteridae" title="Schizopteridae">Schizopteridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemmocryptidae" title="Stemmocryptidae">Stemmocryptidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.15em"><a href="/wiki/Enicocephalomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Enicocephalomorpha">Enicocephalomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Enicocephalomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Enicocephalomorpha">Enicocephaloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aenictopecheidae" title="Aenictopecheidae">Aenictopecheidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enicocephalidae" title="Enicocephalidae">Enicocephalidae <small>(unique-headed bugs, gnat bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.15em"><a href="/wiki/Gerromorpha" title="Gerromorpha">Gerromorpha</a><br /><span style="color:#696969"><small><span class="nobold">(semiaquatic bugs)</span></small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Gerroidea" title="Gerroidea">Gerroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerridae" title="Gerridae">Gerridae <small>(water striders)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermatobatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermatobatidae">Hermatobatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliidae" title="Veliidae">Veliidae <small>(riffle bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Velvet_water_bug" title="Velvet water bug">Hebroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_water_bug" title="Velvet water bug">Hebridae <small>(velvet water bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrometroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrometroidea">Hydrometroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometridae" title="Hydrometridae">Hydrometridae <small>(marsh treaders or water measurers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroveliidae" title="Macroveliidae">Macroveliidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrynoveliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphrynoveliidae">Paraphrynoveliidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Water_treader" title="Water treader">Mesovelioidea</a><br /><span style="color:#696969"><small><span class="nobold">(water treaders)</span></small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeoveliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeoveliidae">Madeoveliidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoveliidae" title="Mesoveliidae">Mesoveliidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Leptopodomorpha19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.15em;padding-right:11.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Leptopodomorpha" title="Leptopodomorpha">Leptopodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saldidae" title="Saldidae">Saldidae <small>(shore bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptopodidae" title="Leptopodidae">Leptopodidae <small>(spiny shore bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaniidae">Omaniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aepophilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aepophilidae">Aepophilidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.15em"><a href="/wiki/Nepomorpha" title="Nepomorpha">Nepomorpha</a><br /><span style="color:#696969"><small><span class="nobold">(true water bugs)</span></small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Corixidae" title="Corixidae">Corixoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corixidae" title="Corixidae">Corixidae <small>(water boatmen)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Nepoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepoidea">Nepoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belostomatidae" title="Belostomatidae">Belostomatidae <small>(giant water bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepidae" title="Nepidae">Nepidae <small>(water scorpions, needle bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Ochteroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochteroidea">Ochteroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gelastocoridae" title="Gelastocoridae">Gelastocoridae <small>(toad bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochteridae" title="Ochteridae">Ochteridae <small>(velvety shore bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Aphelocheiroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelocheiroidea">Aphelocheiroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphelocheiridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelocheiridae">Aphelocheiridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamocoridae" title="Potamocoridae">Potamocoridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Naucoridae" title="Naucoridae">Naucoroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naucoridae" title="Naucoridae">Naucoridae <small>(creeping water bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Notonectidae" title="Notonectidae">Notonectoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notonectidae" title="Notonectidae">Notonectidae <small>(backswimmers)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Pleoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleoidea">Pleoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helotrephidae" title="Helotrephidae">Helotrephidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleidae" title="Pleidae">Pleidae <small>(pygmy backswimmers)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peloridiomorpha(Coleorrhyncha)122" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.15em;padding-right:11.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Peloridiidae" title="Peloridiidae">Peloridiomorpha<br /><span class="nobold">(Coleorrhyncha)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peloridiidae" title="Peloridiidae">Peloridiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.15em"><a href="/wiki/Cimicomorpha" title="Cimicomorpha">Cimicomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Cimicoidea" title="Cimicoidea">Cimicoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthocoridae" title="Anthocoridae">Anthocoridae <small>(minute pirate bugs or flower bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimicidae" title="Cimicidae">Cimicidae <small>(bed bugs, bat bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curalium" title="Curalium">Curaliidae <small>(<i>Curalium cronini</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joppeicidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Joppeicidae">Joppeicidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiochilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasiochilidae">Lasiochilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyctocoridae" title="Lyctocoridae">Lyctocoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medocostidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medocostidae (page does not exist)">Medocostidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphysidae" title="Microphysidae">Microphysidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miridae" title="Miridae">Miridae <small>(plant bugs, leaf bugs, grass bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidae" title="Nabidae">Nabidae <small>(damsel bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachynomidae" title="Pachynomidae">Pachynomidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plokiophilidae" title="Plokiophilidae">Plokiophilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyctenidae" title="Polyctenidae">Polyctenidae <small>(old world bat bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduviidae" title="Reduviidae">Reduviidae <small>(assassin bugs, wheel bugs, thread-legged bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumastocoridae" title="Thaumastocoridae">Thaumastocoridae <small>(royal palm bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingidae" title="Tingidae">Tingidae <small>(lace bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velocipedidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velocipedidae (page does not exist)">Velocipedidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.15em"><a href="/wiki/Pentatomomorpha" title="Pentatomomorpha">Pentatomomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Aradoidea" title="Aradoidea">Aradoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aradidae" title="Aradidae">Aradidae <small>(flat bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termitaphididae" title="Termitaphididae">Termitaphididae <small>(termite bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Pentatomoidea" title="Pentatomoidea">Pentatomoidea</a><br /><span style="color:#696969"><small><span class="nobold">(shield bugs)</span></small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urostylididae" title="Urostylididae">Urostylididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthosomatidae" title="Acanthosomatidae">Acanthosomatidae <small>(shield bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessaratomidae" title="Tessaratomidae">Tessaratomidae <small>(giant shield bugs and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinidoridae" title="Dinidoridae">Dinidoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydnidae" title="Cydnidae">Cydnidae <small>(burrowing bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumastellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaumastellidae">Thaumastellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parastrachiidae" title="Parastrachiidae">Parastrachiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyreocoridae" title="Thyreocoridae">Thyreocoridae <small>(includes ebony bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestoniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lestoniidae">Lestoniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloeidae" title="Phloeidae">Phloeidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutelleridae" title="Scutelleridae">Scutelleridae <small>(jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plataspidae" title="Plataspidae">Plataspidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentatomidae" title="Pentatomidae">Pentatomidae <small>(stink bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopidae">Canopidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarididae" title="Megarididae">Megarididae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Coreoidea" title="Coreoidea">Coreoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alydidae" title="Alydidae">Alydidae <small>(broad-headed bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreidae" title="Coreidae">Coreidae <small>(squash bugs, leaf-footed bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyocephalidae" title="Hyocephalidae">Hyocephalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhopalidae" title="Rhopalidae">Rhopalidae <small>(scentless plant bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenocephalidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenocephalidae">Stenocephalidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lygaeoidea" title="Lygaeoidea">Lygaeoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artheneidae" title="Artheneidae">Artheneidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytidae" title="Berytidae">Berytidae <small>(stilt bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissidae" title="Blissidae">Blissidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colobathristidae" title="Colobathristidae">Colobathristidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptorhamphidae" title="Cryptorhamphidae">Cryptorhamphidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymidae" title="Cymidae">Cymidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocoridae" title="Geocoridae">Geocoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henicocoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henicocoridae (page does not exist)">Henicocoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogastridae" title="Heterogastridae">Heterogastridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiostolidae" title="Idiostolidae">Idiostolidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygaeidae" title="Lygaeidae">Lygaeidae <small>(milkweed bugs, true seed bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcidae" title="Malcidae">Malcidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meschiidae" title="Meschiidae">Meschiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninidae" title="Ninidae">Ninidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycarenidae" title="Oxycarenidae">Oxycarenidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachygronthidae" title="Pachygronthidae">Pachygronthidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyparochromidae" title="Rhyparochromidae">Rhyparochromidae <small>(atypical seed bugs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piesmatidae" title="Piesmatidae">Piesmatidae <small>(ash-grey leaf bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhocoroidea" title="Pyrrhocoroidea">Pyrrhocoroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhocoridae" title="Pyrrhocoridae">Pyrrhocoridae <small>(red bugs, cotton stainers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largidae" title="Largidae">Largidae <small>(bordered plant bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Note: <a href="/wiki/Coleorrhyncha" title="Coleorrhyncha">Coleorrhyncha</a> are a different <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> from <a href="/wiki/Heteroptera" title="Heteroptera">Heteroptera</a>. Heteroptera with Coleorrhyncha were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Prosorrhyncha" title="Prosorrhyncha">Prosorrhyncha</a>.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_interactions_with_insects236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_Japanese_culture" title="Insects in Japanese culture">Insects in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rats,_Lice_and_History" title="Rats, Lice and History">Rats, Lice and History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories,<br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_and_humans" title="Category:Insects and humans">Insects and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides">Pesticides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/17px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/26px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/34px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_cicada_broods102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cicada_Broods" title="Template:Cicada Broods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cicada_Broods" title="Template talk:Cicada Broods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cicada_Broods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cicada Broods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_cicada_broods102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodical_cicadas" title="Periodical cicadas">Periodic cicada broods</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17-year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brood_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brood I (page does not exist)">Brood I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_II" title="Brood II">Brood II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brood_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brood III (page does not exist)">Brood III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brood_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brood IV (page does not exist)">Brood IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_V" title="Brood V">Brood V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brood_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brood VI (page does not exist)">Brood VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brood_VII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brood VII (page does not exist)">Brood VII</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brood_VIII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brood VIII (page does not exist)">Brood VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_IX" title="Brood IX">Brood IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_X" title="Brood X">Brood X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brood_XI" title="Brood XI">Brood XI</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_XIII" title="Brood XIII">Brood XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_XIV" title="Brood XIV">Brood XIV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13-year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brood_XIX" title="Brood XIX">Brood XIX</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brood_XXI" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood XXI">Brood XXI</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_XXII" title="Brood XXII">Brood XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_XXIII" title="Brood XXIII">Brood XXIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cicada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct broods.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat509" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat509" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_meat" title="Ostrich meat">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/120px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/250px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/120px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/250px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea#Culinary" title="Ascidiacea">Sea squirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/20px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2540" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2540" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Cicadoidea</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1947892" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1947892">Q1947892</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cicadoidea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Cicadoidea">Cicadoidea</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cicadoidea/">Cicadoidea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/CICADOIDEA">CICADOIDEA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17060">17060</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/12743">12743</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/B6LPD">B6LPD</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2645412">2645412</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:15871">15871</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/2e4d6b3c-86cf-4ad6-a71e-9dcececa34ac">2e4d6b3c-86cf-4ad6-a71e-9dcececa34ac</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/50190">50190</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=109168">109168</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=33367">33367</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/cc65f2d2-93ff-4e42-bde0-837f1d737294">cc65f2d2-93ff-4e42-bde0-837f1d737294</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=175976">175976</a></span></span></li></ul> 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