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href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tatar_people\" title=\"c:Category:Tatar people\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"12\" height=\"16\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tatar_people\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"c:Category:Tatar people\"\u003EМедиа\u003C/a\u003E \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wq/tt/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82\" title=\"Викиөзек\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Викиөзек\" 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href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80\" title=\"Википедия:Проектлар\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WikiProject_Council_with_transparent_background.svg/12px-WikiProject_Council_with_transparent_background.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"12\" height=\"11\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WikiProject_Council_with_transparent_background.svg/18px-WikiProject_Council_with_transparent_background.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WikiProject_Council_with_transparent_background.svg/24px-WikiProject_Council_with_transparent_background.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"459\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80\" title=\"Википедия:Проектлар\"\u003EПроектлар\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E: \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/2024_%D0%B5%D0%BB#Вафатлар\" title=\"2024 ел\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kerze.png/5px-Kerze.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"5\" height=\"19\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kerze.png/8px-Kerze.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kerze.png/10px-Kerze.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"218\" data-file-height=\"822\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Cu\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/2024_%D0%B5%D0%BB#Вафатлар\" title=\"2024 ел\"\u003EХәтерТактасы\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/i\u003E\u003C/u\u003E \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD/%D0%95%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\" title=\"Википедия:Акыллы Татарстан/Ел проекты\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2021TatarstanYearLogo-1.jpg/12px-2021TatarstanYearLogo-1.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2021TatarstanYearLogo-1.jpg/18px-2021TatarstanYearLogo-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2021TatarstanYearLogo-1.jpg/24px-2021TatarstanYearLogo-1.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1626\" data-file-height=\"1626\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD/%D0%95%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\" title=\"Википедия:Акыллы Татарстан/Ел проекты\"\u003EЕлПроекты\u003C/a\u003E \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80\" title=\"Википедия:Марафоннар/Агымдагылар\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png/12px-Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png/18px-Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png/24px-Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80\" title=\"Википедия:Марафоннар/Агымдагылар\"\u003EАгымдагыМарафоннар\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E: \u003Ci\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B\" title=\"Википедия:Проект:Төбәк тематик атналыгы\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/World_Map_%28political%29.svg/20px-World_Map_%28political%29.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"10\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/World_Map_%28political%29.svg/30px-World_Map_%28political%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/World_Map_%28political%29.svg/40px-World_Map_%28political%29.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1920\" data-file-height=\"975\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Cu\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B\" title=\"Проект:Төбәк тематик атналыгы\"\u003EТөбәкАтналыгы\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/i\u003E \u003Ci\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B5_2024\" title=\"Википедия:Проект:Азия ае 2024\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/20px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"22\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/30px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/40px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"555\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Cu\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B5_2024\" title=\"Проект:Азия ае 2024\"\u003EАзия ае 2024\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/i\u003E\u003C/small\u003E\n\u003C/small\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Csmall\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"clear: both;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003C/small\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Эчтәлек" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Эчтәлек</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">переместить в боковую панель</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">яшерү</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башы</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Оптика_бүлекләре" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Оптика_бүлекләре"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Оптика бүлекләре</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Оптика_бүлекләре-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Классик_оптика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Классик_оптика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Классик оптика</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Классик_оптика-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Отобразить/Скрыть подраздел Классик оптика</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Классик_оптика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Геометрик_оптика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Геометрик_оптика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Геометрик оптика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Геометрик_оптика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Параксиаль_якынайту" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Параксиаль_якынайту"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Параксиаль якынайту</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Параксиаль_якынайту-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Физик_оптика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физик_оптика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Физик оптика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Физик_оптика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Классик_оптика_белән_бәйле_бүлекләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Классик_оптика_белән_бәйле_бүлекләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Классик оптика белән бәйле бүлекләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Классик_оптика_белән_бәйле_бүлекләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Хәзерге_оптика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хәзерге_оптика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Хәзерге оптика</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Хәзерге_оптика-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Отобразить/Скрыть подраздел Хәзерге оптика</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Хәзерге_оптика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Физиологик_оптика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физиологик_оптика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Физиологик оптика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Физиологик_оптика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Хәзерге_оптика_белән_бәйле_бүлекләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хәзерге_оптика_белән_бәйле_бүлекләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Хәзерге оптика белән бәйле бүлекләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хәзерге_оптика_белән_бәйле_бүлекләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Моны_да_карагыз" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Моны_да_карагыз"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Моны да карагыз</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Моны_да_карагыз-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Эчтәлек" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Отобразить/Скрыть содержание" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Отобразить/Скрыть содержание</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Оптика</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перейти к статье на другом языке. Доступно на 110 языках" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 тел</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصريات — гарәп" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بصريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="гарәп" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — әзәрбайҗан" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="әзәрбайҗан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوپتیکا — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوپتیکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C4%97ka" title="Optėka — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Optėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка — белорус" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорус" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика — болгар" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান — бенгали" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="འོད་རིག་པ་ — тибет" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་རིག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="тибет" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="сайланган мәкаләләр"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — босния" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босния" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptica" title="Òptica — каталан" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òptica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئۆپتیک — үзәк көрд" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆپتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="үзәк көрд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — чех" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteg" title="Opteg — уэльс" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Opteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уэльс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik — дания" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дания" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik — алман" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="алман" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Οπτική — грек" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics — инглиз" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="инглиз" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica — испан" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — эстон" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — баск" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نورشناسی — фарсы" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсы" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiikka" title="Optiikka — фин" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Optiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus%C3%B5oppus" title="Valgusõoppus — выруский" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Valgusõoppus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="выруский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optique" title="Optique — француз" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Optique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француз" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik — северный фризский" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северный фризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otiche" title="Otiche — фриульский" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Otiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриульский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optaic" title="Optaic — ирланд" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Optaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptik" title="Òptik — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Òptik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica — галисия" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисия" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אופטיקה — яһүд" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="яһүд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्रकाशिकी — һинд" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाशिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="һинд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — хорват" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — венгр" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгр" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Օպտիկա — әрмән" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օպտիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="әрмән" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — индонезия" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3sfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Ljósfræði — исланд" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljósfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottica" title="Ottica — итальян" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ottica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальян" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 — япон" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="япон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — яванский" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ოპტიკა — грузин" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика — казакъ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казакъ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="광학 — корея" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корея" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C3%AEk" title="Optîk — көрд" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Optîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="көрд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика — кыргыз" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="кыргыз" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica — латин" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik — люксембург" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембург" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — литва" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — латыш" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="сайланган мәкаләләр"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика — македон" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Оптик — монгол" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оптик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik — малай" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica — мирандский" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мирандский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="अप्तिक्स — неварский" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अप्तिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica — голланд" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="голланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica — окситан" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ — пәнҗаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пәнҗаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optyka" title="Optyka — поляк" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Optyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92tica" title="Òtica — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="د نور فزیک — пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نور فزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica — португал" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%C4%83" title="Optică — румын" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Optică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика — рус" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="рус" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптіка — русинский" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Оптіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="русинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ — сантали" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="сантали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ttica" title="Òttica — сицилийский" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Òttica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصريات — синдһи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بصريات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдһи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasni%E1%BA%93%E1%B9%9Bi" title="Tasniẓṛi — ташельхит" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasniẓṛi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ташельхит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව — сингал" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika_(odbor)" title="Optika (odbor) — словак" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Optika (odbor)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словак" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — словен" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araga" title="Araga — сомали" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Araga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — албан" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика — серб" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik — швед" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒளியியல் — тамил" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамил" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика — таҗик" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таҗик" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ทัศนศาสตร์ — тай" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทัศนศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik — төрек" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="төрек" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика — украин" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصریات — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بصریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — үзбәк" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="үзбәк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik — вепсский" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="вепсский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Quang học — вьетнам" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quang học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika — варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngiste" title="Ngiste — волоф" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ngiste" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="волоф" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="אפטיק — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%89" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ — тамазигхтский" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="тамазигхтский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 — кытай" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кытай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="光學 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezomkhanyizo" title="Ezomkhanyizo — зулу" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ezomkhanyizo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14620#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башка телләргә сылтамалар өстәү" class="wbc-editpage">Сылтамалар 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.ts-Универсаль_калып-image{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсаль_калып-label{width:9em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсаль_калып-split{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсаль_калып-below{background:#eaecf0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсаль_калып-error{background:#fee7e6;border-color:#b32424}</style> <table cellspacing="2" class="infobox"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above ts-Универсаль_калып-above">Оптика</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ts-Универсаль_калып-image"><span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P18" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q14620$670d381c-42d0-9906-bfef-090cb8b948d1"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Сурәт"><img alt="Сурәт" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/250px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/375px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/500px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="2818" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ts-Универсаль_калып-image"><span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P10" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q14620$9B9C2E99-4D4F-4BFE-AF3C-FB69970223D3"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Reflection_of_a_quantum_particle.webm/250px--Reflection_of_a_quantum_particle.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="257" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Reflection_of_a_quantum_particle.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Reflection_of_a_quantum_particle.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="390" data-height="401" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Reflection_of_a_quantum_particle.webm/Reflection_of_a_quantum_particle.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="234" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Reflection_of_a_quantum_particle.webm/Reflection_of_a_quantum_particle.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="350" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Reflection_of_a_quantum_particle.webm/Reflection_of_a_quantum_particle.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="350" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсаль_калып-label">Өйрәнелгән тармак</th><td class="infobox-text"> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P2578" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q14620$768fa5fe-425d-a792-32b4-fce336aae858"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яктылык">яктылык</a></span></span> һәм <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P2578" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q14620$0901a7e7-4137-3e45-2291-c42609805613"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Оптик феномен (бит юк)">оптик феномен</a><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14506045" class="extiw" title="d:Q14506045">[d]</a></sup></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below ts-Универсаль_калып-below"><span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P373" data-wikidata-claim-id="q14620$596ACED6-ED7F-4AD8-A069-BDEF6D75A9F1"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Optics" title="commons:Category:Optics"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Optics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Optics">Оптика Викиҗыентыкта</a></span></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Table_of_Opticks,_Cyclopaedia,_Volume_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Table_of_Opticks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg/300px-Table_of_Opticks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="486" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Table_of_Opticks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg/450px-Table_of_Opticks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Table_of_Opticks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg/600px-Table_of_Opticks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="2899" /></a><figcaption>Оптика таблицасы, Энциклопедия, 1728</figcaption></figure> <p><b>О́птика</b> ( <i>бор.грек. ὀπτική</i> <i>күренү</i> яки <i>карау</i>) – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика">физиканың</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яктылык">яктылык</a> тотышын, үзлекләрен, сәбәпләрен һәм табигатен өйрәнүче, аның белән бәйле күренешләрне тасвирлаучы бүлеге. "Яктылык" термины астында күзгә <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Күренүче яктылык">күренүче яктылыкны</a> гына түгел, ә аңа янәшә булган спектрның киң <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электромагнит нурланыш (бит юк)">электромагнит нурланышын</a> да аңлыйлар. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электромагнит нурланыш (бит юк)">Электромагнит спектрны</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Радиоинурланыш (бит юк)">радиодулкыннарга</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Инфракызыл нурланыш">инфракызыл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Күренүче яктылык">күренүче</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%85%D3%99_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Ультрашәмәхә нурланыш">ультрашәмәхә</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Рентген нурланышы">рентген</a> һәм <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Гамма-нурланыш">гамма-нурланышка</a> бүлеп йөртәләр. </p><p>Дулкын һәм квант закончалыклары электромагнит нурланышның бөтен спектрына да уртак. Дулкын озынлыгы буенча, беренче планга төрле күренешләр, төрле тикшерү ысуллары һәм төрле практик куллану төрләре чыга. Шуңа күрә оптикага, күренүче яктылыкны гына өйрәнүче, башкалардан күренеп торучы чик белән аерылган йомык фәнгә караган кебек карарга ярамый. Үзгә өлкәләрдә табылган закончалыклар һәм нәтиҗәләр спетрныд күренүче өлешендә кирәк булырга мөмкин, яки киресенчә. </p><p>Шуңа охшаш күренешләр <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Рентген нурланышы">рентген нурланышы</a> һәм <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Радиодулкынна (бит юк)">радиодулкыннар</a> таралганда, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Микродулкынлы мич">микродулкынлы мичләрдә</a>, һ.б. күзәтелә. Оптиканы <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Электромагнетизм">электромагнетизмның</a> өлеше дип тә карарга мөмкин. Кайсыбер оптик күренешәр яктылыкның <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Квант (бит юк)">квант</a> табигатенә бәйле, һәм бу оптиканың кайбер өлкәләрен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Квант механикасы">квант механикасы</a> белән бәйли. Чынлыкта, оптик күренешләрнең бик зур өлешен, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максвелл тигезләмләре (бит юк)">Максвелл тигезләмләрендә</a> тасвирланган, электромагнит тирбәнү дип карарга мөмкин. </p><p>Оптика фәне – электротехника, физика, психология, медицина (бигрәк тә <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Офтальмология">офтальмология</a>) кебек фәннәрнең өлеше булып тора. Бу өлкәләрдә һәм башка фәнара өлкәдә <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кулланма оптика (бит юк)">кулланма оптиканың</a> әһәмияте зур. </p><p>Оптика <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Төгәл механика (бит юк)">төгәл механика</a> белән берлектә <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Оптик-механик сәнәгать (бит юк)">оптик-механик сәнәгатьнең</a> нигезе булып тора. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Оптика_бүлекләре"><span id=".D0.9E.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.B1.D2.AF.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5"></span>Оптика бүлекләре</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="«Оптика бүлекләре» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Редактировать код раздела «Оптика бүлекләре»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Классик оптика (бит юк)">Классик оптика</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геометрик оптика (бит юк)">Геометрик оптика</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Физик оптика (бит юк)">Физик оптика</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дулкын оптикасы (бит юк)">Дулкын оптикасы</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Табигатьтә дулкын оптикасы (бит юк)">Табигатьтә дулкын оптикасы</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Күз белән үзләштерү (бит юк)">Күз белән үзләштерү</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лазерлар физикасы (бит юк)">Лазерлар физикасы</a> (когерент оптика)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сызыкча булмаган оптика (бит юк)">Сызыкча булмаган оптика</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Квант оптикасы (бит юк)">Квант оптикасы</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Градиент оптикасы (бит юк)">Градиент оптикасы</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Классик_оптика"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.BA_.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Классик оптика</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="«Классик оптика» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="Редактировать код раздела «Классик оптика»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0c%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Квант оптикаcы (бит юк)">Квант оптикаcы</a> барлыкка килгәнче оптика классик <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Электромагнетизм">электромагнетизмга</a> нигезләнгән була. Классик оптика икегә бүленә: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геометрик оптика (бит юк)">геометрик оптика</a> һәм <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Физик оптика (бит юк)">физик оптика</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Геометрик_оптика"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BA_.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Геометрик оптика</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=3" title="«Геометрик оптика» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="Редактировать код раздела «Геометрик оптика»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Төп мәкалә: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геометрик оптика (бит юк)">Геометрик оптика</a></i> </p><p><b>Геометрик оптика</b> яки <b>нур оптикасы</b>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яктылык">яктылык</a> таралышын <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80" title="Нур">нур</a> термины белән тасвирлый.описывает распространение <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Свет (бит юк)">света</a> термином <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%87" title="Луч">луч</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гюйгенс, Христиан (бит юк)">Гюйгенсның</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ньютон, Исаак (бит юк)">Ньютонның</a> фундаменталь хезмәтләре тәэсирендә язылган, һәм соңрак "Оптика"га кергән, «Яктылыкның дулкын тәгълиматы» хезмәте замандашларына бик зур йогынты ясый. Чыннан да, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BA,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гук, Роберт (бит юк)">Гукның</a> төсләр теориясе тарафдары булып, ул, Ньютон хезмәтләреннән соң, аларның тәҗрибәле ягы белән сокланып, ләкин аның теоретик аңлатмасын якламыйча, шундый нәтиҗәгә килә: "физик механизм ярдәмендә төсләрнең күплеген аңлату авр булганга, төскә керү күренеше әле бик серле булып кала". Шуңа күрә, үзенең хезмәтләрендә, ул бу сорауны күтәрми. </p><p>Үзенең кечкенә гыйлми әсәрендә, ул беренче яктылыкның турысызыклы таралышын карый, икенче өлешендә – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кайтарылу (бит юк)">кайтарылу</a>, өченчесендә – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Яктылык сыну (бит юк)">яктылык сынуын</a> , дүртенчесендә – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Атмосфера рефракциясе (бит юк)">атмосфера рефракциясен</a>, бишенчесендә – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Икеләтә нур сынуы (бит юк)">икеләтә нур сынуын</a>, алтынчысында <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Линза">линза</a> формаларын. </p><p>Яктылыкның турысызыклы таралышын канәгатләндерерлек дәрәҗәдә булмаган аңлатуны Гюйгенс өлешчә кайтару, сыну һәм тулы эчке кайтарылу (бу күренешләрне дөрес булмаган аңлату, Ньютонны теориясен катлауландыруга мәҗбүр иткән) механизмы белән яхшы аңлата. Гюйгенсның бу аңлатмалары әле дә бөтен дәреслекләрдә кулланалар. </p><p>"Нур" төшенчәсе геометрик оптикада – оптик дукыннарның <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Импульс фронты (бит юк)">импульс фронтына</a> перпендикуляр абстракт геометрик җисем. Геометрик оптика – нурларның оптик система аша үтүенең кагыйдәләрен тасвирлый. Бу абстракт төшенчәне һәм аның белән бәйле кагыйдәләрне кабул итеп, без оптика мәсәләсен сизелерлек гадиләштерәбез, ләкин әле, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дифракция (бит юк)">дифракция</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Поляризация (бит юк)">поляризация</a> кебек күп кенә оптик эффектларны аңлатып булмый. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Параксиаль_якынайту"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8C_.D1.8F.D0.BA.D1.8B.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.B9.D1.82.D1.83"></span>Параксиаль якынайту</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=4" title="«Параксиаль якынайту» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="Редактировать код раздела «Параксиаль якынайту»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Геометрик оптикада чираттагы гадиләштерү – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Параксиаль якынайту (бит юк)">параксиаль якынайту</a>, яки <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Почмаклар якынайтуы (бит юк)">почмаклар якынайтуы</a>. Нурның математик үз-үзен тотышы сызыкчага әйләнә, һәм оптик өлешләрне гади матрицалар итеп күз алдына китерергә мөмкилек бирә. Гаусс оптикасы ысулларын куллану оптик системаларның беренче дәрәҗә үзлекләрен табарга мөмкилек бирә. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Яктылыкның гаусс таралышы (бит юк)">Яктылыкның гаусс таралышы</a> – нурларның үз-үзләрен тотышының төгәлрәк ысулын тасвирлаучы, параксиаль оптиканың киңәюе. Параксиаль якынайтуны һәм дифракция күренешен кулланып, әлеге ысуллар җыелмасы, ераклык белән нурлар бөйләменең киңәешен һәм яктылык табы – җыелган нурлар бәйләменең минималь зурлыгын тасвирларга мөмкинлек бирә. Шулай итеп геометрик һәм физик оптика арасында икеара ысул булып тора. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Физик_оптика"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BA_.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Физик оптика</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=5" title="«Физик оптика» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="Редактировать код раздела «Физик оптика»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Төп мәкалә: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Физик оптика (бит юк)">Физик оптика</a> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif/300px-Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif/450px-Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif/600px-Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Яктылыкның призмадагы дисперсиясенең ачык күренеше</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Физик оптика (бит юк)">Физик оптика</a></b>, яки <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дулкын оптикасы (бит юк)">Дулкын оптикасы</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гюйгенс принцибы (бит юк)">Гюйгенс принцибына</a> нигезләнә һәм дулкынның <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Амлитуда (бит юк)">амлитудасы</a> белән <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фазасын (бит юк)">фазасын</a> да кертеп, оптик системалар аша катлаулы импульс фронтларының таралышын моделләштерә. Оптиканың бу бүлеге дифракцияне, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Интерфереция (физика) (бит юк)">интерферецияне</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Поляризация эффектлары (бит юк)">поляризация эффектларын</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Абберация (бит юк)">абберацияне</a> һәм башка катлаулы эффектларның табигатен аңлата. </p><p>Оптиканың бу бүлегендә, яктылыкның тулы электромагнит таралыш моделе түгел, ә шулай ук якынайтулар кулланыла. Ләкин гади очракларда төгәл теория буенча тулы исәпләп чыгару мөмкин була, ә исәп куәтләре артканда катлаурырак очракларда да. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Классик_оптика_белән_бәйле_бүлекләр"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.BA_.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.B1.D0.B5.D0.BB.D3.99.D0.BD_.D0.B1.D3.99.D0.B9.D0.BB.D0.B5_.D0.B1.D2.AF.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Классик оптика белән бәйле бүлекләр</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=6" title="«Классик оптика белән бәйле бүлекләр» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="Редактировать код раздела «Классик оптика белән бәйле бүлекләр»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аберрация (бит юк)">Аберрация</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Когерентлык">Когерентлык</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дифракция (бит юк)">Дифракция</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дисперсия (оптика) (бит юк)">Дисперсия (оптика)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аберрация (оптика) (бит юк)">Аберрация (оптика)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ферма принцибы (бит юк)">Ферма принцибы</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фурье оптикасы (бит юк)">Фурье оптикасы</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Градиент оптикасы (бит юк)">Градиент оптикасы</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дулкыннар поляризациясе (бит юк)">Дулкыннар поляризациясе</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Яктылык нуры (бит юк)">Яктылык нуры</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Нурлар трассировкасы (бит юк)">Нурлар трассировкасы</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кайтарылу (физика) (бит юк)">Кайтарылу (физика)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%83_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сыну (физика) (бит юк)">Сыну (физика)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Таралу (оптика) (бит юк)">Таралу (оптика)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дулкын (оптика) (бит юк)">Дулкын (оптика)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геометрик оптика (бит юк)">Геометрик оптика</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Линза (оптика) (бит юк)">Линза (оптика)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Көзге (бит юк)">Көзге</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Призма (оптика)">Призма (оптика)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Хәзерге_оптика"><span id=".D0.A5.D3.99.D0.B7.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B3.D0.B5_.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Хәзерге оптика</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=7" title="«Хәзерге оптика» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="Редактировать код раздела «Хәзерге оптика»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Хәзерге оптика, 20нче йөздә популярлашкан оптик фәннең һәм хезмәтләрнең киң өлкәләрен алып тора. Бу өлкәләр яктылыкның электромагнит һәм квант үзлекләренә кагылалар, ләкин, дөреслектә, башка өлкәләрне дә алалар. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Физиологик_оптика"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D0.BA_.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Физиологик оптика</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=8" title="«Физиологик оптика» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="Редактировать код раздела «Физиологик оптика»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Төп мәкалә: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Күз белән үзләштерү (бит юк)">Күз белән үзләштерү</a>. </p><p>Физиологик оптика – яктылыкны күз белән тоем турындагы фән. Ул биофизика, биохимия һәм күз тоемы психологиясе белешмәләрен брләштерә. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Хәзерге_оптика_белән_бәйле_бүлекләр"><span id=".D0.A5.D3.99.D0.B7.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B3.D0.B5_.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.B1.D0.B5.D0.BB.D3.99.D0.BD_.D0.B1.D3.99.D0.B9.D0.BB.D0.B5_.D0.B1.D2.AF.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Хәзерге оптика белән бәйле бүлекләр</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=9" title="«Хәзерге оптика белән бәйле бүлекләр» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=9" title="Редактировать код раздела «Хәзерге оптика белән бәйле бүлекләр»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кристаллик оптика (бит юк)">Кристаллик оптика</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дифракция (бит юк)">Дифракция</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дулкынүткәргеч (бит юк)">Дулкынүткәргеч</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Голография (бит юк)">Голография</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" 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