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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Degree_adverbial_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degree_adverbial_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Degree adverbial phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degree_adverbial_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modifying_adverbial_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modifying_adverbial_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modifying adverbial phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modifying_adverbial_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complement_adverbial_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complement_adverbial_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Complement adverbial phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complement_adverbial_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinguishing_adverbs,_adverbial_phrases,_and_adverbial_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguishing_adverbs,_adverbial_phrases,_and_adverbial_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distinguishing adverbs, adverbial phrases, and adverbial clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_adverbs,_adverbial_phrases,_and_adverbial_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classes_of_adverbials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes_of_adverbials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Classes of adverbials</span> 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adverbial phrase</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintagma_adverbial" title="Sintagma adverbial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sintagma adverbial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbphrase" title="Adverbphrase – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adverbphrase" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4%C3%A4rs%C3%B5nafraas" title="Määrsõnafraas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Määrsõnafraas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintagma_adverbial" title="Sintagma adverbial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sintagma adverbial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adizlagun" title="Adizlagun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adizlagun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="گروه قیدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه قیدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasa_adverbia" title="Frasa adverbia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frasa adverbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarika_tambinteny" title="Tarika tambinteny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tarika tambinteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasa_kerja" title="Frasa kerja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frasa kerja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintagma_ndajfoljore" title="Sintagma ndajfoljore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sintagma ndajfoljore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbfras" title="Adverbfras – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adverbfras" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3734650#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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an <i><b>adverbial phrase</b></i> ("<b>AdvP</b>") is a multi-word expression operating <a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">adverbially</a>: its <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic function</a> is to modify other expressions, including <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">adverbials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a>. Some grammars use the label <b>adverb phrase</b> to denote an adverbial phrase composed entirely of adverbs versus an <i>adverbial phrase</i>, which might not contain an adverb. </p><p>Adverbial phrases </p><p><br /> Adverbial phrases can be divided into two types: <a href="/wiki/Complement_(linguistics)" title="Complement (linguistics)">complementary</a> phrases and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">modifying</a> phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-Pullum_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pullum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>very well</i> is a complementary adverbial phrase that complements "sang" in the sentence "She sang <i>very well</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Pullum_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pullum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, the adverbial phrase <i>very well</i> contains two adverbs, <i>very</i> and <i>well</i>: while <i>well</i> qualifies the verb to convey information about the manner of singing. By contrast, <i>almost always</i> is a modifying adverbial phrase that modifies "skip" in the sentence "I <i>almost always</i> skip breakfast." </p><p>The following examples illustrate some of the most common types of adverbial phrases. All adverbial phrases appear in bold; when relevant, the head of each adverbial phrase appears in square brackets. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Degree_adverbial_phrases">Degree adverbial phrases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Degree adverbial phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heads of each of the following adverbial phrases are degree adverbials (written "Deg" in syntactic trees). Degree adverbials modify adjacent adverbs (that is, an adverb that is lower in the syntactic tree than the degree adverbial).<sup id="cite_ref-Brinton_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brinton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Degree adverbials are commonly used in English to convey the intensity, degree, or focusing of an adjacent adverb.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, a degree adverbial is used to modify an adverb in an adverbial phrase: for example, in (1) the degree adverbial <i>very</i> modifies the adverb <i>quickly</i>; in (2) the degree adverbial <i>extremely</i> modifies the adverb <i>hard</i>; in (3) the degree adverbial <i>really</i> modifies the adverb <i>well</i>; and in (4), the degree adverbial <i>so</i> modifies the adverb <i>soon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huddleston_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>(1) <i>They repaired my car <b>[very] quickly</b>.</i></li> <li>(2) <i>He worked <b>[extremely] hard</b> in the game.</i></li> <li>(3) <i>She did <b>[really] well</b> in her race.</i></li> <li>(4) <i>Why are you leaving <b>[so] soon</b>?</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modifying_adverbial_phrases">Modifying adverbial phrases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modifying adverbial phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">Modifying</a> adverbial phrases combine with a sentence, and the removal of the adverbial phrase yields a well-formed sentence. For example, in (5) the modifying adverbial phrase <i>in an hour</i> can be removed, and the sentence remains well-formed (e.g., <i>I'll go to bed</i>); in (6) the modifying AdvP <i>three hours later</i> can be omitted, and the sentence remains well-formed (e.g., <i>We arrived</i>); and in (7), the modifying AdvP <i>before long</i> can be omitted, and the sentence remains well-formed (e.g. <i>The situation had resolved</i>). Just as <a href="/wiki/Adjective_phrase" title="Adjective phrase">adjective phrases</a> function attributively to give additional information about an adjacent noun, the modifying adverbial phrases illustrated in (5) to (7) function as secondary predicates that give additional temporal information about the sentence. </p> <ul><li>(5) <b>In an hour</b><i> </i>I'll go to bed.</li> <li>(6) <b>Three hours later</b><i> </i>we arrived .</li> <li>(7) <i><b>Before long</b></i> the situation had resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Huddleston_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complement_adverbial_phrases">Complement adverbial phrases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Complement adverbial phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Complement adverbial phrases are much less common than their modifying counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Huddleston_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adverbial phrases functioning as complements usually arise when an adverb licenses a complement as a selectional requirement. Nearly all of these complements license an adjoining prepositional phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-Huddleston_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below are a few examples of complement adverbial phrases. </p> <ul><li>(8) <i>Purchase of State vehicles is handled <b>[similarly] to all State purchases</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pullum_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pullum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(9) <i>Foreign firms in US markets are treated <b>[equally] with their US counterparts</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huddleston_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinguishing_adverbs,_adverbial_phrases,_and_adverbial_clauses"><span id="Distinguishing_adverbs.2C_adverbial_phrases.2C_and_adverbial_clauses"></span>Distinguishing adverbs, adverbial phrases, and adverbial clauses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distinguishing adverbs, adverbial phrases, and adverbial clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following sentences illustrate the difference between <a href="/wiki/Adverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverbs">adverbs</a>, adverbial phrases, and <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_clause" title="Adverbial clause">adverbial clauses</a>. </p> <ul><li>(10) <i>I'll go to bed <b>soon</b></i>.</li> <li>(11) <i>I'll go to bed <b>in an hour</b></i>.</li> <li>(12) <i>I'll go to bed <b>when I've finished my book</b></i>.</li></ul> <p>In the first example, "soon" is an <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a> (as distinct from a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>), which is a type of <a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">adverbial</a>. In the second sentence, the modifying phrase "in an hour" has the same syntactic function (that is, to act adverbially and modify the base of the sentence "I'll go to bed"), though it does not contain an adverb. This modifying phrase includes a <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">preposition</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Determiner_phrase" title="Determiner phrase">determiner phrase</a>, and functions as an adverbial, thus making it an adverbial phrase. In the third example, we see a whole <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a> functioning as an adverbial; it is termed an <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_clause" title="Adverbial clause">adverbial clause</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Functionally, the term <a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">adverbial</a> refers to all structures that can take the position of an adverb on a phrase structure level.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverbs</a> modify the <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_category" title="Syntactic category">functional categories</a> that occur in a sentence and may also be treated as <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicates</a> which are functionally open and require one or more <a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">arguments</a> to be satisfied.<sup id="cite_ref-Ojea_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojea-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> is largely conditioned by their lexical nature or <a href="/wiki/Topic-comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic-comment">thematic properties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ojea_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojea-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classes_of_adverbials">Classes of adverbials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classes of adverbials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Main classes of adverbials are used to distinguish the functional properties of the adverbs within the phrase. Each class has subcategories, that refer more specifically to the syntactic and semantic properties of the adverbial. There is no distinct terminology for these classes used universally in literature, though adverbials are often classified into their functional categories.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasselgård_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasselgård-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major classes of adverbials are adjunct, disjunct and conjunct.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenbaum_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenbaum-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">Adjunct</a>: <dl><dd>referring to information of the action or state in the clause or aspects of things within the real world.</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunct</a>: <dl><dd>contextualizes relationships between text. Provides a connective function.</dd> <dd>(i.e. furthermore, to begin with, however)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunct_(linguistics)" title="Disjunct (linguistics)">Disjunct</a>: <dl><dd>conveys a speaker's evaluation of something</dd> <dd>( i.e. probably, fortunately)</dd></dl></li> <li>Subjunct: <dl><dd>has a subordinate role relative to other clauses in the structure.</dd> <dd>often referring to viewpoint, focus, or degree adverbials</dd></dl></li></ol> <p>The class of subjunct is usually placed within adjunct class as it is difficult to distinguish between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasselgård_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasselgård-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subcategories for adverbials have more universally used terminology and often refer to the nature of the adverb within each phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasselgård_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasselgård-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most literature focuses on the specific categories of adjunct adverbials.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinque_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinque-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ernst_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subcategories_for_adverbials">Subcategories for adverbials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subcategories for adverbials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjunct adverbials are the most often discussed class of adverbials, when discussing distribution in English.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complement adverbials are also seen to display similar attributes as adjuncts. Distinguishing between these is a matter of the overt realization of the phrase and is discussed below. The most recognizable subcategories for adjunct adverbials would be.: </p> <ol><li>Time (answers the question 'When?') <dl><dd><i>She will be arriving <b>in a short time.</b></i></dd></dl></li> <li>Place (answers the question Where?') <dl><dd><i>She is waiting <b>near the wall.</b></i></dd></dl></li> <li>Manner (answers the question 'How?') <dl><dd><i>They are discussing the matter <b>in a civilized way.</b></i></dd></dl></li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd>More possible subcategories of adjunct adverbials are: degree, speaker-oriented, duration, focusing, viewpoint, modality and frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_Dictionary_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Dictionary-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linking">Linking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Linking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conjunct adverbials, sometimes called linking adverbials, are used to connect clauses together and surface in a clause-initial position in English.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasselgård_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasselgård-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>On Tuesday there is a big party; <b>however</b>, I wasn't invited.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evaluative">Evaluative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evaluative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disjunct adverbials, also referred to as modal adverbials, have subcategories which relay a speakers interpretation of what appears lower in the clause. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><b>In my opinion</b>, syntax is confusing.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Subjunct adverbials are not often discussed as a class of its own in literature. As the distinction of these subcategories as subjunctive depend on the role the adverbial takes within the phrase, a subordinate role, and when not in this structure will be in the adjunct class.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasselgård_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasselgård-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Viewpoint</li> <li>Focus</li> <li>Degree</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjuncts_vs._complements">Adjuncts vs. complements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adjuncts vs. complements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adverbials can be adjuncts, complements, conjuncts, or disjuncts. Most commonly, adverbial phrases are either complements or adjuncts. <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjunct (linguistics)">Adjunct</a> adverbial phrases provide additional information and are part of the structure of the clause, but are optional.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Complement_(linguistics)" title="Complement (linguistics)">Complements</a> are elements of an utterance that complete the meaning of the noun or sentence in which it is being used. Unlike adjuncts, they are necessary to complete the meaning of a given sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_complement" title="Adverbial complement">Adverbial complement</a> is the term used to identify an adverbial phrase that is necessary to the meaning of the verb or utterance. Adverbial complements always appear after the verb that they modify. If the verb is intransitive, the complement will appear directly after the verb; if the verb is transitive, the complement will appear after the verb's direct object.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A test to identify whether or not an adverbial phrase is a complement or adjunct is to remove the phrase in question from the sentence. If the sentence no longer makes sense or if its meaning is altered heavily, then the adverbial element is a complement. If the meaning is still intact, it is an adjunct.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Is it an adjunct or a complement? </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>With adverbial </th> <th>Without adverbial </th> <th>Does the sentence become ungrammatical on its own? </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>How did you get <b>home</b>? </td> <td>How did you get? </td> <td>yes </td> <td>complement </td></tr> <tr> <td>She read the book <b>quietly</b> </td> <td>She read the book </td> <td>no </td> <td>adjunct </td></tr> <tr> <td>Put the flowers <b>in the vase</b> </td> <td>Put the flowers </td> <td>yes </td> <td>complement </td></tr> <tr> <td>They did their homework <b>after school</b> </td> <td>They did their homework </td> <td>no </td> <td>adjunct </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverbial_fronting">Adverbial fronting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adverbial fronting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One phenomenon occurring frequently in sentences that involve adverbial phrases is adverbial fronting, where the adverbial phrase moves to the front of a sentence. </p> <ul><li><i>I shall go on the cruise next year.</i></li> <li><i>Next year, I shall go on the cruise.</i></li></ul> <p>Work on both this phenomenon, as well as comparing the movement of adverbial phrases to this syntactic position to typical movement and <a href="/wiki/Topicalization" title="Topicalization">topicalization</a> of arguments has been covered by Haegeman.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a difference between fronted adjuncts (in this case, adverbial phrases) and topicalized arguments. Adverbial phrases behave as adjuncts, and that serves as particularly useful in discussions regarding adverbial phrases and their movement, as well as their integration into syntactic structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_French_vs_English">In French vs English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In French vs English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Adverbial_phrase" title="Special:EditPage/Adverbial phrase">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Adverbial phrases are different across languages. French is a case in point. Like English, adverbial phrases are the parts of a sentence that add circumstantial information. French often requires using adverbial phrases where English is satisfied with a simple adverb. </p><p>For example, where English uses just one adverb, French requires a full adverbial phrase: </p> <ul><li>"surprisingly": <i>de manière surprenante</i></li> <li>"forwards": <i>vers l'avant</i> or <i>en avant</i></li> <li>"hopefully": <i>avec un peu d'espoir</i></li></ul> <p>Placements of adverbs in adverbial phrases is usually determined by the category of adverbs. In English, placement of adverbs can sometimes be arbitrary, where some adverbs may be found in front or after the verb or even at the beginning of the sentence, while French adverbs have much stricter rules and can be difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-French_Adverbs_101_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_Adverbs_101-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a French adverb modifies a verb, it is placed after the conjugated verb, for example: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Nous avons <b>bien</b> mangé.</i></dd> <dd>"We ate <b>well</b>."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>When an adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb, it is placed in front of the word it is modifying, for example: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Je suis <b>profondément</b> ému.</i></dd> <dd>"I am <b>deeply</b> moved."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>There is a contrast between verb–adverbial order in French and adverbial–verb order in English.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adverbial expressions are formed in French, by combining prepositions with nouns (or noun phrases), adjectives (adjective + a noun), adverbs, or a series of words.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While movement is slightly different from English, suffixation is similar. Most French words that end in <i>-ment</i> are adverbs, and the majority of the time their English equivalents end in <i>-ly</i>: <i>généralement</i> – "generally".<sup id="cite_ref-French_Adverbs_101_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French_Adverbs_101-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a brief overview on how adverbs are used in the overall phrase structure, in French there is an expansion in the word due to a derivation adjective adjective-to-adverb conversion process, namely, <i>-ment</i> suffixation. For example: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>ferme</i> → <i>fermement</i></dd> <dd><i>patient</i> → <i>patiemment</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Similarly, in English, words have the <i>-ly</i> suffixation added at the end of adverbs in adverbial phrases. For example: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>firm</i> → <i>firmly</i></dd> <dd><i>patient</i> → <i>patiently</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>However, this process of adding suffixation at the end of the adverbial word in French, is not as productive as <i>-ly</i> suffixation in English, and some adjectives are incompatible with it. For example, the adverb 'interesting' would become ungrammatical if the <i>-ment</i> adverb suffixation were to be added in the word: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>intéressant</i> → *<i>intéressamment</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Additionally, French adverbials are derived from adjectives in a completely irregular fashion not even using the suffix <i>-ment</i>: </p> <ul><li><i>bon</i> → <i>bien</i> ("good" → "well")</li> <li><i>mauvais</i> → <i>mal</i> ("bad" → "badly")</li> <li><i>meilleur</i> → <i>mieux</i> ("better", adjective → "better", adverb)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjective_phrase" title="Adjective phrase">Adjective phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">Adverbial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_complement" title="Adverbial complement">Adverbial complement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_phrase&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pullum-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pullum_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pullum_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pullum_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521612883" title="Special:BookSources/9780521612883"><bdi>9780521612883</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+student%27s+introductions+to+English+grammar&rft.place=Cambridge+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=124&rft.edition=3.+printing.&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521612883&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Huddleston%2C+Rodney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F113.190.240.60%3A8080%2Fphamquangquyen%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F1151%2F1%2FA-Students-Introduction-to-English-Grammar%2520%25281%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdverbial+phrase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brinton-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brinton_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrintonBrinton2010" class="citation book cs1">Brinton, Laurel; Brinton, Donna (2010). <i>The linguistic structure of modern English</i> (Rev. ed.). 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Co. pp. 196–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027288240" title="Special:BookSources/9789027288240"><bdi>9789027288240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+linguistic+structure+of+modern+English&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=196-200&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789027288240&rft.aulast=Brinton&rft.aufirst=Laurel&rft.au=Brinton%2C+Donna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdverbial+phrase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/adverbs-degree/">"Adverbs of degree"</a>. <i>Education First</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2002). <i>The Cambridge grammar of the English language</i> (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 574. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521431460" title="Special:BookSources/9780521431460"><bdi>9780521431460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+grammar+of+the+English+language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=574&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521431460&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdverbial+phrase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sobin, N. (2011) Syntactic Analysis The Basics. 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"The Distribution of Adverbial Phrases in English", Atlantis, 17 (1-2), p. 181-206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasselgård-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasselgård_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasselgård_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasselgård_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasselgård_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasselgård_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasselgård2010" class="citation book cs1">Hasselgård, Hilde (2010). <i>Adjunct adverbials in English</i> (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51556-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51556-6"><bdi>978-0-521-51556-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adjunct+adverbials+in+English&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51556-6&rft.aulast=Hasselg%C3%A5rd&rft.aufirst=Hilde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdverbial+phrase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenbaum-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenbaum_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbaum1969" class="citation book cs1">Greenbaum, Sidney (1969). <i>Studies in English adverbial usage</i> (2. impression. ed.). 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