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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusers_of_Socrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusers_of_Socrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accusers of Socrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusers_of_Socrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_dialogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_dialogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The dialogue</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_dialogue-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The dialogue subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_dialogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Part_one:_The_defence_of_Socrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_one:_The_defence_of_Socrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Part one: The defence of Socrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_one:_The_defence_of_Socrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_two:_Socrates'_sentencing_plea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_two:_Socrates'_sentencing_plea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Part two: Socrates' sentencing plea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_two:_Socrates'_sentencing_plea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_three:_Socrates'_departing_remarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_three:_Socrates'_departing_remarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Part three: Socrates' departing remarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_three:_Socrates'_departing_remarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Texts and translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Apology (Plato): Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="دفاع سقراط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دفاع سقراط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrat%C4%B1n_m%C3%BCdafi%C9%99si" title="Sokratın müdafiəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sokratın müdafiəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Апология (диалог) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Апология (диалог)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emzifenn_Sokrates_(Platon)" title="Emzifenn Sokrates (Platon) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emzifenn Sokrates (Platon)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologia_de_S%C3%B2crates" title="Apologia de Sòcrates – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apologia de Sòcrates" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrana_S%C3%B3kratova" title="Obrana Sókratova – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obrana Sókratova" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates%27_forsvarstale" title="Sokrates' forsvarstale – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sokrates' forsvarstale" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologie_(Platon)" title="Apologie (Platon) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apologie (Platon)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokratese_apoloogia" title="Sokratese apoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sokratese apoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CF%89%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_(%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD)" title="Απολογία Σωκράτους (Πλάτων) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απολογία Σωκράτους (Πλάτων)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolog%C3%ADa_de_S%C3%B3crates" title="Apología de Sócrates – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apología de Sócrates" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologio_de_Sokrato_(Platono)" title="Apologio de Sokrato (Platono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apologio de Sokrato (Platono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokratesen_defentsa" title="Sokratesen defentsa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sokratesen defentsa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86)" title="آپولوژی (افلاطون) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپولوژی (افلاطون)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologie_de_Socrate" title="Apologie de Socrate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apologie de Socrate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolox%C3%ADa_(Plat%C3%B3n)" title="Apoloxía (Platón) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apoloxía (Platón)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EB%B3%80%EB%A1%A0" title="소크라테스의 변론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소크라테스의 변론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8_(%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6)" title="Սոկրատեսի պաշտպանականը (Պլատոն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոկրատեսի պաշտպանականը (Պլատոն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B)" title="अपॉलॉजी (प्लेटो) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपॉलॉजी (प्लेटो)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lsv%C3%B6rn_S%C3%B3kratesar_(Platon)" title="Málsvörn Sókratesar (Platon) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málsvörn Sókratesar (Platon)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologia_di_Socrate" title="Apologia di Socrate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apologia di Socrate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99)" title="אפולוגיה (דיאלוג אפלטוני) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפולוגיה (דיאלוג אפלטוני)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="აპოლოგია (პლატონი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპოლოგია (პლატონი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B_(%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Сократ апологиясы (Платон) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сократ апологиясы (Платон)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologia_Socratis_(Plato)" title="Apologia Socratis (Plato) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Apologia Socratis (Plato)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3krat%C3%A9sz_v%C3%A9d%C5%91besz%C3%A9de" title="Szókratész védőbeszéde – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szókratész védőbeszéde" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologie_van_Socrates" title="Apologie van Socrates – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apologie van Socrates" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E5%BC%81%E6%98%8E" title="ソクラテスの弁明 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソクラテスの弁明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates%E2%80%99_forsvarstale" title="Sokrates’ forsvarstale – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sokrates’ forsvarstale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologia_de_Socrates" title="Apologia de Socrates – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Apologia de Socrates" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%9A%D9%86%D9%87_(%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86)" title="بښنه (اپلاتون) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بښنه (اپلاتون)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrona_Sokratesa" title="Obrona Sokratesa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obrona Sokratesa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologia_de_S%C3%B3crates" title="Apologia de Sócrates – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apologia de Sócrates" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C4%83rarea_lui_Socrate_(Platon)" title="Apărarea lui Socrate (Platon) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apărarea lui Socrate (Platon)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a 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Marble, Roman artwork (1st century), possibly a copy of a lost bronze statue by [[Lysippos]].]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Socrates_Louvre.jpg|thumb|Bust of Socrates. Marble, Roman artwork (1st century), possibly a copy of a lost bronze statue by [[Lysippos]].]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The ''Apology of Socrates'', by the philosopher [[Plato]] (429–347 BC), was one of many explanatory ''[[apologia]]'' about Socrates's legal defence against [[Accusation|accusations]] of [[corruption]] and [[impiety]]; most ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">apologia</del>'' were published in the decade after the [[Trial of Socrates]] (399 BC).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schofield |first=Malcolm |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/plato-427-347-bc/v-1 |chapter=Plato (427–347 BC) |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2016 |isbn=9780415250696 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-A088-1 |access-date=23 July 2008}}</ref> As such, Plato's ''Apology of Socrates'' is an early philosophic defence of Socrates, presented in the form of a [[Socratic dialogue]]. Although [[Aristotle]] later classified it as a genre of fiction,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W. K. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLxO5QSGoHcC |title=A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 4, Plato: The Man and His Dialogues: Earlier Period |date=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-31101-4 |pages=71–72 |language=en |author-link=W. K. C. Guthrie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kahn |first=Charles H.| author-link=Charles H. Kahn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCkF60ScADAC |title=Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64830-1 |page=46 |language=en}}</ref> it is still a useful historical source about [[Socrates]] (469–399 BC) the philosopher.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Brickhouse |first1=Thomas |last2=Smith |first2=Nicholas D. |title=Plato |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/plato.htm |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Aristotle believed the dialogue, particularly the scene where Socrates questions Meletus, represented a good use of interrogation.<ref>Rhetoric, Aristotle</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The ''Apology of Socrates'', by the philosopher [[Plato]] (429–347 BC), was one of many explanatory ''[[apologia]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e</ins>'' about Socrates's legal defence against [[Accusation|accusations]] of [[corruption]] and [[impiety]]; most ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">apologiae</ins>'' were published in the decade after the [[Trial of Socrates]] (399 BC).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schofield |first=Malcolm |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/plato-427-347-bc/v-1 |chapter=Plato (427–347 BC) |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2016 |isbn=9780415250696 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-A088-1 |access-date=23 July 2008}}</ref> As such, Plato's ''Apology of Socrates'' is an early philosophic defence of Socrates, presented in the form of a [[Socratic dialogue]]. Although [[Aristotle]] later classified it as a genre of fiction,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W. K. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLxO5QSGoHcC |title=A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 4, Plato: The Man and His Dialogues: Earlier Period |date=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-31101-4 |pages=71–72 |language=en |author-link=W. K. C. Guthrie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kahn |first=Charles H.| author-link=Charles H. Kahn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCkF60ScADAC |title=Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64830-1 |page=46 |language=en}}</ref> it is still a useful historical source about [[Socrates]] (469–399 BC) the philosopher.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Brickhouse |first1=Thomas |last2=Smith |first2=Nicholas D. |title=Plato |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/plato.htm |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Aristotle believed the dialogue, particularly the scene where Socrates questions Meletus, represented a good use of interrogation.<ref>Rhetoric, Aristotle</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Except for Socrates's two dialogues with Meletus, about the nature and logic of his accusations of impiety, the text of the ''Apology of Socrates'' is in the first-person perspective and voice of the philosopher Socrates (24d–25d and 26b–27d). Moreover, during the trial, in his speech of self-defence, Socrates twice mentions that Plato is present at the trial (34a and 38b).</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Except for Socrates's two dialogues with Meletus, about the nature and logic of his accusations of impiety, the text of the ''Apology of Socrates'' is in the first-person perspective and voice of the philosopher Socrates (24d–25d and 26b–27d). Moreover, during the trial, in his speech of self-defence, Socrates twice mentions that Plato is present at the trial (34a and 38b).</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 17:38, 23 August 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Socratic dialogue written by Plato</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the article on <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s work on the same subject, see <a href="/wiki/Apology_(Xenophon)" title="Apology (Xenophon)">Apology of Socrates to the Jury</a>. 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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Platonism" title="Template:Platonism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Platonism" title="Template talk:Platonism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Platonism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Platonism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Apology of Socrates</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀπολογία Σωκράτους</span></span>, <i>Apología Sokrátous</i>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-la (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-la</a>), written by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Testimony#Law" title="Testimony">speech</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_legal_profession#Ancient_Greece,_Rome_and_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the legal profession">legal self-defence</a> which <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (469–399 BC) spoke at his <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Socrates" title="Trial of Socrates">trial for impiety and corruption</a> in 399 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specifically, the <i>Apology of Socrates</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">defence</a> against the charges of "corrupting the youth" and "<a href="/wiki/Asebeia" title="Asebeia">not believing in the gods in whom the city believes</a>, but in other <i><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(classical_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (classical mythology)">daimonia</a></i> that are novel" to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> (24b).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the primary sources about the trial and death of the philosopher Socrates, the <i>Apology of Socrates</i> is the dialogue that depicts the trial, and is one of four Socratic dialogues, along with <i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i>, through which Plato details the final days of the philosopher Socrates. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_text_of_Apology">The text of <i>Apology</i></h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/220px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/330px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/440px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Socrates. Marble, Roman artwork (1st century), possibly a copy of a lost bronze statue by <a href="/wiki/Lysippos" title="Lysippos">Lysippos</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Apology of Socrates</i>, by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (429–347 BC), was one of many explanatory <i><a href="/wiki/Apologia" title="Apologia">apologiae</a></i> about Socrates's legal defence against <a href="/wiki/Accusation" title="Accusation">accusations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impiety" title="Impiety">impiety</a>; most <i>apologiae</i> were published in the decade after the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Socrates" title="Trial of Socrates">Trial of Socrates</a> (399 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Plato's <i>Apology of Socrates</i> is an early philosophic defence of Socrates, presented in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> later classified it as a genre of fiction,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is still a useful historical source about <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (469–399 BC) the philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle believed the dialogue, particularly the scene where Socrates questions Meletus, represented a good use of interrogation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Except for Socrates's two dialogues with Meletus, about the nature and logic of his accusations of impiety, the text of the <i>Apology of Socrates</i> is in the first-person perspective and voice of the philosopher Socrates (24d–25d and 26b–27d). Moreover, during the trial, in his speech of self-defence, Socrates twice mentions that Plato is present at the trial (34a and 38b). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2></div> <p>The <i>Apology of Socrates</i> begins with Socrates addressing the <a href="/wiki/Dikastes" title="Dikastes">jury of perhaps 500 Athenian men</a> to ask if they have been persuaded by the Orators Lycon, Anytus, and Meletus, who have accused Socrates of corrupting the young people of the city and impiety against the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> of Athens. The first sentence of his speech establishes the theme of the dialogue—that <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">philosophy</a> begins with an admission of ignorance. Socrates later clarifies that point of philosophy when he says that whatever <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a> he possesses comes from knowing that he knows nothing (23b, 29b). </p><p>In the course of the trial, Socrates imitates, parodies, and corrects the Orators, his accusers, and asks the jury to judge him by the truth of his statements, not by his oratorical skill (<i>cf</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a> XIX 1,2,3; <a href="/wiki/Isaeus" title="Isaeus">Isaeus</a> X 1; <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a> XV 79; <a href="/wiki/Aeschines" title="Aeschines">Aeschines</a> II 24). Socrates says he will not use sophisticated language—carefully arranged ornate words and phrases—but will speak using the common idiom of the Greek language. Socrates says that he will speak in the manner he has used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a></i> and at the money tables which he states is his native tongue and the fashion of his country. Although offered the opportunity to appease the prejudices of the jury, with a minimal concession to the charges of <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impiety" title="Impiety">impiety</a>, Socrates does not yield his <a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">integrity</a> to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">penalty of death</a>. The jury condemns Socrates to death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accusers_of_Socrates">Accusers of Socrates</h2></div> <p>In the society of 5th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>, the three men who formally accused the philosopher Socrates of impiety and corruption against the people and the city, officially represented the interests of the politicians and the craftsmen, of the scholars, poets, and rhetoricians. The accusers of Socrates were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anytus" title="Anytus">Anytus</a>, a rich and socially prominent Athenian who opposed the <a href="/wiki/Sophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophists">Sophists</a> on principle.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socrates says that Anytus joined the prosecution because he was "vexed on behalf of the craftsmen and politicians" (23e–24a); moreover, Anytus appears in the <i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i> dialogue (90f). Whilst Socrates and Meno (a visitor to Athens) are discussing Virtue, Anytus unexpectedly appears before them, and overhears their conversation. From the philosophic stance that virtue cannot be taught, Socrates adduces that many socially prominent Athenians have produced sons who are inferior to themselves, as fathers; Socrates names several such men, including <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>. In the event, Anytus is offended by the observation, and warns Socrates that stepping on people’s toes (<i>kakós legein</i>) could, someday, cause trouble for him (Meno 94e–95a).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletus" title="Meletus">Meletus</a>, the only accuser to speak during Socrates's speech of self-defence; he was the tool of Anytus, the true enemy of Socrates.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socrates says that Meletus joined the prosecution because he was "vexed on behalf of the poets" (23e); moreover, Meletus features in the <i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i> dialogue. At trial, Socrates identifies Meletus as an unknown, young man with an <a href="/wiki/Aquiline_nose" title="Aquiline nose">aquiline nose</a>. In the <i>Apology of Socrates</i>, Meletus agrees to be cross-examined by Socrates, whose questions lead Meletus into a semantic trap. Inattentive to the logical implications of his accusations of corruption and impiety, Meletus contradicts himself in accusing Socrates of <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and of believing in <a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigods</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycon_of_Athens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycon of Athens (page does not exist)">Lycon</a>, who represented the professional rhetoricians as an interest group.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socrates says that Lycon joined the prosecution because he was "vexed on behalf of the rhetoricians" (24a). That he joined the prosecution because he associated Socrates with the pro–Spartan <a href="/wiki/The_Thirty_Tyrants" class="mw-redirect" title="The Thirty Tyrants">Oligarchy of the Thirty Tyrants</a> (404 BC), who killed his son, Autolycus.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a prosecutor of Socrates, Lycon also is a figure of ridicule in a play by Aristophanes and had become a successful democratic politician in the democracy restored after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_coup_of_411_BC" title="Athenian coup of 411 BC">Oligarchy of the Four Hundred</a> (411 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2002_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>The accusations</dt></dl> <p>In his defence at trial, Socrates faced two sets of accusations: (i) <i><a href="/wiki/Asebeia" title="Asebeia">asebeia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Impiety" title="Impiety">impiety</a>) against the pantheon of Athens, by introducing new gods; and (ii) corruption of Athenian youth, by teaching them to doubt the <i>status quo</i>. Socrates says to the court that these old accusations arise from years of gossip and prejudice against him; hence, are matters difficult to address. He then reformulates the diffuse accusations from the orators against him into the proper legal form: "Socrates is committing an injustice, in that he inquires into things below the earth and in the sky; and makes the weaker argument the stronger; and teaches others to follow his example" (19b-c). </p><p>Socrates also says that the accusations for which he is answering in court already had been spoken and published by the comic poet <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, and are therefore beyond the legal scope of a trial for corruption and impiety. Years earlier, in the play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a></i> (423 BC), Aristophanes lampooned Socrates as a charlatan, the paradigm philosopher of atheist and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophism">sophistry</a>—carefully arranged arguments constructed of ornate words and phrases—misrepresented as wisdom. In light of that definition, Socrates defensively argues that he cannot be mistaken for a Sophist philosopher because Sophists are wise men, are thought to be wise by the people of Athens, and, thus, are highly paid for their teaching; whereas he (Socrates) lives in ten-thousand-fold poverty, and knows nothing noble and good (23c). </p> <dl><dt>Impiety</dt></dl> <p>For his self-defence, Socrates first eliminates any claim that he is a wise man. He says that Chaerephon, reputed to be impetuous, went to the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_of_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle of Delphi">Oracle of Delphi</a> and asked her, the prophetess, Pythia, to tell him of anyone wiser than Socrates. The Pythia answered to Chaerephon that there was no man wiser. On learning of that oracular pronouncement, Socrates says he was astounded, because, on the one hand, it is against the nature of the Oracle to lie, but, on the other hand, he knew he was not wise. Therefore, Socrates sought to find someone wiser than himself, so that he could take that person as evidence to the Oracle at Delphi. Hence why Socrates minutely queried everyone who appeared to be a wise person. In that vein, he tested the minds of politicians, poets, and scholars, for wisdom; although he occasionally found genius, Socrates says that he found no one who possessed wisdom; yet, each man was thought wise by the people, and each man thought himself wise; therefore, he thought he was the better man, because he was aware that he was not wise. </p> <dl><dt>Corruption of the Athenian youth</dt></dl> <p>Socrates explained that the young, rich men of the city of Athens have little to do with their time. They, therefore, follow him about the city, observing his questioning of intellectual arguments in dialogue with other intellectual men. In turn, young men imitate the method of Socrates. Socrates thought that the arguments of the men he examined were wanting, and when he said this, to not lose face, they would restate stock accusations against Socrates; that he is a morally abominable man who corrupts the youth of Athens with sophistry and atheism. In his defence, Socrates said: "For those who are examined, instead of being angry with themselves, are angry with me!". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_dialogue">The dialogue</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;padding-top:0.4em;border-top:1px #fafafa solid;border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socrates" title="Category:Socrates">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UWASocrates_gobeirne_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/UWASocrates_gobeirne_cropped.jpg/200px-UWASocrates_gobeirne_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/UWASocrates_gobeirne_cropped.jpg/300px-UWASocrates_gobeirne_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/UWASocrates_gobeirne_cropped.jpg/400px-UWASocrates_gobeirne_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">I know that I know nothing</a>"</li></ul> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_unexamined_life_is_not_worth_living" title="The unexamined life is not worth living">The unexamined life is not worth living</a>"</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gadfly_(philosophy_and_social_science)" title="Gadfly (philosophy and social science)">Gadfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Socrates" title="Trial of Socrates">Trial of Socrates</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Eponymous concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socratic fallacy">Socratic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_intellectualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socratic intellectualism">Socratic intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_irony" class="mw-redirect" title="Socratic irony">Socratic irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">Socratic paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic questioning</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pupils_of_Socrates" title="Category:Pupils of Socrates">Pupils</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeschines_of_Sphettus" title="Aeschines of Sphettus">Aeschines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Socrates" title="Bibliography of Socrates">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_depictions_of_Socrates" title="List of cultural depictions of Socrates">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Socrates" title="Category:Socrates">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socrates" title="Template:Socrates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socrates" title="Template talk:Socrates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socrates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socrates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>Apology of Socrates</i>, by Plato, is a <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a> in three parts that cover the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Socrates" title="Trial of Socrates">Trial of Socrates</a> (399 BC): (i) the legal self-defence of Socrates, (ii) the verdict of the jury, and (iii) the sentence of the court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_one:_The_defence_of_Socrates">Part one: The defence of Socrates</h3></div> <p>Socrates begins his legal defence by telling the jury that their minds were poisoned by his enemies when they (the jury) were young and impressionable. He also says that his false reputation as a sophistical philosopher comes from his enemies and that all of them are malicious, yet must remain nameless—except for the playwright <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, who lampooned him (Socrates) as a charlatan-philosopher in the comedy play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a></i> (423 BC). About corrupting the rich, young men of Athens, Socrates argues that deliberate corruption is an illogical action because it would hurt him, as well. He says that the accusations of him being a corrupter of youth began at the time of his obedience to the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_at_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle at Delphi">Oracle at Delphi</a>, and tells how <a href="/wiki/Chaerephon" title="Chaerephon">Chaerephon</a> went to the Oracle, to ask her, the Pythian prophetess, if there was a man wiser than Socrates.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Chaerephon reported to him that the Oracle said there is no wiser man, Socrates interpreted that divine report as a riddle—because he was aware of possessing no wisdom "great or small", and that lying is not in the nature of the gods. </p> <dl><dt>The wisest man</dt></dl> <p>Socrates then sought to solve the divine paradox—how an ignorant man also could be the wisest of all men—in effort to illuminate the meaning of the Oracles' categorical statement that he is the wisest man in the land. After systematically interrogating the politicians, the poets, and the craftsmen, Socrates determined that the politicians were not wise like he was. He says of himself, in reference to a politician: "I am wiser than this man; it is likely that neither of us knows anything worthwhile, but he thinks he knows something when he does not."(21d).<sup id="cite_ref-Grube_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grube-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socrates says that the poets did not understand their poetry; that the prophets and seers did not understand what they said; and that the craftsmen while knowing many things, thought they also had much knowledge on things of which they had none. In that light, Socrates saw himself as a spokesman for the Oracle at Delphi (22e). He asked himself if he would rather be an impostor, like the "wise people" he interrogated, or if he would rather be himself, Socrates of Athens. Socrates tells the jury that he would rather be himself than be anyone else. He says that in searching for a man wiser than himself, he came to be regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Social_gadfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Social gadfly">social gadfly</a> and acquired a bad reputation among Athens' politically powerful personages. </p> <dl><dt>Corrupter of youth</dt></dl> <p>Having addressed the social prejudices against him, Socrates addresses the first accusation—the moral corruption of Athenian youth—by accusing his accuser, Meletus, of being indifferent to the persons and things about which he professes to care. Whilst interrogating Meletus, Socrates says that no one would intentionally corrupt another person—because the corrupter later stands to be harmed in vengeance by the corrupted person. The matter of moral corruption is important for two reasons: (i) the accusation is that Socrates corrupted the rich, young men of Athens by teaching atheism; (ii) that if he is convicted of corruption, it will be because the playwright Aristophanes already had corrupted the minds of his audience, when they were young, by lampooning Socrates as the "<a href="/wiki/Sophism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophism">Sophistical philosopher</a>" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a></i>, a comic play produced about twenty-four years earlier. </p> <dl><dt>Atheist</dt></dl> <p>Socrates then addresses the second accusation—<i><a href="/wiki/Impiety" title="Impiety">asebeia</a></i> (impiety) against the pantheon of Athens—by which Meletus says that Socrates is an atheist. In cross-examination, Socrates leads Meletus to contradict himself: that Socrates is an atheist who also believes in spiritual agencies and <a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigods</a>. Socrates tells the judges that Meletus has contradicted himself and then asks if Meletus has designed a test of intelligence for identifying logical contradictions. </p><p><b>On death</b> </p><p>Socrates proceeds to say that people who fear death are showing their ignorance, because death might be a good thing, yet people fear it as if it is evil; even though they cannot know whether it is good or evil. Socrates says that his wisdom is in being aware that he is <a href="/wiki/Ignorance" title="Ignorance">ignorant</a> on this, and other topics. <sup id="cite_ref-Grube_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grube-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Precedence of authority</dt></dl> <p>Regarding a citizen's obedience to authority, Socrates says that a lawful authority, either human or divine, should always be obeyed. In a conflict of obedience to such authorities, he thinks that obeying divine authority supersedes obeying human authority: "Gentlemen, I am your grateful and devoted servant, but I owe a greater obedience to the [Delphic] god than to you; and, as long as I draw breath and have my faculties, I shall never stop practising philosophy"(29d). As a spokesman for the Oracle at Delphi, he is to spur the Athenians to greater awareness of ethics and moral conduct and always shall question and argue. Therefore, the philosopher Socrates of Athens asks his fellow citizens: "Are you not ashamed that you give your attention to acquiring as much money as possible, and similarly with <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">reputation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor">honour</a>, and give no attention or thought to truth and understanding, and the perfection of your soul?"(29e) </p> <dl><dt>Provocateur</dt></dl> <p>Granting no concession to his precarious legal situation, Socrates speaks emotionally and provocatively to the court and says that the greatest good to occur upon Athens is his moral concern for them as fellow citizens. He thinks that material wealth is a consequence of goodness; that the god does not permit a better man to be harmed by a lesser man; and that he is the <a href="/wiki/Social_gadfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Social gadfly">social gadfly</a> required by Athens: "All day long, I will never cease to settle here, there, and everywhere — rousing, persuading, and reproving every one of you." In support of the moral mission assigned him by the Oracle at Delphi, Socrates tells the court that his <i><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(classical_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (classical mythology)">daimonion</a></i> continually forbids him to act unethically (implicitly validating Meletus' accusation that Socrates believes in novel deities not of the Athenian pantheon). </p><p>Socrates says he never was a paid teacher; therefore, he is not responsible for the corruption of any Athenian citizen. If he had corrupted anyone, he asks: why have they not come forward to bear witness? If the corrupted Athenians are ignorant of having been corrupted, then why have their families not spoken on their behalf? Socrates indicates, in point of fact, relatives of the Athenian youth he supposedly corrupted are present in court, giving him moral support. </p><p>Socrates concludes his legal defence by reminding the judges that he shall not resort to emotive tricks and arguments, shall not cry in public regret, and that his three sons will not appear in court to pathetically sway the judges. Socrates says he is not afraid of death and shall not act contrary to religious duty. He says he will rely solely upon sound argument and truth to present his case at trial. </p><p><b>Rhetoric</b> </p><p>In Plato's version of the trial, Socrates mocks oratory as a deceitful rhetorical practice designed to lead jurors away from the truth. Some scholarship, however, views this mockery only as a critique of narrow views of rhetoric-as-speechmaking and, in turn, sees the whole trial as an implicit depiction of a more expansive view of rhetoric that unfolds over the course of a lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_two:_Socrates'_sentencing_plea"><span id="Part_two:_Socrates.27_sentencing_plea"></span>Part two: Socrates' sentencing plea</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canova_-_The_apology_of_Socrates_in_front_of_the_judges,_1790-1792.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Canova_-_The_apology_of_Socrates_in_front_of_the_judges%2C_1790-1792.jpg/260px-Canova_-_The_apology_of_Socrates_in_front_of_the_judges%2C_1790-1792.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Canova_-_The_apology_of_Socrates_in_front_of_the_judges%2C_1790-1792.jpg/390px-Canova_-_The_apology_of_Socrates_in_front_of_the_judges%2C_1790-1792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Canova_-_The_apology_of_Socrates_in_front_of_the_judges%2C_1790-1792.jpg/520px-Canova_-_The_apology_of_Socrates_in_front_of_the_judges%2C_1790-1792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption><i>The apology of Socrates in front of the judges</i> by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a> (<a href="/wiki/Museo_Canova" title="Museo Canova">Museo Canova</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The jurors of the trial voted the guilt of Socrates by a relatively narrow margin (36a). In the <i>Apology of Socrates</i>, Plato cites no total numbers of votes condemning or acquitting the philosopher of the accusations of moral corruption and impiety;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith199026_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith199026-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socrates says that he would have been acquitted if thirty more jurors had voted in his favour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith199026_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith199026-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would likely mean that if the court were composed of 500 people then 280 voted against Socrates and 220 voted in his favor. This would make the margin about 12 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such cases—where the penalty of death might arise as a legal sanction for the accusations is presented—Athenian law required that the prosecutor and the defendant each propose an administrative penalty to punish the actions reported in the accusations. </p><p>Socrates antagonises the court by proposing, rather than a penalty, a reward—perpetual maintenance at public expense. He notes that the vote of judgement against him was close. In that vein, Socrates then engages in dark humour, suggesting that Meletus narrowly escaped a great fine for not meeting the <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutory</a> requirement of receiving one-fifth of the votes of the assembled judges in favour of his accusations against Socrates. In that way, Socrates published the financial consequence for Meletus to consider as a plaintiff in a lawsuit—because the Athenian legal system discouraged frivolous lawsuits by imposing a financially onerous fine upon the plaintiff if the vote of the judges was less than one-fifth of the number of judges required by the type of lawsuit. </p><p>As punishment for the two accusations formally presented against him at trial, Socrates proposed to the court that he be treated as a benefactor to the city of Athens; that he should be given free meals, in perpetuity, at the <a href="/wiki/Prytaneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Prytaneum">Prytaneum</a>, the public dining hall of Athens. Receiving such public <i>largesse</i> is an honour reserved for Olympic athletes, prominent citizens, and benefactors of Athens, as a city and as a state. </p><p>Finally, after the court dismisses the proposed reward—free meals at the <a href="/wiki/Prytaneion" title="Prytaneion">Prytaneum</a>—Socrates considers <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Banishment">banishment</a>, before settling upon a punishment fine of 100 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachmae</a>. Despite his poverty, this was a minor punishment compared to the death penalty proposed by the prosecutors, and encouraged by the judges of the trial. His supporters, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Crito, <a href="/wiki/Crito_of_Alopece" title="Crito of Alopece">Critobulus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Phaleron" title="Apollodorus of Phaleron">Apollodorus</a> offered even more money to pay as a fine—3,000 drachmae (thirty <a href="/wiki/Mina_(unit)" title="Mina (unit)">minae</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nonetheless, to the judges of the trial of Socrates, a pecuniary fine was insufficient punishment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_three:_Socrates'_departing_remarks"><span id="Part_three:_Socrates.27_departing_remarks"></span>Part three: Socrates' departing remarks</h3></div> <p>In the Trial of Socrates, the judgement of the court was death for Socrates; most of the jurors voted for the death penalty (<i>Apology</i> 38c), yet Plato provides no jury-vote numbers in the text of the <i>Apology of Socrates</i>; but <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> reports that 280 jurors voted for the death penalty and 220 jurors voted for a pecuniary fine for Socrates (2.42).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith1990230–231_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith1990230–231-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the politically provocative language and irreverent tone of Socrates's self-defence speech angered the jurors and invited their punishment of him.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Socrates responds to the death-penalty verdict by first addressing the jurors who voted for his death. He says that instead of waiting a short time for him to die from old age, they will now have to accept the harsh criticisms from his supporters. He prophesied that his death will cause the youngsters to come forward and replace him as a social gadfly, spurring ethical conduct from the citizens of Athens, in a manner more vexing than him(39d). </p><p>To the jurors who voted to acquit him, Socrates gives encouragement: his supernatural <i><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(classical_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (classical mythology)">daimonion</a></i> did not interfere with his conduct of the legal defence, which he viewed as a sign that such a defence was the correct action. In that way, the <i><a href="/wiki/Daimonion_(Socrates)" title="Daimonion (Socrates)">daimonion</a></i> communicated to Socrates that death might be a good thing; either death is annihilation (release from earthly worry) and not to be feared, or death is migration to a higher plane of existence in which reside the souls of personages and heroes, such as <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>. </p><p>Socrates concludes his self-defence by saying to the court that he bears no ill-will, neither towards his accusers—Lycon, Anytus, and Meletus—nor the jurors. He then asks the Athenians to correct his three sons if they value material wealth more than living virtuously, or if they become too prideful; and in doing that, justice will finally be served. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_on_Trial_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates on Trial (play)">Socrates on Trial: A Play Based on Aristophane's Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo Adapted for Modern Performance</a></i> (2007), by Andrew David Irvine, is a contemporary play that portrays <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> as philosopher and man, based upon <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a></i> (423 BC), by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, and three Socratic dialogues, by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, the <i>Apology of Socrates</i> (the philosopher's defence at trial), the <i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i> (discussion of the nature of Justice), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i> (discussion of the nature of the Afterlife).</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a>'s 1971 television film <i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates (film)">Socrates</a></i> largely lifts its action and script from this dialogue.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts_and_translations">Texts and translations</h2></div> <ul><li>Greek text at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0169%3Atext%3DApol.">Perseus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/euthyphroapology00plat_520/mode/2up"><i>Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Phaedrus</i></a> Greek with translation by <a href="/wiki/Harold_North_Fowler" title="Harold North Fowler">Harold North Fowler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> 36. Harvard Univ. Press (originally published 1914). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99040-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99040-4">0-674-99040-4</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>H.N. Fowler's translation at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.">Perseus</a></li> <li><i>Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo.</i> Greek with translation by Chris Emlyn-Jones and William Preddy. Loeb Classical Library 36. Harvard Univ. Press, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674996878" title="Special:BookSources/9780674996878">9780674996878</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674996878">HUP listing</a></li> <li>Plato. <i>Opera</i>, volume I. Oxford Classical Texts. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198145691" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198145691">978-0198145691</a></li> <li>Plato. <i>Complete Works.</i> Hackett, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872203495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872203495">978-0872203495</a></li> <li><i>The Last Days of Socrates</i>, translation of Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo. Hugh Tredennick, 1954. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140440379" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140440379">978-0140440379</a>. Made into a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/a809ca5ed4ce4e68b2b208df1e5cb78b">BBC radio play</a> in 1986</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otium" title="Otium">Otium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Socrates" title="Trial of Socrates">Trial of Socrates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatoEstienneSerresAdams1578" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henri_Estienne" title="Henri Estienne">Estienne, Henri</a>; Serres, Jean de; Adams, John; Adams, John Quincy (1578). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/platonisoperaqua01plat#page/16/mode/2up">"Platonis opera quae extant omnia"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. [Genevae?] : Excudebat Henr. Stephanus. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Platonis+opera+quae+extant+omnia&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1578&rft.au=Plato&rft.au=Estienne%2C+Henri&rft.au=Serres%2C+Jean+de&rft.au=Adams%2C+John&rft.au=Adams%2C+John+Quincy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fplatonisoperaqua01plat%23page%2F16%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/">"Socrates</a>," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 16 Sept. 2005. See: Doug Lindner, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/socrates/socratesaccount.html">The Trial of Socrates</a>, "Univ. of Missouri-Kansas City Law School 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2016" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Malcolm (2016). "Plato (427–347 BC)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/plato-427-347-bc/v-1"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-A088-1">10.4324/9780415249126-A088-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415250696" title="Special:BookSources/9780415250696"><bdi>9780415250696</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plato+%28427%E2%80%93347+BC%29&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-A088-1&rft.isbn=9780415250696&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fbiographical%2Fplato-427-347-bc%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._K._C._Guthrie" title="W. K. C. Guthrie">Guthrie, W. K. C.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLxO5QSGoHcC"><i>A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 4, Plato: The Man and His Dialogues: Earlier Period</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31101-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31101-4"><bdi>978-0-521-31101-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Philosophy%3A+Volume+4%2C+Plato%3A+The+Man+and+His+Dialogues%3A+Earlier+Period&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31101-4&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=W.+K.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLxO5QSGoHcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Kahn" title="Charles H. Kahn">Kahn, Charles H.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCkF60ScADAC"><i>Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64830-1"><bdi>978-0-521-64830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plato+and+the+Socratic+Dialogue%3A+The+Philosophical+Use+of+a+Literary+Form&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64830-1&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCkF60ScADAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickhouseSmith" class="citation web cs1">Brickhouse, Thomas; Smith, Nicholas D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/plato.htm">"Plato"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Plato&rft.aulast=Brickhouse&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Smith%2C+Nicholas+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fp%2Fplato.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhetoric, Aristotle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1966"><i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> 1966</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1966"><i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> 1966</a>, p. 554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlato1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (1916). <a href="/wiki/James_Adam_(classicist)" title="James Adam (classicist)">Adam, James</a> (ed.). <i>Platonis Apologia Socratis</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. xxvi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Platonis+Apologia+Socratis&rft.pages=xxvi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.au=Plato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2002-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2002_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2002_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNails2002" class="citation book cs1">Nails, Debra (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cspgDwAAQBAJ"><i>The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics</i></a>. Hackett Publishing. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-027-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-027-9"><bdi>978-1-60384-027-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+of+Plato%3A+A+Prosopography+of+Plato+and+Other+Socratics&rft.pages=188-189&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-60384-027-9&rft.aulast=Nails&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcspgDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlato1924" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hcMZp8169bUC">"The Dialogues of Plato"</a>. Translated by Jowett, Benjamin. Oxford University Press, American branch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dialogues+of+Plato&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+American+branch&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Plato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhcMZp8169bUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grube-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grube_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grube_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlato2000" class="citation book cs1">Plato (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trialdeathofso00plat/page/25"><i>The Trial and Death of Socrates</i></a></span>. Translated by Grube, G. M. A. (Third ed.). Hackett Publishing Company. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-554-3"><bdi>978-0-87220-554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+and+Death+of+Socrates&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-554-3&rft.au=Plato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrialdeathofso00plat%2Fpage%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjork2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bjork, Collin (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/philrhet.54.3.0240">"Plato, Xenophon, and the Uneven Temporalities of Ethos in the Trial of Socrates"</a>. <i>Philosophy & Rhetoric</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 240–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fphilrhet.54.3.0240">10.5325/philrhet.54.3.0240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8213">0031-8213</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/philrhet.54.3.0240">10.5325/philrhet.54.3.0240</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244334227">244334227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+%26+Rhetoric&rft.atitle=Plato%2C+Xenophon%2C+and+the+Uneven+Temporalities+of+Ethos+in+the+Trial+of+Socrates&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=240-262&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0031-8213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244334227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fphilrhet.54.3.0240%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fphilrhet.54.3.0240&rft.aulast=Bjork&rft.aufirst=Collin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fphilrhet.54.3.0240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatóBurnet1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plató</a>; Burnet, John (1924). <i>Plato's Euthyphro, Apology of Socrates, and Crito</i>. Clarendon Press. pp. 150–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198140153" title="Special:BookSources/9780198140153"><bdi>9780198140153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Euthyphro%2C+Apology+of+Socrates%2C+and+Crito&rft.pages=150-151&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1924&rft.isbn=9780198140153&rft.au=Plat%C3%B3&rft.au=Burnet%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith199026-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith199026_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith199026_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrickhouseSmith1990">Brickhouse & Smith 1990</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes and Noble, Essential Dialogues of Plato</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1909" class="citation web cs1">Eliot, Charles William (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPXZ35MtZIYC">"The Harvard Classics: Plato: The Apology, Phaedo, and Crito ; The golden sayings of Epictetus ; The meditations of Marcus Aurelius"</a>. P. F. Collier & Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Classics%3A+Plato%3A+The+Apology%2C+Phaedo%2C+and+Crito+%3B+The+golden+sayings+of+Epictetus+%3B+The+meditations+of+Marcus+Aurelius&rft.pub=P.+F.+Collier+%26+Son&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Charles+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPXZ35MtZIYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith1990230–231-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith1990230–231_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrickhouseSmith1990">Brickhouse & Smith 1990</a>, pp. 230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDowell1986" class="citation book cs1">MacDowell, Douglas Maurice (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=92_Nz8jjrSUC"><i>The Law in Classical Athens</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9365-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9365-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-9365-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+in+Classical+Athens&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9365-2&rft.aulast=MacDowell&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D92_Nz8jjrSUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickhouseSmith1990" class="citation book cs1">Brickhouse, Thomas C.; Smith, Nicholas D. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P59mWE3G0GwC"><i>Socrates on Trial</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823938-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823938-3"><bdi>978-0-19-823938-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socrates+on+Trial&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823938-3&rft.aulast=Brickhouse&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Nicholas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP59mWE3G0GwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1966" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Scullard H. H. (1966). <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> (Seventh Printing ed.). Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.edition=Seventh+Printing&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Scullard+H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1980" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Reginald E. (1980). <i>Socrates and Legal Obligation</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socrates+and+Legal+Obligation&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Reginald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickhouse1989" class="citation book cs1">Brickhouse, Thomas C. (1989). <i>Socrates on Trial</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socrates+on+Trial&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Brickhouse&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickhouseSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Brickhouse, Thomas C.; Smith, Nicholas D. (2004). <i>Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates</i>. New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Philosophy+Guidebook+to+Plato+and+the+Trial+of+Socrates&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Brickhouse&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Nicholas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1978" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Alister (1978). <i>Plato's Affair with Tragedy</i>. Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Affair+with+Tragedy&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=University+of+Cincinnati&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Compton, Todd, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295155">"The Trial of the Satirist: Poetic Vitae (Aesop, Archilochus, Homer) as Background for Plato's Apology"</a>, <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>, Vol. 111, No. 3 (Autumn, 1990), pp. 330–347, The Johns Hopkins University Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaganRusson2009" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Patricia; Russon, John (2009). <i>Reexamining Socrates in the Apology</i>. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reexamining+Socrates+in+the+Apology&rft.place=Evanston&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Russon%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackforth1933" class="citation book cs1">Hackforth, Reginald (1933). <i>The Composition of Plato's Apology</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Composition+of+Plato%27s+Apology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Hackforth&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine2008" class="citation book cs1">Irvine, Andrew David (2008). <a href="/wiki/Socrates_on_Trial_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates on Trial (play)"><i>Socrates on Trial: A Play Based on Aristophanes' Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo Adapted for Modern Performance</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socrates+on+Trial%3A+A+Play+Based+on+Aristophanes%27+Clouds+and+Plato%27s+Apology%2C+Crito%2C+and+Phaedo+Adapted+for+Modern+Performance&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=Andrew+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9783-5">978-0-8020-9783-5</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9538-1">978-0-8020-9538-1</a> (paper); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9254-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9254-1">978-1-4426-9254-1</a> (e-pub)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeve1989" class="citation book cs1">Reeve, C.D.C. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socratesinapolog00cdcr"><i>Socrates in the Apology</i></a></span>. Indianapolis: Hackett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872200892" title="Special:BookSources/0872200892"><bdi>0872200892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socrates+in+the+Apology&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0872200892&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=C.D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocratesinapolog00cdcr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1979" class="citation book cs1">West, Thomas G. (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/platosapologyofs00west"><i>Plato's Apology of Socrates</i></a></span>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801411274" title="Special:BookSources/9780801411274"><bdi>9780801411274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Apology+of+Socrates&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780801411274&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplatosapologyofs00west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1988" class="citation book cs1">Stone, I. F. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trialofsocrates00ston"><i>The Trial of Socrates</i></a></span>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316817585" title="Special:BookSources/9780316817585"><bdi>9780316817585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+Socrates&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780316817585&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=I.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrialofsocrates00ston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApology+%28Plato%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Apology_(Plato)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Apology (Plato)">Apology (Plato)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Apology (Plato)</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Apology+%28Plato%29&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Apology+%28Plato%29">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Apology+%28Plato%29&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/plato/dialogues/benjamin-jowett"><i>Apology</i>, in a collection of Plato's Dialogues</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1023144">Translated by Woods & Pack, 2010 </a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1023142">Bundled with <i>Euthyphro</i>, <i>Crito</i> and the death scene from <i>Phaedo</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> has English translations of Plato's <i>Apology of Socrates</i>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1656">Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1891</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13726">Bundled with Plato's <i>Crito</i> and <i>Phaedo</i>, translated by Henry Cary, introduced by Edward Brooks Jr. 1901</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Apolog&author=Plato&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Apology</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331123827/http://www.thoughtaudio.com/titlelist/TA0023-Apology/"><i>The Apology of Socrates</i></a>, free professional-quality downloadable audio book (part one as parts are indicated in this article) from ThoughtAudio.com, in the translation by Benjamin Jowett</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campus.belmont.edu/philosophy/Book.pdf">Approaching Plato: A Guide to the Early and Middle Dialogues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181708/http://users.hartwick.edu/burringtond/dialogues/apology.html">Guides to the Socratic Dialogues: Plato's <i>Apology</i></a>, a beginner's guide to the <i>Apology</i>, by Dale E. Burrington (from Internet Archive backup)</li> <li>G. Theodoridis, 2015: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bacchicstage.wordpress.com/plato/platos-apology/">full-text translation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socrates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socrates_navbox" title="Template:Socrates navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socrates_navbox" title="Template talk:Socrates navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socrates_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socrates navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socrates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Socrates" title="Bibliography of Socrates">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_depictions_of_Socrates" title="List of cultural depictions of Socrates">Cultural depictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Socrates" title="Trial of Socrates">Trial of Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;background:#f8f8f8"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg/100px-Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg/150px-Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg/200px-Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1740" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gadfly_(philosophy_and_social_science)" title="Gadfly (philosophy and social science)">Social gadfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_intellectualism" title="Moral intellectualism">Socratic intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Socratic irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">Socratic paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic questioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">I know that I know nothing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_unexamined_life_is_not_worth_living" title="The unexamined life is not worth living">The unexamined life is not worth living</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophroniscus" title="Sophroniscus">Sophroniscus</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaenarete" title="Phaenarete">Phaenarete</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe">Xanthippe</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprocles" title="Lamprocles">Lamprocles</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menexenus" title="Menexenus">Menexenus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrto" title="Myrto">Myrto</a> (wife)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works<br />that<br />include<br />Socrates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Herm_of_Socrates_and_Seneca" title="Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca">Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca</a></i> (3rd-century sculpture)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Socrates" title="The Death of Socrates">The Death of Socrates</a></i> (1787 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_(sculpture)" title="Socrates (sculpture)">Socrates</a></i> (1950 sculpture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a></i> (423 BC play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_geduldige_Socrates" title="Der geduldige Socrates">Der geduldige Socrates</a></i> (1721 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_(Voltaire)" title="Socrates (Voltaire)">Socrates</a></i> (1759 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrate" title="Socrate">Socrate</a></i> (1919 oratorio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_on_Trial" title="Socrates on Trial">Socrates on Trial</a></i> (2007 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_genio_Socratis" title="De genio Socratis">De genio Socratis</a></i> (1st-century essay)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Concept_of_Irony_with_Continual_Reference_to_Socrates" title="On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates">On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates</a></i> (1841 thesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Plot_to_Save_Socrates" title="The Plot to Save Socrates">The Plot to Save Socrates</a></i> (2006 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Serenade_after_Plato%27s_%22Symposium%22" title="Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"">Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"</a></i> (1954 serenade)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_in_Athens" title="Barefoot in Athens">Barefoot in Athens</a></i> (1966 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates (film)">Socrates</a></i> (1971 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_in_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of speakers in Plato's dialogues">Dialogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plato</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" title="Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" title="Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clitophon_(dialogue)" title="Clitophon (dialogue)">Clitophon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(dialogue)" title="Demodocus (dialogue)">Demodocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epinomis" title="Epinomis">Epinomis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" title="Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" title="Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Alcibiades" title="First Alcibiades">First Alcibiades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(dialogue)" title="Hipparchus (dialogue)">Hipparchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Minor" title="Hippias Minor">Hippias Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laches_(dialogue)" title="Laches (dialogue)">Laches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lysis_(dialogue)" title="Lysis (dialogue)">Lysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menexenus_(dialogue)" title="Menexenus (dialogue)">Menexenus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minos_(dialogue)" title="Minos (dialogue)">Minos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Justice" title="On Justice">On Justice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Virtue" title="On Virtue">On Virtue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rival_Lovers" title="Rival Lovers">Rival Lovers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Alcibiades" title="Second Alcibiades">Second Alcibiades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus_(dialogue)" title="Sisyphus (dialogue)">Sisyphus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statesman_(dialogue)" title="Statesman (dialogue)">Statesman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theages" title="Theages">Theages</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Xenophon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Xenophon)" title="Apology (Xenophon)">Apology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memorabilia_(Xenophon)" title="Memorabilia (Xenophon)">Memorabilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oeconomicus" title="Oeconomicus">Oeconomicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Xenophon)" title="Symposium (Xenophon)">Symposium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(dialogue)" title="Halcyon (dialogue)">Halcyon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_Graecus_64" title="Codex Vaticanus Graecus 64">Socratic Letters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Socrates" title="Category:Socrates">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plato" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plato_navbox" title="Template:Plato navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plato_navbox" title="Template talk:Plato navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plato_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plato navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plato" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" title="Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clitophon_(dialogue)" title="Clitophon (dialogue)">Clitophon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" title="Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Alcibiades" title="First Alcibiades">First Alcibiades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Minor" title="Hippias Minor">Hippias Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laches_(dialogue)" title="Laches (dialogue)">Laches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lysis_(dialogue)" title="Lysis (dialogue)">Lysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menexenus_(dialogue)" title="Menexenus (dialogue)">Menexenus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statesman_(dialogue)" title="Statesman (dialogue)">Statesman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Of_doubtfulauthenticity" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of doubtful<br />authenticity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" title="Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Definitions_(Plato)" title="Definitions (Plato)">Definitions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(dialogue)" title="Demodocus (dialogue)">Demodocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigrams_(Plato)" title="Epigrams (Plato)">Epigrams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epinomis" title="Epinomis">Epinomis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistles_(Plato)" title="Epistles (Plato)">Epistles</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Letter" title="Seventh Letter">Seventh Letter</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" title="Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(dialogue)" title="Halcyon (dialogue)">Halcyon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(dialogue)" title="Hipparchus (dialogue)">Hipparchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minos_(dialogue)" title="Minos (dialogue)">Minos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Justice" title="On Justice">On Justice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Virtue" title="On Virtue">On Virtue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rival_Lovers" title="Rival Lovers">Rival Lovers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Alcibiades" title="Second Alcibiades">Second Alcibiades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus_(dialogue)" title="Sisyphus (dialogue)">Sisyphus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theages" title="Theages">Theages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/100px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/150px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/200px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_epistemology" title="Platonic epistemology">Platonic epistemology</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(philosophy)" title="Anamnesis (philosophy)">Amanesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_madness" title="Divine madness">Theia mania</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of Forms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_theory_of_soul" title="Plato's theory of soul">Theory of soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">Plato's political philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyperuranion" title="Hyperuranion">Hyperuranion</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegories<br />and metaphors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Gyges" title="Ring of Gyges">Ring of Gyges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">The Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_of_the_divided_line" title="Analogy of the divided line">The Divided Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Sun" title="Analogy of the Sun">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_State" title="Ship of State">Ship of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Plato" title="Life of Plato">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">The Academy in Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_in_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of speakers in Plato's dialogues">List of speakers in Plato's dialogues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" title="Plato's unwritten doctrines">Unwritten doctrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_of_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues">List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Plato%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural influence of Plato's Republic">Cultural influence of Plato's <i>Republic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Plato" title="Commentaries on Plato">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">and Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri#Greek" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_23" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_24" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_228" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 228">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_229" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 229">229</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Dream" title="Plato's Dream">Plato's Dream</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poitier_Meets_Plato" title="Poitier Meets Plato">Poitier Meets Plato</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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