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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrests,_charges_and_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Arrests, charges and dissolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrests,_charges_and_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinon_Parchment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinon_Parchment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Chinon Parchment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinon_Parchment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ranks_within_the_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks_within_the_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ranks within the order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks_within_the_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Three_main_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_main_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Three main ranks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_main_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Masters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Masters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Grand Masters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Masters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conduct,_costume_and_beards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conduct,_costume_and_beards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Conduct, costume and beards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conduct,_costume_and_beards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Modern organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Order_of_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Order of Christ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperance_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperance_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Temperance movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperance_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Freemasonry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Templarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Templarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Neo-Templarism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Templarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Modern popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Knights Templar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelridders" title="Tempelridders – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tempelridders" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnihtas_%C3%BE%C3%A6m_Temple" title="Cnihtas þæm Temple – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cnihtas þæm Temple" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="فرسان الهيكل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرسان الهيكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_d%27o_Temple" title="Orden d'o Temple – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Orden d'o Temple" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94rdre_du_Templlo" title="Ôrdre du Templlo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ôrdre du Templlo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballeros_templarios" title="Caballeros templarios – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caballeros templarios" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampliyerl%C9%99r" title="Tampliyerlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tampliyerlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নাইটস টেম্পলার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাইটস টেম্পলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тампліеры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тампліеры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тампліеры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тампліеры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тамплиери – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамплиери" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templari" title="Templari – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Templari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urzh_an_Templ" title="Urzh an Templ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Urzh an Templ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_del_Temple" title="Orde del Temple – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orde del Temple" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Тамплиерсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тамплиерсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%A1d_templ%C3%A1%C5%99%C5%AF" title="Řád templářů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řád templářů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchogion_y_Deml" title="Marchogion y Deml – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marchogion y Deml" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelridderne" title="Tempelridderne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tempelridderne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templerorden" title="Templerorden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Templerorden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templiordu" title="Templiordu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Templiordu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%90%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ναΐτες Ιππότες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναΐτες Ιππότες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballeros_templarios" title="Caballeros templarios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caballeros templarios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templanoj" title="Templanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Templanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenpluko_Ordena" title="Tenpluko Ordena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tenpluko Ordena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="شوالیه‌های معبد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شوالیه‌های معبد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_du_Temple" title="Ordre du Temple – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordre du Temple" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpeliers" title="Timpeliers – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Timpeliers" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caval%C3%AErs_templ%C3%A2rs" title="Cavalîrs templârs – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cavalîrs templârs" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teampl%C3%B3ir%C3%AD" title="Teamplóirí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teamplóirí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_do_Temple" title="Orde do Temple – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orde do Temple" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%B0" title="નાઈટ્સ ટેમ્પ્લર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાઈટ્સ ટેમ્પ્લર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%A8" title="성전기사단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성전기사단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տաճարականների միաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տաճարականների միաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templari" title="Templari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Templari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatria_Haikal" title="Kesatria Haikal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesatria Haikal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musterisriddarar" title="Musterisriddarar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Musterisriddarar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalieri_templari" title="Cavalieri templari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cavalieri templari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94" title="מסדר אבירי היכל שלמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסדר אבירי היכל שלמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86" title="ಊಳಿಗಮಾನ್ಯ ಯುಗದ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸೈನ್ಯಪಡೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಊಳಿಗಮಾನ್ಯ ಯುಗದ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸೈನ್ಯಪಡೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტამპლიერები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტამპლიერები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauperes_commilitones_Christi_Templique_Salomonici" title="Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templie%C5%A1u_ordenis" title="Templiešu ordenis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Templiešu ordenis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeruerden" title="Templeruerden – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Templeruerden" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamplieriai" title="Tamplieriai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamplieriai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaleros_de_la_Templo_de_Solomon" title="Cavaleros de la Templo de Solomon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cavaleros de la Templo de Solomon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templomosok" title="Templomosok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Templomosok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Темплари – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Темплари" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="فرسان المعبد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرسان المعبد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesateria_Templar" title="Kesateria Templar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesateria Templar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeliers" title="Tempeliers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tempeliers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ACmpelders" title="Tìmpelders – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tìmpelders" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A3" title="テンプル騎士団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テンプル騎士団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelridderordenen" title="Tempelridderordenen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tempelridderordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelriddarordenen" title="Tempelriddarordenen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tempelriddarordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_du_Templle" title="Orde du Templle – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Orde du Templle" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rdi_deu_Temple" title="Òrdi deu Temple – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òrdi deu Temple" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_d%27ech_Timpe" title="Orde d'ech Timpe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Orde d'ech Timpe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templariusze" title="Templariusze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Templariusze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_dos_Templ%C3%A1rios" title="Ordem dos Templários – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ordem dos Templários" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinul_Templierilor" title="Ordinul Templierilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ordinul Templierilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тамплиеры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамплиеры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuadderis_templares" title="Cuadderis templares – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cuadderis templares" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templar%C3%ABt" title="Templarët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Templarët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Knights Templar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1d_templ%C3%A1rov" title="Rád templárov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rád templárov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templjarji" title="Templjarji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Templjarji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="سوارچاکانی پەرستگا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوارچاکانی پەرستگا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Темплари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Темплари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templari" title="Templari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Templari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temppeliherrain_ritarikunta" title="Temppeliherrain ritarikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Temppeliherrain ritarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelherreorden" title="Tempelherreorden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tempelherreorden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தேவாலய புனித வீரர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேவாலய புனித வீரர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อัศวินเทมพลาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัศวินเทมพลาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap%C4%B1nak_%C5%9E%C3%B6valyeleri" title="Tapınak Şövalyeleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tapınak Şövalyeleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тамплієри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тамплієри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84" title="فرسان الہیکل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرسان الہیکل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_s%C4%A9_%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Th%C3%A1nh" title="Hiệp sĩ Đền Thánh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệp sĩ Đền Thánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94re_des_Timpl%C3%AEs" title="Ôre des Timplîs – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ôre des Timplîs" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeliers" title="Tempeliers – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tempeliers" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%AE%BF%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2" title="圣殿骑士团 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣殿骑士团" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AE%BF%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%9C%98" title="聖殿騎士團 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖殿騎士團" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampl%C4%97ir%C4%93" title="Tamplėirē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tamplėirē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Catholic military order, c. 1119 to 1312</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div 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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>. (November 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Knights Templar (disambiguation)">Knights Templar (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Templar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Templar (disambiguation)">Templar (disambiguation)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Knights Templar</li><li>1119 – 1312</li><li>Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon</li><li>Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici Hierosolymitanis</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandeira_Templ%C3%A1ria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bandeira_Templ%C3%A1ria.svg/250px-Bandeira_Templ%C3%A1ria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bandeira_Templ%C3%A1ria.svg/375px-Bandeira_Templ%C3%A1ria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bandeira_Templ%C3%A1ria.svg/500px-Bandeira_Templ%C3%A1ria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Flag used by the Templars in battle</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 1119 – c. 22 March 1312</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_(2023%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/17px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/26px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/34px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1266" /></a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pope">The Pope</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">military order</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data">Protection of the Christian pilgrims in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (region) <a href="/wiki/Shock_troops" title="Shock troops">Shock troops</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">15,000–20,000 members at peak, 10% of whom were knights<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199045-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-quantity-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Order of Solomon's Temple</li><li>Order of Christ</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Patron</th><td class="infobox-data">Saint <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed Nomini tuo da gloriam</li><li>(English: Not to us, Lord, not to us, but to Thy name give the glory)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Attire</th><td class="infobox-data">White mantle with a red <a href="/wiki/Cross_patt%C3%A9e" title="Cross pattée">cross pattée</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Mascot(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Two knights riding a single horse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data">The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">First <a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="List of grand masters of the Knights Templar">Grand Master</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Payens" title="Hugues de Payens">Hugues de Payens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Last Grand Master</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay" title="Jacques de Molay">Jacques de Molay</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Templar" title="Category:Knights Templar">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Knights Templar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Templar Cross"><img alt="Templar Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/75px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/113px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/150px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Templar Cross</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="History of the Knights Templar">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Rule" title="Latin Rule">Latin Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_grand_master_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="Seal of the grand master of the Knights Templar">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="List of grand masters of the Knights Templar">Grand Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_Templar" title="List of Knights Templar">Members</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="Trials of the Knights Templar">Trials and dissolution</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Councils</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Troyes_(1129)" title="Council of Troyes (1129)">Council of Troyes (1129)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Pisa_(1135)" title="Council of Pisa (1135)">Council of Pisa (1135)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bulls</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omne_datum_optimum" title="Omne datum optimum">Omne datum optimum</a> (1139)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milites_Templi" title="Milites Templi">Milites Templi</a> (1144)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Dei" title="Militia Dei">Militia Dei</a> (1145)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralis_praeeminentiae" title="Pastoralis praeeminentiae">Pastoralis praeeminentiae</a> (1307)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faciens_misericordiam" title="Faciens misericordiam">Faciens misericordiam</a> (1308)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vox_in_excelso" title="Vox in excelso">Vox in excelso</a> (1312)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_providam" title="Ad providam">Ad providam</a> (1312)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_Templar_sites" title="List of Knights Templar sites">Locations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_in_Brittany" title="Knights Templar in Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_in_England" title="Knights Templar in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_in_Portugal" title="Knights Templar in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_in_Scotland" title="Knights Templar in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Successors</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Christ" title="Military Order of Christ">Order of Christ</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Montesa" title="Order of Montesa">Order of Montesa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cultural references</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Good_Templars" title="International Organisation of Good Templars">In the IOGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Templarism" title="Neo-Templarism">In self-styled orders</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">In Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_in_popular_culture" title="Knights Templar in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Military order (religious society)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_orders_of_chivalry" title="Category:Catholic orders of chivalry">Catholic orders of chivalry</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Templi" title="Militia Templi">Militia Templi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Knights_Templar" title="Template:Knights Templar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Knights_Templar" title="Template talk:Knights Templar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Knights_Templar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Knights Templar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, mainly known as the Knights Templar, was a French <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">military order</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> faith, and one of the wealthiest and most popular military orders in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>. They were founded <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1119 to defend pilgrims on their way to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, with their headquarters located there on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, and existed for nearly two centuries during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Officially endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church by such decrees as the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Omne_datum_optimum" title="Omne datum optimum">Omne datum optimum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a>, the Templars became a favoured charity throughout <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> and grew rapidly in membership and power. The Templar knights, in their distinctive white <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)" title="Mantle (monastic vesture)">mantles</a> with a red <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a>, were among the most skilled fighting units of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. They were prominent in <a href="/wiki/Christian_finance" title="Christian finance">Christian finance</a>; non-combatant members of the order, who made up as much as 90% of their members,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199045-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-quantity-2">[2]</a> managed a large economic infrastructure throughout Christendom.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> They developed innovative financial techniques that were an early form of <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200547-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20014-5">[5]</a> building a network of nearly 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Commandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commandry">commanderies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> across <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994-6">[6]</a> The Templars were closely tied to the Crusades. As they became unable to secure their holdings in the Holy Land, support for the order faded.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Rumours about the Templars' secret <a href="/wiki/Initiation_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation ceremony">initiation ceremony</a> created distrust, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">King Philip IV of France</a>, deeply in debt to the order, turned this distrust to his own advantage. In 1307, he pressured <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a> to have many of the order's members in France arrested, tortured into giving false confessions, and then burned at the stake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1993-8">[8]</a> Under further pressure, Pope Clement V disbanded the order in 1312.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The abrupt disappearance of a major medieval European institution gave rise to speculation and legends, which have currently kept the "Templar" name alive. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Pauvres Chevaliers du Christ et du Temple de Salomon) are also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, and mainly the Knights Templar (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Les Chevaliers Templiers), or simply the Templars (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Les Templiers). The Temple Mount where they had their headquarters had a mystique because it was above what was believed to be the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Temple of Solomon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19947-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="History of the Knights Templar">History of the Knights Templar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise">Rise</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> in 1099, many <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> made <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> to various sacred sites in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. Although the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was relatively secure under Christian control, the rest of <a href="/wiki/Outremer" class="mw-redirect" title="Outremer">Outremer</a> was not. <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">Bandits</a> and marauding <a href="/wiki/Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Highwaymen">highwaymen</a> preyed upon these Christian pilgrims, who were routinely slaughtered, sometimes by the hundreds, as they attempted to make the journey from the coastline at <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> through to the interior of the Holy Land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199013,_19-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Templars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_Templars.jpg/220px-Seal_of_Templars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_Templars.jpg/330px-Seal_of_Templars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_Templars.jpg/440px-Seal_of_Templars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_grand_master_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="Seal of the grand master of the Knights Templar">Seal of the Knights Templar</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf2008545–546-13">[13]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1119, the French <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Payens" title="Hugues de Payens">Hugues de Payens</a> approached King <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II of Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warmund,_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem">Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem</a>, and proposed creating a <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> Catholic <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious order</a> for the protection of these pilgrims. King Baldwin and Patriarch Warmund agreed to the request, probably at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Nablus" title="Council of Nablus">Council of Nablus</a> in January 1120, and the king granted the Templars a headquarters in a wing of the royal palace on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> in the captured <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque (building)">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The order, with about nine <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> including <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_de_Saint-Omer" title="Godfrey de Saint-Omer">Godfrey de Saint-Omer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Montbard" title="André de Montbard">André de Montbard</a>, had few financial resources and relied on donations to survive. Their emblem was of two knights riding on a single horse, emphasizing the order's poverty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead200191-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_mount.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Temple_mount.JPG/220px-Temple_mount.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Temple_mount.JPG/330px-Temple_mount.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Temple_mount.JPG/440px-Temple_mount.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>The first headquarters of the Knights Templar, on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> in Jerusalem. The Crusaders called it "the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Temple of Solomon</a>" and from this location derived their name of Templar.</figcaption></figure> The impoverished status of the Templars did not last long. They had a powerful advocate in Saint <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, a leading Church figure, the French <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> primarily responsible for the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian Order">Cistercian Order</a> of monks and a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Montbard" title="André de Montbard">André de Montbard</a>, one of the founding knights. Bernard put his weight behind them and wrote persuasively on their behalf in the letter <a href="/wiki/Liber_ad_milites_templi_de_laude_novae_militiae" title="Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae">In Praise of the New Knighthood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and in 1129, at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Troyes_1129" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Troyes 1129">Council of Troyes</a>, he led a group of leading churchmen to officially approve and endorse the order on behalf of the church. With this formal blessing, the Templars became a favoured charity throughout <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, receiving money, land, businesses, and noble-born sons from families who were eager to help with the fight in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Pisa_(1135)" title="Council of Pisa (1135)">Council of Pisa</a> in 1135, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a> initiated the first papal monetary donation to the Order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199456-18">[18]</a> Another major benefit came in 1139, when Innocent II's <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Omne_Datum_Optimum" class="mw-redirect" title="Omne Datum Optimum">Omne Datum Optimum</a> exempted the order from obedience to local laws. This ruling meant that the Templars could pass freely through all borders, were not required to pay any <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> and were exempt from all authority except that of the pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199040-19">[19]</a> However, in practice, they often had to respect the wishes of the European rulers in whose kingdoms they resided, especially in their handling of funds for the local noblility in their <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[20]</a> With its clear mission and ample resources, the order grew rapidly. Templars were often the advance <a href="/wiki/Shock_troops" title="Shock troops">shock troops</a> in key battles of the Crusades, as the heavily armoured knights on their <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">warhorses</a> would <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Tactics_of_heavy_cavalry_using_lances" title="Cavalry tactics">charge</a> into the enemy lines ahead of the main army. One of their most famous victories was in 1177 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard" title="Battle of Montgisard">Battle of Montgisard</a>, where some 500 Templar knights helped several thousand infantry to defeat <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s army of more than 26,000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-22">[a]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> A Templar Knight is truly a fearless knight, and secure on every side, for his soul is protected by the armour of faith, just as his body is protected by the armour of steel. He is thus doubly armed, and need fear neither demons nor men. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">― <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 1135 De Laude Novae Militae – In Praise of the New Knighthood<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></cite> </div> Although the primary mission of the order was military, relatively few members were combatants. The majority acted in support positions to assist the knights and manage their financial infrastructure. Although individual members were sworn to poverty, the Templar Order controlled vast wealth even beyond direct donations. A nobleman participating in the Crusades might place all his assets under Templar management during his absence. Accumulating wealth in this manner throughout Christendom and the Outremer, in 1150 the order began to issue <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credit" title="Letter of credit">letters of credit</a> for pilgrims journeying to the Holy Land: pilgrims deposited their valuables with a local Templar preceptory before embarking, received a document indicating the value of their deposit, then showed that document upon arrival in the Holy Land to claim treasure of equal value to their funds. This innovative arrangement was an early form of <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> and may have been the first use of bank <a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">cheques</a>; it protected pilgrims from robbery, while augmenting Templar finances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005-24">[23]</a> Based on this mix of donations and business dealings, the Templars established financial networks across the whole of Christendom. They acquired large tracts of land, both in Europe and the Middle East; they bought and managed farms and vineyards; they built massive stone cathedrals and castles; they were involved in manufacturing, import, and export; they owned fleets of ships; and at one point they even owned the entire island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. The order arguably qualifies as the world's first <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KTPedia-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> By the late 12th century the Templars were also politically powerful in the Holy Land. Secular nobles in the Kingdom of Jerusalem began granting them castles and surrounding lands as a defense against the growing threat of the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. The Templars were even allowed to negotiate with Muslim rulers independently of the feudal lords. The Templar castles became de facto independent lordships with their own markets, further growing their political authority. During the regency after the death of King <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin IV</a> in 1185, the royal castles were placed in the custody of the Templars and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitallers</a>: the Grand Masters of the two orders, along with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch of Jerusalem</a>, each had a key to the crown jewels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199063–64-27">[26]</a> From the mid-12th century, the Templars were recruited (jointly with the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitallers</a>) to fight the Muslim kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula, in addition to their campaigns in the Latin East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarquero_Goñi2011174−175-28">[27]</a> In the kingdoms of Castile and León, they obtained some major strongholds (such as <a href="/wiki/Calatrava_la_Vieja" title="Calatrava la Vieja">Calatrava la Vieja</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coria,_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Coria, Cáceres">Coria</a>), but their vulnerablility along the border was exposed during the <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> offensive.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> In Aragon, the Templars subsumed the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mountjoy" title="Order of Mountjoy">Order of Mountjoy</a> in the late 12th century, becoming an important vanguard force on the border, while in Portugal they commanded some castles along the Tagus line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarquero_Goñi2011176−177-30">[29]</a> One of these was Tomar, which was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tomar" title="Siege of Tomar">unsuccessfully besieged</a> by the Almohad Caliphate in 1190. Due to the expense of sending a third of their revenues to the East, Templar and Hospitaller activities in the Iberian Peninsula were at a disadvantage to the Hispanic military orders expended all their resources in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarquero_Goñi2011176-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War">War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War">edit</a>]</div> The details of the Order's early military activities in the Middle East are vague, though it appears their first battles were defeats, because the Seljuk Turks and other Muslim powers used different tactics than those in Europe at that time. In later years, the Templars adapted to this and also became strategic advisors to the leaders of the Crusader states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199053–54-32">[31]</a> The first recorded battle involving the Knights Templar was in the town of <a href="/wiki/Teqoa" title="Teqoa">Teqoa</a>, south of Jerusalem, in 1138. A force of Templars led by their Grand Master, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Craon" title="Robert de Craon">Robert de Craon</a> (who succeeded Hugues de Payens about a year earlier), was sent to retake the town after it was captured by Muslims. They were initially successful, but the Muslims regrouped outside the town and were able to take it back from the Templars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth198297-33">[32]</a> The Order's mission also developed from protecting pilgrims to taking part in regular military campaigns early on,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199053–54-32">[31]</a> and this is shown by the fact that the first castle received by the Knights Templar was located four hundred miles north of the pilgrim road from <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> to Jerusalem, on the northern frontier of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a>: the castle of <a href="/wiki/Bagras" title="Bagras">Bagras</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nur_Mountains" title="Nur Mountains">Amanus Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199053–54-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForey1995191-34">[33]</a> It may have been as early as 1131, and by 1137 at the latest, that the Templars were given the mountainous region that formed the border of Antioch and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a>, and included the castles of Bagras, <a href="/wiki/Trapessac" title="Trapessac">Darbsak</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roche_de_Roissel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roche de Roissel (page does not exist)">Roche de Roissel</a>. The Templars were there when Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> tried to make the Crusaders states of Antioch, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">Edessa</a> his vassals between 1137 and 1142. Templar knights accompanied Emperor John II with troops from those states during his campaign against Muslim powers in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> from 1137 to 1138, including at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1138)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1138)">sieges of Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shaizar" title="Siege of Shaizar">Shaizar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199051–53-35">[34]</a> In 1143, the Templars also began taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> at the request of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">count of Barcelona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForey1995187-36">[35]</a> In 1147 a force of French, Spanish, and English Templars<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilipsHoch2001145-37">[36]</a> left <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> to join the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a>, led by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a>. At a meeting held in Paris on 27 April 1147 they were given permission by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugenius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Eugenius III">Pope Eugenius III</a> to wear the red cross on their uniforms. They were led by the Templar provincial master in France, <a href="/wiki/Everard_des_Barres" title="Everard des Barres">Everard des Barres</a>, who was later one of the ambassadors that King Louis sent to negotiate the passage of the Crusader army through the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> on its way to the Holy Land. During the dangerous journey of the Second Crusade through <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, the Templars provided security to the rest of the army from Turkish raids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199466–67-38">[37]</a> After the Crusaders arrived in 1148, the kings Louis VII, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III of Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin III of Jerusalem">Baldwin III of Jerusalem</a> made the decision to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)" title="Siege of Damascus (1148)">capture Damascus</a>, but their siege in the summer of that year failed and ended with the defeat of the Christian army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199468–70-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1982106–107-40">[39]</a> In the fall of 1148 some returning Templars took part in the successful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tortosa_(1148)" title="Siege of Tortosa (1148)">siege of Tortosa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Spain</a>, after which one-fifth of that city was given to the Order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilipsHoch2001145-37">[36]</a> Robert de Craon died in January 1149 and was succeeded as Grand Master by Everard des Barres, one of the few leaders at the siege of Damascus whose reputation was not damaged by the event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199468–70-39">[38]</a> After the Second Crusade, <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din">Nur ad-Din</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a>, and in June 1149 his army defeated the Crusaders at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inab" title="Battle of Inab">Battle of Inab</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Prince Raymond of Antioch</a> was killed. King Baldwin III led reinforcements to the principality, which led Nur to accept a truce with Antioch and not advance any further.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951325–328-41">[40]</a> The force with King Baldwin included 120 Templar knights and 1,000 sergeants and squires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199470-42">[41]</a> In the winter of 1149 and 1150, King Baldwin III oversaw the reconstruction of the fortress at <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>, which had been left in ruins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmail1956211–212-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199473-44">[43]</a> It was part of the ring of castles that were built along the southern border of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to protect it from raids by the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>, and specifically from the Fatimid troops at the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a>, which by then was the last coastal city in the Levant still under Muslim control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199473-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton202225-45">[44]</a> Gaza was given to the Knights Templar, becoming the first major Templar castle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199473-44">[43]</a> In 1152 Everard stepped down as the Grand Master of the Order for unknown reasons, and his successor was <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Tremelay" title="Bernard de Tremelay">Bernard de Tremelay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199471-46">[45]</a> In January of the following year, Bernard led the Templars when King Baldwin III led a Crusader army to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">besiege Ascalon</a>. Several months of fighting went by until the wall of the city was breached in August 1153, at which point Bernard led forty knights into Ascalon. But the rest of the army did not join them and all of the Templars were killed by the Muslim defenders. Ascalon was captured by the rest of the army several days later,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199473–75-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200174–75-48">[47]</a> and Bernard was eventually succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Montbard" title="André de Montbard">André de Montbard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199475-49">[48]</a> After the fall of Ascalon, the Templars continued operating in that region from their castle at Gaza. In June 1154 they attacked <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abi_al-Futuh" title="Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh">Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh</a>, the vizier of Egypt, when he tried to flee from Cairo to Damascus after losing a power struggle. Abbas was killed and the Templars captured his son, who they later sent back to the Fatimids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199475-49">[48]</a> In the late 1150s the Egyptians launched raids against the Crusaders in the areas of Gaza and Ascalon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton202226-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles">Battles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shaizar" title="Siege of Shaizar">Siege of Shaizar (1138)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)" title="Siege of Damascus (1148)">Siege of Damascus (1148)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">Siege of Ascalon (1153)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Huleh_(1157)" title="Battle of Lake Huleh (1157)">Battle of Lake Huleh (1157)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard" title="Battle of Montgisard">Battle of Montgisard (1177)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Ayyun" title="Battle of Marj Ayyun">Battle of Marj Ayyun (1179)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cresson" title="Battle of Cresson">Battle of Cresson (1187)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin (1187)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">Siege of Jerusalem (1187)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Safed_(1188)" title="Siege of Safed (1188)">Siege of Safed (1188)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1191)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Acre (1191)">Siege of Acre (1191)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf (1191)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mount_Tabor" title="Siege of Mount Tabor">Siege of Mount Tabor (1217)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fariskur_(1219)" title="Battle of Fariskur (1219)">Battle of Fariskur (1219)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1221)" title="Battle of Mansurah (1221)">Battle of Mansurah (1221)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica (1241)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Forbie" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of La Forbie">Battle of La Forbie (1244)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1250)" title="Battle of Mansurah (1250)">Battle of Mansurah (1250)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fariskur_(1250)" title="Battle of Fariskur (1250)">Battle of Fariskur (1250)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Safed_(1266)" title="Siege of Safed (1266)">Siege of Safed (1266)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tripoli_(1289)" title="Fall of Tripoli (1289)">Fall of Tripoli (1289)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">Siege of Acre (1291)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Ruad" title="Fall of Ruad">Fall of Ruad (1302)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Soure_(1144)" title="Capture of Soure (1144)">Capture of Soure (1144)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tomar" title="Siege of Tomar">Tomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> (1212)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal" title="Siege of Alcácer do Sal">Siege of Alcácer do Sal</a> (1217)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Majorca" title="Conquest of Majorca">Conquest of Majorca</a> (1228)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Cresson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Cresson.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Cresson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Cresson.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Cresson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Cresson.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Cresson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> in 1187, the turning point leading to the Third Crusade. From a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Passages_d%E2%80%99outremer" class="mw-redirect" title="Passages d’outremer">Passages d’outremer</a>, c. 1490</figcaption></figure> In the mid-12th century, the tide began to turn in the Crusades. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> world had become more united under effective leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">reborn Sunni regime in Egypt</a>. Dissension arose among Christian factions in and concerning the Holy Land. The Knights Templar were occasionally at odds with the two other Christian <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (society)">military orders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Knights</a>, and decades of internecine feuds weakened Christian positions, both politically and militarily. After the Templars were involved in several unsuccessful campaigns, including the pivotal <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a>, Jerusalem was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">recaptured</a> by Muslim forces under Saladin in 1187. The Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> reclaimed the city for Christians in the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth Crusade</a> of 1229, without Templar aid, but only held it for a little more than a decade. In 1244, the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarezmi</a> mercenaries recaptured Jerusalem, and the city did not return to Western control until 1917 when, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> captured it from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200599-51">[50]</a> The Templars were forced to relocate their headquarters to other cities in the north, such as the seaport of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, which they held for the next century. It was lost in 1291, followed by their last mainland strongholds, Tortosa (<a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin" title="Château Pèlerin">Atlit</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>). Their headquarters then moved to <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a> on the island of Cyprus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005113-52">[51]</a> and they also attempted to maintain a garrison on tiny <a href="/wiki/Arwad_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Arwad Island">Arwad Island</a>, just off the coast from Tortosa. In 1300, there was some attempt to engage in <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">coordinated military efforts with the Mongols</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> via a new invasion force at <a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a>. In 1302 or 1303, however, the Templars lost the island to the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ruad" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Ruad">siege of Arwad</a>. With the island gone, the Crusaders lost their last foothold in the Holy Land.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> With the order's military mission now less important, support for the organization began to dwindle. The situation was complex, however, since during the two hundred years of their existence, the Templars had become a part of daily life throughout Christendom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20015-55">[54]</a> The organization's Templar Houses, hundreds of which were dotted throughout Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, gave them a widespread presence at the local level.<a href="#cite_note-quantity-2">[2]</a> The Templars still managed many businesses, and many Europeans had daily contact with the Templar network, such as by working at a Templar farm or <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyard</a>, or using the order as a bank in which to store personal valuables. The order was still not subject to local government, making it everywhere a "state within a state" – its <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a>, although it no longer had a well-defined mission, could pass freely through all borders. This situation heightened tensions with some European nobility, especially as the Templars were indicating an interest in founding their own monastic state, just as the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Knights</a> had done in <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Prussia and the Baltic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> were doing in <a href="/wiki/Rhodes,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes, Greece">Rhodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2001237-56">[55]</a> The Templars were accused of enabling <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> in their ranks which often allowed them to influence the legal systems of Europe to act in their favor and gain influence over local rulers' lands at the expense of the rulers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrests,_charges_and_dissolution">Arrests, charges and dissolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arrests, charges and dissolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="Trials of the Knights Templar">Trials of the Knights Templar</a></div> In 1305, the new <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, France, sent letters to both the Templar Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay" title="Jacques de Molay">Jacques de Molay</a> and the Hospitaller Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Foulques_de_Villaret" title="Foulques de Villaret">Fulk de Villaret</a> to discuss the possibility of merging the two orders. Neither was amenable to the idea, but Pope Clement persisted, and in 1306 he invited both Grand Masters to France to discuss the matter. De Molay arrived first in early 1307, but de Villaret was delayed for several months. While waiting, De Molay and Clement discussed criminal charges that had been made two years earlier by an ousted Templar and were being discussed by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a> and his ministers. It was generally agreed that the charges were false, but Clement sent King Philip a written request for assistance in the investigation. According to some historians, Philip, who was already deeply in debt to the Templars from his <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France#War_against_England" title="Philip IV of France">war against England</a>, decided to seize upon the rumours for his own purposes. He began pressuring the church to take action against the order, as a way of freeing himself from his debts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2006-57">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomar-Convento_de_Cristo-Rotunda_dos_Templ%C3%A1rios-20140914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tomar-Convento_de_Cristo-Rotunda_dos_Templ%C3%A1rios-20140914.jpg/310px-Tomar-Convento_de_Cristo-Rotunda_dos_Templ%C3%A1rios-20140914.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tomar-Convento_de_Cristo-Rotunda_dos_Templ%C3%A1rios-20140914.jpg/465px-Tomar-Convento_de_Cristo-Rotunda_dos_Templ%C3%A1rios-20140914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tomar-Convento_de_Cristo-Rotunda_dos_Templ%C3%A1rios-20140914.jpg/620px-Tomar-Convento_de_Cristo-Rotunda_dos_Templ%C3%A1rios-20140914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3757" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Convent_of_the_Order_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Convent of the Order of Christ">Convent of Christ Castle, Tomar, Portugal</a>. Built in 1160 as a stronghold for the Knights Templar and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tomar" title="Siege of Tomar">sieged in 1190 by the Almohads</a>, it became the headquarters of the renamed <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a>. In 1983, it was named a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> At dawn on Friday, 13 October 1307 – a date that helped influence the superstition, but not necessarily the origin, of the popular stories about <a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th" title="Friday the 13th">Friday the 13th</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> – King Philip IV ordered de Molay and scores of other French Templars to be simultaneously arrested. The arrest warrant started with the words: "Dieu n'est pas content, nous avons des ennemis de la foi dans le Royaume" ("God is not pleased. We have enemies of the faith in the kingdom").<a href="#cite_note-Science-61">[60]</a> Claims were made that during Templar admissions ceremonies, recruits were forced to spit on the Cross, deny Christ, and engage in indecent kissing; brethren were also accused of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">worshipping idols</a>, and the order was said to have encouraged homosexual practices.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Many of these allegations contain tropes that bear similarities to accusations made against other persecuted groups such as Jews, heretics, and accused witches.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> These allegations, though, were highly politicised without any real evidence.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Still, the Templars were charged with numerous other offences such as financial corruption, fraud, and secrecy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1993178-65">[64]</a> Many of the accused confessed to these charges under torture (even though the Templars denied being tortured in their written confessions), and their confessions, even though obtained <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">under duress</a>, caused a scandal in Paris. The prisoners were coerced to confess that they had spat on the Cross. One said: "Moi, Raymond de La Fère, 21 ans, reconnais que [j'ai] craché trois fois sur la Croix, mais de bouche et pas de cœur" ("I, Raymond de La Fère, 21 years old, admit that I have spat three times on the Cross, but only from my mouth and not from my heart"). The Templars were accused of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and were charged with worshipping either a figure known as <a href="/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet">Baphomet</a> or a mummified severed head they recovered, amongst other artefacts, at their original headquarters on the Temple Mount. Some have theorised that this head might have been believed to be that of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, among other things.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Relenting to King Phillip's demands, Pope Clement then issued the papal bull <a href="/wiki/Pastoralis_praeeminentiae" title="Pastoralis praeeminentiae">Pastoralis praeeminentiae</a> on 22 November 1307, which instructed all Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005118-67">[66]</a> Clement called for papal hearings to determine the Templars' guilt or innocence, and once freed of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisitors</a>' torture, many Templars recanted their confessions. Several Templars are listed as having come from <a href="/wiki/Gisors" title="Gisors">Gisors</a> to defend the Order on 26 February 1310: Henri Zappellans or Chapelain, Anceau de Rocheria, Enard de Valdencia, Guillaume de Roy, Geoffroy de Cera or de La Fere-en-Champagne, Robert Harle or de Hermenonville, and Dreux de Chevru.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Some had sufficient legal experience to defend themselves in <a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="Trials of the Knights Templar">the trials</a>, but in 1310, having appointed the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sens" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sens">archbishop of Sens</a>, Philippe de Marigny, to lead the investigation, Philip blocked this attempt, using the previously forced confessions to have dozens of Templars burned at the stake in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005122-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobecki2006963-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19933-73">[72]</a> With Philip threatening military action unless the pope complied with his wishes, Clement finally agreed to disband the order, citing the public scandal that had been generated by the confessions. At the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a> in 1312, he issued a series of papal bulls, including <a href="/wiki/Vox_in_excelso" title="Vox in excelso">Vox in excelso</a>, which officially dissolved the order, and <a href="/wiki/Ad_providam" title="Ad providam">Ad providam</a>, which turned over most Templar assets to the Hospitallers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005123–124-74">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templars_on_Stake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Templars_on_Stake.jpg/220px-Templars_on_Stake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Templars_on_Stake.jpg/330px-Templars_on_Stake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Templars_on_Stake.jpg/440px-Templars_on_Stake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Templars being <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burned</a></figcaption></figure> As for the leaders of the order, the elderly <a href="/wiki/Grand_Masters_of_the_Knights_Templar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Masters of the Knights Templar">Grand Master</a> Jacques de Molay, who had confessed under torture, retracted his confession. <a href="/wiki/Geoffroi_de_Charney" title="Geoffroi de Charney">Geoffroi de Charney</a>, Preceptor of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, also retracted his confession and insisted on his innocence. Both men, under pressure from the king, were declared guilty of being relapsed heretics and sentenced to burn alive at the stake in Paris on 18 March 1314. De Molay reportedly remained defiant to the end, asking to be tied in such a way that he could face the <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame Cathedral</a> and hold his hands together in prayer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005125-75">[74]</a> According to legend, he called out from the flames that both Pope Clement and King Philip would soon meet him before <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. His actual words were recorded on the parchment as follows: "Dieu sait qui a tort et a péché. Il va bientôt arriver malheur à ceux qui nous ont condamnés à mort" ("God knows who is wrong and has sinned. Soon a calamity will occur to those who have condemned us to death").<a href="#cite_note-Science-61">[60]</a> Clement died only a month later, and Philip died while hunting within the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005140-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The remaining Templars around Europe were either arrested and tried under the Papal investigation (with virtually none convicted), absorbed into other Catholic military orders, or pensioned off and allowed to live out their days peacefully. By papal decree, the property of the Templars was transferred to the Knights Hospitaller except in the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. Portugal was the first country in Europe where they had settled, occurring only two or three years after the order's foundation in Jerusalem and even having a presence during Portugal's conception.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The Portuguese king, <a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Denis I</a>, refused to pursue and persecute the former knights, as had occurred in some other states under the influence of Philip & the crown. Under his protection, Templar organizations simply changed their name, from "Knights Templar" to the reconstituted <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a> and also a parallel <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Christ" title="Supreme Order of Christ">Supreme Order of Christ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>; both are considered successors to the Knights Templar.<a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson2004-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-BurgtorfCrawford2013-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinon_Parchment">Chinon Parchment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chinon Parchment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinon_Parchment" title="Chinon Parchment">Chinon Parchment</a></div> In September 2001, a document known as the <a href="/wiki/Chinon_Parchment" title="Chinon Parchment">Chinon Parchment</a> dated 17–20 August 1308 was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Archives">Vatican Archives</a> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Frale" title="Barbara Frale">Barbara Frale</a>, apparently after having been filed in the wrong place in 1628. It is a record of the trial of the Templars and shows that Clement absolved the Templars of all heresies in 1308 before formally disbanding the order in 1312, as did another Chinon Parchment dated 20 August 1308 addressed to <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a>, also mentioning that all Templars that had confessed to <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> were "restored to the Sacraments and to the unity of the Church". This other Chinon Parchment has been well known to historians,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> having been published by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Baluze" title="Étienne Baluze">Étienne Baluze</a> in 1693<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dupuy_(scholar)" title="Pierre Dupuy (scholar)">Pierre Dupuy</a> in 1751.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The current position of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> is that the medieval persecution of the Knights Templar was unjust, that nothing was inherently wrong with the order or its rule, and that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement</a> was pressed into his actions by the magnitude of the public <a href="/wiki/Scandal_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandal (theology)">scandal</a> and by the dominating influence of King Philip IV, who was Clement's relative.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_Templar" title="List of Knights Templar">List of Knights Templar</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapelletemplier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chapelletemplier.jpg/160px-Chapelletemplier.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chapelletemplier.jpg/240px-Chapelletemplier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chapelletemplier.jpg/320px-Chapelletemplier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Templar chapel from the 12th century in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, France. Once part of the Templar commandery of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, the oldest Templar institution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Templars were organised as a <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic order</a> similar to Bernard's <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian</a> Order, which was considered the first effective international organization in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199028-89">[88]</a> The organizational structure had a strong chain of authority. Each country with a major Templar presence (France, <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">Anjou</a>, Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_in_England" title="Knights Templar in England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199310-90">[89]</a> had a Master of the Order for the Templars in that region. All of them were subject to the Grand Master, appointed for life, who oversaw both the order's military efforts in the East and their financial holdings in the West. The Grand Master exercised his authority via the visitors-general of the order, who were knights specially appointed by the Grand Master and convent of Jerusalem to visit the different provinces, correct malpractices, introduce new regulations, and resolve important disputes. The visitors-general had the power to remove knights from office and to suspend the Master of the province concerned.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The central headquarters of the Templars had several offices that answered to the Grand Master. These were held as temporary appointments rather than for life. The second-in-command of the Order was the <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">seneschal</a>. The highest ranking military official was the <a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">marshal</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Preceptor" title="Preceptor">preceptor</a> (who was also sometimes called the commander) was responsible for the administration and provisions. The <a href="/wiki/Draper" title="Draper">draper</a> was responsible for their uniforms, the <a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">treasurer</a> was in charge of finance, the <a href="/wiki/Turcopole" title="Turcopole">turcopolier</a> commanded auxiliary forces, and the <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> was the head of the church at the headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf20083–4-92">[91]</a> The headquarters and its most senior officials were known as the <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf20081-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200814-94">[93]</a> and its role was to assist and advise the Grand Master with running the administration of the Order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200815–16-95">[94]</a> No precise numbers exist, but it is estimated that at the order's peak, there were between 15,000 and 20,000 Templars, of whom about a tenth were actual knights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199045-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-quantity-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranks_within_the_order">Ranks within the order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ranks within the order">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three_main_ranks">Three main ranks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Three main ranks">edit</a>]</div> There was a threefold division of the ranks of the Templars: the noble knights, the non-noble sergeants, and the chaplains. The knights wear white mantles to symbolise their purity and chastity.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The sergeants wore black or brown. All three classes of brothers wore the order's red cross.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Before they received their monastic rule in 1129 at the Council of Troyes, the Templars were referred to only as knights (milites in Latin), and after 1129 they were also called brothers of their monastic order. Therefore the three main ranks were eventually known as knight brothers, sergeant brothers, and chaplain brothers. Knights and chaplains were referred to as brothers by 1140, but sergeants were not full members of the Order at first, and this did not change until the 1160s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200836–37-98">[97]</a> The knights were the most visible division of the order. They were equipped as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a>, with three or four horses and one or two <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squires</a>. Squires were generally not members of the order but were instead outsiders who were hired for a set period of time. The Templars did not perform knighting ceremonies, so anyone wishing to become a knight in the Templar had to be a knight already.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Beneath the knights in the order and drawn from non-noble families were the sergeants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994190-100">[99]</a> They brought vital skills and trades from <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmiths</a> and builders, including administration of many of the order's European properties. In the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader States</a>, they fought alongside the knights as <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> with a single horse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200554-101">[100]</a> Several of the order's most senior positions were reserved for sergeants, including the post of Commander of the Vault of Acre, who was also the de facto admiral of the Templar fleet. But he was subordinated to the Order's preceptor instead of the marshal, indicating that the Templars considered their ships to be mainly for commerce rather than military purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200892-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf2008296-103">[102]</a> From 1139, <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplains</a> constituted a third Templar rank. They were <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> priests who cared for the Templars' spiritual needs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoeller1912-104">[103]</a> These Templar clerics were also referred to as priest brothers or chaplain brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200897-105">[104]</a> The Templars also employed lightly armed mercenaries as cavalry in the 12th century that were known as <a href="/wiki/Turcopole" title="Turcopole">turcopoles</a> (the Greek term for descendants of Turks). Its meaning has been interpreted as either referring to people of a mixed Muslim-Christian heritage who became Christians, or members of the local population in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. Sometime in the 13th century, turcopole became a formal rank held by Templar brothers, including Latin Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200837–38-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grand_Masters">Grand Masters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grand Masters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Masters_of_the_Knights_Templar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Masters of the Knights Templar">Grand Masters of the Knights Templar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Martin-des-Champs_Chapelle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Saint-Martin-des-Champs_Chapelle.JPG/220px-Saint-Martin-des-Champs_Chapelle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Saint-Martin-des-Champs_Chapelle.JPG/330px-Saint-Martin-des-Champs_Chapelle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Saint-Martin-des-Champs_Chapelle.JPG/440px-Saint-Martin-des-Champs_Chapelle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Templar building at Saint Martin des Champs, France</figcaption></figure> Starting with founder Hugues de Payens, the order's highest office was that of Grand Master, a position which was held for life, though considering the martial nature of the order, this could mean a very short tenure. All but two of the Grand Masters died in office, and several died during military campaigns. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">Siege of Ascalon</a> in 1153, Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Tremelay" title="Bernard de Tremelay">Bernard de Tremelay</a> led a group of 40 Templars through a breach in the city walls. When the rest of the Crusader army did not follow, the Templars, including their Grand Master, were surrounded and beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2001137-107">[106]</a> Grand Master <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Ridefort" class="mw-redirect" title="Gérard de Ridefort">Gérard de Ridefort</a> was beheaded by Saladin in 1189 at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Acre (1189)">Siege of Acre</a>. The Grand Master oversaw all of the operations of the order, including both the military operations in the Holy Land and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and the Templars' financial and business dealings in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. Some Grand Masters also served as battlefield commanders, though this was not always wise: several blunders in de Ridefort's combat leadership contributed to the devastating defeat at the Battle of Hattin. The last Grand Master was <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay" title="Jacques de Molay">Jacques de Molay</a>, burned at the stake in Paris in 1314 by order of King Philip IV.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19933-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conduct,_costume_and_beards">Conduct, costume and beards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conduct, costume and beards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HPIM3597.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HPIM3597.JPG/220px-HPIM3597.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HPIM3597.JPG/330px-HPIM3597.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/HPIM3597.JPG/440px-HPIM3597.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption>Representation of a Knight Templar (<a href="/wiki/Ten_Duinen_Abbey" title="Ten Duinen Abbey">Ten Duinen Abbey</a> museum, 2010 photograph)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templari_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Templari_Paris.jpg/220px-Templari_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Templari_Paris.jpg/330px-Templari_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Templari_Paris.jpg/440px-Templari_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of two Templars seated on a horse (emphasising poverty), with Beauséant, the "sacred banner" (or <a href="/wiki/Gonfanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonfanon">gonfanon</a>) of the Templars, argent a chief sable (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 1250)<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> Bernard de Clairvaux and founder Hugues de Payens devised a specific code of conduct for the Templar Order, known to modern historians as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Rule" title="Latin Rule">Latin Rule</a>. Its 72 clauses laid down the details of the knights' way of life, including the types of garments they were to wear and how many horses they could have. Knights were to take their meals in silence, eat meat no more than three times per week, and not have physical contact of any kind with women, even members of their own family. A Master of the Order was assigned "4 horses, and one chaplain-brother and one clerk with three horses, and one sergeant brother with two horses, and one gentleman valet to carry his shield and lance, with one horse".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199043-109">[108]</a> As the order grew, more guidelines were added, and the original list of 72 clauses was expanded to several hundred in its final form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199030–33-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200532-111">[110]</a> The daily schedule of the order adhered to the canonical hours in the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a>, with communal prayers designated at specific hours throughout the day. Members unable to participate must recite the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> at the same hours. The knights wore a white <a href="/wiki/Surcoat" title="Surcoat">surcoat</a> with a red cross, and a white mantle also with a red cross; the sergeants wore a black tunic with a red cross on the front and a black or brown mantle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994191-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199044-113">[112]</a> The white mantle was assigned to the Templars at the Council of Troyes in 1129, and the cross was most probably added to their <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">robes</a> at the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> in 1147, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Pope Eugenius III</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a>, and many other notables attended a meeting of the French Templars at their headquarters near Paris.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Under the Rule, the knights were to wear the white mantle at all times: they were even forbidden to eat or drink unless wearing it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199046-117">[116]</a> The red cross that the Templars wore on their robes was a symbol of martyrdom, and to die in combat was considered a great honour that assured a place in heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2001141-118">[117]</a> There was a cardinal rule that the warriors of the order should never surrender unless the Templar flag had fallen, and even then they were first to try to regroup with another of the Christian orders, such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitallers</a>. Only after all flags had fallen were they allowed to leave the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994193-119">[118]</a> This uncompromising principle, along with their reputation for courage, excellent training, and heavy armament, made the Templars one of the most feared combat forces in medieval times. Although not prescribed by the Templar Rule, it later became customary for members of the order to wear long and prominent beards. In about 1240, <a href="/wiki/Alberic_of_Trois-Fontaines" title="Alberic of Trois-Fontaines">Alberic of Trois-Fontaines</a> described the Templars as an "order of bearded brethren"; while during the interrogations by the papal commissioners in Paris in 1310–1311, out of nearly 230 knights and brothers questioned, 76 are described as wearing a beard, in some cases specified as being "in the style of the Templars", and 133 are said to have shaved off their beards, either in renunciation of the order or because they had hoped to escape detection.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200148,_124–127-121">[120]</a> Initiation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200552-122">[121]</a> known as Reception (receptio) into the order, was a profound commitment and involved a solemn ceremony. Outsiders were discouraged from attending the ceremony, which aroused the suspicions of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">medieval inquisitors</a> during the later <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights Templar Trial">trials</a>. New members had to willingly sign over all of their wealth and goods to the order and <a href="/wiki/Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">vow</a> to "God and Our Lady" (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">mother of Jesus</a>) poverty, chastity, piety, obedience to the master of the order, and to conquer the Holy Land of Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> They were then promised "the bread and water and poor clothing of the house and much pain and suffering".<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Most brothers joined for life, although some were allowed to join for a set period. Sometimes a married man was allowed to join if he had his wife's permission,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199044-113">[112]</a> but he was not allowed to wear the white mantle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19934-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_Templar_sites" title="List of Knights Templar sites">List of Knights Templar sites</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TempleChurch-Exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TempleChurch-Exterior.jpg/220px-TempleChurch-Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TempleChurch-Exterior.jpg/330px-TempleChurch-Exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TempleChurch-Exterior.jpg/440px-TempleChurch-Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_Church" title="Temple Church">Temple Church</a>, London. As the chapel of the New Temple in London, it was the location for Templar initiation ceremonies. In modern times it is the parish church of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temples</a>, two of the <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a>, and a popular tourist attraction.</figcaption></figure> With their military mission and extensive financial resources, the Knights Templar funded a large number of building projects around Europe and the Holy Land. Many of these structures are still standing. Many sites also maintain the name "Temple" because of centuries-old association with the Templars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200558-126">[125]</a> For example, some of the Templars' lands in London were later rented to <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyers</a>, which led to the names of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_London" title="Temple Bar, London">Temple Bar</a> gateway and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_tube_station" title="Temple tube station">Temple Underground station</a>. Two of the four <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a> which may call members to act as <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barristers</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> – the entire area known as <a href="/wiki/Temple,_London" title="Temple, London">Temple, London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Distinctive <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architectural</a> elements of Templar buildings include the use of the image of "two knights on a single horse", representing the Knights' poverty, and round buildings designed to resemble the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994194–195-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_organizations">Modern organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern organizations">edit</a>]</div> The Knights Templar were dismantled in the Rolls of the Catholic Church in 1309. Following the suppression of the Order, a number of Knights Templar joined the newly established <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Christ" title="Military Order of Christ">Order of Christ</a>, which effectively reabsorbed the Knights Templar and its properties in AD 1319, especially in Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-Ralls2007-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gourdin1855-130">[129]</a> The story of the persecution and sudden dissolution of the secretive yet powerful medieval Templars has drawn many other groups to use alleged connections with them as a way of enhancing their own image and mystery.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Apart from the Order of Christ,<a href="#cite_note-Ralls2007-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gourdin1855-130">[129]</a> there is no clear historical connection between the Knights Templar and any other modern organization, the earliest of which emerged publicly in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Order_of_Christ">Order of Christ</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Order of Christ">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ (Portugal)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Order_of_Christ" title="History of the Order of Christ">History of the Order of Christ</a></div> Following the dissolution of the Knights Templar, the Order of Christ was erected in 1319 and absorbed many of the Knights Templar into its ranks, along with Knights Templar properties in Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-Ralls2007-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gourdin1855-130">[129]</a> Its headquarters became a castle in Tomar, a former Knights Templar castle.<a href="#cite_note-Ralls2007-129">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Military Order of Christ</a> consider themselves the successors of the former Knights Templar. After the Templars were abolished on 22 March 1312,<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2011-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-BurgtorfCrawford2013-82">[81]</a> the Order of Christ was founded in 1319<a href="#cite_note-FitzsimonsBécarud1969-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson2004-81">[80]</a> under the protection of the Portuguese king <a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Denis</a>, who refused to persecute the former knights. Denis revived the Templars of <a href="/wiki/Tomar" title="Tomar">Tomar</a> as the Order of Christ, grateful for their aid during the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> and in the reconstruction of Portugal after the wars. Denis negotiated with Clement's successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a> for recognition of the new order and its right to inherit Templar assets and property. This was granted in the papal bull Ad ea ex quibus of 14 March 1319.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The Portuguese brought the Order of Christ with them to Kongo and Brazil, where the Order of Christ continues to be awarded; the Vatican additionally has awarded the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Christ" title="Supreme Order of Christ">Supreme Order of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gates2012-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-BostoenBrinkman2018-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ragnau1913-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperance_movement">Temperance movement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Temperance movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/IOGT" class="mw-redirect" title="IOGT">IOGT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tempel_Riddare_Orden" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempel Riddare Orden">Tempel Riddare Orden</a></div> Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Temperance_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Temperance organizations">temperance organizations</a> named themselves after the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, citing the belief that the original Knights Templar "drank sour milk, and also because they were fighting 'a great crusade' against 'this terrible vice' of alcohol".<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson2014-142">[141]</a> The largest of these, the <a href="/wiki/International_Order_of_Good_Templars" class="mw-redirect" title="International Order of Good Templars">International Order of Good Templars</a> (IOGT), grew throughout the world after being started in the 19th century and continues to advocate for the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">abstinence from alcohol and other drugs</a>; other Orders in this tradition include those of the <a href="/wiki/Templars_of_Honor_and_Temperance" title="Templars of Honor and Temperance">Templars of Honor and Temperance</a> (Tempel Riddare Orden), which has a large presence in Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson2014-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmmermanOttTarter1999-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Freemasonry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Knights Templar (Freemasonry)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> has incorporated the symbols and rituals of several medieval military orders in a number of <a href="/wiki/Masonic_bodies" title="Masonic bodies">Masonic bodies</a> since at least the 18th century. This can be seen in the "<a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_Constantine" title="Red Cross of Constantine">Red Cross of Constantine</a>," inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Military_Constantinian_Order_of_Saint_George" title="Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George">Military Constantinian Order</a>; the "<a href="/wiki/Order_of_Malta_(Freemasonry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Malta (Freemasonry)">Order of Malta</a>," inspired by the Knights Hospitaller; and the "<a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)#The_Degree_of_Knight_of_the_Temple_(Order_of_the_Temple)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Order of the Temple</a>", inspired by the Knights Templar. The Orders of Malta and the Temple feature prominently in the <a href="/wiki/York_Rite" title="York Rite">York Rite</a>. Though some have claimed a link between the historical Knights Templar of the 14th century through members who allegedly took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and aided <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a>, this theory has been rejected by both Freemasons and historians.<a href="#cite_note-fmt-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Templarism">Neo-Templarism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Neo-Templarism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Templarism" title="Neo-Templarism">Neo-Templarism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Templarism" title="Neo-Templarism">Neo-Templarism</a> is a term used to describe movements that claim to be direct continuations of the original Templars. The Templar degree system in Freemasonry built off an idea that Templars had embedded themselves within Freemasonry; however, some Freemasons believed the Templar degrees were not subordinate to masonry and were their own system. This culminated in 1805, when <a href="/wiki/Bernard-Raymond_Fabr%C3%A9-Palaprat" title="Bernard-Raymond Fabré-Palaprat">Bernard-Raymond Fabré-Palaprat</a>, a physician who refused to acknowledge the authority of the Catholic Church, created a revivalist Templar movement, claiming he had discovered a document that revealed an unbroken history of Templar Grand Masters to the present day. Fabré-Palaprat declared himself the Grand Master of his revivalist order. This began a long series of revival orders involving various schisms, which Fabré-Palaprat is usually regarded as the originator of; Fabré-Palaprat's organization eventually evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_the_Temple_of_Jerusalem" title="Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem">Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem</a>. The idea that these orders have legitimate descent from the Templars has been criticized by scholars of Templar history as dubious and tied to false claims.<a href="#cite_note-:02-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Napier2011-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_popular_culture">Modern popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_in_popular_culture" title="Knights Templar in popular culture">Knights Templar in popular culture</a></div> The Knights Templar have been associated with legends circulated even during their time. Many orders, such as the freemasons, claimed to have received esoteric wisdom from the Templars, or were direct descendants of the order. Masonic writers added their own speculations in the 18th century, and further fictional embellishments have been added in popular novels such as <a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_Pendulum" title="Foucault's Pendulum">Foucault's Pendulum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">The Da Vinci Code</a>;<a href="#cite_note-HC-148">[147]</a> modern movies such as <a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(film)" title="National Treasure (film)">National Treasure</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Templar_(miniseries)" title="The Last Templar (miniseries)">The Last Templar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a>; the television series <a href="/wiki/Knightfall_(TV_series)" title="Knightfall (TV series)">Knightfall</a>; as well as video games such as <a href="/wiki/Broken_Sword" title="Broken Sword">Broken Sword</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex_(video_game)" title="Deus Ex (video game)">Deus Ex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed" title="Assassin's Creed">Assassin's Creed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(video_game)" title="Dante's Inferno (video game)">Dante's Inferno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The Templars were the subject of many conspiracy theories and legends. A legend is that when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> was executed, a freemason dipped a cloth in the king's blood and said, "Jacques de Molay, you are avenged.", the idea being that the king of France was responsible for destroying the Knights Templar back then. A theory states that they are still existent and running a secret conspiracy to preserve the bloodline of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> There have been speculative popular publications surrounding the order's early occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> in Jerusalem as well as speculation about what <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> the Templars may have found there. The association of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a> with the Templars has precedents even in 12th-century fiction; <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Parzival" title="Parzival">Parzival</a> calls the knights guarding the Grail Kingdom templeisen, apparently a conscious fictionalization of the templarii.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> – Descended from the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, another Catholic religious order involved in the Crusades</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> – Another Catholic religious order involved in the Crusades</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templari_Cattolici_d%27Italia" title="Templari Cattolici d'Italia">Templari Cattolici d'Italia</a> – A private Catholic lay association of the faithful living and promoting the spirituality of the Knights Templar of old</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The Latin estimates of Saladin's army are no doubt greatly exaggerated (26,000 in Tyre xxi. 23; 12,000 Turks and 9,000 Arabs in Anon.Rhen. v. 517).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson1907218-21">[21]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199045-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199045_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199045_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199045_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurman1990">Burman 1990</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-quantity-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quantity_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quantity_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quantity_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quantity_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1992">Barber 1992</a>, pp. 314–26 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">By Molay's time the Grand Master was presiding over at least 970 houses, including commanderies and castles in the east and west, serviced by a membership which is unlikely to have been less than 7,000, excluding employees and dependents, who must have been seven or eight times that number.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSelwood2002" class="citation book cs1">Selwood, Dominic (2002). Knights of the Cloister. Templars and Hospitallers in Central-Southern Occitania 1100–1300. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-828-0"><bdi>978-0-85115-828-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knights+of+the+Cloister.+Templars+and+Hospitallers+in+Central-Southern+Occitania+1100%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-828-0&rft.aulast=Selwood&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200547-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200547_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20014-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20014_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2001">Nicholson 2001</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1994_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Duane (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32284509">'Knights Templar' in War and Religion, Vol. 2</a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC–CLIO. pp. 462–64. Retrieved 28 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Knights+Templar%27+in+War+and+Religion%2C+Vol.+2&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=462-64&rft.pub=ABC%E2%80%93CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32284509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1993-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1993_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1993">Barber 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1995" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Malcolm (1995). The new knighthood : a history of the Order of the Temple (Canto ed.). 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Fisher Unwin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crusadesstoryla01kinggoog/page/n218">176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+The+Story+of+the+Latin+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Andrew&rft.au=Kingsford%2C+Charles+Lethbridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrusadesstoryla01kinggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf2008545–546-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf2008545–546_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgtorf2008">Burgtorf 2008</a>, pp. 545–546. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelwood2013" class="citation web cs1">Selwood, Dominic (20 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dominicselwood.com/birth-of-the-order/">"Birth of the Order"</a>. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Order&rft.date=2013-04-20&rft.aulast=Selwood&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dominicselwood.com%2Fbirth-of-the-order%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead200191-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead200191_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRead2001">Read 2001</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelwood2013" class="citation web cs1">Selwood, Dominic (28 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630150549/http://www.dominicselwood.com/the-knights-templar-4-st-bernard-of-clairvaux/">"The Knights Templar 4: St Bernard of Clairvaux"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dominicselwood.com/the-knights-templar-4-st-bernard-of-clairvaux/">the original</a> on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Templar+4%3A+St+Bernard+of+Clairvaux&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft.aulast=Selwood&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dominicselwood.com%2Fthe-knights-templar-4-st-bernard-of-clairvaux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelwood1996" class="citation book cs1">Selwood, Dominic (1996). "'Quidam autem dubitaverunt': the Saint, the Sinner and a Possible Chronology". Autour de la Première Croisade. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. pp. 221–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85944-308-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85944-308-5"><bdi>978-2-85944-308-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Quidam+autem+dubitaverunt%27%3A+the+Saint%2C+the+Sinner+and+a+Possible+Chronology&rft.btitle=Autour+de+la+Premi%C3%A8re+Croisade&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=221-230&rft.pub=Publications+de+la+Sorbonne&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-2-85944-308-5&rft.aulast=Selwood&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199456-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199456_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199040-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199040_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurman1990">Burman 1990</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2018" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark (28 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Knights_Templar/">"Knights Templar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. 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Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia Medieval (17). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alicante" title="University of Alicante">Universidad de Alicante</a>: 175−176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anales+de+la+Universidad+de+Alicante.+Historia+Medieval&rft.atitle=Templarios+y+Hospitalarios+en+la+Reconquista+peninsular&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=175%E2%88%92176&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Barquero+Go%C3%B1i&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frua.ua.es%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10045%2F25670%2F1%2FHistoria_Medieval_17_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarquero_Goñi2011176−177-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarquero_Goñi2011176−177_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarquero_Goñi2011">Barquero Goñi 2011</a>, pp. 176−177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarquero_Goñi2011176-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarquero_Goñi2011176_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarquero_Goñi2011">Barquero Goñi 2011</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199053–54-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199053–54_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199053–54_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199053–54_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurman1990">Burman 1990</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth198297-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth198297_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowarth1982">Howarth 1982</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForey1995191-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForey1995191_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForey1995">Forey 1995</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199051–53-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199051–53_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurman1990">Burman 1990</a>, pp. 51–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForey1995187-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForey1995187_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForey1995">Forey 1995</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilipsHoch2001145-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilipsHoch2001145_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilipsHoch2001145_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilipsHoch2001">Philips & Hoch 2001</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199466–67-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199466–67_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199468–70-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199468–70_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199468–70_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, pp. 68–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1982106–107-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth1982106–107_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowarth1982">Howarth 1982</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951325–328-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1951325–328_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1951">Runciman 1951</a>, pp. 325–328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199470-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199470_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmail1956211–212-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmail1956211–212_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmail1956">Smail 1956</a>, pp. 211–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199473-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199473_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199473_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199473_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton202225-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulton202225_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulton2022">Fulton 2022</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199471-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199471_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199473–75-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199473–75_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, pp. 73–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200174–75-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200174–75_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2001">Nicholson 2001</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199475-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199475_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199475_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton202226-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulton202226_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulton2022">Fulton 2022</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200599-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200599_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005113-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005113_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Demurger, p. 139. "During four years, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay" title="Jacques de Molay">Jacques de Molay</a> and his order were totally committed, with other Christian forces of Cyprus and Armenia, to an enterprise of reconquest of the Holy Land, in liaison with the offensives of Ghazan, the Mongol Khan of Persia." </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2001">Nicholson 2001</a>, p. 201 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Templars retained a base on Arwad island (also known as Ruad island, formerly Arados) off Tortosa (Tartus) until October 1302 or 1303, when the island was recaptured by the Mamluks.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20015-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20015_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2001">Nicholson 2001</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2001237-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2001237_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2001">Nicholson 2001</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2006-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2006_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber2006">Barber 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231034026/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/tomar.html">"Convent of Christ in Tomar"</a>. World Heritage Site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/tomar.html">the original</a> on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convent+of+Christ+in+Tomar&rft.pub=World+Heritage+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldheritagesite.org%2Fsites%2Ftomar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/luck/friday13.asp">"Friday the 13th"</a>. snopes.com. 13 May 2005. Retrieved 26 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=snopes.com&rft.atitle=Friday+the+13th&rft.date=2005-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fluck%2Ffriday13.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Emery" class="citation web cs1">David Emery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031218025919/http://urbanlegends.about.com/cs/historical/a/friday_the_13th_4.htm">"Why Friday the 13th is unlucky"</a>. urbanlegends.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urbanlegends.about.com/cs/historical/a/friday_the_13th_4.htm">the original</a> on 18 December 2003. Retrieved 26 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=urbanlegends.about.com&rft.atitle=Why+Friday+the+13th+is+unlucky&rft.au=David+Emery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furbanlegends.about.com%2Fcs%2Fhistorical%2Fa%2Ffriday_the_13th_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Les derniers jours des Templiers". Science et Avenir: 52–61. July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+et+Avenir&rft.atitle=Les+derniers+jours+des+Templiers&rft.pages=52-61&rft.date=2010-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith1995" class="citation book cs1">Riley-Smith, Johnathan (1995). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford Press. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Oxford+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, Joshua (1 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/burn-hell">"Burn in Hell"</a>. History Today. 72 (6): 16–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Burn+in+Hell&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=16-18&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fhistory-matters%2Fburn-hell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoddMusson2006" class="citation book cs1">Dodd, Gwilym; Musson, Anthony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AmM07AhPrZQC">The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives</a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903153-19-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903153-19-2"><bdi>978-1-903153-19-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Edward+II%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-903153-19-2&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Gwilym&rft.au=Musson%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAmM07AhPrZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1993178-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1993178_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1993">Barber 1993</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgeller2010" class="citation book cs1">Edgeller, Johnathan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720060659/https://dspace.lib.ttu.edu/etd/bitstream/handle/2346/ETD-TTU-2010-08-791/EDGELLER-THESIS.pdf?sequence=4">Taking the Templar Habit: Rule, Initiation Ritual, and the Accusations against the Order</a> (PDF). Texas Tech University. pp. 62–66. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.lib.ttu.edu/etd/bitstream/handle/2346/ETD-TTU-2010-08-791/EDGELLER-THESIS.pdf?sequence=4">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+the+Templar+Habit%3A+Rule%2C+Initiation+Ritual%2C+and+the+Accusations+against+the+Order&rft.pages=62-66&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Edgeller&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.lib.ttu.edu%2Fetd%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2346%2FETD-TTU-2010-08-791%2FEDGELLER-THESIS.pdf%3Fsequence%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005118-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005118_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Demurger2019" class="citation book cs1">Alain Demurger (2019). "Templars". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAx-DwAAQBAJ&q=Guillaume+De+Roy&pg=RA1-PA52">The Persecution of the Knights Templar: Scandal, Torture, Trial</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-089-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-089-7"><bdi>978-1-64313-089-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2023. <q>Seven of these nine Templars are also on the list of brothers who came from Gisors on 26 February 1310: Henri Zappellans or Chapelain, Anceau de Rocheria, Enard de Valdencia, Guillaume de Roy, Geoffroy de Cera or de La Fere-en-Champagne, Robert Harle or de Hermenonville, and Dreux de Chevru; the two others, Robert de Mortefontaine and Robert de Monts-de-Soissons, perhaps appear under different names. We don't know the reasons why those nine Templars were not taken back to Gisors. They are catalogued as 'non-reconciled': that is, they had not been absolved and reconciled with the Church by a diocesan commission. They attended neither the Council of Sens nor that of Reims in May 1310. They were from different dioceses: Toul, Sens, Chalons-en-Champagne, Treves but also Soissons (Guillaume de Roy), Laon (Geoffroy de La Fere) and Senlis (Robert Harle).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Templars&rft.btitle=The+Persecution+of+the+Knights+Templar%3A+Scandal%2C+Torture%2C+Trial&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-64313-089-7&rft.au=Alain+Demurger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAx-DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DGuillaume%2BDe%2BRoy%26pg%3DRA1-PA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Philippe_Antoine_Grouvelle1805" class="citation web cs1">De Philippe Antoine Grouvelle (1805). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIzj9W9eebcC&q=Roy">"Les Templiers"</a>. Mémoires historiques sur les Templiers, ou Éclaircissemens nouveaux sur leur histoire, leur procès, les accusations intentées contr'eux, et les causes secrètes de leur ruine. Retrieved 12 July 2023. <q>Noms des Frères rassemblés le 28 mars 1310, devant les Commissaires charges par le Pape de l'Enquête sur les griefs imputés à l'Ordre du Temple en général... 184. Guillaume De Roy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moires+historiques+sur+les+Templiers%2C+ou+%C3%89claircissemens+nouveaux+sur+leur+histoire%2C+leur+proc%C3%A8s%2C+les+accusations+intent%C3%A9es+contr%27eux%2C+et+les+causes+secr%C3%A8tes+de+leur+ruine&rft.atitle=Les+Templiers&rft.date=1805&rft.au=De+Philippe+Antoine+Grouvelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIzj9W9eebcC%26q%3DRoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociété_académique_de_Laon1864" class="citation web cs1">Société académique de Laon (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k441211c/f150.item#">"Bulletin de la Société académique de Laon"</a>. Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved 12 July 2023. <q>Procès des Templiers" "Nicolas de Celles; Gauthier de Villesavoye; Etienne de Compiègne; Robert de Montreuil-aux-Lions, pètre; Guillaume de Roy; Geoffroy de Cère; Eloi de Pavant; Raoul et Pierre de Compiègne, Pierre d'Anizy défendront tous l'Ordre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France&rft.atitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+acad%C3%A9mique+de+Laon&rft.date=1864&rft.au=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+acad%C3%A9mique+de+Laon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k441211c%2Ff150.item%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005122-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005122_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobecki2006963-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobecki2006963_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSobecki2006">Sobecki 2006</a>, p. 963. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19933-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber19933_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber19933_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1993">Barber 1993</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005123–124-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005123–124_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005125-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005125_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005140-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2005140_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Barber" title="Malcolm Barber">Malcolm Barber</a> has researched this legend and concluded that it originates from La Chronique métrique attribuée à <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Paris" title="Geoffrey of Paris">Geffroi de Paris</a>, ed. A. Divèrres, Strasbourg, 1956, pp. 5711–5742. Geoffrey of Paris was "apparently an eye-witness, who describes de Molay as showing no sign of fear and, significantly, as telling those present that God would avenge their deaths". <a href="#CITEREFBarber2006">Barber 2006</a>, p. 357, footnote 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> In The New Knighthood, Barber referred to a variant of this legend, about how an unspecified Templar had appeared before and denounced Clement V and, when he was about to be executed sometime later, warned that both Pope and King would "within a year and a day be obliged to explain their crimes in the presence of God", found in the work by <a href="/wiki/Ferreto_de%27_Ferreti" title="Ferreto de' Ferreti">Ferreto of Vicenza</a>, Historia rerum in Italia gestarum ab anno 1250 ad annum usque 1318 (<a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, pp. 314–315). </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11799.pdf">Templários no condado portucalense antes do reconhecimento formal da ordem: O caso de Braga no início do séc. XII – Revista da Faculdade de Letras</a> [Templars in the County of Portucale before the formal recognition of the order: The case of Braga in early 12th century], Ciências e Técnicas do Património, Porto 2013, Volume XII, pp. 231–243. Author: Paula Pinto Costa, FLUP/CEPESE (University of Porto) </li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org-80"><a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506100231/http://jvarnoso.com/orders/christ2.html">"The Order of Christ and the Papacy"</a>. 6 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jvarnoso.com/orders/christ2.html">the original</a> on 6 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+Christ+and+the+Papacy&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjvarnoso.com%2Forders%2Fchrist2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson2004-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson2004_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson2004_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_J._Nicholson2004" class="citation book cs1">Helen J. Nicholson (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crusades00nich">The Crusades</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crusades00nich/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32685-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32685-1"><bdi>978-0-313-32685-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32685-1&rft.au=Helen+J.+Nicholson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrusades00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurgtorfCrawford2013-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BurgtorfCrawford2013_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BurgtorfCrawford2013_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJochenPaul_F.Helen_J.2013" class="citation book cs1">Jochen, Burgtorf; Paul F., Crawford; Helen J., Nicholson (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NSybdmlStsC&pg=PA298">The Debate on the Trial of the Templars (1307–1314)</a>. Ashgate. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8102-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-8102-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Debate+on+the+Trial+of+the+Templars+%281307%E2%80%931314%29&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-8102-7&rft.aulast=Jochen&rft.aufirst=Burgtorf&rft.au=Paul+F.%2C+Crawford&rft.au=Helen+J.%2C+Nicholson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NSybdmlStsC%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Charles d'Aigrefeuille, Histoire de la ville de Montpellier, Volume 2, p. 193 (Montpellier: J. Martel, 1737–1739). </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Sophia Menache, Clement V, p. 218, 2002 paperback edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59219-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59219-4">0-521-59219-4</a> (Cambridge University Press, originally published in 1998). </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Germain-Fran%C3%A7ois_Poullain_de_Saint-Foix" title="Germain-François Poullain de Saint-Foix">Germain-François Poullain de Saint-Foix</a>, Oeuvres complettes de M. de Saint-Foix, Historiographe des Ordres du Roi, p. 287, Volume 3 (Maestricht: Jean-Edme Dupour & Philippe Roux, Imprimeurs-Libraires, associés, 1778). </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Étienne Baluze, Vitae Paparum Avenionensis, 3 Volumes (Paris, 1693). </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Pierre Dupuy, Histoire de l'Ordre Militaire des Templiers (Foppens, Brusselles, 1751). </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrale2004" class="citation journal cs1">Frale, Barbara (2004). "The Chinon chart – Papal absolution to the last Templar, Master Jacques de Molay". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medieval_History" title="Journal of Medieval History">Journal of Medieval History</a>. 30 (2): 109–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmedhist.2004.03.004">10.1016/j.jmedhist.2004.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153985534">153985534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=The+Chinon+chart+%E2%80%93+Papal+absolution+to+the+last+Templar%2C+Master+Jacques+de+Molay&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-134&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmedhist.2004.03.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153985534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frale&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199028-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199028_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurman1990">Burman 1990</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber199310-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber199310_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1993">Barber 1993</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational" class="citation web cs1">International, American. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalwarfare.info/templars.htm#masters">"The Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller"</a>. www.medievalwarfare.info. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medievalwarfare.info&rft.atitle=The+Knights+Templar+and+Knights+Hospitaller&rft.aulast=International&rft.aufirst=American&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalwarfare.info%2Ftemplars.htm%23masters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf20083–4-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf20083–4_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgtorf2008">Burgtorf 2008</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf20081-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf20081_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgtorf2008">Burgtorf 2008</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200814-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200814_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgtorf2008">Burgtorf 2008</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200815–16-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200815–16_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgtorf2008">Burgtorf 2008</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Rule of the Templars. p. article 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rule+of+the+Templars&rft.pages=article+17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelwood2013" class="citation web cs1">Selwood, Dominic (7 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630160328/http://www.dominicselwood.com/the-knights-templars-2-sergeants-chaplains-women-affiliates/">"The Knights Templars 2: Sergeants, Women, Chaplains, Affiliates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dominicselwood.com/the-knights-templars-2-sergeants-chaplains-women-affiliates/">the original</a> on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Templars+2%3A+Sergeants%2C+Women%2C+Chaplains%2C+Affiliates&rft.date=2013-04-07&rft.aulast=Selwood&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dominicselwood.com%2Fthe-knights-templars-2-sergeants-chaplains-women-affiliates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200836–37-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200836–37_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgtorf2008">Burgtorf 2008</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelwood2013" class="citation web cs1">Selwood, Dominic (20 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dominicselwood.com/the-knights-templar-1-the-knights/">"The Knights Templar 1: The Knights"</a>. Retrieved 12 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Templar+1%3A+The+Knights&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft.aulast=Selwood&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dominicselwood.com%2Fthe-knights-templar-1-the-knights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994190-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1994190_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200554-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200554_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200892-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200892_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgtorf2008">Burgtorf 2008</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf2008296-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf2008296_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgtorf2008">Burgtorf 2008</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoeller1912-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoeller1912_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoeller1912">Moeller 1912</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200897-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200897_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgtorf2008">Burgtorf 2008</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200837–38-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgtorf200837–38_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgtorf2008">Burgtorf 2008</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2001137-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2001137_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRead2001">Read 2001</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourihane2012" class="citation book cs1">Hourihane, Colum (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA514">"Flags and standards"</a>. The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. OUP USA. p. 514. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5"><bdi>978-0-19-539536-5</bdi></a>. <q>the Knights Templar [...] carried white shields with red crosses but [their] sacred banner, Beauséant, was white with a black chief</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flags+and+standards&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539536-5&rft.aulast=Hourihane&rft.aufirst=Colum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtlMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199043-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199043_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurman1990">Burman 1990</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199030–33-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199030–33_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurman1990">Burman 1990</a>, pp. 30–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200532-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200532_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994191-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1994191_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199044-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199044_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199044_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurman1990">Burman 1990</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, p. 66 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">According to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a> it was under Eugenius III that the Templars received the right to wear the characteristic red cross upon their tunics, symbolising their willingness to suffer <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> in the defence of the Holy Land.</blockquote> (WT, 12.7, p. 554. James of Vitry, 'Historia Hierosolimatana', ed. J. ars, <a href="/wiki/Dei_gesta_per_Francos" title="Dei gesta per Francos">Gesta Dei per Francos</a>, vol I(ii), Hanover, 1611, p. 1083, interprets this as a sign of martyrdom.) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 43 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Pope conferred on the Templars the right to wear a red cross on their white mantles, which symbolised their willingness to suffer martyrdom in defending the Holy Land against the infidel.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRead2001">Read 2001</a>, p. 121 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Pope Eugenius gave them the right to wear a scarlet cross over their hearts, so that the sign would serve triumphantly as a shield and they would never turn away in the face of the infidels': the red blood of the martyr was superimposed on the white of the chaste." (Melville, La Vie des Templiers, p. 92.)</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurman199046-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurman199046_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurman1990">Burman 1990</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2001141-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2001141_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2001">Nicholson 2001</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994193-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1994193_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2013" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Oliver D. (2013). "Beards: true and false". Church Monuments. 28: 124–132 (124–125).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+Monuments&rft.atitle=Beards%3A+true+and+false&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=124-132+%28124-125%29&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Oliver+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200148,_124–127-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200148,_124–127_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2001">Nicholson 2001</a>, pp. 48, 124–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200552-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200552_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2021" class="citation cs2">Nicholson, Helen J., ed. (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/knights-templar/beliefs/15B7CC66655704583F6B706253AAE50E">"Beliefs"</a>, The Knights Templar, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 33–42, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781641891691.004">10.1017/9781641891691.004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64189-169-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64189-169-1"><bdi>978-1-64189-169-1</bdi></a>, retrieved 4 April 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Knights+Templar&rft.atitle=Beliefs&rft.pages=33-42&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781641891691.004&rft.isbn=978-1-64189-169-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fknights-templar%2Fbeliefs%2F15B7CC66655704583F6B706253AAE50E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman,_Sharan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sharan_Newman" title="Sharan Newman">Newman, Sharan</a> (2007). The Real History Behind the Templars. Berkeley Publishing. pp. 304–312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+History+Behind+the+Templars&rft.pages=304-312&rft.pub=Berkeley+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Newman%2C+Sharan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19934-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber19934_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1993">Barber 1993</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200558-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200558_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggeri" class="citation web cs1">Ruggeri, Amanda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20160510-the-hidden-world-of-the-knights-templar">"The hidden world of the Knights Templar"</a>. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+hidden+world+of+the+Knights+Templar&rft.aulast=Ruggeri&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2F20160510-the-hidden-world-of-the-knights-templar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994194–195-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1994194–195_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1994">Barber 1994</a>, pp. 194–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ralls2007-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ralls2007_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ralls2007_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ralls2007_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ralls2007_129-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalls2007" class="citation book cs1">Ralls, Karen (2007). Knights Templar Encyclopedia: The Essential Guide to the People, Places, Events, and Symbols of the Order of the Temple. <a href="/wiki/Red_Wheel_Weiser_Conari" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Wheel Weiser Conari">Red Wheel Weiser Conari</a>. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-926-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-926-8"><bdi>978-1-56414-926-8</bdi></a>. <q>Founded in Portugal and approved by papal bull in 1319, after the suppression of their Order in 1312, a number of Templars joined the newly established Order of Christ. The knights of this Order became known as the Knights of Christ. They wore a white mantle with a red cross that had a white twist in the middle, which also has been translated as a double cross of red and silver in some medieval documents. Initially, the Order of Christ was located at Castro Marim; later, its headquarters was relocated to Tomar, the location of the castle of the Knights Templar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knights+Templar+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+the+People%2C+Places%2C+Events%2C+and+Symbols+of+the+Order+of+the+Temple&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Red+Wheel+Weiser+Conari&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56414-926-8&rft.aulast=Ralls&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gourdin1855-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gourdin1855_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gourdin1855_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gourdin1855_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourdin1855" class="citation book cs1">Gourdin, Theodore S. (1855). Historical Sketch of the Order of Knights Templar. Walker & Evans. p. 22. <q>Upon the suppression of the Order of Templars in Portugal, their estates were given to this equestrian militia. The name of the Order was changed to that of the Order of Christ. The Templars in Portugal suffered little persecution, and the Order of Christ, since its foundation in 1317, has always been protected by the sovereigns of that country, and also by the Popes of Rome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Sketch+of+the+Order+of+Knights+Templar&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Evans&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Gourdin&rft.aufirst=Theodore+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlo_Rohrer2007" class="citation news cs1">Finlo Rohrer (19 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7050713.stm">"What are the Knights Templar up to now?"</a>. BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 13 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+are+the+Knights+Templar+up+to+now%3F&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft.au=Finlo+Rohrer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F7050713.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> The Mythology Of The Secret Societies (London: Secker and Warburg, 1972). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-436-42030-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-436-42030-9">0-436-42030-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Peter Partner, The Murdered Magicians: The Templars And Their Myth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-215847-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-215847-3">0-19-215847-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> John Walliss, Apocalyptic Trajectories: Millenarianism and Violence In The Contemporary World, p. 130 (Bern: Peter Lang AG, European Academic Publishers, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-03910-290-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-03910-290-7">3-03910-290-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Michael Haag, Templars: History and Myth: From Solomon's Temple To The Freemasons (Profile Books Ltd, 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-153-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-153-0">978-1-84668-153-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson2011-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson2011_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Ferguson2011" class="citation book cs1">Robert Ferguson (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDI7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">The Knights Templar and Scotland</a>. History Press Limited. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6977-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6977-5"><bdi>978-0-7524-6977-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Templar+and+Scotland&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=History+Press+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6977-5&rft.au=Robert+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDI7AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FitzsimonsBécarud1969-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FitzsimonsBécarud1969_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Anthony_FitzsimonsJean_Bécarud1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Anthony_Fitzsimons" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Anthony Fitzsimons">Matthew Anthony Fitzsimons</a>; Jean Bécarud (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchto00fitz">The Catholic Church today: Western Europe</a>. University of Notre Dame Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchto00fitz/page/159">159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+today%3A+Western+Europe&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Matthew+Anthony+Fitzsimons&rft.au=Jean+B%C3%A9carud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatholicchurchto00fitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> F. A. Dutra, "Dinis, King of Portugal", in Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia (Routledge, 2003), p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gates2012-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Gates2012_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkyeampongGates2012" class="citation book cs1">Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis Gates (2012). Dictionary of African Biography. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5"><bdi>978-0-19-538207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+African+Biography&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538207-5&rft.aulast=Akyeampong&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel+Kwaku&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis+Gates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BostoenBrinkman2018-140"><a href="#cite_ref-BostoenBrinkman2018_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostoenBrinkman2018" class="citation book cs1">Bostoen, Koen; Brinkman, Inge (2018). The Kongo Kingdom: The Origins, Dynamics and Cosmopolitan Culture of an African Polity. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 237–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47418-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47418-4"><bdi>978-1-108-47418-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kongo+Kingdom%3A+The+Origins%2C+Dynamics+and+Cosmopolitan+Culture+of+an+African+Polity&rft.pages=237-238&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47418-4&rft.aulast=Bostoen&rft.aufirst=Koen&rft.au=Brinkman%2C+Inge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ragnau1913-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Ragnau1913_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagnau1913" class="citation book cs1">Ragnau, Edmond Hugues de (1913). The Vatican: The Center of Government of the Catholic World. <a href="/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Company" title="D. Appleton & Company">D. Appleton & Company</a>. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vatican%3A+The+Center+of+Government+of+the+Catholic+World&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Ragnau&rft.aufirst=Edmond+Hugues+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson2014-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson2014_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson2014_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2014" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Helen (2014). A Brief History of the Knights Templar. Little, Brown. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-1787-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-1787-8"><bdi>978-1-4721-1787-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Knights+Templar&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4721-1787-8&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmmermanOttTarter1999-143"><a href="#cite_ref-AmmermanOttTarter1999_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmermanOttTarter1999" class="citation book cs1">Ammerman, Robert T.; Ott, Peggy J.; Tarter, Ralph E. (1999). Prevention and Societal Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-67215-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-67215-7"><bdi>978-1-135-67215-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prevention+and+Societal+Impact+of+Drug+and+Alcohol+Abuse&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-135-67215-7&rft.aulast=Ammerman&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft.au=Ott%2C+Peggy+J.&rft.au=Tarter%2C+Ralph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fmt-144"><a href="#cite_ref-fmt_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303192548/http://www.freemasonrytoday.com/19/p07.php">"Freemasonry Today periodical (Issue January 2002)"</a>. Grand Lodge Publications Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasonrytoday.com/19/p07.php">the original</a> on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freemasonry+Today+periodical+%28Issue+January+2002%29&rft.pub=Grand+Lodge+Publications+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemasonrytoday.com%2F19%2Fp07.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Duane (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32284509">'Knights Templar' in War and Religion, Vol 2</a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC–CLIO. p. 464. Retrieved 28 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Knights+Templar%27+in+War+and+Religion%2C+Vol+2&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=ABC%E2%80%93CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32284509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-146"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntrovigne2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Introvigne" title="Massimo Introvigne">Introvigne, Massimo</a> (2006). "Ordeal by Fire: The Tragedy of the Solar Temple". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_the_Solar_Temple:_The_Temple_of_Death" title="The Order of the Solar Temple: The Temple of Death">The Order of the Solar Temple: The Temple of Death</a>. Controversial New Religions. Aldershot: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 19–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5285-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5285-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-5285-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ordeal+by+Fire%3A+The+Tragedy+of+the+Solar+Temple&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+the+Solar+Temple%3A+The+Temple+of+Death&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.series=Controversial+New+Religions&rft.pages=19-23&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5285-4&rft.aulast=Introvigne&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Napier2011-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Napier2011_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapier2011" class="citation book cs1">Napier, Gordon (2011). A to Z of the Knights Templar: A Guide to Their History and Legacy. History Press. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7362-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7362-8"><bdi>978-0-7524-7362-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+to+Z+of+the+Knights+Templar%3A+A+Guide+to+Their+History+and+Legacy&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-7362-8&rft.aulast=Napier&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC-148"><a href="#cite_ref-HC_148-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">The History Channel</a>, Decoding the Past: The Templar Code, 7 November 2005, video documentary written by Marcy Marzuni. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagy_Seif_El-NasrMaha_Al-SaatiSimon_NiedenthalDavid_Milam" class="citation web cs1">Magy Seif El-Nasr; Maha Al-Saati; Simon Niedenthal; David Milam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091106113413/http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/viewPDFInterstitial/51/46">"Assassin's Creed: A Multi-Cultural Read"</a>. pp. 6–7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/viewPDFInterstitial/51/46">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009. <q>we interviewed Jade Raymond ... Jade says ... Templar Treasure was ripe for exploring. What did the Templars find</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assassin%27s+Creed%3A+A+Multi-Cultural+Read&rft.pages=6-7&rft.au=Magy+Seif+El-Nasr&rft.au=Maha+Al-Saati&rft.au=Simon+Niedenthal&rft.au=David+Milam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sfu.ca%2Floading%2Findex.php%2Floading%2Farticle%2FviewPDFInterstitial%2F51%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Templars">"Templar | History, Battles, Symbols, & Legacy | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Templar+%7C+History%2C+Battles%2C+Symbols%2C+%26+Legacy+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTemplars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2005">Martin 2005</a>, p. 133. Helmut Brackert, Stephan Fuchs (eds.), Titurel, Walter de Gruyter, 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6v224EoQ8Q4C&pg=PA189">p. 189</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701003539/https://books.google.ch/books?id=6v224EoQ8Q4C&pg=PA189">Archived</a> 1 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. There is no evidence of any actual connection of the historical Templars with the Grail, nor any claim on the part of any Templar to have discovered such a relic. See Karen Ralls, Knights Templar Encyclopedia: The Essential Guide to the People, Places, Events and Symbols of the Order of the Temple, p. 156 (The Career Press, Inc., 2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-926-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-926-8">978-1-56414-926-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Louis Charpentier, Les Mystères de la Cathédrale de Chartres (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1966), translated The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral (London: Research Into Lost Knowledge Organization, 1972). </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanello,_Frank2003" class="citation book cs1">Sanello, Frank (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knightstemplarsg00sane/page/207">The Knights Templars: God's Warriors, the Devil's Bankers</a>. Taylor Trade Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knightstemplarsg00sane/page/207">207–208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87833-302-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87833-302-8"><bdi>978-0-87833-302-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Templars%3A+God%27s+Warriors%2C+the+Devil%27s+Bankers&rft.pages=207-208&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87833-302-8&rft.au=Sanello%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fknightstemplarsg00sane%2Fpage%2F207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Barber" title="Malcolm Barber">Barber, Malcolm</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newknighthoodhis0000barb">The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42041-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42041-9"><bdi>978-0-521-42041-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Knighthood%3A+A+History+of+the+Order+of+the+Temple&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42041-9&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewknighthoodhis0000barb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1993" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Malcolm (1993). The Trial of the Templars (1st ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45727-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45727-9"><bdi>978-0-521-45727-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+the+Templars&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45727-9&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2006" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Malcolm (2006). The Trial of the Templars (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67236-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67236-8"><bdi>978-0-521-67236-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+the+Templars&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67236-8&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1992" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Malcolm (1992). "Supplying the Crusader States: The Role of the Templars". In Benjamin Z. Kedar (ed.). The Horns of Hattin. Jerusalem and London. pp. 314–326.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Supplying+the+Crusader+States%3A+The+Role+of+the+Templars&rft.btitle=The+Horns+of+Hattin&rft.pages=314-326&rft.pub=Jerusalem+and+London&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgtorf2008" class="citation book cs1">Burgtorf, Jochen (2008). The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars: History, Organization, and Personnel (1099/1120–1310). Leiden: Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16660-8"><bdi>978-90-04-16660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Central+Convent+of+Hospitallers+and+Templars%3A+History%2C+Organization%2C+and+Personnel+%281099%2F1120%E2%80%931310%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16660-8&rft.aulast=Burgtorf&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurman1990" class="citation book cs1">Burman, Edward (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/templarsknightso0000burm">The Templars: Knights of God</a>. Rochester: Destiny Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-221-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-221-9"><bdi>978-0-89281-221-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Templars%3A+Knights+of+God&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pub=Destiny+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-221-9&rft.aulast=Burman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftemplarsknightso0000burm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mario Dal Bello (2013). Gli Ultimi Giorni dei Templari, Città Nuova, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-311-6451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-311-6451-1">978-88-311-6451-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForey1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Forey" title="Alan Forey">Forey, Alan</a> (1995). "The Military Orders, 1120–1312". In <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Riley-Smith, Jonathan</a> (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285428-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285428-5"><bdi>978-0-19-285428-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Military+Orders%2C+1120%E2%80%931312&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285428-5&rft.aulast=Forey&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulton2022" class="citation book cs1">Fulton, Michael S. (2022). Contest for Egypt: The Collapse of the Fatimid Caliphate, the Ebb of Crusader Influence, and the Rise of Saladin. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51227-6"><bdi>978-90-04-51227-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contest+for+Egypt%3A+The+Collapse+of+the+Fatimid+Caliphate%2C+the+Ebb+of+Crusader+Influence%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Saladin&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51227-6&rft.aulast=Fulton&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1982" class="citation book cs1">Howarth, Stephen (1982). The Knights Templar. New York: <a href="/wiki/Barnes_and_Noble" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnes and Noble">Barnes and Noble</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88029-663-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88029-663-1"><bdi>0-88029-663-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Templar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-88029-663-1&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Martin_(writer_and_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sean Martin (writer and director)">Martin, Sean</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knightstemplarhi00mart">The Knights Templar: The History & Myths of the Legendary Military Order</a>. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-645-8"><bdi>978-1-56025-645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Templar%3A+The+History+%26+Myths+of+the+Legendary+Military+Order&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56025-645-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fknightstemplarhi00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoeller1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Moeller, Charles (1912). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Knights_Templars">"Knights Templars" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Knights+Templars&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Moeller&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2001" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Helen (2001). The Knights Templar: A New History. Stroud: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2517-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2517-4"><bdi>978-0-7509-2517-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Templar%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-2517-4&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipsHoch2001" class="citation book cs1">Philips, Jonathan; Hoch, Martin, eds. (2001). The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences. Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5710-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5710-8"><bdi>0-7190-5710-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Crusade%3A+Scope+and+Consequences&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7190-5710-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piers_Paul_Read" title="Piers Paul Read">Read, Piers</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/templars00read">The Templars</a>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81071-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81071-8"><bdi>978-0-306-81071-8</bdi></a> – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Templars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81071-8&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Piers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftemplars00read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1907" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, W. B. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159">The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <q>The Latin estimates of Saladin's army are no doubt greatly exaggerated (26,000 in Tyre xxi. 23, 12,000 Turks and 9,000 Arabs in Anon.Rhen. v. 517</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusaders+in+the+East%3A+a+brief+history+of+the+wars+of+Islam+with+the+Latins+in+Syria+during+the+twelfth+and+thirteenth+centuries&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.22159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobecki2006" class="citation book cs1">Sobecki, Sebastian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbkl.de/public/index.php/frontend/lexicon?letter=M&child=Ma&article=marigny_p.art">"Marigny, Philippe de"</a>. Biographisch-bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (26th ed.). Bautz: Nordhausen. pp. 963–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marigny%2C+Philippe+de&rft.btitle=Biographisch-bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon&rft.place=Bautz&rft.pages=963-64&rft.edition=26th&rft.pub=Nordhausen&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sobecki&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2Fpublic%2Findex.php%2Ffrontend%2Flexicon%3Fletter%3DM%26child%3DMa%26article%3Dmarigny_p.art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1951). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06162-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-06162-8"><bdi>0-521-06162-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Frankish+East%2C+1100%E2%80%931187&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-521-06162-8&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmail1956" class="citation book cs1">Smail, R. C. (1956). Crusading Warfare 1097–1193. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56619-769-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56619-769-4"><bdi>1-56619-769-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusading+Warfare+1097%E2%80%931193&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=1-56619-769-4&rft.aulast=Smail&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Barber" title="Malcolm Barber">Malcolm Barber</a>, Keith Bate (2002). The Templars: Selected Sources Translated and Annotated by Malcolm Barber and Keith Bate. Manchester University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5110-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5110-X">0-7190-5110-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrighton2006" class="citation book cs1">Brighton, Simon (2006). In Search of the Knights Templar: A Guide to the Sites in Britain. London: Orion Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84433-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84433-4"><bdi>978-0-297-84433-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Knights+Templar%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Sites+in+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orion+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84433-4&rft.aulast=Brighton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jochen Burgtorf, Shlomo Lotan, Enric Mallorquí-Ruscalleda (eds.) (2021). The Templars: The Rise, Fall, and Legacy of a Military Religious Order, Routledge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-65062-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-65062-6">978-1-138-65062-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Templars">"Templars" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Templars&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton-Ward1992" class="citation book cs1">Upton-Ward, Judith Mary (1992). The Rule of the Templars: The French Text of the Rule of the Order of the Knights Templar. Ipswich: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-315-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-315-5"><bdi>978-0-85115-315-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rule+of+the+Templars%3A+The+French+Text+of+the+Rule+of+the+Order+of+the+Knights+Templar&rft.place=Ipswich&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-315-5&rft.aulast=Upton-Ward&rft.aufirst=Judith+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnights+Templar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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Templar">Knights Templar</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Templars">Templars – Encyclopedia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://member.worldhistory.org/Knights_Templar/">Knights Templar – World History Encyclopedia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Sorted_by_modern_states,_with_crusader_names_in_parentheses_()">Sorted by modern states, with crusader names in parentheses ()</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Cyprus" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Egypt" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Greece" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_monastery_in_Abu_Ghosh" title="Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a> (Fontenoid) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achziv</a> (Casal Imbertia) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel#Knights'_Halls" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> (Saint Jean d'Acre) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf" title="Apollonia–Arsuf">Apollonia–Arsuf</a> (Arsur) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastelet" title="Chastelet">Ateret Fortress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" title="Siege of Jacob's Ford">siege</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazur" title="Yazur">Yazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_%27Itab" title="Bayt 'Itab">Bayt 'Itab</a> (Bethaatap) <a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/17px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/26px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/34px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a> (Beth Gibelin) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> (Bethsan) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Castle_(Israel)" title="Belvoir Castle (Israel)">Belvoir Fortress</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgata" title="Burgata">Burgata</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafarlet" title="Cafarlet">Cafarlet</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin" title="Château Pèlerin">Château Pèlerin</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Destroit" title="Le Destroit">Destroit</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burj,_Ramle" title="Al-Burj, Ramle">Castle Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Hemed" title="Ein Hemed">Ein Hemed</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Crusader_period" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Crusader period">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/17px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/26px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/34px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Lazarus_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/17px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/26px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/34px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> (Caypha) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a> (Toron) <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunin" title="Hunin">Hunin</a> (Château Neuf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27ilya" title="Mi'ilya">Mi'ilya</a> (Castellum Regis) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_Afek" title="Migdal Afek">Migdal Afek</a> (Mirabel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Castle" title="Montfort Castle">Montfort</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a> (Calanson) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaqun" title="Qaqun">Qaqun</a> (Caco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qastal,_Jerusalem" title="Al-Qastal, Jerusalem">Qastal</a> (Beauverium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qula" title="Qula">Qula</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> (Saphet) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taibe,_Galilee" title="Taibe, Galilee">Taibe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Afek" title="Tel Afek">Tel Afek</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hanaton" title="Tel Hanaton">Tel Hanaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Safi" title="Tell es-Safi">Tell es-Safi</a> (Blanche Garde) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Tanninim" title="Tel Tanninim">Tel Tanninim (Torin Selin)</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba,_Jerusalem" title="Suba, Jerusalem">Suba</a> (Belmont) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Yokneam" title="Tel Yokneam">Tel Yokneam</a> (Caymont) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibna" title="Yibna">Yavne</a> (Ibelin) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> (La Sephorie) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Khalid" title="Umm Khalid">Umm Khalid</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Jiddin" title="Khirbat Jiddin">Khirbat Jiddin</a> (Judin) <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Castle" title="Ajloun Castle">Ajloun Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_(castle)" title="Montreal (castle)">Montreal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafilah" title="Tafilah">Tafilah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27ayra_Castle" title="Wu'ayra Castle">Vaux Moise</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Castle,_Lebanon" title="Beaufort Castle, Lebanon">Beaufort Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Castle" title="Beirut Castle">Beirut Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belhacem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belhacem (page does not exist)">Belhacem</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_Castle" title="Byblos Castle">Byblos Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqra,_Lebanon#Doubay_or_'Qal'at_ad-Dubba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaqra, Lebanon">Dubay Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibelacar" title="Gibelacar">Gibelacar</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliath" title="Coliath">Coliath</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Kifa#Castle" title="Deir Kifa">Deir Kifa Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasbaya#The_Citadel" title="Hasbaya">Hasbaya Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moinetre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moinetre (page does not exist)">Moinetre</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mseilha_Fort" title="Mseilha Fort">Puy du Connétable, Castrum Constabularii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Nephin</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Castle" title="Saint Louis Castle">Saint Louis Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandelion_Castle" title="Scandelion Castle">Scandelion Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Sea_Castle" title="Sidon Sea Castle">Sidon Sea Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Syria" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Turkey" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Associations</dt> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/17px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/26px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/34px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Knights Templar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Lazarus_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/17px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/26px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/34px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Lazarus" title="Order of Saint Lazarus">Order of Saint Lazarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–451) <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state church</a> (380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41300#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41300#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41300#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121871735">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152491765">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4134088-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80113860">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11877777b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11877777b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49286661">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002148896&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126532&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX130246">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1450248439834">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268823305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07780203?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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