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class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu nagusia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Sudur&returntoquery=section%3D25%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Sudur&returntoquery=section%3D25%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Sudur&returntoquery=section%3D25%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Sudur&returntoquery=section%3D25%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Anatomia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Anatomia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrainak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrainak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arrainak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrainak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anfibioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anfibioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Anfibioak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anfibioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrastiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrastiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Narrastiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrastiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegaztiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegaztiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Hegaztiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegaztiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ugaztunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugaztunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ugaztunak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugaztunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eginkizuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eginkizuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eginkizuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eginkizuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eboluzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eboluzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Eboluzioa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eboluzioa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Eboluzioa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eboluzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ugaztunen_arteko_desberdintasunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugaztunen_arteko_desberdintasunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ugaztunen arteko desberdintasunak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugaztunen_arteko_desberdintasunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norabidearen_pertzepzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norabidearen_pertzepzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Norabidearen pertzepzioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norabidearen_pertzepzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orientazio_magnetikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientazio_magnetikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Orientazio magnetikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientazio_magnetikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudurra_gizakietan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudurra_gizakietan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sudurra gizakietan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sudurra_gizakietan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sudurra gizakietan azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sudurra_gizakietan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kanpo_sudurra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_sudurra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kanpo sudurra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_sudurra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barne_sudurra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barne_sudurra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Barne sudurra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barne_sudurra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudur_ospetsuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudur_ospetsuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sudur ospetsuak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sudur_ospetsuak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sudur ospetsuak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sudur_ospetsuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pertsonaia_historikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pertsonaia_historikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pertsonaia historikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pertsonaia_historikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aktoreak,_musikariak_eta_ospetsuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aktoreak,_musikariak_eta_ospetsuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Aktoreak, musikariak eta ospetsuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aktoreak,_musikariak_eta_ospetsuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Artea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esamoldeak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esamoldeak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Esamoldeak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Esamoldeak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Esamoldeak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Esamoldeak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sudurraren_itxurari_lotutakoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudurraren_itxurari_lotutakoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sudurraren itxurari lotutakoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudurraren_itxurari_lotutakoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudurra_hurre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudurra_hurre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sudurra hurre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudurra_hurre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudurra,_aldartearen_edo_egoeraren_adierazle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudurra,_aldartearen_edo_egoeraren_adierazle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sudurra, aldartearen edo egoeraren adierazle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudurra,_aldartearen_edo_egoeraren_adierazle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 174 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">174 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neus" title="Neus – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nase" title="Nase – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nase" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%AB" title="አፍንጫ – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አፍንጫ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naso" title="Naso – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Naso" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasu" title="Nasu – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nasu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inw%E1%BB%8Dm" title="Inwọm – oboloera" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Inwọm" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="oboloera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%81" title="أنف – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܢܚܝܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܚܝܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مناخير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مناخير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="নাক – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariz" title="Nariz – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nariz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okot" title="Okot – atikamekwera" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Okot" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekwera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nasa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burun" title="Burun – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Burun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="بورون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بورون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Танау – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Танау" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuos%C4%97s" title="Nuosės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nuosės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungo" title="Dungo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dungo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idung" title="Idung – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Idung" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidung" title="Hidung – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hidung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%B0" title="နေ့ဖူ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နေ့ဖူ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="নাক – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སྣ། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྣ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri" title="Fri – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хамар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хамар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9" title="Pé – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pé" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мара – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мара" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA_(%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="لووت (ئەندام) – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لووت (ئەندام)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasu" title="Nasu – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nasu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cichov%C3%BD_org%C3%A1n" title="Čichový orgán – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čichový orgán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trwyn" title="Trwyn – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6se" title="Næse – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Næse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyee" title="Nyee – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nyee" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nase" title="Nase – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nase" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%B1rn%C4%B1ke" title="Pırnıke – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pırnıke" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AD%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ނޭފަތް – dhivehia" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނޭފަތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dhivehia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Μύτη – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μύτη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose" title="Nose – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nose" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazo" title="Nazo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nazo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariz" title="Nariz – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nariz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina" title="Nina – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بینی – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nen%C3%A4" title="Nenä – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nenä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5na" title="Nõna – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nõna" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez" title="Nez – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nez" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6%C3%B6s" title="Nöös – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nöös" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noas" title="Noas – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%B3n" title="Srón – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Srón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%85%AC" title="鼻公 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鼻公" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%B2n" title="Sròn – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sròn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariz" title="Nariz – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nariz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%A9" title="Tĩ – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulingo" title="Wulingo – gorontaloera" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Wulingo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontaloera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroin" title="Stroin – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Stroin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi" title="Phi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A3" title="אף – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="नाक – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naak" title="Naak – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Naak" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nen" title="Nen – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orr" title="Orr – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%A9" title="Քիթ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naso" title="Naso – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Naso" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idung" title="Idung – ibanera" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Idung" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidung" title="Hidung – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imi" title="Imi – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Imi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agong" title="Agong – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Agong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazo" title="Nazo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nazo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nef" title="Nef – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nef" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naso" title="Naso – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Naso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%BF%E1%96%93%E1%96%85" title="ᕿᖓᖅ – inuitera" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕿᖓᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuitera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB" title="鼻 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鼻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nazbi" title="nazbi – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nazbi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irung" title="Irung – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Irung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ცხვირი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცხვირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzer" title="Inzer – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Inzer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94%C9%94%CA%8A" title="Mɔɔʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɔɔʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwua%CC%B1i" title="Zwua̱i – tyapa" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zwua̱i" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyapa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irung" title="Irung – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Irung" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Мұрын – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұрын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೂಗು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂಗು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94" title="코 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B3" title="نَس – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نَس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naah%C3%9F" title="Naahß – koloniera" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Naahß" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="koloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron" title="Tron – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tron" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мурун – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мурун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasus" title="Nasus – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nasus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nues" title="Nues – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nues" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Май – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Май" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naas" title="Naas – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Naas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3lo" title="Zólo – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zólo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ດັງ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosis" title="Nosis – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nosis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deguns" title="Deguns – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deguns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orona" title="Orona – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Orona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മൂക്ക് – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൂക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="नाक – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidung" title="Hidung – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="နှာခေါင်း – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှာခေါင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فنی – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فنی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4%C3%A4s" title="Nääs – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nääs" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuze" title="Neuze – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Neuze" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="नाक – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="न्हाय् – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न्हाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neus" title="Neus – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nase" title="Nase – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nase" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nese" title="Nese – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nese" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funyaan" title="Funyaan – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Funyaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95" title="ਨੱਕ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੱਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleng" title="Eleng – pangasinanera" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Eleng" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arung" title="Arung – pampangera" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Arung" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9" title="نک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Μυτίν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μυτίν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="پوزه – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوزه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariz" title="Nariz – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nariz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinqa" title="Sinqa – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – erretorromaniera" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="erretorromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari" title="Nari – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Nari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="नासिका – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नासिका" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мурун – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мурун" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B8" title="ᱢᱩᱸ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱩᱸ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasu_(anatum%C3%ACa)" title="Nasu (anatumìa) – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nasu (anatumìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neb" title="Neb – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Neb" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%AA" title="نڪ – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose" title="Nose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhuno" title="Mhuno – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhuno" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/San" title="San – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="San" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunda" title="Hunda – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hunda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irung" title="Irung – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Irung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pua" title="Pua – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sznupa" title="Sznupa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sznupa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cihek" title="cihek – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cihek" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="மூக்கு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೂಂಕು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮೂಂಕು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Бинӣ – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81" title="จมูก – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จมูก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilong" title="Ilong – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nko" title="Nko – tswanera" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Nko" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="tswanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burun" title="Burun – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Burun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Борын – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борын" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D9%86" title="بۇرۇن – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇرۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%81" title="Ніс – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ناک – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burun" title="Burun – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Burun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A9i" title="Mũi – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mũi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nud" title="Nud – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nud" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez" title="Nez – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nez" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irong" title="Irong – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Irong" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%A4%B4" title="鼻头 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鼻头" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩხვინდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩხვინდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%96" title="נאז – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C3%BA" title="Imú – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Imú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaeng" title="Ndaeng – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaeng" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB" title="鼻 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鼻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C4%AB%E2%81%BF" title="Phīⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phīⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB" title="鼻 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鼻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7363#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sudur" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Sudur" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sudur"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sudur"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Sudur" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Sudur" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&oldid=9555546" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Sudur&id=9555546&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSudur%26section%3D25%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSudur%26section%3D25%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Sudur"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sudur&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nose" 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style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:dimgray; color: white"><i>Sudur</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dog_nose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dog_nose.jpg/285px-Dog_nose.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dog_nose.jpg/428px-Dog_nose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dog_nose.jpg/570px-Dog_nose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Noses" title="c:Category:Noses"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/10px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Noses" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Noses">Irudi gehiago</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:dimgray; color: white">Xehetasunak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.25em">Konponenteak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=External_nose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="External nose (sortu gabe)">external nose</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12180869?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">Sudur-hobia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sudur-hezur" title="Sudur-hezur">sudur-hezurra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kartilago-ehun" title="Kartilago-ehun">Kartilago ehuna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Etmoide_hezur" title="Etmoide hezur">Etmoide hezurra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Usaimen-mukosa" title="Usaimen-mukosa">Usaimen-mukosa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sudur-zulo" title="Sudur-zulo">Sudur-zuloa</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_hair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasal hair (sortu gabe)">nasal hair</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899093?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Arteria" title="Arteria">Arteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arteria_esfenopalatino" title="Arteria esfenopalatino">Arteria esfenopalatino</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:dimgray; color: white">Identifikadoreak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinez</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>nasus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=A01.456.505.733,">A04.531 eta A09.531 A01.456.505.733, A04.531 eta A09.531</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminologia_Anatomica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminologia Anatomica (sortu gabe)">TA</a></th><td class="infobox-data">A06.1.01.001 eta A01.1.00.009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminologia_anatomikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminologia anatomikoa (sortu gabe)">Terminologia anatomikoa</a></i></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sudurra</b> <a href="/wiki/Ornodun" title="Ornodun">ornodunen</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnas-aparatu" title="Arnas-aparatu">arnas</a> sistemaren parte den protuberantzi bat da. <a href="/wiki/Usaimen" title="Usaimen">Usaimenaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Organo_(biologia)" title="Organo (biologia)">organoa</a> da eta arnas sistemaren parte da. Erabide ugari izan ditzakeen arren, funtsean bi poltsa edo barrunbe ditu ―bakarra <a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" title="Cyclostomata">cyclostomaten</a> kasuan―, buruaren aurreko aldean, eta zulo kopuru jakin batek irekitzen ditu kanpora: barrunbe bakoitzeko bi pare <a href="/wiki/Arrain" title="Arrain">arrainen</a> kasuan, eta barrunbe bakoitzeko bat beste ornodunen kasuan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ornodun" title="Ornodun">Ornodun</a> guztietan ―<a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" title="Cyclostomata">cyclostomata</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a> ez diren arrainetan izan ezik― <a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">sudur hobiak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahosabai" title="Ahosabai">ahoko sabaitik</a> barna komunikatzen dira <a href="/wiki/Faringe" title="Faringe">faringearekin</a>, eta <a href="/wiki/Koana" title="Koana">koanak</a> osatzen dituzte. Horri esker, usaimena ziurtatzeaz gain, <a href="/wiki/Arnasbide" title="Arnasbide">arnasbide</a> dira. Hobi horien barruan, usaimen zelulak daude. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hegazti" title="Hegazti">Hegaztietan</a>, sudurra ez dago oso garatua. <a href="/wiki/Ugaztun" title="Ugaztun">Ugaztunek</a> ez bezala ―alde batera utzita itsas ugaztunak eta goi <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primateak</a>―, eta <a href="/wiki/Krokodilo" title="Krokodilo">krokodiloetan</a> bezala, bada hodi nasofaringeo bat, airea bigarren mailako ahosabaiaren gainetik faringeraino eramaten duena.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gizakietan, sudurra <a href="/wiki/Aurpegi" title="Aurpegi">aurpegiaren</a> erdian dago; beste ugaztun gehienetan, muturraren goiko aldean. Giza sudurraren forma <a href="/wiki/Etmoide_hezur" title="Etmoide hezur">etmoide hezurrak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sudur-hezur" title="Sudur-hezur">sudur hezurrak</a> eratzen dute. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomia">Anatomia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Anatomia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Anatomia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sudurraren <a href="/wiki/Anatomia" title="Anatomia">anatomia</a> aski konplexua da. Laburbilduz, bi hodi (edo bakarra <a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" title="Cyclostomata">cyclostomatatan</a>) ditu funtsean, buruaren aurrealdean kokatuak eta zuloen bidez kanporantz irekita. Hodi bakoitzeko bi zulo dituzte <a href="/wiki/Arrain" title="Arrain">arrainek</a> eta zulo bakarra gainerako ornodunek. <a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomatatan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lanproi" title="Lanproi">lanproiak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mixinea" title="Mixinea">mixineak</a>), hodi bakarra <a href="/wiki/Mutur_(zoologia)" title="Mutur (zoologia)">muturraren</a> puntan edo buruaren goialdean irekitzen da. </p><p>Ornodun guztietan, ―<a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" title="Cyclostomata">cyclostomata</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">sarcopterygii</a> ez diren arrainak albo batera lagata― sudur hobiak <a href="/wiki/Ahosabai" title="Ahosabai">ahosabaitik</a> barrena lotzen dira <a href="/wiki/Faringe" title="Faringe">faringearekin</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Koana" title="Koana">koanak</a> osatzen dituzte. Konfigurazio horri esker, alde batetik <a href="/wiki/Usaimen" title="Usaimen">usaimena</a> ziurtatzen da, hodien barruan usaimen zelulak baitaude; eta, bestetik, sudurra <a href="/wiki/Arnasbide" title="Arnasbide">arnasbide</a> gisa erabiltzen da. <a href="/wiki/Hegazti" title="Hegazti">Hegaztietan</a>, aldiz, organo hau ez dago hain garatua eta <a href="/wiki/Krokodilo" title="Krokodilo">krokodiloetan</a> bezala, hodi nasofaringeo bat dute, airea <a href="/wiki/Ahosabai" title="Ahosabai">ahosabai</a> sekundarioaren gainetik faringeraino eramaten duena.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Gray854.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray854.png/250px-Gray854.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray854.png/375px-Gray854.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gray854.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sudur-trenkada" title="Sudur-trenkada">Sudur trenkada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sudurra bi aldetan banatzen da, <a href="/wiki/Sudur-trenkada" title="Sudur-trenkada">sudur trenkadak</a> bereizita. Sudur trenkadak bi irteera zulo ditu, <a href="/wiki/Sudur-zulo" title="Sudur-zulo">sudur zuloak</a> hain zuzen. <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapodoen</a> kasuan (lehorreko ornodunak), sudurrak <a href="/wiki/Koana" title="Koana">koanak</a> ditu atzealdean, eta horiek <a href="/wiki/Aho" title="Aho">aho barrunbearekin</a> komunikatzen dute sudurra. </p><p>Alboetako hormetan <a href="/wiki/Sudur-maskor" title="Sudur-maskor">sudur maskorrak</a> daude, biriketara doan airea berotu eta garbitzeaz arduratzen direnak. </p><p>Maskor bakoitzaren azpian <a href="/wiki/Meatu_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Meatu (argipena)">meato</a> izeneko guneak daude, sudurra <a href="/wiki/Sinu_paranasalak" title="Sinu paranasalak">sinu paranasalekin</a> komunikatzen dutenak. <a href="/wiki/Hodi_nasolakrimal" title="Hodi nasolakrimal">Hodi nasolakrimala</a> bertan isurtzen da. </p><p>Sudurraren hezur egituran sartzen dira <a href="/wiki/Hezur" title="Hezur">hezurrak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartilago-ehun" title="Kartilago-ehun">kartilago</a> gogorrak eta kartilago bigunak. Hezur gogorrak zubiaren goialdea eta alboak dira; kartilagoak, berriz, sudur hobien eta sudur trenkadaren alboetan daude. </p><p>Sudur paretak <a href="/wiki/Mukosa" title="Mukosa">mukosaz</a> estalita daude, arnasten den airea girotzeko (berotu ala hoztu) eta airearen <a href="/wiki/Hauts" title="Hauts">hautsa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Patogeno" title="Patogeno">germenak</a> kentzeko, arnasbideetara iritsi aurretik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrainak">Arrainak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Arrainak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Arrainak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arrain" title="Arrain">Arrain</a> <a href="/wiki/Agnatu" title="Agnatu">agnatuetan</a> ―hau da, <a href="/wiki/Baraila" title="Baraila">barailarik</a> gabekoetan―, buruaren erdiko lerroan sudur hobi bakoiti bat agertzen da. Hobi hori hodi baten bidez komunikatzen da zaku formako dilatazio batekin, non usaimen epitelio sentsoriala baitago. Epitelio hori, era berean, bi <a href="/wiki/Nerbio" title="Nerbio">nerbioen</a> bidez, aurreko <a href="/wiki/Entzefalo" title="Entzefalo">garunarekin</a> lotzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arrain <a href="/wiki/Gnatostomatu" title="Gnatostomatu">gnatostomatuek</a> bi aldeko hobiak dituzte; hala, <a href="/wiki/Kondriktie" title="Kondriktie">kondriktieek</a> ―eskeleto kartilaginosoa duten arrainak― buruaren bi aldeetan bi usaimen hobi dituzte, agnatuen antzera; <a href="/wiki/Epitelio" title="Epitelio">epitelio</a> sentsorialez estalita daude eta usaimen zakuarekin komunikatuta. Gainera, beste irekidura bat dute atzean, ur fluxua kanporatu ahal izateko. <a href="/wiki/Osteiktie" title="Osteiktie">Osteiktieetan</a> ―hezurrezko eskeletoa duten arrainak― sudur hobia hodi oso bat da, irekidura bat aurrean eta beste bat atzean dituena.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dipnoi" title="Dipnoi">Dipnoiek</a> ―birikadun arrainak― birika errudimentario baten bidez oxigenoa arnasteko gaitasuna dute. Sudur hobiek aurreko irekidura bat dute goiko <a href="/wiki/Ezpain" title="Ezpain">ezpainetik</a> hurbil, eta usaimen kanal bat <a href="/wiki/Ahosabai" title="Ahosabai">ahosabaian</a> zehar igarotzen da. Aho barrunbearen hondoan zulo bat dute, <a href="/wiki/Koana" title="Koana">koana</a> primitibo bat eratzen duena. Lehorte garaietan, aurreko irekidura itxi egiten du arrainaren <a href="/wiki/Mukosa" title="Mukosa">mukositateak</a>, eta, hala, hobi horiek usaimen organoa izaten jarraitzen dute.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anfibioak">Anfibioak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Anfibioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Anfibioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anfibio" title="Anfibio">Anfibioetan</a>, sudur barrunbea <a href="/wiki/Faringe" title="Faringe">faringearekin</a> komunikatzen da, eta, hortik, <a href="/wiki/Arnas-aparatu" title="Arnas-aparatu">arnas aparatuarekin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Koana" title="Koana">Koanak</a> dituzte, beraz sudurrak arnas funtzio garbi bat dauka. <a href="/wiki/Usaimen-sistema" title="Usaimen-sistema">Usaimen aparatuak</a> sakontasuna irabazten du: kanpo irekidurak, usaimen kanalak eta <a href="/wiki/Epitelio" title="Epitelio">epitelio</a> sentsoriala duen hondo bat ditu, <a href="/wiki/Telentzefalo" title="Telentzefalo">telentzefaloarekin</a> konektatuta. <a href="/wiki/Muki" title="Muki">Muki</a> guruinak agertzen dira airea hezetzeko, eta hobiaren aurrealdean <a href="/wiki/Malko" title="Malko">malko</a> bidea amaitzen da, osagarri hezegarri gisa. Arnas funtzioa eskuratzearekin batera, sudurraren anatomia konplexuagoa da; izan ere, airea egokitzeko egiturak behar ditu, konplexutasuna eta azalera handituz, eta, aurkara, usaimen elementuen garrantzia murrizten da.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caudata" title="Caudata">Caudata</a> anfibioetan, <a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">sudur hobiak</a> muturraren alboetan irekitzen dira. Sudur barrunbeak alboko luzapen estu bat du (sudur barrunbe osagarria), <a href="/wiki/Organo_bomeronasal" title="Organo bomeronasal">organo bomeronasalaren</a> (usaimenaren organo laguntzailea) aitzindaria.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anura" title="Anura">Anura</a> anfibioek kanpoko irekidura murriztua dute, eta sudur barrunbe bat edo gehiago izan ditzakete. Horiek ahoarekin komunikatzen dira, arnas funtzioa egiteko. <a href="/wiki/Pseudepidalea_viridis" title="Pseudepidalea viridis">Pseudepidalea viridis</a> anfibioak irtengune bat du, usaimenaren irtengunea, oinarri kartilaginoso batean oinarritua, <a href="/wiki/Sudur-maskor" title="Sudur-maskor">sudur maskorren</a> aitzindaritzat hartzen dena, eta <a href="/wiki/Organo_bomeronasal" title="Organo bomeronasal">organo bomeronasalaren</a> primitibo bat ere badu.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrastiak">Narrastiak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Narrastiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Narrastiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Narrasti" title="Narrasti">Narrasti</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Comparison_-_Crocodilia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Comparison_-_Crocodilia.jpg/350px-Comparison_-_Crocodilia.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Comparison_-_Crocodilia.jpg/525px-Comparison_-_Crocodilia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Comparison_-_Crocodilia.jpg/700px-Comparison_-_Crocodilia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Ezkerretik eskuinera: <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indiako</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabial" title="Gabial">gabialen</a> burua (Gavialis gangeticus), <a href="/wiki/Mississippiko_aligatore" title="Mississippiko aligatore">Mississippiko aligatore</a> batena (Alligator mississippiensis) eta <a href="/wiki/Krokodilo_muturzorrotz" title="Krokodilo muturzorrotz">krokodilo muturzorrotz</a> batena (Crocodylus acutus).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Narrasti" title="Narrasti">Narrastiak</a> ur ingurunetik askatutako lehen ornodunak direnez, usaimena eta, batez ere, arnasa hartzeko gaitasuna duen sudurra behar dute. Era berean, airea hobeto girotzen duen gailu bat behar dute, eta, hala, lehenengo gailu turbinalak agertzen dira. <a href="/wiki/Epitelio" title="Epitelio">Epitelio</a> sentsoriala <a href="/wiki/Organo_bomeronasal" title="Organo bomeronasal">organo bomeronasalean</a> kontzentratzen da, begien eta sudurraren artean kokatutako bi hobitan, eta, horri esker, presak hauteman ditzakete igortzen duten beroaren bidez. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dortoka" title="Dortoka">Dortokek</a> sudur barrunbe soilenak dituzte narrastien artean. Sudur hodi laburra dute, barrunbe estu batean amaitzen dena. Erdian maskor bat dute, sudur barrunbea bi zatitan banatzen duena; goikoak usaimen funtzioa dauka, eta <a href="/wiki/Entzefalo" title="Entzefalo">garunarekin</a> lotuta dago; behekoak, berriz, <a href="/wiki/Arnasketa" title="Arnasketa">arnas</a> hartzeko balio du, eta aho barrunbean irekitzen da. Ez dute <a href="/wiki/Organo_bomeronasal" title="Organo bomeronasal">organo bomeronasalik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Musker" title="Musker">Saurioek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Suge" title="Suge">ofidioek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kameleoi" title="Kameleoi">kameleoiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musker" title="Musker">muskerrak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suge" title="Suge">sugeak</a> eta abar) <a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">sudur hobi</a> zabalagoa dute, kanpoaldera eta aho barrunbera irekita, eta <a href="/wiki/Sudur-maskor" title="Sudur-maskor">maskor</a> bat dute behe aldean, <a href="/wiki/Arnasketa" title="Arnasketa">arnas</a> <a href="/wiki/Epitelio" title="Epitelio">epitelioa</a> dagoen aldean; goi aldean, berriz, <a href="/wiki/Usaimen" title="Usaimen">usaimena</a> dago. Narrasti horietan, <a href="/wiki/Organo_bomeronasal" title="Organo bomeronasal">Jacobsonen organoa</a> oso garatuta dago, hobiaren zoruan dago eta kartilagozko kapsula batek inguratzen du. Kapsula hori kanpotik arnas ehunak eta barnetik usaimen ehunak estaltzen dute, eta aho barrunbean amaitzen da, hodi bereizi baten bidez.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Krokodilo" title="Krokodilo">Krokodiloek</a> hobi zabalak eta turbina sistema garatu bat dauzkate. Aurreko zatia arnasa hartzekoa da eta, atzekoa, usaimenekoa. Ez dute <a href="/wiki/Organo_bomeronasal" title="Organo bomeronasal">organo bomeronasalik</a>. Urperatzean, sudurreko zuloak itxi ditzakete, eta, hala, arnasari eutsi.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegaztiak">Hegaztiak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hegaztiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Hegaztiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hegazti" title="Hegazti">Hegaztien</a> sudur ezaugarri anatomikoak ugaztunen hurbilekoak direla esan daiteke. Sudur hobiek zenbait <a href="/wiki/Sudur-maskor" title="Sudur-maskor">maskor</a> dituzte, baina usaimena urria dute. Garatzen ari diren bitartean, <a href="/wiki/Organo_bomeronasal" title="Organo bomeronasal">Jacobson-en organo</a> hasiberri bat dute, baina hegaztia heldua denean atrofiatu egiten da.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ugaztunak">Ugaztunak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ugaztunak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Ugaztunak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dog_nose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dog_nose.jpg/220px-Dog_nose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dog_nose.jpg/330px-Dog_nose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dog_nose.jpg/440px-Dog_nose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Txakur" title="Txakur">Txakurraren</a> sudurra oso sentikorra da; beste ugaztun askotan bezala, <a href="/wiki/Usaimen" title="Usaimen">usaimena</a> oso garatua dago.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ugaztun" title="Ugaztun">Ugaztunetan</a> arnas funtzioak garrantzi handia du; espezie batzuetan, hala nola gizakiarengan, <a href="/wiki/Organo_bomeronasal" title="Organo bomeronasal">organo bomeronasala</a> oso gartugabea da. Sudurraren <a href="/wiki/Arnasketa" title="Arnasketa">arnasketa</a> funtzioa gorputzaren azaleraren arabera garatzen da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Usaimen" title="Usaimen">Usaimena</a> garatu egiten da <a href="/wiki/Filogenia" title="Filogenia">eskala filogenetikoan</a> gora egin ahala, ugaztun batzuetan garapen maximoa lortu arte; epitelio espezifikoa duen muki azaleraren araberakoa izan ohi da usaimena. Hala ere, ugaztunen eskalan gora egin ahala, usaimen funtzioa murriztu egiten da, <a href="/wiki/Arnasketa" title="Arnasketa">arnas</a> funtzioaren alde, batez ere goi <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primateetan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki">gizakian</a>. Arnas funtzioa nagusi denez, sudur hobiak ez dira aho barrunbean amaitzen, faringean baizik, eta, hala, ahosabai osoa sortzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usaimen ahalmenaren arabera, ugaztunak honela bana daitezke: </p> <ul><li><b>Anosmikoak</b>: ez dute usaimenik. Gaur egun, <a href="/wiki/Zetazeo" title="Zetazeo">zetazeo</a> batzuk baino ez dira ezagutzen.</li> <li><b>Makrosmikoak</b> edo <b>makrosmatikoak</b>: egungo ugaztun gehienak (<a href="/wiki/Karraskari" title="Karraskari">karraskariak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haragijale" title="Haragijale">haragijaleak</a> eta abar). Sudur hobia arnas fisiologiaren adierazpen gorena da, eta <a href="/wiki/Organo_bomeronasal" title="Organo bomeronasal">Jacobson-en organoak</a> garapen guztizkoa du. <a href="/wiki/Sudur-trenkada" title="Sudur-trenkada">Sudur trenkadaren</a> mukosan dago haren egitura. Usaimenak garrantzi handia duenez, usaimenaren mukosa sentsoriala oso zabala da, bereziki gaueko haragijaleetan. <a href="/wiki/Sudur-zulo" title="Sudur-zulo">Sudur zuloak</a> oso zabalak dira eta <a href="/wiki/Sudur-maskor" title="Sudur-maskor">sudur maskorrak</a> oso garatuta daude. Txakurretan dago garatuena.</li> <li><b>Mikrosmikoak</b> edo <b>mikrosatikoak</b>: <a href="/wiki/Simiiformes" title="Simiiformes">tximinoetan</a> eta gizakietan, erregresio handia gertatzen da usaimenean, egitura endonasalak oso murriztuta baitaude.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eginkizuna">Eginkizuna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eginkizuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Eginkizuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sudurrak bi funtzio ditu: ornodunen <a href="/wiki/Usaimen" title="Usaimen">usaimenean</a> erabiltzen den organo primarioa da, eta ornodun gehienetan <a href="/wiki/Arnas-aparatu" title="Arnas-aparatu">arnas aparatuaren</a> parte da. Bi kasuetan, bere funtzio nagusia <a href="/wiki/Aire" title="Aire">airea</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">ura</a> bildu eta bideratzea da. Sudurrak ere <a href="/wiki/Dastamen" title="Dastamen">dastamena</a> hautematen laguntzen du. </p><p>Usaimen organo gisa, animaliak usaina hartzen duenean, aireak edo urak sudur egiturak zeharkatzen ditu eta usaimen <a href="/wiki/Epitelio" title="Epitelio">epiteliora</a> iristen da. Usaimen epitelioaren azalean, <a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">sudur hobian</a> bertan, nerbio zelula bipolarrez osatutako hartzaileekin konektatzen dira usain molekulak, bulkada <a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate" title="Elektrizitate">elektrikoen</a> bidez usain ezaugarriak garunera eramateko.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lurreko ornodunetan, sudurrak eta hari lotutako egiturek organismora sartzen den <a href="/wiki/Aire" title="Aire">airea</a> egokitzen dute, berotu eta hezetu egiten dute. Zenbait kasutan, adibidez <a href="/wiki/Gamelu" title="Gamelu">gameluetan</a>, sudurrak <a href="/wiki/Hezetasun" title="Hezetasun">hezetasuna</a> atxikitzen du airea kanporatu aurretik.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Primate_skull_series_with_legend_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Primate_skull_series_with_legend_cropped.png/250px-Primate_skull_series_with_legend_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Primate_skull_series_with_legend_cropped.png/375px-Primate_skull_series_with_legend_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Primate_skull_series_with_legend_cropped.png/500px-Primate_skull_series_with_legend_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>Gizakien ezaugarria da prognatismoaren erregresioa eta sudur protuberante bat agertzea (jakina, <a href="/wiki/Burezur" title="Burezur">garezurrean</a> ez da kontserbatzen, kartilagoz osatua baitago).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eboluzioa">Eboluzioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eboluzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Eboluzioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2004an, 395 milioi urte inguruko <i>Kenichthys campbell</i> <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">sarcopterygi</a> <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosilari</a> buruz egindako azterketaren emaitzak argitaratu zituen. Arrain primitibo hori <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinako</a> <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> probintzian aurkitu zuten, eta gaur egungo ornodunek duten «sudur» horren erdibideko zerbait du. Fosilak <a href="/wiki/Sudur-zulo" title="Sudur-zulo">sudur</a> <a href="/wiki/Sudur-zulo" title="Sudur-zulo">zuloak</a> ditu goiko hortzen erdian, <a href="/wiki/Ahosabai" title="Ahosabai">ahosabaia</a> zatituta balego bezala. Erdibideko estadio horrek frogatzen du sudur zulo haietatik aurrera eboluzionatuta sortu zirela barne sudur hodiak, eta zulo haiek, denboran zehar, eztarriraino hedatu zirela, ahoan zehar.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antzinako ezaugarri batetik sortu zen sudur eboluzionatua: <a href="/wiki/Rhinarium" title="Rhinarium">rhinariuma</a>. Ugaztun gehienek (baita <a href="/wiki/Strepsirrhini" title="Strepsirrhini">strepsirrhini</a> <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primateek</a> ere) sudur hezea dute, baina primate <a href="/wiki/Haplorrhini" title="Haplorrhini">haplorrhiniek</a> (besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Tximino" title="Tximino">tximinoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorila" title="Gorila">gorilek</a> eta gizakiek) <a href="/wiki/Rhinarium" title="Rhinarium">rhinarium</a> hori galdu dute sudurrean. Duela 55 milioi urte inguru agertu zen sudur apendize hori sinapomorfia bat da, rhinariumeko kanpo mukosa sudur hobien barrualdera eraman zuena.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hipotesi bat da giza sudurrak eboluzionatu egin zuela, <a href="/wiki/Aurpegi" title="Aurpegi">aurpegi</a> masaren murrizketagatik ―garunaren azpian jarrita― eta <a href="/wiki/Bekoki" title="Bekoki">bekokiaren</a> bertikalizazioagatik, garezur hedapenaren eta aurpegi prognatismoaren murrizketaren ondorioz. Bipedismoak eta garunaren hedapenak, beraz, garezurraren arkitektura erabat berrantolatzera behartu zuten, eta, horrela, sudur apendizea giza bipedismoaren egokitzapen eskeletikoa izan daiteke.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beste hipotesi osagarri bat ere izan daiteke: <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> generoko <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">hominidoen</a> sudurra garatu zen arnastutako airea hezetu egin behar zelako, eskualde lehorretan eta idorretan (<a href="/wiki/Sabana" title="Sabana">sabana</a> basoak, baso idorragoak) birikiak lehortu ez zitezen. Alderantziz, turbulentziak lagundu egiten dio sudurrari hezetasun hori biltzen arnasa botatzerakoan, eta horrela giro beroan distantzia luzeak deshidratatu gabe ibiltzeko aukera ematen du.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eboluzioaren ikuspegitik begiratuta, sudurraren ezaugarriak dira: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudur-zulo" title="Sudur-zulo">sudur zuloen</a> artean <a href="/wiki/Ile" title="Ile">ileak</a> egon daitezke;</li> <li>sudurraren inguruko <a href="/wiki/Bibrisa" title="Bibrisa">bibrisak</a> galdu dira;</li> <li>goiko <a href="/wiki/Ezpain" title="Ezpain">ezpaina</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">sudur hobien</a> arteko zirrikitua guztiz batuta daude.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ugaztunen_arteko_desberdintasunak">Ugaztunen arteko desberdintasunak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ugaztunen arteko desberdintasunak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Ugaztunen arteko desberdintasunak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lightmatter_elephanttrunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lightmatter_elephanttrunk.jpg/220px-Lightmatter_elephanttrunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lightmatter_elephanttrunk.jpg/330px-Lightmatter_elephanttrunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lightmatter_elephanttrunk.jpg/440px-Lightmatter_elephanttrunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elefante" title="Elefante">Elefante</a> baten <a href="/wiki/Proboszide" title="Proboszide">tronpa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zetazeo" title="Zetazeo">Zetazeoetan</a>, sudur zuloetara murriztu da sudurra, eta buruaren goiko aldera mugitu da; hala, gorputzaren forma <a href="/wiki/Hidrodinamika" title="Hidrodinamika">hidrodinamikoagoa</a> lortu dute, eta ia beti urpean egonda arnasa hartzeko aukera dute. Elefantearen sudurra edo <a href="/wiki/Proboszide" title="Proboszide">proboszidea</a>, berriz, luze eta gihartsu bihurtu da, organo manipulatzaile izateraino.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norabidearen_pertzepzioa">Norabidearen pertzepzioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Norabidearen pertzepzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Norabidearen pertzepzioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Txakur" title="Txakur">Txakurren</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhinarium" title="Rhinarium">sudur hezea</a> tresna eraginkorra da norabidea hautemateko. Larruazaleko hotz hartzaile sentikorrek sudurra gehien hozten den puntua detektatzen dute, eta atzeman berri duen usaina nondik datorren erakusten diote txakurrari.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientazio_magnetikoa">Orientazio magnetikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Orientazio magnetikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Orientazio magnetikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki">Gizakiek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Tximino" title="Tximino">tximinoek</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita">magnetita</a> kopuru txiki bat dute sudurrean, zehazki <a href="/wiki/Etmoide_hezur" title="Etmoide hezur">etmoide hezurrean</a>, begien artean, <a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurraren</a> <a href="/wiki/Eremu_magnetiko" title="Eremu magnetiko">eremu magnetikoarekiko</a> orientazio mekanismo bat izan daitekeena.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gizakien orientazio magnetikoa uretako hegazti eta animaliek dutenaren gisakoa izatea oso auzi zalantzazkoa da.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sudurra_gizakietan">Sudurra gizakietan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sudurra gizakietan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Sudurra gizakietan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Nariz_de_lado.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nariz_de_lado.png/220px-Nariz_de_lado.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Nariz_de_lado.png 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Sudurra albotik begiratuta.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gizakietan, sudurra <a href="/wiki/Aurpegi" title="Aurpegi">aurpegiaren</a> erdialdean dago, <a href="/wiki/Aho" title="Aho">ahoaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bekoki" title="Bekoki">bekokiaren</a> artean. <a href="/wiki/Piramide_(geometria)" title="Piramide (geometria)">Piramide</a> <a href="/wiki/Triangelu" title="Triangelu">triangeluar</a> baten forma du, <a href="/wiki/Erpin_(geometria)" title="Erpin (geometria)">erpina</a> goien eta oinarria behean, eta bi zulo ditu. <a href="/wiki/Hezur" title="Hezur">Hezurrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartilago-ehun" title="Kartilago-ehun">kartilagoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskulu" title="Muskulu">muskuluz</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Larruazal" title="Larruazal">azalez</a> osatua dago, eta <a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">mukosa</a> <a href="/wiki/Hipofisi" title="Hipofisi">pituitarioaren</a> zati batek estaltzen du barrutik. </p><p>Sudurraren formak eta dimentsioek garrantzi handia izan dute: <a href="/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia">antropologiak</a> modu deskribatzailean aztertzen du, eta neurriaren bidez gizakia mota desberdinetan sailkatzen du; hala, adibidez, sudur indize bat ezarri izan da, hau da, zabaleraren eta garaieraren arteko proportzioa. Sudur indize horren arabera, indibiduoak honela sailkatzen dira: «leptorrinoak», gehienez 69,9ko sudur indizea dutenak (sudur estua eta garaia); «mesorrinoak», 70-84,9ra bitarteko indizea dutenak (sudur ertaina); eta «platirrinoak», 85 edo gehiagoko indizea dutenak (sudur zabala eta zapala).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Era berean, aurpegian duen kokalekuagatik, sudurra gizabanako bakoitzaren ezaugarri bereizgarrietako bat izan ohi da, eta ezaugarri garrantzitsu gisa hartzen da edertasuna definitzeko orduan. Hori dela eta, sudurraren formak eta tamainak esamolde, kondaira eta abesti asko sortu izan ditu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanpo_sudurra">Kanpo sudurra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo sudurra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo sudurra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hump_nose2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hump_nose2.jpg/220px-Hump_nose2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hump_nose2.jpg/330px-Hump_nose2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Hump_nose2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Emakume baten sudur konkorduna.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sudurra gizakiaren <a href="/wiki/Aurpegi_hezur" title="Aurpegi hezur">aurpegi hezurraren</a> eta begitartearen irtengune bat da, <a href="/wiki/Piramide_(geometria)" title="Piramide (geometria)">piramide</a> formakoa. Sudurraren forma, ordea, aldatu egiten da pertsona batetik bestera. Kanpo egituran, sudurrak gorantz jarraitzen du bekokira, bi aldeak batzen diren gunean, bi begien artean hain zuzen. Beherantz, erliebe puntazorrotz bat eratzen du, sudurraren punta. Beherago, sudurraren oinarrian, zabalgune bana ditu bi alboetan, <a href="/wiki/Sudur-hegal" title="Sudur-hegal">sudur hegalak</a>, beherantz zuzendutako irekidura elipsoidal bana dutelarik, <a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">sudur hobiak</a>, alboetan zabalagoak eta pixkanaka estuagotzen direnak gora egin ahala; beraz, askotan, <a href="/wiki/Udare" title="Udare">udare</a> baten formakoak dira. Aurretik atzerako diametroa 1-2 cm inguru dute eta zeharkakoa 0,5-1 cm. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">Sudur hobiek</a> kanpo sudurra lotzen dute barne sudurrarekin. <a href="/wiki/Bibrisa" title="Bibrisa">Bibrisa</a> izeneko ileak dituzte, baita <a href="/wiki/Bilgor" title="Bilgor">bilgor</a> nahiz <a href="/wiki/Izerdi" title="Izerdi">izerdi</a> <a href="/wiki/Guruin" title="Guruin">guruinak</a> ere. Sudurraren azala mehea da, batez ere sudurreko zubian; oinarrirantz joan ahala loditu egiten da, eta bilgor guruinez hornituta dago sudur puntan (batez ere gizasemeetan). Begi hutsez ikusita, eremu hori puntuduna izan ohi da. Sudurraren azala oso arin dago itsatsita sudur aponeurosiari edo sudurreko muskuluei.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudur hegalen gainean, alboetan eta goialdean, hegalen ildoa ikus daiteke, sudur-ezpainaren erdialdetik jarraitzen duena. Sudurreko azalaren tentsio lerroak zeharkakoak dira oinarrian eta sudurreko zubian, sagitalak sudurraren puntan eta inferolateral zeiharrak alboko paretetan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barne_sudurra">Barne sudurra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Barne sudurra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Barne sudurra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sudur barrunbea forma irregularreko gune bat da, goian <a href="/wiki/Burezur" title="Burezur">garezurraren</a> oinarriaren eta behean aho barrunbearen gangaren artean. Bertikalki garaiagoa da erdialdean, eta zeharka zabalagoa behealdean. <a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">Sudur hobi</a> bakoitzak tarte horma bat, albo horma bat, solairu bat eta ganga bat ditu. Bi sudur hodiak banatzen ditu luzetara hezurrezko eta kartilagozko horma batek, <a href="/wiki/Sudur-trenkada" title="Sudur-trenkada">sudur trenkadak</a>; barrutik, sudur mukosaz estalita daude. Atzera, sudur hobi bakoitzak nasofaringera jarraitzen du, <a href="/wiki/Koana" title="Koana">koana</a> izeneko irekidura baten bidez. Sudur barrunbean, hain zuzen ere alboko horman, hodi ugari irekitzen dira garezurreko hezur handienak dituzten barrunbe pneumatikoetatik (<a href="/wiki/Kopeta-hezur" title="Kopeta-hezur">kopeta hezurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masailezur" title="Masailezur">masailezurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esfenoide_hezur" title="Esfenoide hezur">esfenoidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etmoide_hezur" title="Etmoide hezur">etmoidea</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sinu_paranasalak" title="Sinu paranasalak">sinu paranasalak</a> hain zuzen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sudur_ospetsuak">Sudur ospetsuak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sudur ospetsuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Sudur ospetsuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pertsonaia_historikoak">Pertsonaia historikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Pertsonaia historikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Pertsonaia historikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates">Sokrates</a> (K.a. 470 - K.a. 399), <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofo</a> <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Grezia" title="Antzinako Grezia">grekoa</a>. Sudur lau zabal bat zuen, sudur zulo handiekin.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizeron" title="Zizeron">Marko Tulio <i>Zizeron</i></a> (K.a. 106), <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">erromatar</a> <a href="/wiki/Oratoria" title="Oratoria">hizlari</a> ospetsua. Ezizena latinezko <i>cicer</i> (txitxirioa) hitzetik eratorria da, sudurrean zuen txitxirio baten antzeko garatxoagatik.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra">Kleopatra</a> Filopator Nea Thea (K.a. 69 - K.a. 30), <a href="/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto">Egiptoko</a> erregina. <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> filosofoak, XVII. mendean, idatzi zuen: «Kleopatraren sudurra motzagoa izan balitz, munduaren aurpegia desberdina litzateke».<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justiniano_II.a" title="Justiniano II.a">Justiniano II.a</a> (Rhinotmetus, Ῥινότμητος, «Sudurra ebakita duena»). <a href="/wiki/Zerrenda:Bizantziar_enperadoreak" title="Zerrenda:Bizantziar enperadoreak">Bizantziar enperadorea</a>, 685etik 695era eta 704tik 711ra. <a href="/wiki/Leontzio" title="Leontzio">Leontziok</a> sudurra mozteko agindu zuen; Justinianok, tronua berreskuratuko zuen geroago.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo Buonarroti</a>, (1475 - 1564), eskultorea, pintorea, poeta eta arkitekto errenazentista. Borroka batean, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Torrigiano" title="Pietro Torrigiano">Pietro Torrigianok</a> sudurra hautsi zion eta, ondorioz, zapal-zapala gelditu zitzaion betirako, erretratu guztietan argi ikusten den bezala.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> (1546 - 1601), <a href="/wiki/Danimarka" title="Danimarka">daniar</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomo" title="Astronomo">astronomoa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duelu" title="Duelu">Duelu</a> batean sudurraren zati handi bat galdu zuen, eta metalezko protesi bat eraman behar izan zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac" title="Cyrano de Bergerac">Hercule-Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac</a> (1619-1655), frantses idazlea. Pertsonaia historikoaz gain, haren ospearen zati handi bat <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Rostand" title="Edmond Rostand">Edmond Rostandek</a> 1897an idatzitako <i><a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(antzezlana)" title="Cyrano de Bergerac (antzezlana)">Cyrano de Bergerac</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Antzezlan" title="Antzezlan">antzezlanetik</a> dator.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aktoreak,_musikariak_eta_ospetsuak"><span id="Aktoreak.2C_musikariak_eta_ospetsuak"></span>Aktoreak, musikariak eta ospetsuak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aktoreak, musikariak eta ospetsuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Aktoreak, musikariak eta ospetsuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringo_Starr" title="Ringo Starr">Ringo Starr</a> (1940 -) ingeles musikari eta bateria jolea ingelesa, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (1942 -), <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEBetako</a> abeslari, aktore, ekoizle eta zinema zuzendaria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Townshend" title="Pete Townshend">Pete Townshend</a> (1945 -), <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a> taldeko gitarrista.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a> (1948 -), frantses aktorea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lea_Michele" title="Lea Michele">Lea Michele</a> (1986 -), <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEBetako</a> aktore eta abeslaria.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artea">Artea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Artea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Artea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sudurrari buruzko testu literario ezagunenetako bat da <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Rostand" title="Edmond Rostand">Edmond Rostanden</a> «la tirade du nez» (sudurraren diatriba), <a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(antzezlana)" title="Cyrano de Bergerac (antzezlana)"><i>Cyrano de Bergerac</i></a> draman (I. ekintza, 4. eszena), 1898an argitaratua.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo" title="Francisco de Quevedo">Francisco de Quevedo</a> espainiar poetak bere <i>Parnaso español</i> (1647) bilduman «A un hombre de gran nariz» <a href="/wiki/Hamalaudun" title="Hamalaudun">hamalaudun</a> <a href="/wiki/Satira" title="Satira">satirikoa</a> argitaratu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Luis de Góngora">Luis de Góngora</a> lehiakidearen sudurraren parodia bat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esamoldeak">Esamoldeak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Esamoldeak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Esamoldeak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giza aurpegian hain leku nabarmena hartzen duenez, begien artean eta aurpegiaren erdian, sudurraren inguruan esamolde ugari daude. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudurraren_itxurari_lotutakoak">Sudurraren itxurari lotutakoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sudurraren itxurari lotutakoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Sudurraren itxurari lotutakoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>S<i>udur-kako</i> esaten zaio <a href="/wiki/Kako" title="Kako">kako</a> itxurako sudurra duenari, <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta <i>sudurluze</i> sudurra luze duenari, baita inoren kontuetan sartzea atsegin duenari ere;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alderantziz, <i>sudurmotz</i>, sudur txikia duenari.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudurra_hurre">Sudurra hurre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sudurra hurre»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Sudurra hurre"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sudurpeko</i> esaten zaio <a href="/wiki/Bibote" title="Bibote">biboteari</a>, nahitaez sudurraren azpian baitago beti. Halaber, <i>sudurreko</i> bat izan daiteke sudurrean hartzen edo ematen den kolpea edo, baita ere, <a href="/wiki/Betaurreko" title="Betaurreko">betaurreko</a> mota zaharra.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ahotik sudurrera</i> gauzak egitea berehala egitea den bezala, <i>ahotik sudurrera edukirik ez</i> daukanak ezin ditu gauzak isilean gorde.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Zehe bat</i> (edo bi) <i>sudurrekin gelditzen</i> dena tronpatu egiten da, eta inork <i>sudurretik ibili</i> edo <i>erabiltzen</i> bazaitu, zurekin nahi guztia egingo du.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sudurpeko logalea</i>, berriz, gosea besterik ez da.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Indarra sudurpean</i> daukana hitzez da ausarta, berritsu hutsa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudurra,_aldartearen_edo_egoeraren_adierazle"><span id="Sudurra.2C_aldartearen_edo_egoeraren_adierazle"></span>Sudurra, aldartearen edo egoeraren adierazle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sudurra, aldartearen edo egoeraren adierazle»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Sudurra, aldartearen edo egoeraren adierazle"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sudur puntan jartzen zaiona</i> egiten duenak gogoak ematen dion guztia egiten du.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sudurra sartzea</i> da inoren kontuetan eta inork eskatu gabe iritzia ematea edo parte hartzea.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inork haserrea edo atseginik eza adierazteko aurpegia jartzen duenean, <i>sudurra zimurtu</i> duela esaten da.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alderantziz, <i>sudurreko zimurrak leundu</i> baditu, esan nahi du alaitu egin dela.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sudurra daukanak</i> gauzak igartzeko sena du, eta <i>sudurra mizkindu</i> egiten duenak mesprezua adierazten du; aldiz, <i>sudur pintzen jabe</i> denak kuraia edo ausardia adierazten du.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koloreei dagokienez, <i>sudurra gorritzeak</i> esan nahi du mozkortzea.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inork <i>atzaparretan zenbat hatz dauzkan sudurrarekin zenbatu</i> behar baditu, jipoi galanta jaso duen seinale da.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAizpurua_SarasolaBenavides1990-03-01">Aizpurua Sarasola, Joxerra; Benavides, Juan Karlos.  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Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/socrates/">«Socrates»</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818205841/https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/les-histoires-de-thomas-snegaroff/le-billet-de-thomas-snegaroff-du-dimanche-14-aout-2022-9704013">«Le nez de Cléopâtre»</a> <i>Radio France Inter</i> (web.archive.org) 2022-08-14 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJones2003-10-03">Jones, Jonathan.  (2003-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328023545/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/oct/04/art">«Bust of Henry VII, Pietro Torrigiano (c1509-11)»</a> <i>The Guardian</i> (web.archive.org) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBoerst2003">Boerst, William J..  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/isbn_9781883846978"><i>Tycho Brahe : mapping the heavens. </i></a> Greensboro, N.C. : Morgan Reynolds Pub. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-883846-97-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-883846-97-8">978-1-883846-97-8</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRostand1926">Rostand, Edmond.  (1926). <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(Rostand)"><i>Cyrano de Bergerac. </i></a> E. Fasquelle <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Parnaso_espa%C3%B1ol_249">«Parnaso español 249 - A un hombre de gran nariz»</a> <i>Wikisource</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_hiztegianbilatu&task=bilaketa&Itemid=1693&lang=eu&nondik=0&zenbat=50&non=osagaiakHasi&query=sudur+kako&subcMota=&pos=&usgDomain=&usgGeo=&usgBeste=&usgReg=">«Euskaltzaindiaren hiztegia > sudur kako»</a> <i>www.euskaltzaindia.eus</i> (Euskaltzaindia) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_hiztegianbilatu&task=bilaketa&Itemid=1693&lang=eu&nondik=0&zenbat=50&non=osagaiakHasi&query=sudurluze&subcMota=&pos=&usgDomain=&usgGeo=&usgBeste=&usgReg=">«Euskaltzaindiaren hiztegia > sudur luze»</a> <i>www.euskaltzaindia.eus</i> (Euskaltzaindia) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?&option=com_hiztegianbilatu&task=bilaketa&Itemid=1693&lang=eu&nondik=0&zenbat=100&entryId=42051">«Euskaltzaindiaren hiztegia > sudurmotz»</a> <i>www.euskaltzaindia.eus</i> (Euskaltzaindia) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_hiztegianbilatu&task=bilaketa&Itemid=1693&lang=eu&nondik=0&zenbat=100&non=osagaiakHasi&query=sudurreko&subcMota=&pos=&usgDomain=&usgGeo=&usgBeste=&usgReg=">«Euskaltzaindiaren hiztegia > sudurpeko»</a> <i>www.euskaltzaindia.eus</i> (Euskaltzaindia) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-6"><sup><b>g</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-7"><sup><b>h</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intza.armiarma.eus/cgi-bin/intza/bilatu2.pl?eremu1=giltzarriak&hitza1=sudur&eremu3=1&fitxa=1">«Euskal lokuzioak sarean > sudur»</a> <i>intza.armiarma.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a 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hiztegia > sudurra sartu»</a> <i>www.euskaltzaindia.eus</i> (Euskaltzaindia) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_hiztegianbilatu&task=bilaketa&Itemid=1693&lang=eu&nondik=0&zenbat=100&non=osagaiakHasi&query=sudurra+zimurtu&subcMota=&pos=&usgDomain=&usgGeo=&usgBeste=&usgReg=">«Euskaltzaindiaren hiztegia > sudurra zimurtu»</a> <i>www.euskaltzaindia.eus</i> (Euskaltzaindia) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatza_sudur-zuloan_sartze" title="Hatza sudur-zuloan sartze">Hatza sudur zuloan sartzea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">Sudur hobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudur-trenkada" title="Sudur-trenkada">Sudur trenkada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>James Nestor (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/1263626450">Breath: the new science of a lost art</a>. Penguin Life, London. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780241289129" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780241289129</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1263626450">1263626450</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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/></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7363" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7363">Q7363</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Noses">Noses</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q7363%22">Q7363</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976036r">11976036r</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976036r">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4171180-4">4171180-4</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85092748">sh85092748</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562889">00562889</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123331">ph123331</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/nose">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009666">D009666</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminologia_Anatomica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminologia Anatomica (sortu gabe)">TA</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A06.1.01.001">A06.1.01.001</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7363" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7363">Q7363</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Noses">Noses</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q7363%22">Q7363</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sudurraren_anatomia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9235565">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Sudurraren_anatomia" title="Txantiloi:Sudurraren anatomia"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Sudurraren_anatomia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Sudurraren anatomia (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Sudurraren_anatomia&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sudurraren_anatomia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sudurraren</a> anatomia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kanpoaldea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudur-hegal" title="Sudur-hegal">sudur-hegala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudurreko_kartilago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudurreko kartilago (sortu gabe)">sudurreko kartilagoak</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudurreko_kartilago_septal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudurreko kartilago septal (sortu gabe)">Septala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudurreko_kartilago_triangeluar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudurreko kartilago triangeluar (sortu gabe)">Truangeluarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur-hegaleko_kartilago_nagusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudur-hegaleko kartilago nagusi (sortu gabe)">Nagusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur-hegaleko_kartilago_txiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudur-hegaleko kartilago txiki (sortu gabe)">Txikia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartilago_bomeronasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kartilago bomeronasal (sortu gabe)">Bomeronasala</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudur-hobi" title="Sudur-hobi">Sudur-hobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hasiera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudur-zuloetako_bestibulu" title="Sudur-zuloetako bestibulu">Sudur-zuloetako bestibulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudur-zulo" title="Sudur-zulo">Sudur-zuloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koana" title="Koana">Koana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albokoa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudur-maskor" title="Sudur-maskor">Sudur-maskorrak</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur-maskor_goren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudur-maskor goren (sortu gabe)">sudur-maskor gorena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goiko_kornete" title="Goiko kornete">Goiko kornetea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdiko_kornete" title="Erdiko kornete">Erdiko kornetea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheko_kornete" title="Beheko kornete">Beheko kornetea</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudurreko_meatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudurreko meatu (sortu gabe)">Sudurreko meatua</a>: (gorena</li> <li>goikoa</li> <li>erdikoa</li> <li>behekoa)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espazio_esfenoetmoidal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espazio esfenoetmoidal (sortu gabe)">Espazio esfenoetmoidala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etmoideko_buila" title="Etmoideko buila">Etmoideko buila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudur-agger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudur-agger (sortu gabe)">Sudur-aggerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etmoideko_infundibulu" title="Etmoideko infundibulu">etmoideko infundibulu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilargi-formako_hiato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilargi-formako hiato (sortu gabe)">Ilargi-formako hiato</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiato_maxilar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiato maxilar (sortu gabe)">Hiato maxilarra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erdikoa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudur-trenkada" title="Sudur-trenkada">Sudur-trenkada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organo_bomeronasal" title="Organo bomeronasal">Organo bomeronasal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudurreko_mukosa" title="Sudurreko mukosa">Sudurreko mukosa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usaimen-mukosa" title="Usaimen-mukosa">Usaimen-mukosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinu_paranasalak" title="Sinu paranasalak">Sinu paranasalak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinu_maxilar" title="Sinu maxilar">Sinu maxilarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinu_esfenoidal" title="Sinu esfenoidal">Sinu esfenoidalak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinu_frontal" title="Sinu frontal">Sinu frontala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinu_etmoidal" title="Sinu etmoidal">Sinu etmoidala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasofaringe" title="Nasofaringe">Nasofaringea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustakioren_tronpa" title="Eustakioren tronpa">Entzumen-tronparen faringeko zuloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faringeko_amigdala" title="Faringeko amigdala">Faringeko amigdala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faringeko_zulo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faringeko zulo (sortu gabe)">Faringeko zulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Giza_gorputza" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9235565"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Giza_gorputza" title="Txantiloi:Giza gorputza"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Giza_gorputza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Giza gorputza (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Giza_gorputza&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Giza_gorputza" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Giza gorputza</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><center><a href="/wiki/Burua" class="mw-redirect" title="Burua">Burua</a></center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Buru-azal" title="Buru-azal">Buru-azala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Belarri" title="Belarri">Belarria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bekain" title="Bekain">Bekaina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aurpegi" title="Aurpegi">Aurpegia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Masail" title="Masail">Masaila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kokots" title="Kokots">Kokotsa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Begi" title="Begi">Begia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aho" title="Aho">Ahoa</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sudurra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ezpain" title="Ezpain">Ezpaina</a>)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Bekoki" title="Bekoki">Bekokia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baraila" title="Baraila">Baraila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Okzipuzio" title="Okzipuzio">Okzipuzioa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Loki_(anatomia)" title="Loki (anatomia)">Lokia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Garondo" title="Garondo">Garondoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><center><a href="/wiki/Lepo" title="Lepo">Lepoa</a></center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zintzur-sagar" title="Zintzur-sagar">Zintzur-sagarra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eztarri" title="Eztarri">Eztarria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><center>Soina</center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomena</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Zilbor" title="Zilbor">Zilborra</a>)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Bizkar" title="Bizkar">Bizkarra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torax" title="Torax">Toraxa</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ugatz" title="Ugatz">Ugatza</a>)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Pelbis" title="Pelbis">Pelbisa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sexu_organo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexu organo">Sexu organoak</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Giza_alu" title="Giza alu">Alua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barrabil" title="Barrabil">Barrabilak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giza_zakil" title="Giza zakil">Zakila</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><center><a href="/wiki/Goiko_gorputz-adar" title="Goiko gorputz-adar">Goiko<br />gorputz-adarrak</a></center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sorbalda" title="Sorbalda">Sorbalda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Besape" title="Besape">Besapea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Besaurre" title="Besaurre">Besaurrea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ukondo_(gorputza)" title="Ukondo (gorputza)">Ukondoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Beso" title="Beso">Besoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eskumutur" title="Eskumutur">Eskumuturra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Esku" title="Esku">Eskua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atzamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Atzamar">Atzamarrak</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><center><a href="/wiki/Beheko_gorputz-adar" title="Beheko gorputz-adar">Beheko<br />gorputz-adarrak</a></center></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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