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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Language revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recently_extinct_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recently_extinct_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recently extinct languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recently_extinct_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="لغة بائدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة بائدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="বিলুপ্ত ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিলুপ্ত ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="বিলুপ্ত ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিলুপ্ত ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udd%C3%B8de_sprog" title="Uddøde sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uddøde sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausgestorbene_Sprache" title="Ausgestorbene Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ausgestorbene Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ljasurnud_keel" title="Väljasurnud keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väljasurnud keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_extinta" title="Lengua extinta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua extinta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4" title="زبان خاموش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان خاموش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_%C3%A9teinte" title="Langue éteinte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue éteinte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naungaw_a_pagsasao" title="Naungaw a pagsasao – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Naungaw a pagsasao" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_estinta" title="Lingua estinta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua estinta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%87" title="لغه منقرضه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه منقرضه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_pupus" title="Bahasa pupus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa pupus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Мөхсөн хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мөхсөн хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utd%C3%B8ydd_spr%C3%A5k" title="Utdøydd språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Utdøydd språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%90_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="ورکې شوې ژبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ورکې شوې ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wymar%C5%82y" title="Język wymarły – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wymarły" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_extinta" title="Língua extinta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua extinta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_leid" title="Extinct leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Extinct leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Extinct language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Изумрли језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Изумрли језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utd%C3%B6tt_spr%C3%A5k" title="Utdött språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utdött språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معدوم زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معدوم زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_estinguesta" title="Łéngua estinguesta – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua estinguesta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moirt_lingaedje" title="Moirt lingaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moirt lingaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E4%BA%A1%E8%AA%9E" title="消亡語 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="消亡語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="絕跡語言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="絕跡語言" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead language">Dead language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the process of language extinction, see <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dead language" redirects here. For the album by The Flatliners, see <a href="/wiki/Dead_Language_(album)" title="Dead Language (album)"><i>Dead Language</i> (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eteocypriot_writing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eteocypriot_writing.jpg/240px-Eteocypriot_writing.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eteocypriot_writing.jpg/360px-Eteocypriot_writing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eteocypriot_writing.jpg/480px-Eteocypriot_writing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a> writing, <a href="/wiki/Amathous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amathous">Amathous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, 500–300 BC, <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>extinct language</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> with no living <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">descendants</a> that no longer has any <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first-language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second-language</a> speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, a <b>dead language</b> is a language that no longer has any first-language speakers, but does have second-language speakers or is used fluently in written form, such as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <b>dormant language</b> is a dead language that still serves as a symbol of ethnic identity to an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>; these languages are often undergoing a process of <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revitalisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Languages that have first-language speakers are known as <a href="/wiki/Modern_language" title="Modern language">modern or living languages</a> to contrast them with dead languages, especially in educational contexts. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">modern period</a>, languages have typically become extinct as a result of the process of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>, and the gradual abandonment of a native language in favor of a foreign <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i>, largely those of European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of the 2000s, a total of roughly 7,000 natively spoken languages existed worldwide. Most of these are minor languages in danger of extinction; one estimate published in 2004 expected that some 90% of the currently spoken languages will have become extinct by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_death">Language death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinct_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuchilanguagespeakers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Yuchilanguagespeakers.jpg/220px-Yuchilanguagespeakers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Yuchilanguagespeakers.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Sisters Maxine Wildcat Barnett (1925–2021) (left) and Josephine Wildcat Bigler (1921–2016);<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two of the last elderly speakers of <a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a>, visiting their grandmother's grave in a cemetery behind Pickett Chapel in <a href="/wiki/Sapulpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapulpa">Sapulpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. According to the sisters, their grandmother had insisted that Yuchi be their native language.</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Extinct_language" title="Special:EditPage/Extinct language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Extinct+language%22">"Extinct language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Extinct+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Extinct+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Extinct+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Extinct+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Extinct+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Normally the transition from a spoken to an extinct language occurs when a language undergoes <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">language death</a> by being directly replaced by a different one. For example, many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American languages</a> were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="French Language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Language">Spanish</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to an extinct language, which no longer has any speakers, or any written use, a historical language may remain in use as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical</a> language long after it ceases to be spoken natively. Such languages are sometimes also referred to as "dead languages", but more typically as <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical languages</a>. The most prominent Western example of such a language is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and comparable cases are found throughout world history due to the universal tendency to retain a historical stage of a language as the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a view that prioritizes written representation over natural language acquisition and evolution, historical languages with living descendants that have undergone significant <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">language change</a> may be considered "extinct", especially in cases where they did not leave a <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> of literature or liturgy that remained in widespread use (see <a href="/wiki/Corpus_language" title="Corpus language">corpus language</a>), as is the case with <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> relative to their contemporary descendants, English and German.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some degree of misunderstanding can result from designating languages such as Old English and Old High German as extinct, or Latin dead, while ignoring their evolution as a language or as many languages. This is expressed in the apparent paradox "Latin is a dead language, but Latin never died." A language such as <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>, for example, can be said to be both extinct and dead: inscriptions are ill understood even by the most knowledgeable scholars, and the language ceased to be used in any form long ago, so that there have been no speakers, native or non-native, for many centuries. In contrast, Old English, Old High German and Latin never ceased evolving as living languages, thus they did not become extinct as Etruscan did. Through time Latin underwent both common and divergent changes in phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon, and continues today as the native language of hundreds of millions of people, renamed as different Romance languages and dialects (French, Italian, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, etc.). Similarly, Old English and Old High German never died, but developed into various forms of modern English and German, as well as other related tongues still spoken (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> from Old English and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> from Old High German). With regard to the written language, skills in reading or writing Etruscan are all but non-existent, but trained people can understand and write Old English, Old High German, and Latin. Latin differs from the Germanic counterparts in that an approximation of its ancient form is still employed to some extent liturgically. This last observation illustrates that for Latin, Old English, or Old High German to be described accurately as dead or extinct, the language in question must be conceptualized as frozen in time at a particular state of its history. This is accomplished by periodizing English and German as Old; for Latin, an apt clarifying adjective is Classical, which also normally includes designation of high or formal <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG/240px-Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG/360px-Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG/480px-Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual <a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">Latin</a>–<a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> inscription at the theatre in <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a> in present-day Libya</figcaption></figure> <p>Minor languages are endangered mostly due to economic and cultural <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, cultural assimilation, and development. With increasing economic integration on national and regional scales, people find it easier to communicate and conduct business in the dominant <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua francas</a> of world commerce: English, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin Chinese</a>, Spanish, and French.<sup id="cite_ref-Language_and_Linguistics:_Endangered_Language._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Language_and_Linguistics:_Endangered_Language.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their study of contact-induced language change, American linguists Sarah Grey Thomason and <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Terrence Kaufman</a> (1991) stated that in situations of cultural pressure (where populations are forced to speak a dominant language), three linguistic outcomes may occur: first – and most commonly – a subordinate population may shift abruptly to the dominant language, leaving the native language to a sudden linguistic death. Second, the more gradual process of <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">language death</a> may occur over several generations. The third and most rare outcome is for the pressured group to maintain as much of its native language as possible, while borrowing elements of the dominant language's grammar (replacing all, or portions of, the grammar of the original language).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A now disappeared language may leave a substantial trace as a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_substrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic substrate">substrate</a> in the language that replaces it. There have, however, also been cases where the language of higher <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prestige" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic prestige">prestige</a> did not displace the native language but left a <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">superstrate</a> influence. The French language for example shows evidence both of a Celtic substrate and a Frankish superstrate. </p><p>Institutions such as the education system, as well as (often global) forms of media such as the Internet, television, and print media play a significant role in the process of language loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Language_and_Linguistics:_Endangered_Language._13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Language_and_Linguistics:_Endangered_Language.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, when people migrate to a new country, their children attend school in the country, and the schools are likely to teach them in the majority language of the country rather than their parents' native language.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Language death can also be the explicit goal of government policy. For example, part of the "kill the Indian, save the man" policy of <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding schools</a> and other measures was to prevent Native Americans from transmitting their native language to the next generation and to punish children who spoke the language of their culture of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French <a href="/wiki/Vergonha" title="Vergonha">vergonha</a> policy likewise had the aim of eradicating minority languages.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_revival">Language revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinct_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revitalization</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Language_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Language revival">Language revival</a> is the attempt to re-introduce an extinct language in everyday use by a new generation of native speakers. The optimistic <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> "<a href="/wiki/Sleeping_beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeping beauty">sleeping beauty</a> languages" has been used to express such a hope,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though scholars usually refer to such languages as dormant. </p><p>In practice, this has only happened on a large scale successfully once: the <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">revival of the Hebrew language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> had survived for millennia since the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a> as a liturgical language, but not as a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">vernacular language</a>. The revival of Hebrew has been largely successful due to extraordinarily favourable conditions, notably the creation of a nation state (modern Israel in 1948) in which it became the official language, as well as <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda" title="Eliezer Ben-Yehuda">Eliezer Ben-Yehuda</a>'s extreme dedication to the revival of the language, by creating new words for the modern terms Hebrew lacked. </p><p>Revival attempts for minor extinct languages with no status as a liturgical language typically have more modest results. The <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language_revival" title="Cornish language revival">Cornish language revival</a> has proven at least partially successful: after a century of effort there are 3,500 claimed native speakers, enough for UNESCO to change its classification from "extinct" to "critically endangered". A <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language_revival" title="Livonian language revival">Livonian language revival</a> movement to promote the use of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian language</a> has managed to train a few hundred people to have some knowledge of it.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recently_extinct_languages">Recently extinct languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinct_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recently extinct languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction" title="List of languages by time of extinction">List of languages by time of extinction</a></div> <p>This is a list of languages reported as having become extinct since 2010. For a more complete list, see <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_extinct_languages" title="Lists of extinct languages">Lists of extinct languages</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Language</th> <th>Language family</th> <th>Region</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Speaker_types#Terminal_speakers" title="Speaker types">Terminal speaker</a></th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>by 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a>, Indonesia </td> <td> </td> <td>Speakers shifted to <a href="/wiki/Wamesa_language" title="Wamesa language">Wandamen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jakartaglobe.id_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jakartaglobe.id-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>by 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a>, Indonesia </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jakartaglobe.id_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jakartaglobe.id-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>by 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luhu_language" title="Luhu language">Luhu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a>, Indonesia </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jakartaglobe.id_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jakartaglobe.id-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 May 2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salishan" class="mw-redirect" title="Salishan">Salishan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington (state)</a>, United States </td> <td>Pauline Stensgar<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 October 2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a>–<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commander_Islands" title="Commander Islands">Commander Islands</a>, Russia </td> <td>Gennady Yakovlev<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 February 2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yahgan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magallanes_Region" title="Magallanes Region">Magallanes</a>, Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Cristina Calderón">Cristina Calderón</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 AD </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moghol_language" title="Moghol language">Moghol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat Province</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>by 2022 AD </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schopfloch,_Bavaria" title="Schopfloch, Bavaria">Schopfloch, Bavaria</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 September 2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wukchumni_dialect" title="Wukchumni dialect">Wukchumni dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tule-Kaweah_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule-Kaweah Yokuts">Tule-Kaweah Yokuts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yokutsan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokutsan languages">Yokuts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Wilcox" title="Marie Wilcox">Marie Wilcox</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 August 2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a> </td> <td>Isolate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> (formerly), <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, United States </td> <td>Maxine Wildcat Barnett<sup id="cite_ref-:"j"_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:"j"-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 March 2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language#Dialects" title="Aleut language">Bering Aleut</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eskimo-Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo-Aleut">Eskimo-Aleut</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Krai" title="Kamchatka Krai">Kamchatka Krai</a>, Russia</td> <td>Vera Timoshenko<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 February 2021</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Juma language">Juma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>, Brazil</td> <td>Aruka Juma<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 December 2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, United States </td> <td>Kenneth Patterson<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 April 2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aka-Cari_language" title="Aka-Cari language">Aka-Cari</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>, India</td> <td>Licho<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 March 2019</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngandi_language" title="Ngandi language">Ngandi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Gunwinyguan languages">Gunwinyguan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, Australia</td> <td>C. W. Daniels<sup id="cite_ref-monash_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monash-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yugul_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yugul-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 January 2019</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_language" title="Tehuelche language">Tehuelche</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, Argentina</td> <td>Dora Manchado<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 December 2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandan_language" title="Mandan language">Mandan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Benson" title="Edwin Benson">Edwin Benson</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 August 2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doris_McLemore" title="Doris McLemore">Doris McLemore</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 July 2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Thaypan_language" title="Gugu Thaypan language">Gugu Thaypan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama-Nyungan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tommy_George" title="Tommy George">Tommy George</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 February 2016</td> <td>Nuchatlaht dialect of <a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada</td> <td>Alban Michael<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 January 2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whulshootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Whulshootseed language">Whulshootseed</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, United States</td> <td>Ellen Williams<sup id="cite_ref-Times_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 February 2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Sampson" title="Hazel Sampson">Hazel Sampson</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>By 2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demushbo_language" title="Demushbo language">Demushbo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panoan_languages" title="Panoan languages">Panoan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>By 2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarghulami" title="Sarghulami">Sarghulami</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan</a></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 June 2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grizelda_Kristi%C5%86a" title="Grizelda Kristiņa">Grizelda Kristiņa</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Under <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language_revival" title="Livonian language revival">a process of revival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 March 2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archie_Thompson_(Yurok)" title="Archie Thompson (Yurok)">Archie Thompson</a><sup id="cite_ref-leeromney_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeromney-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Under <a href="/wiki/Yurok_language#Current_status" title="Yurok language">a process of revival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>By 2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabüm">Sabüm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Khmer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon–Khmer language">Mon–Khmer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, Malaysia </td> <td> </td> <td>2013 extinction is based on ISO changing it from living to extinct in 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 October 2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromarty_dialect" title="Cromarty dialect">Cromarty dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></td> <td>Northern Scotland, United Kingdom</td> <td>Bobby Hogg<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 July 2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chinook_language" title="Upper Chinook language">Upper Chinook</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, United States</td> <td>Gladys Thompson<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 March 2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States</td> <td>Wilson "Tiny" Deacon<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2012</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhungaloo_language" title="Dhungaloo language">Dhungaloo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pama-Nyungan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pama-Nyungan languages">Pama-Nyungan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia</td> <td>Roy Hatfield<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2012</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngasa_language" title="Ngasa language">Ngasa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td></td> <td>Most speakers have shifted to <a href="/wiki/Chaga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaga language">Chaga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>by 2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_Creole" title="Mardijker Creole">Mardijker</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</td> <td>Oma Mimi Abrahams<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 April 2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1_language" title="Apiaká language">Apiaká</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>, Brazil</td> <td>Pedrinho Kamassuri<sup id="cite_ref-Falecimento_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falecimento-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Arrernte_language" title="Lower Arrernte language">Lower Arrernte</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pama-Nyungan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pama-Nyungan languages">Pama-Nyungan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Territory, Australia">Northern Territory, Australia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brownie_Doolan_Perrurle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownie Doolan Perrurle">Brownie Doolan Perrurle</a><sup id="cite_ref-bd_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bd-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>by 2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anserma_language" title="Anserma language">Anserma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chocoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocoan languages">Chocoan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 October 2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan_Jin-yu" title="Pan Jin-yu">Pan Jin-yu</a><sup id="cite_ref-write2kill.in_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-write2kill.in-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 August 2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Indo-Portuguese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Indo-Portuguese Creole">Cochin Indo-Portuguese Creole</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a></td> <td>Southern India</td> <td>William Rozario<sup id="cite_ref-write2kill.in_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-write2kill.in-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 January 2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aka-Bo_language" title="Aka-Bo language">Aka-Bo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>, India</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boa_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Boa Sr.">Boa Sr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinct_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extinct_languages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Extinct languages">Extinct languages</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_languages" title="Category:Extinct languages">Category:Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_attrition" title="Language attrition">Language attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Language revival">Language revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Language teaching">Language teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_extinct_languages" title="Lists of extinct languages">Lists of extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_endangered_languages" title="Lists of endangered languages">Lists of endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_literature_translated_into_dead_languages" title="List of modern literature translated into dead languages">List of modern literature translated into dead languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revived_languages" title="List of revived languages">List of revived languages</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinct_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Last surviving native speaker; it is being taught as a second language on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Last surviving native speaker; some children still learn it as a second language.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinct_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenore A. Grenoble, Lindsay J. Whaley, <i>Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization</i>, Cambridge University Press (2006) p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Foltz, Anouschka (10 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/125501/languages-die">"How Languages Die"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=How+Languages+Die&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Anouschka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F125501%2Flanguages-die&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2007" class="citation cs2">Matthews, P. H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=What+is+the+difference+between+a+dormant+language+and+an+extinct+language%3F&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fenterprise-faq%2Fwhat-difference-between-dormant-language-and-extinct-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByramHu2013" class="citation book cs1">Byram, Michael; Hu, Adelheid (26 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XxZbhSsqnUQC&pg=PT739"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136235535" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136235535"><bdi>978-1136235535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Language+Teaching+and+Learning&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.isbn=978-1136235535&rft.aulast=Byram&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hu%2C+Adelheid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXxZbhSsqnUQC%26pg%3DPT739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalt2007" class="citation book cs1">Walt, Christa Van der (1 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HecNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100"><i>Living Through Languages: An African Tribute to René Dirven</i></a>. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781920109707" title="Special:BookSources/9781920109707"><bdi>9781920109707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Through+Languages%3A+An+African+Tribute+to+Ren%C3%A9+Dirven&rft.pub=AFRICAN+SUN+MeDIA&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft.isbn=9781920109707&rft.aulast=Walt&rft.aufirst=Christa+Van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHecNAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallSmithWicaksono2015" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Christopher J.; Smith, Patrick H.; Wicaksono, Rachel (11 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sq5pdj2snokC&pg=PA115"><i>Mapping Applied Linguistics: A Guide for Students and Practitioners</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136836237" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136836237"><bdi>978-1136836237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Applied+Linguistics%3A+A+Guide+for+Students+and+Practitioners&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft.isbn=978-1136836237&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Patrick+H.&rft.au=Wicaksono%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsq5pdj2snokC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4387421">"Study by language researcher, David Graddol"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 26 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Study+by+language+researcher%2C+David+Graddol&rft.date=2004-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna4387421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_on_Friday,_January_16,_2009_61_comments2009" class="citation web cs1">Ian on Friday, January 16, 2009 61 comments (16 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinasmack.com/stories/90-percent-worlds-languages-extinct-in-41-years/">"Research by Southwest University for Nationalities College of Liberal Arts"</a>. Chinasmack.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+by+Southwest+University+for+Nationalities+College+of+Liberal+Arts&rft.pub=Chinasmack.com&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.au=Ian+on+Friday%2C+January+16%2C+2009+61+comments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinasmack.com%2Fstories%2F90-percent-worlds-languages-extinct-in-41-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> records 7,358 living languages known,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011005193846/http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp">"Ethnologue"</a>. Ethnologue. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp">the original</a> on 5 October 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fweb.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span> but on 2015-05-20, <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> reported only 7,102 known living languages; and on 2015-02-23, Ethnologue already reported only 7,097 known living languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/one-last-remaining-native-yuchi-speakers-passes">"One of the Last Remaining Native Yuchi Speakers Passes"</a>. <i>www.culturalsurvival.org</i>. June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.culturalsurvival.org&rft.atitle=One+of+the+Last+Remaining+Native+Yuchi+Speakers+Passes&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fnews%2Fone-last-remaining-native-yuchi-speakers-passes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goethe.de/prj/zei/en/art/22902448.html">"How Colonialism Causes Language Endangerment"</a>. <i>www.goethe.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goethe.de&rft.atitle=How+Colonialism+Causes+Language+Endangerment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goethe.de%2Fprj%2Fzei%2Fen%2Fart%2F22902448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=2786">"Library : Liturgical Languages"</a>. <i>www.catholicculture.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catholicculture.org&rft.atitle=Library+%3A+Liturgical+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Frecnum%3D2786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSichel2019" class="citation web cs1">Sichel, Barb (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilstranslations.com/blog/understanding-extinct-languages-when-and-why-they-die-off/">"Understanding Extinct Languages: When and Why They Die Off - ILS Translations"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Extinct+Languages%3A+When+and+Why+They+Die+Off+-+ILS+Translations&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.aulast=Sichel&rft.aufirst=Barb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilstranslations.com%2Fblog%2Funderstanding-extinct-languages-when-and-why-they-die-off%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Language_and_Linguistics:_Endangered_Language.-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Language_and_Linguistics:_Endangered_Language._13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Language_and_Linguistics:_Endangered_Language._13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone2008" class="citation web cs1">Malone, Elizabeth (28 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309151300/http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/linguistics/endangered.jsp">"Language and Linguistics: Endangered Language"</a>. National Science Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/linguistics/endangered.jsp">the original</a> on 9 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+and+Linguistics%3A+Endangered+Language&rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fspecial_reports%2Flinguistics%2Fendangered.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomason, Sarah Grey & Kaufman, Terrence. <i>Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics</i>, University of California Press (1991) p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanities.ox.ac.uk/article/how-languages-become-endangeredand-how-social-media-could-save-them-0">"Could social media save endangered languages?"</a>. <i>www.humanities.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.humanities.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Could+social+media+save+endangered+languages%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanities.ox.ac.uk%2Farticle%2Fhow-languages-become-endangeredand-how-social-media-could-save-them-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtifnigar2021" class="citation web cs1">Atifnigar, Hamza (July–August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijassjournal.com/2021/V4I4/4146575866.pdf">"Exploring the Causes of Language Death: A Review Paper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Arts and Social Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Arts+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Causes+of+Language+Death%3A+A+Review+Paper&rft.date=2021-07%2F2021-08&rft.aulast=Atifnigar&rft.aufirst=Hamza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijassjournal.com%2F2021%2FV4I4%2F4146575866.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6177069/american-indian-boarding-schools-history/">"The History of Native American Boarding Schools is Even More Complicated than a New Report Reveals"</a>. 17 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Native+American+Boarding+Schools+is+Even+More+Complicated+than+a+New+Report+Reveals&rft.date=2022-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6177069%2Famerican-indian-boarding-schools-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevittParshina-KottasRomeroWallace2023" class="citation news cs1">Levitt, Zach; Parshina-Kottas, Yuliya; Romero, Simon; Wallace, Tim (30 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/30/us/native-american-boarding-schools.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'War Against the Children'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27War+Against+the+Children%27&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft.au=Parshina-Kottas%2C+Yuliya&rft.au=Romero%2C+Simon&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2023%2F08%2F30%2Fus%2Fnative-american-boarding-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/native-america/blog/legacy-of-trauma-the-impact-of-american-indian-boarding-schools-across-generations">"Legacy of Trauma: The Impact of American Indian Boarding Schools…"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Legacy+of+Trauma%3A+The+Impact+of+American+Indian+Boarding+Schools%E2%80%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnative-america%2Fblog%2Flegacy-of-trauma-the-impact-of-american-indian-boarding-schools-across-generations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trobar.stanford.edu/la-vergonha-and-future-occitan-language.html">"La Vergonha and the Future of Occitan Language | Performing Trobar"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Vergonha+and+the+Future+of+Occitan+Language+%26%23124%3B+Performing+Trobar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrobar.stanford.edu%2Fla-vergonha-and-future-occitan-language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See pp. 57 & 60 in <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/new-vision.pdf">A New Vision for "Israeli Hebrew": Theoretical and Practical Implications of Analysing Israel's Main Language as a Semi-Engineered Semito-European Hybrid Language</a>, <i>Journal of Modern Jewish Studies</i> 5: 57–71 (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/september/1409493600/anna-goldsworthy/voices-land">Dr Anna Goldsworthy on the Barngarla language reclamation</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monthly" title="The Monthly">The Monthly</a></i>, September 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnštreits2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ernštreits, Valts (14 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202235047/http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701">"Lībiešu valodas situācija"</a>. <i>Livones.net</i> (in Latvian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Public+Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Last+Fluent+Speaker+Of+Oregon+Tribal+Language+%27Kiksht%27+Dies&rft.aulast=Foden-Vencil&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opb.org%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Flast-fluent-speaker-oregon-tribal-language-kiksht-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608165037/https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/alaska-native-language-loses-last-fluent-speaker/">"Alaska Native Language Loses Last Fluent Speaker - Indian Country Media Network"</a>. <i>indiancountrymedianetwork.com</i>. 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Why were we not told about it?"</a>. <i>write2kill.in - Select writings of Subir Ghosh</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.write2kill.in/critiques/people/376.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=write2kill.in+-+Select+writings+of+Subir+Ghosh&rft.atitle=An+Indian+language+recently+went+extinct.+Why+were+we+not+told+about+it%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.write2kill.in%2Fcritiques%2Fpeople%2F376.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8498534.stm">"Ancient Indian language dies out"</a>. 4 February 2010 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+Indian+language+dies+out&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8498534.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtinct+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinct_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). <i>The Languages of the Andes</i>. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36275-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36275-7">978-0-521-36275-7</a>.</li> <li>Brenzinger, Matthias (ed.) (1992) <i>Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa</i>. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013404-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013404-9">978-3-11-013404-9</a>.</li> <li>Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). <i>The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-74624-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-74624-5">0-292-74624-5</a>.</li> <li>Davis, Wade. (2009). <i>The Wayfinders: Why Ancient Wisdom Matters in the Modern World</i>. House of Anansi Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88784-766-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88784-766-8">0-88784-766-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Dorian" title="Nancy Dorian">Dorian, Nancy C.</a> (1978). 'Fate of Morphological Complexity in Language Death: Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic.' <i>Language</i>, <i>54</i> (3), 590–609.</li> <li>Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). <i>Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-7785-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-7785-6">0-8122-7785-6</a>.</li> <li>Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth (eds.) (1977) 'Language Death' (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton.</li> <li>Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. (Ed.). (2005). <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i> (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55671-159-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55671-159-X">1-55671-159-X</a>. (Online version: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com">http://www.ethnologue.com</a>).</li> <li>Harrison, K. David. (2007) <i>When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge.</i> New York and London: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518192-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518192-0">978-0-19-518192-0</a>.</li> <li>Mithun, Marianne. (1999). <i>The Languages of Native North America</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7">0-521-23228-7</a> (hbk); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29875-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29875-X">0-521-29875-X</a>.</li> <li>Mohan, Peggy; & Zador, Paul. (1986). 'Discontinuity in a Life Cycle: The Death of Trinidad Bhojpuri.' <i>Language</i>, <i>62</i> (2), 291–319.</li> <li>Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1992) 'Theory of Language Death', in Brenzinger (ed.) <i>Language Death</i>, pp. 7–30.</li> <li>Schilling-Estes, Natalie; & Wolfram, Walt. (1999). 'Alternative Models of Dialect Death: Dissipation vs. Concentration.' <i>Language</i>, <i>75</i> (3), 486–521.</li> <li>Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). <i>Linguistics in North America</i> (parts 1 & 2). Current Trends in Linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).</li> <li>Sharp, Joanne. (2008). Chapter 6: 'Can the Subaltern Speak?', in <i>Geographies of Postcolonialism</i>. Glasgow, UK: SAGE Publications Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0779-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0779-8">978-1-4129-0779-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tove_Skutnabb-Kangas" title="Tove Skutnabb-Kangas">Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove</a>. (2000). <i>Linguistic Genocide in Education or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights?</i> Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-3468-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-3468-0">0-8058-3468-0</a>.</li> <li>Thomason, Sarah Grey & Kaufman, Terrence. (1991). <i>Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics.</i> University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07893-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07893-4">0-520-07893-4</a>.</li> <li>Timmons Roberts, J. & Hite, Amy. (2000). <i>From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development and Social Change.</i> Wiley-Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21097-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21097-9">978-0-631-21097-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extinct_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524193818/http://mypage.iu.edu/~shetter/miniatures/extinct.htm">The Dodo's Fate: How Languages Become Extinct</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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