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In this paper, we argue that supporting iterative and exploratory search modes is important to the usability of all search systems. We also identify the types of semantic queries the users need to make, the issues concerning the search environment and the problems that are intrinsic to semantic search in particular. We then review the four modes of user interaction in existing semantic search systems, namely keyword-based, form-based, view-based and natural language-based systems. Future development should focus on multimodal search systems, which exploit the advantages of more than one mode of interaction, and on developing the search systems that can search heterogeneous semantic metadata on the open semantic Web."> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1017/S0269888907001233"> <link rel="alternate" href="/core/journals/knowledge-engineering-review/article/abs/usability-of-semantic-search-tools-a-review/AD44849BB127E12BD1EA524AAC04244F" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/css/app.css?version=v7.401.0"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://usage.prod.aop.cambridge.org/v1/events"> <link rel="stylesheet" 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data-v-146270e8></div>  <div id="toc" class="table-of-content" data-v-01274b1d><h2>Article contents</h2> <div id="toc-list-wrapper" class="table-of-content__wrapper"><ul id="toc-list" class="list"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Abstract</span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="column__main" data-v-01274b1d><div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div class="column__main__left" data-v-01274b1d><div id="maincontent" class="col" data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>The usability of semantic search tools: a review</h1> </hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>01 December 2007</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=VICTORIA%20UREN&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>VICTORIA UREN</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=YUANGUI%20LEI&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>YUANGUI LEI</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=VANESSA%20LOPEZ&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>VANESSA LOPEZ</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=HAIMING%20LIU&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>HAIMING LIU</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=ENRICO%20MOTTA&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>ENRICO MOTTA</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce> and</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=MARINA%20GIORDANINO&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>MARINA GIORDANINO</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-2 collapse-link" data-v-99f6eb26><a href="#authors-details" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="authors-details" class="app-link collapsed app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-99f6eb26><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon arrow-down" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Show author details </span> </a></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-99f6eb26> <dl id="authors-details" class="authors-details collapse" data-v-2edb8da6 data-v-99f6eb26><div data-test-author="VICTORIA UREN" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>VICTORIA UREN</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Knowledge Media Institute, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK, e-mail: v.s.uren@open.ac.uk, y.lei@open.ac.uk, v.lopez@open.ac.uk, h.liu@open.ac.uk, e.motta@open.ac.uk</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="YUANGUI LEI" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>YUANGUI LEI</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Knowledge Media Institute, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK, e-mail: v.s.uren@open.ac.uk, y.lei@open.ac.uk, v.lopez@open.ac.uk, h.liu@open.ac.uk, e.motta@open.ac.uk</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="VANESSA LOPEZ" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>VANESSA LOPEZ</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Knowledge Media Institute, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK, e-mail: v.s.uren@open.ac.uk, y.lei@open.ac.uk, v.lopez@open.ac.uk, h.liu@open.ac.uk, e.motta@open.ac.uk</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="HAIMING LIU" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>HAIMING LIU</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Knowledge Media Institute, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK, e-mail: v.s.uren@open.ac.uk, y.lei@open.ac.uk, v.lopez@open.ac.uk, h.liu@open.ac.uk, e.motta@open.ac.uk</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="ENRICO MOTTA" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>ENRICO MOTTA</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Knowledge Media Institute, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK, e-mail: v.s.uren@open.ac.uk, y.lei@open.ac.uk, v.lopez@open.ac.uk, h.liu@open.ac.uk, e.motta@open.ac.uk</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="MARINA GIORDANINO" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>MARINA GIORDANINO</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Centro Richerche FIAT, strada Torino 50, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy, email: marina.giordanino@crf.it</span> </span></div></dd></div>  <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-2edb8da6></dl></div></div> <div id="app-tabs" class="tabs" data-v-1d90c6ce data-v-01274b1d><div id="app-tabs-wrapper" class="tabs__wrapper" data-v-1d90c6ce><div role="navigation" aria-label="tab navigation" class="container" data-v-1d90c6ce><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#appTabs" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="appTabs" 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class="app-icon icon rights" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Rights & Permissions </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572><div class="abstract-text-container" data-v-2fa8b348><div lang="en"><h2>Abstract</h2>  <div class="abstract-content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>The goal of semantic search is to improve on traditional search methods by exploiting the semantic metadata. In this paper, we argue that supporting iterative and exploratory search modes is important to the usability of all search systems. We also identify the types of semantic queries the users need to make, the issues concerning the search environment and the problems that are intrinsic to semantic search in particular. We then review the four modes of user interaction in existing semantic search systems, namely keyword-based, form-based, view-based and natural language-based systems. Future development should focus on multimodal search systems, which exploit the advantages of more than one mode of interaction, and on developing the search systems that can search heterogeneous semantic metadata on the open semantic Web.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="abstract-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a></div></div>   </div>    <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Articles</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/knowledge-engineering-review" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>The Knowledge Engineering Review </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/knowledge-engineering-review/volume/C93850029BC0EF4F9EE2068D3FBD22F0" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 22 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/knowledge-engineering-review/issue/E44B219EA0E3110C981D42787A8CCAB0" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Issue 4 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161>, December 2007</span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, pp. 361 - 377</span> </div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269888907001233" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269888907001233 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div>   <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007 </div></dd></div></dl> <div id="access-block" class="d-print-none" data-v-43a4d572><div class="access-options"><h2 class="access-options__heading">Access options</h2> <span>Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. 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LEI",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=YUANGUI%20LEI&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e},{givenNames:"VANESSA",surname:"LOPEZ",nameStyle:k,affiliations:[{text:l,email:m}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"VANESSA LOPEZ",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=VANESSA%20LOPEZ&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e},{givenNames:"HAIMING",surname:"LIU",nameStyle:k,affiliations:[{text:l,email:m}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"HAIMING LIU",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=HAIMING%20LIU&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e},{givenNames:"ENRICO",surname:"MOTTA",nameStyle:k,affiliations:[{text:l,email:m}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"ENRICO MOTTA",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=ENRICO%20MOTTA&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e},{givenNames:"MARINA",surname:"GIORDANINO",nameStyle:k,affiliations:[{text:"Centro Richerche FIAT, strada Torino 50, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy, email: marina.giordanino@crf.it",email:"marina.giordanino@crf.it"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"MARINA GIORDANINO",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=MARINA%20GIORDANINO&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e}]},translators:{contributors:[],label:"Translated by"}},collections:[],publishedDate:"01 December 2007",keywords:[],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0269888907001233",value:"10.1017\u002FS0269888907001233"},copyright:{statement:["Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007"],holder:["Cambridge University Press"],year:[2007]},creativeCommons:e,acceptedManuscript:b,type:"research-article",pageRange:{range:"361 - 377",firstPage:"361",lastPage:"377"},typeDescription:"Articles",resultTypes:[],commentsCount:0,topicsAndSubtopics:e},journal:{id:Q,title:p,titleSlug:"the-knowledge-engineering-review",mnemonic:"KER",titleHistory:[],isFirstView:b,journalSlug:"knowledge-engineering-review",isCompanion:b,parentCompanionJournalName:p,associatedParentCollection:e,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:26,sku:q,skuNew:n,currency:"£"},"€":{price:31,sku:q,skuNew:n,currency:"€"},US$:{price:36,sku:q,skuNew:n,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:51,sku:q,skuNew:n,currency:"AU$"}}},url:R,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fknowledge-engineering-review\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FKER_0_0_0\u002Fthe-knowledge-engineering-review.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fknowledge-engineering-review\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:b,latestTitle:p,latestId:Q,hasPastTitle:b,issue:{id:"E44B219EA0E3110C981D42787A8CCAB0",number:S,title:"Issue 4",publishedDate:"December 2007",printPublishTimestamp:1196467200000,url:T},volume:{id:"C93850029BC0EF4F9EE2068D3FBD22F0",number:"22",title:"Volume 22",publishedDate:"June 2007",printPublishTimestamp:1180659600000,url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fknowledge-engineering-review\u002Fvolume\u002FC93850029BC0EF4F9EE2068D3FBD22F0"}},abstract:{textAbstracts:[{title:"Abstract",content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe goal of semantic search is to improve on traditional search methods by exploiting the semantic metadata. In this paper, we argue that supporting iterative and exploratory search modes is important to the usability of all search systems. We also identify the types of semantic queries the users need to make, the issues concerning the search environment and the problems that are intrinsic to semantic search in particular. We then review the four modes of user interaction in existing semantic search systems, namely keyword-based, form-based, view-based and natural language-based systems. Future development should focus on multimodal search systems, which exploit the advantages of more than one mode of interaction, and on developing the search systems that can search heterogeneous semantic metadata on the open semantic Web.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",lang:U}]},content:{html:a,tableOfContent:[],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"manual_ref-1",displayNumber:a,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAleman-Meza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EB.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHalaschek-Weiner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EC.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EArpinar\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EI. 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Report on the XSI 2005 Workshop at the Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory, University of Maryland","ACM SIGIR Forum","10.1145\u002F1113343.1113356"));</script><script src="/core/page-component/06cd607.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/20147ec.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/66884fb.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/6f4302c.js" defer></script> </div> </div> <div id="article-new-home-productCitations" class="product-citations-modal reveal-modal medium" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader"> <div class="header"> <div class="heading_07 margin-bottom" id="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader">Cited by</div> </div> <div class="citation-content"> <div class="row collapse header margin-top productCitations-content"> <ul class="small-12 small-centered columns citations"> <li class="fade-in section-container active"> <a href="#" class="section-button" data-id="article-new-home-crossref-citations"> <div class="circular medium citation"> <img src="https://assets.crossref.org/logo/crossref-logo-100.png" alt="Crossref logo"> <span class="citation-count">40</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="fade-in section-container"> <a href="#" class="section-button" data-id="article-new-home-scholar-citations"> <div class="circular medium citation"> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Google_Scholar_logo_2015.PNG" alt="Google Scholar logo"> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="row wrapper no-padding-top section-content"> <div class="small-10 small-centered columns"> <section class="content" id="article-new-home-crossref-citations"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div class="panel margin-top-small citation-container"> <div class="row"> <div class="medium-12 columns"> <div class="print-only print-heading margin-bottom-large">Crossref Citations</div> <div class="row margin-bottom"> <div class="small-1 columns"> <a href="http://www.crossref.org/citedby/index.html" target="_blank"> <img src="https://assets.crossref.org/logo/crossref-logo-100.png" alt="Crossref logo"> </a> </div> <div class="small-11 columns"> <h5 class="heading_10"> This article has been cited by the following publications. 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