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Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toppdom%C3%A4n#S" title="Toppdomän – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Toppdomän" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su" title=".su – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title=".su" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22.su%22">".su"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22.su%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22.su%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22.su%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22.su%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22.su%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">.su</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DotSU_domain_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/DotSU_domain_logo.svg/150px-DotSU_domain_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/DotSU_domain_logo.svg/225px-DotSU_domain_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/DotSU_domain_logo.svg/300px-DotSU_domain_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">19 September 1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Country code top-level domain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registry" title="Domain name registry">Registry</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Institute_for_Public_Networks" title="Russian Institute for Public Networks">Russian Institute for Public Networks</a> (РосНИИРОС)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sponsor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Institute_for_Public_Networks" title="Russian Institute for Public Networks">Russian Institute for Public Networks</a> (РосНИИРОС)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Intended use</th><td class="infobox-data">Entities connected with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Actual use</th><td class="infobox-data">Mostly used by entities connected with <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registered domains</th><td class="infobox-data">105,884 (7 December 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration restrictions</th><td class="infobox-data">Passport required</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Structure</th><td class="infobox-data">Registrations are permitted directly at the second level</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Documents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fid.su/su/documents/">Documents</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dispute policies</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/DNSSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSSEC">DNSSEC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registry website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ripn.su/en/">ripn<wbr />.su<wbr />/en<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>.su</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">country code top-level domain</a> (ccTLD) that was designated for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> (USSR) on 19 September 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> itself was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved</a> 15 months later, the .su top-level domain remains in use to the present day. It is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Institute_for_Public_Networks" title="Russian Institute for Public Networks">Russian Institute for Public Networks</a> (RIPN, or RosNIIROS in Russian transcription).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The .su ccTLD is known for usage by <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">cybercriminals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hacker" title="Hacker">hackers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">scammers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.su&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1989 a set of new internet domains was created in Europe, including <a href="/wiki/.pl" title=".pl">.pl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), <a href="/wiki/.cs" title=".cs">.cs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>), <a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">.yu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/.dd" title=".dd">.dd</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>). Among them, there was also a domain for the USSR – .su.<sup id="cite_ref-rosyjski_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosyjski-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, before two-letter ccTLDs became standard, the Soviet Union was to receive a .ussr domain. The .su domain was proposed by the 19-year-old Finnish student Petri Ojala.<sup id="cite_ref-netoscop_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netoscop-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 December 1991 the country <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">was dissolved</a> and its constituent republics gained independence, which should have caused the domain to begin a phase-out process, as happened with those of East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. Until 1994<sup id="cite_ref-rosyjski_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosyjski-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there was no assigned top-level domain name for Russia. For this reason the country continued to use the Soviet domain. In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a> domain was created, which was supposed to eventually replace the .su domain<sup id="cite_ref-rosyjski_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosyjski-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (domains for the republics other than Russia were created at different times in the mid-nineties). The domain was supposed to be withdrawn by <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>, but it was kept at the request of the Russian government and Internet users.<sup id="cite_ref-rosyjski_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosyjski-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, the managers of the domain stated that they would commence accepting new .su registrations, but it is unclear whether this action was compatible with ICANN policies.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICANN has expressed intentions to terminate the .su domain and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> states that the domain is being phased out,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but lobbyists stated in September 2007 that they had started negotiations with ICANN on retaining the domain.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag may have passed. (October 2024)">needs update?</span></a></i>]</sup> In the first quarter of 2008, .su registrations increased by 45%.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.su&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The domain was intended to be used by Soviet institutions and companies operating in the USSR. The dissolution of the Soviet Union meant that the new TLD was superseded by the new <a href="/wiki/Country_TLDs" class="mw-redirect" title="Country TLDs">country TLDs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet republics">former Soviet republics</a>. Despite this, .su is still in use. Most of the .su domains are registered in Russia and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gazeta_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazeta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>RU-CENTER</i> data from May 2010, there were over 93,500 registered domains with the .su TLD (there are over 2.8 million .ru domains).<sup id="cite_ref-stat.nic_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat.nic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some organizations with roots in the former Soviet Union also still use this TLD.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pro-Russian Ukrainian separatist group <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> have also registered their domain with the TLD.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The .su domain also hosts white supremacist websites that have been <a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">deplatformed</a> elsewhere, formerly including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The domain has been reported to host many <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">cybercrime</a> activities<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the relaxed and outdated terms of use, along with staying out of focus (2% usage comparing to the primary .ru zone).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-group-ib.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-group-ib.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rules for timely suspension of malicious domains<sup id="cite_ref-group-ib.com_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-group-ib.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been in place since 2013 in response to the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.su&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%80%D1%84" title=".рф">.рф</a> – Cyrillic Internet country code top-level domain for the Russian Federation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a> – Latin alphabet Internet country code top-level domain for Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runet" title="Runet">Runet</a> – Russian-language community on the internet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Center_of_Internet" title="Technical Center of Internet">Technical Center of Internet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.su&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statdom.ru/tld/su/report/domainscount/">"Общее число доменов | Домены России"</a>. <i>statdom.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statdom.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%7C+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatdom.ru%2Ftld%2Fsu%2Freport%2Fdomainscount%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/su.html">"IANA — .su Domain Delegation Data"</a>. <i>iana.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iana.org&rft.atitle=IANA+%E2%80%94+.su+Domain+Delegation+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fdomains%2Froot%2Fdb%2Fsu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/root-whois/su.htm">.su Domain Delegation Data</a> IANA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/tech/old-soviet-union-domain-name-attracts-cybercriminal-interest/">"Old Soviet Union domain name attracts cybercriminal interest"</a>. 31 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Old+Soviet+Union+domain+name+attracts+cybercriminal+interest&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Ftech%2Fold-soviet-union-domain-name-attracts-cybercriminal-interest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2015" class="citation web cs1">Patel, Neel V. (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inverse.com/article/8672-the-bizarre-afterlife-of-su-the-domain-name-and-last-bastion-of-the-ussr">"The Bizarre Afterlife of .su, the Domain Name and Last Bastion of the USSR"</a>. <i>Inverse</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>the .su domain has attracted a lot of attention from cybercriminals looking for a safe haven to conduct operations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inverse&rft.atitle=The+Bizarre+Afterlife+of+.su%2C+the+Domain+Name+and+Last+Bastion+of+the+USSR&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Neel+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inverse.com%2Farticle%2F8672-the-bizarre-afterlife-of-su-the-domain-name-and-last-bastion-of-the-ussr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gizmodo.com/tons-of-hackers-are-hanging-out-in-old-soviet-cyberspac-510829003">"Tons of Hackers are Hanging out in old Soviet Cyberspace"</a>. <i>Gizmodo</i>. June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=Tons+of+Hackers+are+Hanging+out+in+old+Soviet+Cyberspace&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmodo.com%2Ftons-of-hackers-are-hanging-out-in-old-soviet-cyberspac-510829003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosyjski-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rosyjski_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosyjski_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosyjski_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosyjski_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcin_Kryska" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marcin Kryska. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193837/http://rosyjski.bukwa.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=78">"Domena internetowa SU"</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rosyjski.bukwa.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=78">the original</a> on 2 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domena+internetowa+SU&rft.au=Marcin+Kryska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frosyjski.bukwa.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D492%26Itemid%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-netoscop-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-netoscop_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191207/http://netoscope.narod.ru/news/2000/09/19/312.html"><bdi lang="ru">Юбилей Рунета: 10 лет назад финн Петри Ойала зарегистрировал домен .su</bdi></a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netoscope.narod.ru/news/2000/09/19/312.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%3A+10+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+.su&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnetoscope.narod.ru%2Fnews%2F2000%2F09%2F19%2F312.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-04-18-196687842_x.htm">Back in the USSR: Soviet Internet domain name resists death</a>, Mansur Mirovalev, writing for <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, 18 April 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilner2007" class="citation news cs1">Kilner, James (19 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213152504/https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL1986480720070919">"USSR still alive on Internet and won't go quietly"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL1986480720070919">the original</a> on 13 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=USSR+still+alive+on+Internet+and+won%27t+go+quietly&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft.aulast=Kilner&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FinternetNews%2FidUSL1986480720070919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazeta-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gazeta_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gospodarka.gazeta.pl/gospodarka/1,33181,4509424.html">"Domena .su wciąż używana, chociaż ZSRR już nie ma"</a> (in Polish). 21 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domena+.su+wci%C4%85%C5%BC+u%C5%BCywana%2C+chocia%C5%BC+ZSRR+ju%C5%BC+nie+ma&rft.date=2007-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgospodarka.gazeta.pl%2Fgospodarka%2F1%2C33181%2C4509424.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat.nic-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stat.nic_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527213714/http://stat.nic.ru/en_ru/2010/05/11/titul-20100511.shtml">"RU TLD: Registration and Delegation Statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.nic.ru/en_ru/2010/05/11/titul-20100511.shtml">the original</a> on 27 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RU+TLD%3A+Registration+and+Delegation+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.nic.ru%2Fen_ru%2F2010%2F05%2F11%2Ftitul-20100511.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418084609/https://dnronline.su/">"Donetsk People's Republic 'Government' Portal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dnronline.su/">the original</a> on 18 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Donetsk+People%27s+Republic+%27Government%27+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdnronline.su%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Fergus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/22/russia-beijing-web-host-far-right-parler-daily-stormer/">"Why Are Moscow and Beijing Happy to Host the U.S. Far-Right Online?"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Moscow+and+Beijing+Happy+to+Host+the+U.S.+Far-Right+Online%3F&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2021%2F01%2F22%2Frussia-beijing-web-host-far-right-parler-daily-stormer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoscow2013" class="citation web cs1">Moscow, Associated Press in (31 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/may/31/ussr-cybercriminals-su-domain-space">"Hack in the USSR: cybercriminals find haven in .su domain space"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hack+in+the+USSR%3A+cybercriminals+find+haven+in+.su+domain+space&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft.aulast=Moscow&rft.aufirst=Associated+Press+in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2013%2Fmay%2F31%2Fussr-cybercriminals-su-domain-space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-group-ib.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-group-ib.com_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-group-ib.com_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113132104/http://www.group-ib.com/index.php/7-novosti/831-group-ib-and-foundation-for-internet-development-sign-an-agreement-to-combat-cyber-threats-in-the-su-domain-zone">"Group-IB and Foundation for Internet Development sign an agreement to combat cyber threats in the .SU domain zone"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.group-ib.com/index.php/7-novosti/831-group-ib-and-foundation-for-internet-development-sign-an-agreement-to-combat-cyber-threats-in-the-su-domain-zone">the original</a> on 13 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Group-IB+and+Foundation+for+Internet+Development+sign+an+agreement+to+combat+cyber+threats+in+the+.SU+domain+zone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.group-ib.com%2Findex.php%2F7-novosti%2F831-group-ib-and-foundation-for-internet-development-sign-an-agreement-to-combat-cyber-threats-in-the-su-domain-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.nic.ru/node/4491">"Генеральная уборка в домене SU"</a>. <i>info.info.nic.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=info.info.nic.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5+SU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.nic.ru%2Fnode%2F4491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.su" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=.su&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:.su" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:.su">.su</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statdom.ru/tld/su/report/domainscount/">Statistics of registrations under the .su domain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ripn.net/press/en/2008/itar-tass-SU-sum.html">RIPN press release regarding future of .su domain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124133556/http://www.ripn.net/press/en/2008/itar-tass-SU-sum.html">Archived</a> 24 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CcTLD" title="Template:CcTLD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CcTLD" title="Template talk:CcTLD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CcTLD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CcTLD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Country_code_top-level_domains" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Country code top-level domains</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ISO_3166-1" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><b>A</b> <a href="/wiki/.ac" title=".ac">.ac</a> <a href="/wiki/.ad" title=".ad">.ad</a> <a href="/wiki/.ae" title=".ae">.ae</a> <a href="/wiki/.af" title=".af">.af</a> <a href="/wiki/.ag" title=".ag">.ag</a> <a href="/wiki/.ai" title=".ai">.ai</a> <a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a> <a href="/wiki/.am" title=".am">.am</a> <a href="/wiki/.ao" title=".ao">.ao</a> <a href="/wiki/.aq" title=".aq">.aq</a> <a href="/wiki/.ar" title=".ar">.ar</a> <a href="/wiki/.as" title=".as">.as</a> <a href="/wiki/.at" title=".at">.at</a> <a href="/wiki/.au" title=".au">.au</a> <a href="/wiki/.aw" title=".aw">.aw</a> <a href="/wiki/.ax" title=".ax">.ax</a> <a href="/wiki/.az" title=".az">.az</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>B</b> <a href="/wiki/.ba" title=".ba">.ba</a> <a href="/wiki/.bb" title=".bb">.bb</a> <a href="/wiki/.bd" title=".bd">.bd</a> <a href="/wiki/.be" title=".be">.be</a> <a href="/wiki/.bf" title=".bf">.bf</a> <a href="/wiki/.bg" title=".bg">.bg</a> <a href="/wiki/.bh" title=".bh">.bh</a> <a href="/wiki/.bi" title=".bi">.bi</a> <a href="/wiki/.bj" title=".bj">.bj</a> <a href="/wiki/.bm" title=".bm">.bm</a> <a href="/wiki/.bn" title=".bn">.bn</a> <a href="/wiki/.bo" title=".bo">.bo</a> <a href="/wiki/.br" title=".br">.br</a> <a href="/wiki/.bs" title=".bs">.bs</a> <a href="/wiki/.bt" title=".bt">.bt</a> <a href="/wiki/.bw" title=".bw">.bw</a> <a href="/wiki/.by" title=".by">.by</a> <a href="/wiki/.bz" title=".bz">.bz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>C</b> <a href="/wiki/.ca" title=".ca">.ca</a> <a href="/wiki/.cc" title=".cc">.cc</a> <a href="/wiki/.cd" title=".cd">.cd</a> <a href="/wiki/.cf" title=".cf">.cf</a> <a href="/wiki/.cg" title=".cg">.cg</a> <a href="/wiki/.ch" title=".ch">.ch</a> <a href="/wiki/.ci" title=".ci">.ci</a> <a href="/wiki/.ck" title=".ck">.ck</a> <a href="/wiki/.cl" title=".cl">.cl</a> <a href="/wiki/.cm" title=".cm">.cm</a> <a href="/wiki/.cn" title=".cn">.cn</a> <a href="/wiki/.co" title=".co">.co</a> <a href="/wiki/.cr" title=".cr">.cr</a> <a href="/wiki/.cu" title=".cu">.cu</a> <a href="/wiki/.cv" title=".cv">.cv</a> <a href="/wiki/.cw" title=".cw">.cw</a> <a href="/wiki/.cx" title=".cx">.cx</a> <a href="/wiki/.cy" title=".cy">.cy</a> <a href="/wiki/.cz" title=".cz">.cz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>D</b> <a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a> <a href="/wiki/.dj" title=".dj">.dj</a> <a href="/wiki/.dk" title=".dk">.dk</a> <a href="/wiki/.dm" title=".dm">.dm</a> <a href="/wiki/.do" title=".do">.do</a> <a href="/wiki/.dz" title=".dz">.dz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>E</b> <a href="/wiki/.ec" title=".ec">.ec</a> <a href="/wiki/.ee" title=".ee">.ee</a> <a href="/wiki/.eg" title=".eg">.eg</a> <a href="/wiki/.er" title=".er">.er</a> <a href="/wiki/.es" title=".es">.es</a> <a href="/wiki/.et" title=".et">.et</a> <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>F</b> <a href="/wiki/.fi" title=".fi">.fi</a> <a href="/wiki/.fj" title=".fj">.fj</a> <a href="/wiki/.fk" title=".fk">.fk</a> <a href="/wiki/.fm" title=".fm">.fm</a> <a href="/wiki/.fo" title=".fo">.fo</a> <a href="/wiki/.fr" title=".fr">.fr</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>G</b> <a href="/wiki/.ga" title=".ga">.ga</a> <a href="/wiki/.gd" title=".gd">.gd</a> <a href="/wiki/.ge" title=".ge">.ge</a> <a href="/wiki/.gf" title=".gf">.gf</a> <a href="/wiki/.gg" title=".gg">.gg</a> <a href="/wiki/.gh" title=".gh">.gh</a> <a href="/wiki/.gi" title=".gi">.gi</a> <a href="/wiki/.gl" title=".gl">.gl</a> <a href="/wiki/.gm" title=".gm">.gm</a> <a href="/wiki/.gn" title=".gn">.gn</a> <a href="/wiki/.gp" title=".gp">.gp</a> <a href="/wiki/.gq" title=".gq">.gq</a> <a href="/wiki/.gr" title=".gr">.gr</a> <a href="/wiki/.gs" title=".gs">.gs</a> <a href="/wiki/.gt" title=".gt">.gt</a> <a href="/wiki/.gu" title=".gu">.gu</a> <a href="/wiki/.gw" title=".gw">.gw</a> <a href="/wiki/.gy" title=".gy">.gy</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>H</b> <a href="/wiki/.hk" title=".hk">.hk</a> <a href="/wiki/.hm" title=".hm">.hm</a> <a href="/wiki/.hn" title=".hn">.hn</a> <a href="/wiki/.hr" title=".hr">.hr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ht" title=".ht">.ht</a> <a href="/wiki/.hu" title=".hu">.hu</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>I</b> <a href="/wiki/.id" title=".id">.id</a> <a href="/wiki/.ie" title=".ie">.ie</a> <a href="/wiki/.il" title=".il">.il</a> <a href="/wiki/.im" title=".im">.im</a> <a href="/wiki/.in" title=".in">.in</a> <a href="/wiki/.io" title=".io">.io</a> <a href="/wiki/.iq" title=".iq">.iq</a> <a href="/wiki/.ir" title=".ir">.ir</a> <a href="/wiki/.is" title=".is">.is</a> <a href="/wiki/.it" title=".it">.it</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>J</b> <a href="/wiki/.je" title=".je">.je</a> <a href="/wiki/.jm" title=".jm">.jm</a> <a href="/wiki/.jo" title=".jo">.jo</a> <a href="/wiki/.jp" title=".jp">.jp</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>K</b> <a href="/wiki/.ke" title=".ke">.ke</a> <a href="/wiki/.kg" title=".kg">.kg</a> <a href="/wiki/.kh" title=".kh">.kh</a> <a href="/wiki/.ki" title=".ki">.ki</a> <a href="/wiki/.km" title=".km">.km</a> <a href="/wiki/.kn" title=".kn">.kn</a> <a href="/wiki/.kp" title=".kp">.kp</a> <a href="/wiki/.kr" title=".kr">.kr</a> <a href="/wiki/.kw" title=".kw">.kw</a> <a href="/wiki/.ky" title=".ky">.ky</a> <a href="/wiki/.kz" title=".kz">.kz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>L</b> <a href="/wiki/.la" title=".la">.la</a> <a href="/wiki/.lb" title=".lb">.lb</a> <a href="/wiki/.lc" title=".lc">.lc</a> <a href="/wiki/.li" title=".li">.li</a> <a href="/wiki/.lk" title=".lk">.lk</a> <a href="/wiki/.lr" title=".lr">.lr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ls" title=".ls">.ls</a> <a href="/wiki/.lt" title=".lt">.lt</a> <a href="/wiki/.lu" title=".lu">.lu</a> <a href="/wiki/.lv" title=".lv">.lv</a> <a href="/wiki/.ly" title=".ly">.ly</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>M</b> <a href="/wiki/.ma" title=".ma">.ma</a> <a href="/wiki/.mc" title=".mc">.mc</a> <a href="/wiki/.md" title=".md">.md</a> <a href="/wiki/.me" title=".me">.me</a> <a href="/wiki/.mg" title=".mg">.mg</a> <a href="/wiki/.mh" title=".mh">.mh</a> <a href="/wiki/.mk" title=".mk">.mk</a> <a href="/wiki/.ml" title=".ml">.ml</a> <a href="/wiki/.mm" title=".mm">.mm</a> <a href="/wiki/.mn" title=".mn">.mn</a> <a href="/wiki/.mo" title=".mo">.mo</a> <a href="/wiki/.mp" title=".mp">.mp</a> <a href="/wiki/.mq" title=".mq">.mq</a> <a href="/wiki/.mr" title=".mr">.mr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ms" title=".ms">.ms</a> <a href="/wiki/.mt" title=".mt">.mt</a> <a href="/wiki/.mu" title=".mu">.mu</a> <a href="/wiki/.mv" title=".mv">.mv</a> <a href="/wiki/.mw" title=".mw">.mw</a> <a href="/wiki/.mx" title=".mx">.mx</a> <a href="/wiki/.my" title=".my">.my</a> <a href="/wiki/.mz" title=".mz">.mz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>N</b> <a href="/wiki/.na" title=".na">.na</a> <a href="/wiki/.nc" title=".nc">.nc</a> <a href="/wiki/.ne" title=".ne">.ne</a> <a href="/wiki/.nf" title=".nf">.nf</a> <a href="/wiki/.ng" title=".ng">.ng</a> <a href="/wiki/.ni" title=".ni">.ni</a> <a href="/wiki/.nl" title=".nl">.nl</a> <a href="/wiki/.no" title=".no">.no</a> <a href="/wiki/.np" title=".np">.np</a> <a href="/wiki/.nr" title=".nr">.nr</a> <a href="/wiki/.nu" title=".nu">.nu</a> <a href="/wiki/.nz" title=".nz">.nz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>O</b> <a href="/wiki/.om" title=".om">.om</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>P</b> <a href="/wiki/.pa" title=".pa">.pa</a> <a href="/wiki/.pe" title=".pe">.pe</a> <a href="/wiki/.pf" title=".pf">.pf</a> <a href="/wiki/.pg" title=".pg">.pg</a> <a href="/wiki/.ph" title=".ph">.ph</a> <a href="/wiki/.pk" title=".pk">.pk</a> <a href="/wiki/.pl" title=".pl">.pl</a> <a href="/wiki/.pm" title=".pm">.pm</a> <a href="/wiki/.pn" title=".pn">.pn</a> <a href="/wiki/.pr" title=".pr">.pr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ps" title=".ps">.ps</a> <a href="/wiki/.pt" title=".pt">.pt</a> <a href="/wiki/.pw" title=".pw">.pw</a> <a href="/wiki/.py" title=".py">.py</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>Q</b> <a href="/wiki/.qa" title=".qa">.qa</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>R</b> <a href="/wiki/.re" title=".re">.re</a> <a href="/wiki/.ro" title=".ro">.ro</a> <a href="/wiki/.rs" title=".rs">.rs</a> <a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a> <a href="/wiki/.rw" title=".rw">.rw</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>S</b> <a href="/wiki/.sa" title=".sa">.sa</a> <a href="/wiki/.sb" title=".sb">.sb</a> <a href="/wiki/.sc" title=".sc">.sc</a> <a href="/wiki/.sd" title=".sd">.sd</a> <a href="/wiki/.se" title=".se">.se</a> <a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.sg</a> <a href="/wiki/.sh" title=".sh">.sh</a> <a href="/wiki/.si" title=".si">.si</a> <a href="/wiki/.sk" title=".sk">.sk</a> <a href="/wiki/.sl" title=".sl">.sl</a> <a href="/wiki/.sm" title=".sm">.sm</a> <a href="/wiki/.sn" title=".sn">.sn</a> <a href="/wiki/.so" title=".so">.so</a> <a href="/wiki/.sr" title=".sr">.sr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ss" title=".ss">.ss</a> <a href="/wiki/.st" title=".st">.st</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">.su</a> <a href="/wiki/.sv" title=".sv">.sv</a> <a href="/wiki/.sx" title=".sx">.sx</a> <a href="/wiki/.sy" title=".sy">.sy</a> <a href="/wiki/.sz" title=".sz">.sz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>T</b> <a href="/wiki/.tc" title=".tc">.tc</a> <a href="/wiki/.td" title=".td">.td</a> <a href="/wiki/.tf" title=".tf">.tf</a> <a href="/wiki/.tg" title=".tg">.tg</a> <a href="/wiki/.th" title=".th">.th</a> <a href="/wiki/.tj" title=".tj">.tj</a> <a href="/wiki/.tk" title=".tk">.tk</a> <a href="/wiki/.tl" title=".tl">.tl</a> <a href="/wiki/.tm" title=".tm">.tm</a> <a href="/wiki/.tn" title=".tn">.tn</a> <a href="/wiki/.to" title=".to">.to</a> <a href="/wiki/.tr" title=".tr">.tr</a> <a href="/wiki/.tt" title=".tt">.tt</a> <a href="/wiki/.tv" title=".tv">.tv</a> <a href="/wiki/.tw" title=".tw">.tw</a> <a href="/wiki/.tz" title=".tz">.tz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>U</b> <a href="/wiki/.ua" title=".ua">.ua</a> <a href="/wiki/.ug" title=".ug">.ug</a> <a href="/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a> <a href="/wiki/.us" title=".us">.us</a> <a href="/wiki/.uy" title=".uy">.uy</a> <a href="/wiki/.uz" title=".uz">.uz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>V</b> <a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va</a> <a href="/wiki/.vc" title=".vc">.vc</a> <a href="/wiki/.ve" title=".ve">.ve</a> <a href="/wiki/.vg" title=".vg">.vg</a> <a href="/wiki/.vi" title=".vi">.vi</a> <a href="/wiki/.vn" title=".vn">.vn</a> <a href="/wiki/.vu" title=".vu">.vu</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>W</b> <a href="/wiki/.wf" title=".wf">.wf</a> <a href="/wiki/.ws" title=".ws">.ws</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>Y</b> <a href="/wiki/.ye" title=".ye">.ye</a> <a href="/wiki/.yt" title=".yt">.yt</a><span class="nowrap">  </span> <b>Z</b> <a href="/wiki/.za" title=".za">.za</a> <a href="/wiki/.zm" title=".zm">.zm</a> <a href="/wiki/.zw" title=".zw">.zw</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Internationalized_(IDN)_ccTLD" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">Internationalized (IDN) ccTLD</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Other scripts</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%B1%D0%B3" title=".бг">.бг</a> (<i>bg</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title=".бел">.бел</a> (<i>bieł</i>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%B5%D1%8E" class="mw-redirect" title=".ею">.ею</a> (<i>eyu</i>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7" title=".қаз">.қаз</a> (<i>qaz</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=".мон">.мон</a> (<i>mon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B4" title=".мкд">.мкд</a> (<i>mkd</i>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%80%D1%84" title=".рф">.рф</a> (<i>rf</i>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B1" title=".срб">.срб</a> (<i>srb</i>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80" title=".укр">.укр</a> (<i>ukr</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.dz" title=".dz">الجزائر.</a> (<i>al-Jazā’ir</i>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_(domain_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Misr (domain name)">مصر.</a> (<i>Miṣr</i>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">بھارت.</a> (<span title="ISO 233 Arabic (Urdu language) transliteration"><i lang="ur-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ir#Persian_domains" title=".ir">ایران.</a> (<i>Irân</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.jo" title=".jo">الاردن.</a> (<i>al-Urdun</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ps" title=".ps">فلسطين.</a> (<i>Filasṭin</i>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.pk#Internationalized_county_codes" title=".pk">پاکستان.</a> (<i>Pākistān</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.qa" title=".qa">قطر.</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Qa%E1%B9%ADar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaṭar">Qaṭar</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlSaudiah" title="AlSaudiah">السعودية.</a> (<i>al-Saudiah</i>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains" title="List of Internet top-level domains">سوريا.</a> (<i>Sūryā</i>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains" title="List of Internet top-level domains">تونس.</a> (<i>Tunis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarat" title="Emarat">امارات.</a> (<i>Emarat</i>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86." class="mw-redirect" title="عمان.">عمان.</a> (<i>ʻUmān</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7." class="mw-redirect" title="مليسيا.">مليسيا.</a> (<i>Maleesya</i>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8." class="mw-redirect" title="المغرب.">المغرب.</a> (<i>al-Maġrib</i>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86." class="mw-redirect" title="سودان.">سودان.</a> (<i>Sūdān</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86." class="mw-redirect" title="اليمن.">اليمن.</a> (<i>al-Yaman</i>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" class="mw-redirect" title=".বাংলা">.বাংলা</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Bengali language) transliteration"><i lang="bn-Latn">Bāṅla</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ভাৰত</a> (<span title="ISO transliteration"><i lang="as-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ভারত</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Bengali language) transliteration"><i lang="bn-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.भारत</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Hindi language) transliteration"><i lang="hi-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.భారత్</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Telugu language) transliteration"><i lang="te-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ભારત</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Gujarati language) transliteration"><i lang="gu-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ਭਾਰਤ</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Punjabi language) transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ଭାରତ</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Odia language) transliteration"><i lang="or-Latn">Bhārata</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.இந்தியா</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Indiyā</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.la" title=".la">.ລາວ</a> (<i>Lao</i>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.சிங்கப்பூர்</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Cinkappūr</i></span>, Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.lk#Internationalized_top-level_domains" title=".lk">.ලංකා</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">Laṅkā</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.lk#Internationalized_top-level_domains" title=".lk">.இலங்கை</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ilaṅkai</i></span>, Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.th#Second_top_domain" title=".th">.ไทย</a> (<i>Thai</i>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="/wiki/.cn#Internationalized_domain_names" title=".cn">.中国</a></span></span> (<i>Zhōngguó</i>/<i>Zung<sup>1</sup>gwok<sup>3</sup></i>/<i>Tiong-kok</i>/<i>Chûng-koet</i>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="/wiki/.cn#Internationalized_domain_names" title=".cn">.中國</a></span></span> (<i>Zhōngguó</i>/<i>Zung<sup>1</sup>gwok<sup>3</sup></i>/<i>Tiong-kok</i>/<i>Chûng-koet</i>, China)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="/wiki/.hk" title=".hk">.香港</a></span></span> (<i>Xiānggǎng</i>/<i>Hoeng<sup>1</sup>gong<sup>2</sup></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="/wiki/.mo" title=".mo">.澳門</a></span></span> (<i>Àomén</i>/<i>Ou<sup>3</sup>mun<sup>4</sup></i>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/.mo" title=".mo">.澳门</a></span></span> (<i>Àomén</i>/<i>Ou<sup>3</sup>mun<sup>4</sup></i>, Macau)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.新加坡</a></span></span> (<i>Xīnjiāpō</i>/<i>Sin-ka-pho</i>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW"><a href="/wiki/.tw" title=".tw">.台灣</a></span></span> (<i>Táiwān</i>/<i>Tâi-uân</i>/<i>Thòi-vàn</i>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/.tw" title=".tw">.台湾</a></span></span> (<i>Táiwān</i>/<i>Tâi-uân</i>/<i>Thòi-vàn</i>, Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5" title=".հայ">.հայ</a> (<i>hay</i>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%CE%B5%CF%85" class="mw-redirect" title=".ευ">.ευ</a> (<i>ey</i>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ge" title=".ge">.გე</a> (<i>ge</i>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gr" title=".gr">.ελ</a> (<i>el</i>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.kr" title=".kr">.한국</a> (<i>Han-guk</i>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C." class="mw-redirect" title="ישראל.">ישראל.</a> (<i>Yisrael</i>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Proposed_ccTLDs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Proposed_top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains" title="Proposed top-level domain">Proposed ccTLDs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;width:20em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/.cy" title=".cy">.κπ</a> (<i>kp</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>) - <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/.jp" title=".jp">.日本</a></span></span> (<i>Nippon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>) </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;font-weight:normal;">Reserved / unassigned</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight:normal;">Allocated / unused</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight:normal;">Phased out / deleted</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/.bl" title=".bl">.bl</a> <a href="/wiki/.bq" title=".bq">.bq</a> <a href="/wiki/.eh" title=".eh">.eh</a> <a href="/wiki/.mf" title=".mf">.mf</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">.su</a> <a href="/wiki/.xk" title=".xk">.xk</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/.bv" title=".bv">.bv</a> <a href="/wiki/.gb" title=".gb">.gb</a> <a href="/wiki/.sj" title=".sj">.sj</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/.an" title=".an">.an</a> <a href="/wiki/.mm" title=".mm">.bu</a> <a href="/wiki/.cs" title=".cs">.cs</a> <a href="/wiki/.dd" title=".dd">.dd</a> <a href="/wiki/.tp" title=".tp">.tp</a> <a href="/wiki/.um" title=".um">.um</a> <a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">.yu</a> <a href="/wiki/.zr" class="mw-redirect" title=".zr">.zr</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">Generic top-level domains</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a 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