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class="mw-page-title-main">Alternative lifestyle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lifestyles perceived to be outside the cultural norm</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 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.compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alternative_lifestyle" title="Special:EditPage/Alternative lifestyle">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Alternative_lifestyle" title="Talk:Alternative lifestyle">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alternative_lifestyle" title="Special:EditPage/Alternative lifestyle">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Alternative+lifestyle%22">"Alternative lifestyle"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Alternative+lifestyle%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Alternative+lifestyle%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Alternative+lifestyle%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Alternative+lifestyle%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Alternative+lifestyle%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_lifestyle&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Alternative_lifestyle" title="Talk:Alternative lifestyle">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>alternative lifestyle</b> or <b>unconventional lifestyle</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyle</a> perceived to be outside the <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">norm</a> for a given culture. The term <i>alternative lifestyle</i> is often used <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejoratively</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Description of a related set of activities as alternative is a defining aspect of certain <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subcultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciment_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciment-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_lifestyle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternative lifestyles and <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subcultures</a> were first highlighted in the U.S. in the 1920s with the "<a href="/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper">flapper</a>" movement. Women cut their hair and skirts short (as a symbol of freedom from oppression and the old ways of living).<sup id="cite_ref-Bland_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These women were the first large group of females to practice pre-marital sex, dancing, cursing, and driving in modern America without the ostracism that had occurred in earlier instances. </p><p>The American press in the 1970s frequently used the term <i>alternative lifestyle</i> as a euphemism for homosexuality out of fear of offending a mass audience. The term was also used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a>, who were seen as a threat to the <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_lifestyle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1981_Camping._Mobile_Homes_54_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/1981_Camping._Mobile_Homes_54_copy.jpg/220px-1981_Camping._Mobile_Homes_54_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/1981_Camping._Mobile_Homes_54_copy.jpg/330px-1981_Camping._Mobile_Homes_54_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/1981_Camping._Mobile_Homes_54_copy.jpg/440px-1981_Camping._Mobile_Homes_54_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Housetrucker" title="Housetrucker">Housetruckers</a> at the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Nambassa" title="Nambassa">Nambassa</a> five-day festival</figcaption></figure> <p>The following is a non-exhaustive list of activities that have been described as alternative lifestyles: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> cooperative house, Synergy, was founded in 1972 with the theme of "exploring alternative lifestyles".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alternative child-rearing, such as <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschooling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coparenting" title="Coparenting">coparenting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Home_births" class="mw-redirect" title="Home births">home births</a></li> <li>Environmentally-conscious ways of eating, such as <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">freeganism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">raw foodism</a></li> <li>Living in non-traditional communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">communes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">intentional communities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">ecovillages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">off-the-grid</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">tiny house movement</a></li> <li>Traveling subcultures, including <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle traveller">lifestyle travellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_nomad" title="Digital nomad">digital nomads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housetrucker" title="Housetrucker">housetruckers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Age_travellers" title="New Age travellers">New Age travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Countercultural</a> movements and alternative subcultures such as <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">emo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">metal music subculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Steampunk#Culture_and_community" title="Steampunk">steampunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vampire_lifestyle" title="Vampire lifestyle">vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">Body modification</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tattoos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattoos">tattoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Body_piercings" class="mw-redirect" title="Body piercings">body piercings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corneal_tattooing" title="Corneal tattooing">eye tattooing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarification" title="Scarification">scarification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Body_modification#Applying_long-term_force" title="Body modification">non-surgical stretching</a> like ears or genital stretching, and <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal implants">transdermal implants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudism">Nudism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clothing_optional" class="mw-redirect" title="Clothing optional">clothing optional</a> lifestyles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a> lifestyles and relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Non-normative sexual lifestyles and gender identity-based subcultures</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transvestism" title="Transvestism">transvestism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruising_for_sex" title="Cruising for sex">cruising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">swinging</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Down-low_(sexual_slang)" title="Down-low (sexual slang)">down-low</a></i>, and certain types of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">sexual fetishism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_roleplay" title="Sexual roleplay">roleplays</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilias</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adherents to alternative <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> and religious communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelemites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Modern Pagans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Age_communities" title="New Age communities">New Age communities</a></li> <li>Certain traditional religious minorities, such as <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist Christians</a> (most notably <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof Communities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">ultra-Orthodox Jews</a>, who pursue <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a> alongside a non-technological or <a href="/wiki/Anti-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-technology">anti-technology</a> lifestyle</li> <li>Secular anti-technology communities called <a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">neo-Luddites</a></li> <li>Engagement in artistic pursuits, such as <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a>, often influenced by subcultures like <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goth</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemianism</a>.</li> <li>Ethical clothing shopping often with the involvement of sourcing <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">garments</a> through <a href="/wiki/Thrifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrifting">thrifting</a>, exploring <a href="/wiki/Garage_sale" title="Garage sale">garage sales</a>, or even crafting one’s own pieces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_lifestyle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_housing" title="Alternative housing">Alternative housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensreform" title="Lebensreform">Lebensreform</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">Underground culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_lifestyle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ryan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRyan2018" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Maureen E. (2018). <i>Lifestyle Media in American Culture: Gender, Class, and the Politics of Ordinariness</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-46495-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-46495-4"><bdi>978-1-315-46495-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lifestyle+Media+in+American+Culture%3A+Gender%2C+Class%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Ordinariness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-315-46495-4&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Maureen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+lifestyle" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ciment-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ciment_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiment2015" class="citation book cs1">Ciment, James (2015). "Introduction". In Misiroglu, Gina (ed.). <i>American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">xxxvi–</span>xxxvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47729-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47729-7"><bdi>978-1-317-47729-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=American+Countercultures%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Nonconformists%2C+Alternative+Lifestyles%2C+and+Radical+Ideas+in+U.S.+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxxvi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxxvii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47729-7&rft.aulast=Ciment&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+lifestyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bland-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bland_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBland2013" class="citation book cs1">Bland, Lucy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f5rLCgAAQBAJ&q=flapper&pg=PP1"><i>Modern women on trial: Sexual transgression in the age of the flapper</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=resed.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=SYNERGY+%7C+Residential+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresed.stanford.edu%2Fresidences%2Ffind-house%2Fsynergy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+lifestyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/alternative-lifestyles">"Alternative Lifestyles"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Alternative+Lifestyles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Falternative-lifestyles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+lifestyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakai2013" class="citation book cs1">Makai, Michael (September 2013). <i>Domination & Submission: The BDSM Relationship Handbook</i>. 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