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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_from_Standard_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_Standard_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Differences from Standard Arabic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Differences_from_Standard_Arabic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Differences from Standard Arabic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_Standard_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contentions_regarding_descent_from_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contentions_regarding_descent_from_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Contentions regarding descent from Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contentions_regarding_descent_from_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_and_diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_and_diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels and diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_and_diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regional varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Said_Akl's_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Said_Akl's_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Said Akl's orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Said_Akl's_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lebanese Arabic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لهجات لبنان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لهجات لبنان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_liban%C3%A9s" title="Árabe libanés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árabe libanés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinultihang_Libanes" title="Sinultihang Libanes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sinultihang Libanes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanesisch-Arabisch" title="Libanesisch-Arabisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Libanesisch-Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Λιβανέζικα αραβικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιβανέζικα αραβικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_liban%C3%A9s" title="Árabe libanés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árabe libanés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban-araba_lingvo" title="Liban-araba lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liban-araba lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="عربی لبنانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عربی لبنانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe_libanais" title="Arabe libanais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabe libanais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Lebanon" title="Bahasa Arab Lebanon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Arab Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ערבית לבנונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערבית לבנונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Либански арапски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Либански арапски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Lubnan" title="Bahasa Arab Lubnan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Arab Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanees-Arabisch" title="Libanees-Arabisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Libanees-Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%AC%E3%83%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="アラビア語レバノン方言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア語レバノン方言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ar%C3%A0bica_levantin-a_setentrional" title="Lenga aràbica levantin-a setentrional – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga aràbica levantin-a setentrional" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_liban%C3%AAs" title="Árabe libanês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árabe libanês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ливанский диалект арабского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ливанский диалект арабского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lebanese Arabic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาอาหรับเลบานอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาหรับเลบานอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="لبنانی عربی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لبنانی عربی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebkiy%C3%AA_Lubnani" title="Erebkiyê Lubnani – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Erebkiyê Lubnani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="黎巴嫩阿拉伯語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黎巴嫩阿拉伯語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1516642#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Lebanese Arabic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;"><span title="Levantine Arabic-language text"><span lang="apc" dir="rtl">اللهجة اللبنانية</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="apc-LB-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">[ˈʕaɾabe<span class="wrap"> </span>ləbˈneːne]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5.0 million (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Lebanese Arabic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="hlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Iqlim-Al-Kharrub Sunni Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jdeideh" title="Jdeideh">Jdaideh Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate" title="Mount Lebanon Governorate">North-Central Lebanese Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North Lebanese Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Saida Sunni Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Druze" title="Lebanese Druze">South-Central Lebanese Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">South Lebanese Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Sunni Beiruti Arabic</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic chat alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(covered by <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/apc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:apc">apc</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/stan1323">stan1323</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>apc-LB</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanese_Arabic_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lebanese_Arabic_Map.png/320px-Lebanese_Arabic_Map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lebanese_Arabic_Map.png/480px-Lebanese_Arabic_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Lebanese_Arabic_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="740" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3E48CC; color:white;"> </span> North Lebanese Arabic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9AD9EA; color:black;"> </span> North-Central Lebanese Arabic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B97A57; color:black;"> </span> Beqaa Arabic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B8E714; color:black;"> </span> Jdaideh Arabic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FAC81A; color:black;"> </span> Sunni Beiruti Arabic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#14B84B; color:black;"> </span> South-Central Lebanese Arabic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FDB2C7; color:black;"> </span> Iqlim-Al-Kharrub Sunni Arabic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E72121; color:black;"> </span> Saida Sunni Arabic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A24CA7; color:white;"> </span> South Lebanese Arabic</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine written in Arabic characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Applying_styles" title="Template:Lang">rendering support</a>, you may see <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">احنا‎</span></span> and <span title="Levantine Arabic-language text"><span lang="apc" dir="rtl">احنا‎</span></span> appearing as two different characters. If so, <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Applying_styles" title="Template:Lang">apply this custom style in your user settings</a>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nt">apc</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">font-family</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'Segoe UI'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Tahoma</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> </pre></div>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Lebanese Arabic</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَرَبِيّ لُبْنَانِيّ</span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿarabiyy lubnāniyy</i></span>; autonym: <span title="Levantine Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="apc-Latn">ʿarabe lebnēne</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="apc-LB-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">[ˈʕaɾabe<span class="wrap"> </span>ləbˈneːne]</a></span>), or simply <b>Lebanese</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لُبْنَانِيّ</span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">lubnāniyy</i></span>; autonym: <span title="Levantine Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="apc-Latn">lebnēne</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="apc-LB-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">[ləbˈneːne]</a></span>), is a group of accents or a <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>, indigenous to and primarily <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">spoken in Lebanon</a>, with some linguistic influences borrowed from other Middle Eastern and European languages. </p><p>Lebanese Arabic is a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Arabic dialects</a> introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Arabic dialects</a> that were already spoken in other parts of the Levant prior to the 7th century AD, which gradually supplanted <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> (a language from the <a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram (region)</a> which already supplanted indigenous <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> before that) to become the regional <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>. As a result of this prolonged process of <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>, Lebanese Arabic possesses a significant <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#substratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a>, along with later non-<a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Adstratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">adstrate</a> influences from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Lebanon" title="French language in Lebanon">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Lebanon" title="English language in Lebanon">English</a>. As a variety of <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>, Lebanese Arabic is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian Arabic</a> accents and shares many <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">innovations</a> with <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian Arabic</a>. </p><p>Due to <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a> and pervasive <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> among Lebanese people (a majority of the Lebanese people are bilingual or trilingual), a number of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese people</a> tend to <a href="/wiki/Code-switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Code-switch">code-switch</a> between or mix Lebanese Arabic, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in their daily speech. It is also spoken among the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese diaspora</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_from_Standard_Arabic">Differences from Standard Arabic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Differences from Standard Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lebanese Arabic shares many features with other modern varieties of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>. Lebanese Arabic, like many other spoken Levantine Arabic varieties, has a syllable structure very different from that of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>. While Standard Arabic can have only one consonant at the beginning of a syllable, after which a vowel must follow, Lebanese Arabic commonly has two consonants in the onset. </p> <ul><li>Morphology: no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> or grammatical case markings.</li> <li>Number: verbal agreement regarding number and gender is required for all subjects, whether already mentioned or not.</li> <li>Vocabulary: borrowings from other languages; most prominently <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac-Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western-Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, as well as, less significantly, from English.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bishai_1964_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishai_1964-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some authors, such as the Lebanese statistician <a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a>, believe that a significant part of the Lebanese grammatical structure is due to <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> influences.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taleb_2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taleb_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm/220px--Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28,_2017.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28,_2017.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm/Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm/Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm/Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm/Maya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMaya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm&lang=apc&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="apc" label="شامي ‪(apc)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMaya_Diab_interview_in_Morocco_-_Oct_28%2C_2017.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>An interview with Lebanese singer <a href="/wiki/Maya_Diab" title="Maya Diab">Maya Diab</a>; she speaks in Lebanese Arabic.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The following example demonstrates two differences between Standard Arabic (Literary Arabic) and Spoken Lebanese Arabic: <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قهوة</span></span>), Literary Arabic: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈqahwa/</span>; Lebanese Arabic: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʔahwe]</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">voiceless uvular plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>, and the final vowel (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]</span>) commonly written with <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">tāʾ marbūtah</i></span></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ة">ة</a></span></span>) is raised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span>.</li> <li>As a general rule, the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">voiceless uvular plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> is replaced with <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>, e.g. <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دقيقة</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/daqiːqa/</span> 'minute' becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʔiːʔa]</span>. This <a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">debuccalization</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> is a feature shared with <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>. <ul><li>The exception for this general rule is the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> of Lebanon who, like the Druze of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, have retained the pronunciation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> in the centre of direct neighbours who have replaced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> (for example 'heart', which is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qalb/</span> in Literary Arabic, becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔaleb]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔalb]</span>. The use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> by Druze is particularly prominent in the mountains and less so in urban areas.</li></ul></li> <li>Unlike most other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">varieties of Arabic</a>, a few dialects of Lebanese Arabic have retained the classical diphthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aj/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aw/</span> (pronounced in Lebanese Arabic as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɪ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eʊ]</span>), which were monophthongised into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>]</span> elsewhere, although the majority of Lebanese Arabic dialects realize them as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oʊ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɪ]</span>. In urban dialects (i.e. Beiruti) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>]</span> has replaced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aj/</span> and sometimes medial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span> has replaced final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> making it indistinguishable with <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">tāʾ marbūtah</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ة</span></span>). Also, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>]</span> has replaced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aw/</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span> replacing some short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>s. In singing, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aj/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aw/</span> and medial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> are usually maintained for artistic<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (December 2012)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> values.</li> <li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> sound from Modern Standard Arabic is sometimes replaced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> in words from MSA like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θaːnija/</span>, (second as in the number) when it becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/teːnje/</span>. Other times, it may be replaced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> in words like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θaːnija/</span> (second as in the time measurement) when it becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/seːnje/</span>. It is assumed that this is to maintain an audible difference between the two words which were originally homophones. In some dialects, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> sound is replaced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> for both words.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contentions_regarding_descent_from_Arabic">Contentions regarding descent from Arabic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contentions regarding descent from Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lebanese literary figure <a href="/wiki/Said_Akl" title="Said Akl">Said Akl</a> led a movement to recognize the "Lebanese language" as a distinct prestigious language and oppose it to Standard Arabic, which he considered a "<a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">dead language</a>". Akl's idea was relatively successful among the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plonka2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plonka2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several non-linguist commentators, most notably the statistician and essayist <a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a>, have said that the Lebanese vernacular is not in fact a <a href="/wiki/Variety_of_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Variety of Arabic">variety of Arabic</a> at all, but rather a separate <a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Semitic language">Central Semitic language</a> descended from older languages including <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>; those who espouse this viewpoint suggest that a large percentage of its vocabulary consists of Arabic <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, and that this compounds with the use of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> to disguise the language's true nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Taleb_2018_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taleb_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taleb has recommended that the language be called Northwestern Levantine or neo-<a href="/wiki/Canaanite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite language">Canaanite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this classification is at odds with the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a> of <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> of Lebanese, including basic lexicon, exhibits <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound changes</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Feature_(linguistics)" title="Feature (linguistics)">features</a> that are unique to the Arabic branch of the Semitic language family,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it difficult to categorize it under any other branch, and observations of its <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> also suggest a substantial Arabic makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is disputable as Arabic and Aramaic share many cognates, so only words proper to the Arabic language and cognates with Arabic-specific sound changes can certainly only be from Arabic. It is plausible that many words used in Lebanese Arabic today may have been influenced by their respective <a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a> cognates.<sup id="cite_ref-Taleb_2018_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taleb_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian and linguist <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Al-Jallad" title="Ahmad Al-Jallad">Ahmad Al-Jallad</a> has argued that modern dialects are not descendants of Classical Arabic, forms of Arabic existing before the formation of Classical Arabic being the historical foundation for the various dialects. Thus he states that, "most of the familiar modern dialects (i.e. Rabat, Cairo, Damascus, etc.) are sedimentary structures, containing layers of Arabics that must be teased out on a case-by-case basis."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence, the linguistic consensus is that Lebanese too is a variety of Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Lebanese Arabic consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">emphatic</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>)</td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a></span></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span>)</td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span>)</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span>) </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span>)</td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">zˤ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trill</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>v/</span> are not native to Lebanese Arabic and are only found in loanwords. They are sometimes realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> respectively.</li> <li>The velar stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> occurs in native Lebanese Arabic words but is generally restricted to loanwords. It is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> by some speakers.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> can be heard among Druze speech, alternating with a glottal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_and_diphthongs">Vowels and diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels and diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanese_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lebanese_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Lebanese_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lebanese_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Lebanese_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lebanese_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Lebanese_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Lebanese Arabic vowel chart.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison">Comparison</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table shows the correspondence between general Lebanese Arabic vowel phonemes and their counterpart realizations in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and other <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a> varieties. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Lebanese Arabic</th> <th>MSA</th> <th>Southern</th> <th>Central</th> <th>Northern </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">1</a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span></td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">1</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æː]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑː]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span></td> <td colspan="4"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span></td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td colspan="4"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɪ/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aj]</span></td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʊ/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aw]</span></td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^1</a></b></span> After back consonants this is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>]</span> in Lebanese Arabic, Central and Northern Levantine varieties, and as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span> in Southern Levantine varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_varieties">Regional varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regional varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is a modern Lebanese Arabic dialect mutually understood by Lebanese people,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are regionally distinct variations with, at times, unique pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Widely used regional varieties include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beiruti</a> varieties, further distributed according to <a href="/wiki/Beirut#Quarters_and_sectors" title="Beirut">neighbourhoods</a>, the notable ones being <a href="/wiki/Achrafieh" title="Achrafieh">Achrafieh</a> variety, Basta variety, <a href="/wiki/Ras_Beirut" title="Ras Beirut">Ras Beirut</a> variety, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">Northern varieties</a>, further distributed regionally, the most notable ones being <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> variety, <a href="/wiki/Zgharta" title="Zgharta">Zgharta</a> variety, <a href="/wiki/Bsharri" title="Bsharri">Bsharri</a> variety, <a href="/wiki/Koura_District" title="Koura District">Koura</a> variety, <a href="/wiki/Akkar_District" title="Akkar District">Akkar</a> variety.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern</a> varieties, with notable ones being the <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bint_Jbeil" title="Bint Jbeil">Bint Jbeil</a> varieties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa</a> varieties, further divided into varieties, the notable ones being <a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hermel" title="Hermel">Hermel</a> varieties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> varieties, further divided into regional varieties like the <a href="/wiki/Keserwan_District" title="Keserwan District">Keserwan</a> variety, the <a href="/wiki/Matn_District" title="Matn District">Matin</a> dialect, <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Shouf</a> variety, etc.</li></ul> <p>Even in the medieval era, the geographer <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> wrote that: "They say that in the Lebanon district there are spoken seventy dialects, and no one people understands the language of the other, except through an interpreter."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lebanese Arabic is rarely written, except in <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a> where a dialect is implied or in some types of <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> that <a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">do not use classical Arabic at all</a>. Lebanese Arabic is also utilized in many Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">songs</a>, theatrical pieces, local television and radio productions, and very prominently in <a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">zajal</a>. </p><p>Formal publications in Lebanon, such as newspapers, are typically written in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, or <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. </p><p>While Arabic script is usually employed, informal usage such as <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">online chat</a> may mix and match Latin letter <a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">transliterations</a>. The Lebanese poet <a href="/wiki/Said_Akl" title="Said Akl">Said Akl</a> proposed the use of the Latin alphabet but did not gain wide acceptance. Whereas some works, such as <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> and <i>Plato's Dialogues</i> have been transliterated using such systems, they have not<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> gained widespread acceptance. Yet, now, most Arabic web users, when short of an Arabic keyboard, transliterate the Lebanese Arabic words in the Latin alphabet in a pattern similar to the Said Akl alphabet, the only difference being the use of digits to render the Arabic letters with no obvious equivalent in the Latin alphabet. </p><p>There is still today no generally accepted agreement on how to use the Latin alphabet to transliterate Lebanese Arabic words. However, Lebanese people are now using Latin numbers while communicating online to make up for sounds not directly associable to Latin letters. This is especially popular over text messages and apps such as <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>. Examples: </p> <ul><li>7 for <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a></li> <li>5 or kh for <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a></li> <li>3 for <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a></li> <li>2 for <a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a> or <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> (qaf is often pronounced as a glottal stop)</li> <li>gh for <a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a></li></ul> <p>In 2010, <i>The Lebanese Language Institute</i> released a Lebanese Arabic keyboard layout and made it easier to write Lebanese Arabic in a Latin script, using unicode-compatible symbols to substitute for missing sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Said_Akl's_orthography"><span id="Said_Akl.27s_orthography"></span>Said Akl's orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Said Akl's orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Said_Akl_Statue_in_Beirut.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Said_Akl_Statue_in_Beirut.JPG/220px-Said_Akl_Statue_in_Beirut.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Said_Akl_Statue_in_Beirut.JPG/330px-Said_Akl_Statue_in_Beirut.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Said_Akl_Statue_in_Beirut.JPG/440px-Said_Akl_Statue_in_Beirut.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Said_Akl" title="Said Akl">Said Akl</a>'s statue in the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="American University of Science and Technology">American University of Science and Technology</a>'s campus in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Said_Akl" title="Said Akl">Said Akl</a>, the poet, philosopher, writer, playwright and language reformer, designed an alphabet for the Lebanese language using the Latin alphabet in addition to a few newly designed letters and some accented Latin letters to suit the Lebanese phonology in the following pattern: </p> <ul><li>Capitalization and punctuation are used normally the same way they are used in French and English</li> <li>Some written consonant-letters, depending on their position, inherited a preceding vowel. As <i>L</i> and <i>T</i>.</li> <li>Emphatic consonants are not distinguished in spelling by Said Akl's method, with the exception of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zˤ/</span> represented by <i>ƶ</i>. Probably Said Akl did not acknowledge any other emphatic consonant.</li> <li>Stress is not marked.</li> <li>Long vowels and geminated consonants are represented by double letters.</li> <li>ꞓ which represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> (Arabic hamza) was written even initially.</li> <li>All of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">basic Latin alphabet</a> are used, in addition to other diacriticized ones. Most of the letters loosely represent their <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> counterparts, with some exceptions:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Corresponding<br />phoneme(s)</th> <th>More<br />common<br />Latin<br />equivalents</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span></td> <td>a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aa</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>/</span></td> <td>aa, å</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td>sh, ch, š</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ꞓ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span></td> <td>2, ’</td> <td>The actual diacritic is a diagonal stroke crossing the bottom left of the letter </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span></td> <td>gh</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span></td> <td></td> <td>Represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> word-finally </td></tr> <tr> <td>ii</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</span></td> <td>kh, 5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>q</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span></td> <td>k</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span></td> <td></td> <td>Represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> word-finally </td></tr> <tr> <td>uu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>x</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>/</span></td> <td>7, ḥ, <u>h</u>, H</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ý</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</span></td> <td>3, 9, ‘</td> <td>The actual diacritic is a horizontal stroke going from the top of the upper-left spoke of the letter towards the top-center of the letter-space </td></tr> <tr> <td>ƶ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ˤ</a></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Roger Makhlouf largely uses Akl's alphabet in his Lebanese-English Lexicon.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maronite-heritage.com&rft.atitle=Lebanese+Language+-+MARONITE+HERITAGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maronite-heritage.com%2FLebanese%2520Language.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makki, Elrabih Massoud. 1983. The Lebanese dialect of Arabic: Southern Region. (Doctoral dissertation, Georgetown University; 155pp.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange, Guy</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft"><i>Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</i></a>. London: Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004386">1004386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500&rft.place=London&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004386&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestineundermo00lestuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebanese Language Institute: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lebaneselanguage.org/lll-system/lebanese-latin-letters/">Lebanese Latin Letters The Lebanese Latin Letters</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakhlouf2018" class="citation book cs1">Makhlouf, Roger (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MC1KuwEACAAJ"><i>Lebanese-English Lexicon</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7180-8620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7180-8620-3"><bdi>978-1-7180-8620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanese-English+Lexicon&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-7180-8620-3&rft.aulast=Makhlouf&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMC1KuwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeghali1999" class="citation book cs1">Feghali, Maksoud Nayef (1999). <i>Spoken Lebanese</i>. Parkway Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43497631">43497631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spoken+Lebanese&rft.pub=Parkway+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43497631&rft.aulast=Feghali&rft.aufirst=Maksoud+Nayef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeghali1928" class="citation book cs1">Feghali, Michel T. (1928). <i>Syntaxe des parlers arabes actuels du Liban</i>. Paris: Impr. nationale. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/580564758">580564758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntaxe+des+parlers+arabes+actuels+du+Liban&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Impr.+nationale&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F580564758&rft.aulast=Feghali&rft.aufirst=Michel+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Elie Kallas, <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Atabi Lebnaaniyyi. Un livello soglia per l'apprendimento del neoarabo libanese</i>, Cafoscarina, Venice, 1995.</li> <li>Angela Daiana Langone, <i>Btesem ente lebneni. Commedia in dialetto libanese di Yahya Jaber</i>, Università degli Studi La Sapienza, Rome, 2004.</li> <li>Jérome Lentin, "Classification et typologie des dialectes du Bilad al-Sham", in <i>Matériaux Arabes et Sudarabiques</i> n. 6, 1994, 11–43.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPłonka2004" class="citation book cs1">Płonka, Arkadiusz (2004). <i>L'idée de langue libanaise d'après Sa'ïd 'Aql</i>. Geuthner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7053-3739-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-7053-3739-3"><bdi>2-7053-3739-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57573072">57573072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27id%C3%A9e+de+langue+libanaise+d%27apr%C3%A8s+Sa%27%C3%AFd+%27Aql&rft.pub=Geuthner&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57573072&rft.isbn=2-7053-3739-3&rft.aulast=P%C5%82onka&rft.aufirst=Arkadiusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPłonka2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Płonka, Arkadiusz (2006). "Le nationalisme linguistique au Liban autour de Sa'īd 'Aql et l'idée de langue libanaise dans la revue Lebnaan en nouvel Alphabet". <i>Arabica</i> (in French). <b>53</b> (4). Brill: 423–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005806778915100">10.1163/157005806778915100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=Le+nationalisme+linguistique+au+Liban+autour+de+Sa%27%C4%ABd+%27Aql+et+l%27id%C3%A9e+de+langue+libanaise+dans+la+revue+Lebnaan+en+nouvel+Alphabet&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=423-471&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157005806778915100&rft.aulast=P%C5%82onka&rft.aufirst=Arkadiusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Franck Salameh, "Language, Memory, and Identity in the Middle East", Lexington Books, 2010.</li> <li>Abdul-Karim, K. 1979. Aspects of the Phonology of Lebanese Arabic. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Doctoral Dissertation.</li> <li>Bishr, Kemal Mohamed Aly. 1956. A grammatical study of Lebanese Arabic. (Doctoral dissertation, University of London; 470pp.)</li> <li>Choueiri, Lina. 2002. Issues in the syntax of resumption: restrictive relatives in Lebanese Arabic. Ann Arbor: UMI. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Los Angeles; xi+376pp.)</li> <li>Makki, Elrabih Massoud. 1983. The Lebanese dialect of Arabic: Southern Region. (Doctoral dissertation, Georgetown University; 155pp.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Arabic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/apc" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/apc">Levantine Arabic test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Lebanese Arabic, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:North_Levantine_Arabic_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:North Levantine Arabic language"><i><b>North Levantine Arabic language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic_phrasebook#Q1516642" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Lebanese Arabic phrasebook">Lebanese Arabic</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lebanese-arabic.com">Lebanese Arabic with Hiba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languagewave.com">Language Wave podcast</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lebaneselanguage.org">Lebanese Language Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lebaneselanguage.org/lll-system/lebanese-latin-letters/">Lebanese Arabic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324012810/http://www.decotype.com/publications/1981_RNLA-Arabic/RNLA_Lebanese_Arabic_Manual.pdf">Manual with grammar of Lebanese Arabic for the Dutch UNIFIL detachment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/LebaneseWritingRules">Summary of commonly used conventions of writing the Lebanese Arabic spoken language using Latin alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Levantine_Arabic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Levantine Arabic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Levantine_Arabic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_vocabulary" title="Levantine Arabic vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic root</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">IPA</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Levantine_Arabic_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Levantine_Arabic_2023.svg/100px-Levantine_Arabic_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Levantine_Arabic_2023.svg/150px-Levantine_Arabic_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Levantine_Arabic_2023.svg/200px-Levantine_Arabic_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Syrian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Syrian Arabic">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Palestinian_Judeo-Arabic" title="Modern Palestinian Judeo-Arabic">Jewish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Northwest Arabian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Levantine_Arabic" title="Category:Levantine Arabic">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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