CINXE.COM
Special pages - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Special pages - Wikibooks, open books for an open world</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikibooksmwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"11f1e87d-6c1d-4bd6-bc31-a39a400eb132","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Special","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":"Specialpages","wgNamespaceNumber":-1,"wgPageName":"Special:SpecialPages","wgTitle":"SpecialPages","wgCurRevisionId":0,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":0,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Special:SpecialPages","wgRelevantArticleId":0,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgNoticeProject":"wikibooks","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"value":{"levels":3}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":0,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":true,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.24"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.special":"ready","mediawiki.helplink":"ready","mediawiki.special.changeslist.legend":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.gadget.wikidialog","ext.gadget.commons-file","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.helplink%2Cspecial%7Cmediawiki.special.changeslist.legend%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Special pages - Wikibooks, open books for an open world"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikibooks.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikibooks (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikibooks.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikibooks Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns--1 ns-special mw-special-Specialpages page-Special_SpecialPages rootpage-Special_SpecialPages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main Page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Find help on how to use and edit Wikibooks"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-Browse" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Card_Catalog_Office" title="Check out what Wikibooks has to offer"><span>Browse</span></a></li><li id="n-Cookbook" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cookbook:Table_of_Contents" title="Learn recipes from around the world"><span>Cookbook</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikijunior" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikijunior" title="Books for children"><span>Wikijunior</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured-books" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Featured_books" title="The best of Wikibooks"><span>Featured books</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randomrootpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/Book:Wikibooks_Stacks/Books"><span>Random book</span></a></li><li id="n-Using-Wikibooks" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Using_Wikibooks"><span>Using Wikibooks</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-community" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-community" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Community </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Reading-room-forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room"><span>Reading room forum</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Community_Portal" title="Find your way around the Wikibooks community"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Bulletin_Board" title="Important community news"><span>Bulletin Board</span></a></li><li id="n-maintenance" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Maintenance" title="Frequent tasks that you can help with"><span>Help out!</span></a></li><li id="n-Policies-and-guidelines" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Pages detailing important rules and procedures"><span>Policies and guidelines</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Contact_us" title="Alternative methods of communication"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-lang" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other languages </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikibooks.svg" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikibooks" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikibooks-wordmark-vi.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.9375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Textbook Project" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikibooks-tagline-en.svg" width="120" height="10" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.625em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikibooks [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikibooks" aria-label="Search Wikibooks" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikibooks [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikibooks.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donations</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Special%3ASpecialPages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Special%3ASpecialPages" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikibooks.org&uselang=en"><span>Donations</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Special%3ASpecialPages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Special%3ASpecialPages" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion for this IP address</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Edismiss\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"width: fit-content; padding: 5px; border: 3px solid gray; background-color: #fafafa; text-align: center; margin: auto;\"\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/File:OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg/60px-OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg/80px-OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"20\" data-file-height=\"20\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E The Wikibooks community is developing a policy on the use of generative AI. Please review the \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikibooks:Artificial_Intelligence\" title=\"Wikibooks:Artificial Intelligence\"\u003Edraft policy\u003C/a\u003E and provide feedback on \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikibooks_talk:Artificial_Intelligence\" title=\"Wikibooks talk:Artificial Intelligence\"\u003Eits talk page\u003C/a\u003E.\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Maintenance reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lists of pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-login" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-login"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Account management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-login-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Users and rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recent changes and logs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media reports and uploads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-wiki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-wiki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Data and tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-wiki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-redirects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-redirects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Redirecting special pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-redirects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-highuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-highuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>High use pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-highuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-pagetools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-pagetools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Page tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-pagetools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Spam tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Edit review</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mw-specialpagesgroup-other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Other special pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mw-specialpagesgroup-other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Special pages</h1> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Special_pages" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>Help</a></div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=en" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3ASpecialPages"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3ASpecialPages"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-sister_projects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-sister_projects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sister projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikiversity" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="n-Wiktionary" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Main_Page"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikiquote" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikisource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikinews" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikivoyage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="n-Commons" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikidata" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page"><span>Wikidata</span></a></li><li id="n-MediaWiki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>MediaWiki</span></a></li><li id="n-Meta-Wiki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Meta-Wiki</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-specialpage-summary"> <p>This page contains a list of special pages. Most of the content of these pages is automatically generated and cannot be edited. To suggest a change to the parts that <i>can</i> be edited, find the appropriate text on <a href="/wiki/Special:AllMessages" title="Special:AllMessages">Special:AllMessages</a> and then request your change on the talk page of the message (using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Edit_protected" title="Template:Edit protected">editprotected</a>}} to draw the attention of administrators). </p><p>For an index of special pages, see <a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="Special:SpecialPages">Special:SpecialPages</a>. </p> </div><div class="mw-changeslist-legend mw-specialpages-notes">Legend<ul><li>Normal special pages.</li> <li><span class="mw-specialpagerestricted">Restricted special pages.</span></li></ul></div><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-maintenance">Maintenance reports</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:BrokenRedirects" title="Special:BrokenRedirects">Broken redirects</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:DeadendPages" title="Special:DeadendPages">Dead-end pages (disabled)</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:DoubleRedirects" title="Special:DoubleRedirects">Double redirects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:LintErrors" title="Special:LintErrors">Lint errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:LongPages" title="Special:LongPages">Long pages</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:AncientPages" title="Special:AncientPages">Oldest pages (disabled)</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:LonelyPages" title="Special:LonelyPages">Orphaned pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:UnconnectedPages" title="Special:UnconnectedPages">Pages not connected to items</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:FewestRevisions" title="Special:FewestRevisions">Pages with the fewest revisions (disabled)</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:WithoutInterwiki" title="Special:WithoutInterwiki">Pages without language links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ProtectedPages" title="Special:ProtectedPages">Protected pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ProtectedTitles" title="Special:ProtectedTitles">Protected titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ShortPages" title="Special:ShortPages">Short pages</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:UncategorizedCategories" title="Special:UncategorizedCategories">Uncategorized categories</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:UncategorizedFiles" title="Special:UncategorizedFiles">Uncategorized files</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:UncategorizedPages" title="Special:UncategorizedPages">Uncategorized pages</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:UncategorizedTemplates" title="Special:UncategorizedTemplates">Uncategorized templates</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:UnusedCategories" title="Special:UnusedCategories">Unused categories</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:UnusedFiles" title="Special:UnusedFiles">Unused files</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:UnusedTemplates" title="Special:UnusedTemplates">Unused templates</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:WantedCategories" title="Special:WantedCategories">Wanted categories</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:WantedFiles" title="Special:WantedFiles">Wanted files</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:WantedPages" title="Special:WantedPages">Wanted pages (disabled)</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:WantedTemplates" title="Special:WantedTemplates">Wanted templates</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-pages">Lists of pages</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:AllPages" title="Special:AllPages">All pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex" title="Special:PrefixIndex">All pages with prefix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:CategoryTree" title="Special:CategoryTree">Category tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:DisambiguationPages" title="Special:DisambiguationPages">Disambiguation pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:EntityUsage" title="Special:EntityUsage">Entity usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:LinkSearch" title="Special:LinkSearch">External links search</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:ListRedirects" title="Special:ListRedirects">List of redirects</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:DisambiguationPageLinks" title="Special:DisambiguationPageLinks">Pages linking to disambiguation pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:PagesWithProp" title="Special:PagesWithProp">Pages with a page property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:PagesWithBadges" title="Special:PagesWithBadges">Pages with badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Search" title="Special:Search">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:TrackingCategories" title="Special:TrackingCategories">Tracking categories</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-login">Account management</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:BotPasswords" title="Special:BotPasswords">Bot passwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ChangeCredentials" title="Special:ChangeCredentials">Change credentials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ChangeEmail" title="Special:ChangeEmail">Change or remove email address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:GlobalPreferences" title="Special:GlobalPreferences">Global preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:GlobalRenameRequest" title="Special:GlobalRenameRequest">Global user account rename request</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:GlobalVanishRequest" title="Special:GlobalVanishRequest">Global user account vanish request</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:UserLogin" title="Special:UserLogin">Log in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:UserLogout" title="Special:UserLogout">Log out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MergeAccount" title="Special:MergeAccount">Login unification status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Notifications" title="Special:Notifications">Notifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Preferences" title="Special:Preferences">Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:RemoveCredentials" title="Special:RemoveCredentials">Remove credentials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:PasswordReset" title="Special:PasswordReset">Reset password</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ResetTokens" title="Special:ResetTokens">Reset tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:TopicSubscriptions" title="Special:TopicSubscriptions">Topic subscriptions</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-users">Users and rights</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers" title="Special:ActiveUsers">Active users list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:AutoblockList" title="Special:AutoblockList">Autoblocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:BlockList" title="Special:BlockList">Blocked users</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:CreateAccount" title="Special:CreateAccount">Create account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:EmailUser" title="Special:EmailUser">Email user</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:CentralAuth" title="Special:CentralAuth">Global account manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:GlobalUsers" title="Special:GlobalUsers">Global accounts list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:GlobalGroupPermissions" title="Special:GlobalGroupPermissions">Global group management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ListGrants" title="Special:ListGrants">Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:OAuthListConsumers" title="Special:OAuthListConsumers">List OAuth applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:GlobalBlockList" title="Special:GlobalBlockList">List of globally blocked IP addresses and accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:GlobalUserRights" title="Special:GlobalUserRights">Membership in global groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:PasswordPolicies" title="Special:PasswordPolicies">Password policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions" title="Special:Contributions">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ListGroupRights" title="Special:ListGroupRights">User group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ListUsers" title="Special:ListUsers">User list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:UserRights" title="Special:UserRights">User rights</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-changes">Recent changes and logs</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:EditRecovery" title="Special:EditRecovery">Edit Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:NewFiles" title="Special:NewFiles">Gallery of new files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Log" title="Special:Log">Logs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:NewPages" title="Special:NewPages">New pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="Special:RecentChanges">Recent changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked" title="Special:RecentChangesLinked">Related changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Valid change tags</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-media">Media reports and uploads</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:ListFiles" title="Special:ListFiles">File list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:GlobalUsage" title="Special:GlobalUsage">Global file usage</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:ListDuplicatedFiles" title="Special:ListDuplicatedFiles">List of files with duplicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MIMESearch" title="Special:MIMESearch">MIME search</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:MediaStatistics" title="Special:MediaStatistics">Media statistics</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:OrphanedTimedText" title="Special:OrphanedTimedText">Orphaned TimedText pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:FileDuplicateSearch" title="Special:FileDuplicateSearch">Search for duplicate files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:VipsTest" title="Special:VipsTest">VIPS scaling test page</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-wiki">Data and tools</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:ApiFeatureUsage" title="Special:ApiFeatureUsage">API feature usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ApiSandbox" title="Special:ApiSandbox">API sandbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources" title="Special:BookSources">Book sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ExpandTemplates" title="Special:ExpandTemplates">Expand templates</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:GadgetUsage" title="Special:GadgetUsage">Gadget usage statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Gadgets" title="Special:Gadgets">Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:NamespaceInfo" title="Special:NamespaceInfo">Namespace information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:AllMessages" title="Special:AllMessages">System messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:TemplateSandbox" title="Special:TemplateSandbox">Template sandbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Hieroglyphs" title="Special:Hieroglyphs">Try hieroglyph markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Version" title="Special:Version">Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Interwiki" title="Special:Interwiki">View interwiki data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:WikiSets" title="Special:WikiSets">Wiki sets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix" title="Special:SiteMatrix">Wikimedia wikis</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-redirects">Redirecting special pages</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:DeletePage" title="Special:DeletePage">Delete a page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Diff" title="Special:Diff">Differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage" title="Special:EditPage">Edit a page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:NewSection" title="Special:NewSection">New section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:PageHistory" title="Special:PageHistory">Page history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:PageInfo" title="Special:PageInfo">Page info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink" title="Special:PermanentLink">Permanent link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ProtectPage" title="Special:ProtectPage">Protect a page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Purge" title="Special:Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomRootpage" title="Special:RandomRootpage">Random book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Special:Random">Random page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory" title="Special:RandomInCategory">Random page in category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomRedirect" title="Special:RandomRedirect">Random redirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Redirect" title="Special:Redirect">Redirect by file, user, page, revision, or log ID</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-highuse">High use pages</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MostLinkedCategories" title="Special:MostLinkedCategories">Most linked-to categories</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:MostLinkedFiles" title="Special:MostLinkedFiles">Most linked-to files</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:MostLinkedPages" title="Special:MostLinkedPages">Most linked-to pages</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:MostTranscludedPages" title="Special:MostTranscludedPages">Most transcluded pages</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:MostCategories" title="Special:MostCategories">Pages with the most categories</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:MostInterwikis" title="Special:MostInterwikis">Pages with the most interwikis</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagecached"><a href="/wiki/Special:MostRevisions" title="Special:MostRevisions">Pages with the most revisions</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-pagetools">Page tools</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:CiteThisPage" title="Special:CiteThisPage">Cite This Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Book" title="Special:Book">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ComparePages" title="Special:ComparePages">Compare pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:Export" title="Special:Export">Export pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:QrKodu" title="Special:QrKodu">QR Code Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Special:UrlQ谋sald谋c谋s谋">URL Shortener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere" title="Special:WhatLinksHere">What links here</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-spam">Spam tools</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:BlockedExternalDomains" title="Special:BlockedExternalDomains">Blocked External Domains</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-quality">Edit review</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:ValidationStatistics" title="Special:ValidationStatistics">Page review statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:PendingChanges" title="Special:PendingChanges">Pages with pending changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:ConfiguredPages" title="Special:ConfiguredPages">Pages with review configurations</a></li> </ul></div><h2 class="mw-specialpagesgroup" id="mw-specialpagesgroup-other">Other special pages</h2> <div class="mw-specialpages-list"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:Contribute" title="Special:Contribute">Contribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:DiscussionToolsDebug" title="Special:DiscussionToolsDebug">Discussion tools data structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:FindComment" title="Special:FindComment">Find comment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:GlobalRenameProgress" title="Special:GlobalRenameProgress">Global rename progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MathWikibase" title="Special:MathWikibase">Math Formula Information</a></li> <li class="mw-specialpagerestricted"><a href="/wiki/Special:MathStatus" title="Special:MathStatus">Math status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:SecurePoll" title="Special:SecurePoll">SecurePoll</a></li> </ul></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Welcome">About Wikibooks</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikibooks.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Special:SpecialPages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b6db6cfd7-zfgqf","wgBackendResponseTime":359,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.004","walltime":"0.008","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b6db6cfd7-zfgqf","timestamp":"20241212121709","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>