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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-The_Laurea_degree_before_the_Bologna_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Laurea_degree_before_the_Bologna_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>The <i>Laurea</i> degree before the Bologna process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Laurea_degree_before_the_Bologna_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The <i>Laurea</i> degree before the Bologna process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Laurea_degree_before_the_Bologna_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_due_to_the_Bologna_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_due_to_the_Bologna_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reforms due to the Bologna process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reforms_due_to_the_Bologna_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reforms due to the Bologna process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reforms_due_to_the_Bologna_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_cycle:_Laurea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_cycle:_Laurea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First cycle: <i>Laurea</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_cycle:_Laurea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_cycle:_Laurea_magistrale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_cycle:_Laurea_magistrale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second cycle: <i>Laurea magistrale</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_cycle:_Laurea_magistrale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_cycle:_Dottorato_di_ricerca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_cycle:_Dottorato_di_ricerca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third cycle: <i>Dottorato di ricerca</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_cycle:_Dottorato_di_ricerca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Italian academic degree. For the university of applied sciences in Finland, see <a href="/wiki/Laurea_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Laurea University of Applied Sciences">Laurea University of Applied Sciences</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Laurea" title="Special:EditPage/Laurea">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Laurea%22">"Laurea"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Laurea%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Laurea%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Laurea%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Laurea%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Laurea%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <i><b>laurea</b></i> is the main <a href="/wiki/Post-secondary" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-secondary">post-secondary</a> <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a>. The name originally referred literally to the <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a>, since ancient times a sign of honor and now worn by Italian students right after their official graduation ceremony and sometimes during the graduation party. A graduate is known as a <i>laureato</i>, literally "crowned with <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">laurel</a>" and is awarded the title of <i>dottore</i>, or Doctor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Laurea_degree_before_the_Bologna_process">The <i>Laurea</i> degree before the Bologna process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Laurea degree before the Bologna process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Doctorate#Italy" title="Doctorate">Doctorate § Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dottorato_di_ricerca#History_and_admission" title="Dottorato di ricerca">Dottorato di ricerca § History and admission</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early Middle Ages Italian universities awarded both bachelor's and doctor's degrees. However very few bachelor's degrees from Italian universities are recorded in the later Middle Ages and none after 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students could take the doctoral examination without studying at the university. This was criticised by northern Europeans as taking a degree <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">per saltum</i></span> because they had leapt over the regulations requiring years of study at the university.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To earn a <i>laurea</i> (degree) undergraduate students had to complete four to six years of university courses,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally complete a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a>. </p><p><i>Laureati</i> are customarily addressed as <i>dottore</i> (for a man) or <i>dottoressa</i> (for a woman), as are holders of at least a <i>laurea</i> (Legge n. 240/2010 art. 17 comma 2 Riforma Gelmini). This is in contrast with the convention in countries where the title of <i>doctor</i> is restricted to holders of a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> (or in some cases to medical doctors). </p><p>Until the introduction of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dottorato_di_ricerca" title="Dottorato di ricerca">dottorato di ricerca</a></i> (PhD-level education) in the mid-1980s, the <i>laurea</i> constituted the highest academic degree obtainable in Italy and gave the holders access to the highest academic positions. Nobel prize winners such as <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> held it as their highest degree. </p><p>The pre-Bologna <i>laurea</i> degree (formally named <i>Diploma di laurea</i> or <i>Laurea vecchio ordinamento</i> or <i>Laurea</i>), is now equivalent under Italian law<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the new Italian master's degree named <i>Laurea magistrale</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reforms_due_to_the_Bologna_process">Reforms due to the Bologna process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reforms due to the Bologna process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spurred by the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a>, a major reform was instituted in 1999 to align its programmes with the more universal system of undergraduate (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>) and postgraduate studies (<a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral degree">doctoral degrees</a>). This allowed for greater mobility of university students via exchange programmes to other countries such as the United States and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> nations. The old <i>laurea</i> was split into undergraduate and postgraduate studies, and their programmes have been reformed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_cycle:_Laurea">First cycle: <i>Laurea</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First cycle: Laurea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Laurea (180 <a href="/wiki/European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System" title="European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System">ECTS</a> credits), a <a href="/wiki/First_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="First cycle">first cycle</a> degree that is equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>, includes bachelor-level courses, simpler than those of the old <i>laurea</i>, and its normative time to completion is three years (note that In Italy <i>scuola secondaria superiore</i> or <i>Lyceum</i>, high school, takes five years, so it ends at 19 years of age). To earn a <i>laurea</i>, the student must complete a thesis, but a less demanding one than required for the old <i>laurea</i> (typically, a non-research thesis). A graduate is granted by law the title of <i>dottore (shortened dr. or dott.),</i> or Doctor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_cycle:_Laurea_magistrale">Second cycle: <i>Laurea magistrale</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second cycle: Laurea magistrale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Laurea magistrale</i> (formerly known as Laurea Specialistica, 2002–2006) is a <a href="/wiki/Second_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Second cycle">second cycle</a> degree equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> (120 <a href="/wiki/European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System" title="European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System">ECTS</a> credits) which can be earned in a two-year programme after the laurea and requires an extensive thesis (usually, 150–250 pages). </p><p>In some fields (particularly Medicine, Law, Engineering and Architecture) the <i>Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico</i> is awarded. This is a five or six year <a href="/wiki/Second_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Second cycle">second cycle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's</a>) degree (300 or 360 <a href="/wiki/European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System" title="European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System">ECTS</a>), which does not require a previous <a href="/wiki/First_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="First cycle">first cycle</a> degree for the admission (like an Integrated master's degree in the UK).<sup id="cite_ref-art._4,_co._3,_d.m._16_maro_2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art._4,_co._3,_d.m._16_maro_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Laurea magistrale</i> should not be confused with the Italian <i>Master</i>, which is not a master's degree, but a one-year diploma (60 ECTS) which guarantees a more practical education but does not give access to further levels of studies (it can be considered similar to a <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_certificate" title="Postgraduate certificate">postgraduate certificate</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">postgraduate diploma</a>). A <i>I level Master</i> (<i>Master di I livello</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">diploma</a> which can be obtained after a Laurea; a <i>II level Master</i> (<i>Master di II livello</i>) can be gained after a Laurea magistrale and is useful for pursuing further studies (like a PhD) or for professional achievements. </p><p>A graduate is granted by law the title of <i>dottore magistrale (shortened as dr. mag. or dott. mag.)</i>, or Magistral Doctor. However, the title is not commonly used, and graduates are simply addressed as "doctor". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_cycle:_Dottorato_di_ricerca">Third cycle: <i>Dottorato di ricerca</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Third cycle: Dottorato di ricerca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dottorato_di_ricerca" title="Dottorato di ricerca">Dottorato di ricerca</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dottorato_di_ricerca" title="Dottorato di ricerca">Dottorato di ricerca</a> (equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Third_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Third cycle">third cycle</a> degree which can be undertaken only after achieving a Laurea magistrale. It was introduced in the mid-1980s<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consists of three/four years of PhD-level courses and experimental work, including the final defense of an innovative thesis. </p><p>Other than the PhD, another third-cycle title is the <i>Diploma di Specializzazione</i>, gained after a two-year (Law, <i>Diploma di Specializzazione in Professioni legali</i>) or a three-to-six year (Medicine, depending on the particular field) course of study and research.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To enrol for a <i>Diploma di Specializzazione</i>, a Laurea magistrale (in Law or Medicine, respectively) is required. The <i>Diploma di Specializzazione in Professioni legali</i> is one of the ways to access the competition for appointment as a judge,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the <i>Specializzazione</i> in a specific medical field is required to be recognized as a Specialist Medical Doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A graduate is granted by law the title of <i>dottore di ricerca (shortened as dr. ric., dott. ric. or PhD)</i>, or Research Doctor. However, the title is not commonly used, and graduates are simply addressed as "doctor" or append "PhD" to their name following the <a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">English system of post-nominals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrendler1998" class="citation journal cs1">Grendler, Paul F. (1998). "How to Get a Degree in Fifteen Days: Erasmus' Doctorate of Theology from the University of Turin". <i>Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook</i>. <b>18</b>: 40–69: 49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187492798X00050">10.1163/187492798X00050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+of+Rotterdam+Society+Yearbook&rft.atitle=How+to+Get+a+Degree+in+Fifteen+Days%3A+Erasmus%27+Doctorate+of+Theology+from+the+University+of+Turin&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=40-69%3A+49&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187492798X00050&rft.aulast=Grendler&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurea" class="Z3988"></span>; reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrendler2006" class="citation book cs1">Grendler, Paul F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sf3d7FXPNr4C&pg=RA1-PP10"><i>Renaissance Education Between Religion and Politics</i></a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860789895" title="Special:BookSources/9780860789895"><bdi>9780860789895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Education+Between+Religion+and+Politics&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780860789895&rft.aulast=Grendler&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsf3d7FXPNr4C%26pg%3DRA1-PP10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrendler2001" class="citation book cs1">Grendler, Paul F. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65e7Xd9a-PgC&pg=PA181"><i>The Universities of the Italian Renaissance</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801880551" title="Special:BookSources/9780801880551"><bdi>9780801880551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universities+of+the+Italian+Renaissance&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780801880551&rft.aulast=Grendler&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65e7Xd9a-PgC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleck2018" class="citation book cs1">Fleck, Christian (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaNsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA164"><i>Shaping Human Science Disciplines</i></a>. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319927794" title="Special:BookSources/9783319927794"><bdi>9783319927794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+Human+Science+Disciplines&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018-09&rft.isbn=9783319927794&rft.aulast=Fleck&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaNsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attiministeriali.miur.it/anno-2009/luglio/di-09072009.aspx">"Decreto Interministeriale del 9 luglio 2009 - Atti Ministeriali MIUR"</a>. <i>attiministeriali.miur.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=attiministeriali.miur.it&rft.atitle=Decreto+Interministeriale+del+9+luglio+2009+-+Atti+Ministeriali+MIUR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fattiministeriali.miur.it%2Fanno-2009%2Fluglio%2Fdi-09072009.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quadrodeititoli.it/index.aspx?IDL=1">"Qti"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quadrodeititoli.it%2Findex.aspx%3FIDL%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art._4,_co._3,_d.m._16_maro_2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-art._4,_co._3,_d.m._16_maro_2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attiministeriali.miur.it/anno-2007/marzo/dm-16032007.aspx">"Decreto Ministeriale del 16 marzo 2007 - Atti Ministeriali MIUR"</a>. <i>attiministeriali.miur.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=attiministeriali.miur.it&rft.atitle=Decreto+Ministeriale+del+16+marzo+2007+-+Atti+Ministeriali+MIUR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fattiministeriali.miur.it%2Fanno-2007%2Fmarzo%2Fdm-16032007.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edscuola.it/archivio/norme/decreti/dpr382_80.html">"Decreto Presidente Repubblica 11 luglio 1980, n. 382"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decreto+Presidente+Repubblica+11+luglio+1980%2C+n.+382&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edscuola.it%2Farchivio%2Fnorme%2Fdecreti%2Fdpr382_80.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crui.it/crui/ECTS/siu.htm">"ECTS - Il Sistema Universitario Italiano"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_certificate" title="Academic certificate">Academic certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_diploma" title="Artist diploma">Artist diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_degree" title="External degree">External degree</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">Licentiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_degree" title="Magister degree">Magister degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdegree" title="Microdegree">Microdegree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Professional degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_diploma" title="Graduate diploma">Graduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_diploma" title="Higher diploma">Higher diploma</a></li> <li><a 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