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</ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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medicine promoting eye health and blindness prevention through programs utilizing methodologies of <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Community medicine">community medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a> in 1978. This new discipline was first proposed<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia E. Bath</a> in 1978 after observations of epidemics rates of preventable blindness among under-served populations in urban areas in the US as well as under-served populations in so called third-world countries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failure of hospital-based eye care to provide preventive services for at-risk populations as evidenced by the high rates of blindness due to preventable causes. Moreover, government institutional-based public health facilities were not equipped to prevent or treat the at-risk populations because the system-wide infrastructure lacked personnel capable of delivery of services for eye health education and eye health care. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co01png.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Co01png.png/220px-Co01png.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Co01png.png/330px-Co01png.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Co01png.png/440px-Co01png.png 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Subspecialities of ophthalmology</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, public health departments had staff of physicians, <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiologists">epidemiologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biostatisticians" class="mw-redirect" title="Biostatisticians">biostatisticians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalists">environmentalists</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Microbiologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbiologists">microbiologists</a>. The disciplines included in public health services were maternal and child health, <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>, family planning, and sanitation and environment. Hospital and public health institutions viewed ophthalmology (i.e. eye care services) as tertiary health care to be delivered solely by <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmologists">ophthalmologists</a>. The basic public health services included pediatricians, obstetricians, gynecologists, family practice physicians, environment/sanitation specialists as well as nurses and midwives but no ophthalmic assistants. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co02png.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Co02png.png/220px-Co02png.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Co02png.png/330px-Co02png.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Co02png.png/440px-Co02png.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Blindness</figcaption></figure> <p>In the discipline of community ophthalmology, the new cadre of personnel known as eye health care workers, eye health care educators, or ophthalmic assistants are trained to provide eye care and blindness prevention services at the village or door-to-door level. </p><p>For example, in villages with endemic <a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">trachoma</a> the eye care health workers would educate families about the importance of sanitation and handwashing and also provide access to eye drops. In areas with high rates of blindness due to <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataract</a> this cadre of personnel would educate families about the cure for blindness due to cataracts with eye surgery. Changing the belief that blindness is an inevitable consequence of aging requires community eye health education about curable blindness and preventable blindness which is still so necessary in many parts of the world. Community ophthalmology teachings include the concept of primary eye care which has been advocated as both as a stand-alone health service as well as a new integral component of basic health services or public health services.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co03png.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Co03png.png/220px-Co03png.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Co03png.png/330px-Co03png.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Co03png.png/440px-Co03png.png 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Basic health services</figcaption></figure> <p>This new concept has been shown to be a sight-saving blindness prevention strategy. Since its inception in 1978, programs of community ophthalmology have been developed worldwide. The promulgation of programs of community ophthalmology can be traced through programs of <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NGOs like AiPb,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and through the effort of individuals such as Professor <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Odarquaye_Quarcoopome" title="Cornelius Odarquaye Quarcoopome">Cornelius Odarquaye Quarcoopome</a> in Africa <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Professor Kirmani in Asia and Professor Bath worldwide. </p><p>In 2017 Dr. Bath's role in the founding of community ophthalmology was recognized by <a href="/wiki/Medscape" title="Medscape">Medscape</a> as one of the "14 Women Physicians who Changed the Course of American Medicine." </p><p>In 2021 the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">English National Health Service</a> started a program to allow hospital ophthalmologists to access records, referrals, and diagnostic images from high street optometrists in England. This is intended to cut out test duplication and reduce unnecessary hospital appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_ophthalmology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_26.html">Biography, Patricia E. Bath</a>, NIH</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bath PE (May 1978). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blindnessprevention.org/index_htm_files/Blindness%20Prevention%20Programs.pdf">Blindness Prevention Through Program in Community Ophthalmology in Developing Countries</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>", <i>Excerpta Medica Series 442</i>, Amsterdam, Oxford CCIII International Congress of Ophthalmology, 1913- 1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBath1979" class="citation journal cs1">Bath, PE (February 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2537323">"Rationale for a program in community ophthalmology"</a>. <i>J Natl Med Assoc</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 145–8. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2537323">2537323</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/423288">423288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Natl+Med+Assoc&rft.atitle=Rationale+for+a+program+in+community+ophthalmology&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-8&rft.date=1979-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2537323%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F423288&rft.aulast=Bath&rft.aufirst=PE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2537323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity+ophthalmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/40142/1/9241541415_eng.pdf">Guide Pour Les Programmes De Prevention De Cecile, WHO, 1979</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NHS+starts+digital+transformation+of+high-volume+specialty&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsj.co.uk%2Ftechnology-and-innovation%2Fnhs-starts-digital-transformation-of-high-volume-specialty%2F7029599.article%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity+ophthalmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_ophthalmology&oldid=1155968919">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_ophthalmology&oldid=1155968919</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ophthalmology" title="Category:Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2019">Articles with dead external links from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 May 2023, at 15:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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