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aria-controls="toc-From_veneration_to_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle From veneration to theology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-From_veneration_to_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theological_basis_for_the_veneration_of_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_basis_for_the_veneration_of_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Theological basis for the veneration of Mary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_basis_for_the_veneration_of_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mary's_role_in_salvation_and_redemption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mary's_role_in_salvation_and_redemption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Mary's role in salvation and redemption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mary's_role_in_salvation_and_redemption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mary_as_the_masterwork_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mary_as_the_masterwork_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Mary as the masterwork of God </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mary_as_the_masterwork_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mary_as_protectress_and_intercessor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mary_as_protectress_and_intercessor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Mary as protectress and intercessor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mary_as_protectress_and_intercessor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_Marian_doctrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_Marian_doctrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Development of Marian doctrines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_Marian_doctrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Liturgical aspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early veneration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_Marian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_Marian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Growth of Marian culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_Marian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_saints_and_veneration_of_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_saints_and_veneration_of_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Catholic saints and veneration of Mary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_saints_and_veneration_of_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feast_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Feast days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feast_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiphons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiphons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Antiphons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiphons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prayers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Devotions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Devotions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Devotions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Devotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Consecration and entrustment to Mary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_view_of_Marian_apparitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_view_of_Marian_apparitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Catholic view of Marian apparitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_view_of_Marian_apparitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration_through_Marian_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration_through_Marian_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Veneration through Marian art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration_through_Marian_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marian_movements_and_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marian_movements_and_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Marian movements and societies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marian_movements_and_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marian_shrines_and_patronages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marian_shrines_and_patronages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Marian shrines and patronages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marian_shrines_and_patronages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Cultural adaptations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" > 14 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwerc%27hez_Vari" title="Gwerc'hez Vari – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwerc'hez Vari" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birheng_Maria" title="Birheng Maria – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Birheng Maria" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Acta_k_Pann%C4%9B_Marii_v_katolick%C3%A9_c%C3%ADrkvi" title="Úcta k Panně Marii v katolické církvi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úcta k Panně Marii v katolické církvi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgen_Mar%C3%ADa_en_la_Iglesia_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Virgen María en la Iglesia católica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virgen María en la Iglesia católica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EA%B2%BD%EC%A7%80%EB%A1%80" title="상경지례 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상경지례" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghormatan_kepada_Maria_dalam_Gereja_Katolik" title="Penghormatan kepada Maria dalam Gereja Katolik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghormatan kepada Maria dalam Gereja Katolik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerazione_di_Maria_nella_Chiesa_cattolica" title="Venerazione di Maria nella Chiesa cattolica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Venerazione di Maria nella Chiesa cattolica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heshima_ya_pekee_kwa_Bikira_Maria" title="Heshima ya pekee kwa Bikira Maria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Heshima ya pekee kwa Bikira Maria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%B4%87%E6%95%AC" title="マリア崇敬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリア崇敬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neitsyt_Marian_kunnioittaminen_katolisessa_kirkossa" title="Neitsyt Marian kunnioittaminen katolisessa kirkossa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neitsyt Marian kunnioittaminen katolisessa kirkossa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benerasyon_ni_Maria_sa_Simbahang_Katoliko" title="Benerasyon ni Maria sa Simbahang Katoliko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Benerasyon ni Maria sa Simbahang Katoliko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="தூய கன்னி மரியா (கத்தோலிக்கம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தூய கன்னி மரியா (கத்தோலிக்கம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="พระนางมารีย์พรหมจารี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระนางมารีย์พรหมจารี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Trinh_n%E1%BB%AF_Maria_(C%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1o)" title="Đức Trinh nữ Maria (Công giáo) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đức Trinh nữ Maria (Công giáo)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman Catholic veneration of Mary</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Blessed Virgin</div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Mary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:SIMONE_MARTINI_Maest%C3%A0_(detail)_1315.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SIMONE_MARTINI_Maest%C3%A0_%28detail%29_1315.jpg/220px-SIMONE_MARTINI_Maest%C3%A0_%28detail%29_1315.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SIMONE_MARTINI_Maest%C3%A0_%28detail%29_1315.jpg/330px-SIMONE_MARTINI_Maest%C3%A0_%28detail%29_1315.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SIMONE_MARTINI_Maest%C3%A0_%28detail%29_1315.jpg/440px-SIMONE_MARTINI_Maest%C3%A0_%28detail%29_1315.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1527" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God (Roman Catholic)">Mother of God</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a> <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Our Lady</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">September 8 (<a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">The Catholic Church teaches that, at the end of her natural life, she was assumed into heaven, body and soul (<a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Pre-Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, others (see <a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines to the Virgin Mary</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Marian feast days</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blue mantle, white veil, Immaculate heart, crown of 12 stars, pregnant woman, halo with 12 stars, roses, woman with child</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> encompasses various <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian devotion">devotions</a> which include prayer, pious acts, visual arts, poetry, and music devoted to her.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Popes have encouraged it, while also taking steps to reform some manifestations of it.<a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> has insisted on the importance of distinguishing "true from false devotion, and authentic doctrine from its deformations by excess or defect".<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> There are significantly more titles, feasts, and venerative Marian practices among Roman Catholics than in other Western Christian traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FrankFlinn-5">[4]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Hyperdulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperdulia">hyperdulia</a> indicates the special veneration due to Mary, greater than the ordinary <a href="/wiki/Dulia_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulia (Latin)">dulia</a> for other saints, but utterly unlike the <a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">latria</a> due only to God. Belief in the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> through Mary is the basis for calling her the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God (Roman Catholic)">Mother of God</a>, which was declared a dogma at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431. At the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>'s encyclical <a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris mater</a>, she is spoken of also as Mother of the Church.<a href="#cite_note-RedMater-6">[5]</a> Growth of Roman Catholic veneration of Mary and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a> has often come not from official declarations, but from <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Marian writings of the saints</a>, popular devotion, and at times reported <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian apparitions">Marian apparitions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> approves only a select few as worthy of belief, the most recent being the 2008 approval of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Laus" title="Our Lady of Laus">certain apparitions from 1665</a>.<a href="#cite_note-catholicnewsagency1-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-catholicnewsagency2-8">[7]</a> Further pious veneration of Mary encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> are exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_coronation" title="Canonical coronation">canonical coronations</a> granted to popular Marian images venerated in a particular locality all over the world, while <a href="/wiki/Marian_movements_and_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian movements and societies">Marian movements and societies</a> with millions of members have arisen from belief in events such as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Fátima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Akita" title="Our Lady of Akita">Akita</a>, and other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-udayton1-9">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_Christ_to_Mary_in_the_Roman_Catholic_tradition">From Christ to Mary in the Roman Catholic tradition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: From Christ to Mary in the Roman Catholic tradition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Mariology" title="Category:Catholic Mariology">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immaculate Conception"><img alt="Immaculate Conception" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/150px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/225px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/300px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="2717" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Aranjuez_Immaculate_Conception" title="Aranjuez Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1675)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Overview</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecrations and entrustments</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veneration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos (Mother of God)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Victory">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Our Lady, Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Peace">Queen of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Holy_Virgin_Mary,_Queen_of_Poland" title="The Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland">Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugium_Peccatorum" title="Refugium Peccatorum">Refugium Peccatorum (Refuge of Sinners)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Untier_of_Knots" title="Mary, Untier of Knots">Untier of Knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian hymns">hymns</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flos_Carmeli" title="Flos Carmeli">Flos Carmeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_of_Gold" title="Hail Mary of Gold">Hail Mary of Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculata_prayer" title="Immaculata prayer">Immaculata prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Mary, Mother of Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Marian_hymns" title="Template:Marian hymns">Marian hymns</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Devotional practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary">Acts of Reparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecration to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Saturdays_Devotion" title="First Saturdays Devotion">First Saturdays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Joys_of_the_Virgin" title="Seven Joys of the Virgin">Seven Joys of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows#Seven_Sorrows_of_Mary" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Seven Sorrows of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Movements and societies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodality_of_Our_Lady" title="Sodality of Our Lady">Sodality of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of Marian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Mary" title="Company of Mary">Company of Mary (Montfort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Marianists (Society of Mary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Marist Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">World Apostolate of Fátima</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">(Blue Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariological_Society_of_America" title="Mariological Society of America">Mariological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady%27s_Rosary_Makers" title="Our Lady's Rosary Makers">Our Lady's Rosary Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Movement_of_Priests" title="Marian Movement of Priests">Marian Movement of Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Family_Apostolate" title="Fatima Family Apostolate">Fatima Family Apostolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Angels_Foundation" title="Queen of Angels Foundation">Queen of Angels Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">Apparitions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions#Approved,_with_widespread_liturgical_veneration_endorsed_by_the_Holy_See" title="List of Marian apparitions">Approved, with widespread liturgical veneration endorsed by the Holy See</a>:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Fátima</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Secrets_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Three Secrets of Fátima">Three Secrets of Fátima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knock_Shrine" title="Knock Shrine">Knock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Our Lady of Walsingham">Walsingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_of_Mary" title="Dowry of Mary">Dowry of Mary</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Key Marian feast days</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mother of God</a> (1 January)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (2 February)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a> (25 March)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> (15 August)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity</a> (8 September)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Name_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Holy Name</a> (12 September)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a> (21 November)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (8 December)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In Roman Catholic teachings, the veneration of Mary is a natural consequence of <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>: Jesus and Mary are son and mother, redeemer and redeemed.<a href="#cite_note-Rahner903-10">[9]</a> This sentiment was expressed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in his encyclical Redemptoris mater: "At the centre of this mystery, in the midst of this wonderment of faith, stands Mary. As the loving Mother of the Redeemer, she was the first to experience it: 'To the wonderment of nature you bore your Creator'!"<a href="#cite_note-RedMater-6">[5]</a> In the Roman Catholic tradition Mariology is seen as Christology developed to its full potential.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Mary is seen as contributing to a fuller understanding of the life of Jesus. In this view, a Christology without Mary is not based on the total revelation of the Bible. Traces of this parallel interpretation go back to the early days of Christianity and numerous saints have since focused on it.<a href="#cite_note-Rahner903-10">[9]</a> The development of this approach continued into the 20th century. In his 1946 publication Compendium Mariologiae, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology(RC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariology(RC) (page does not exist)">Mariologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Roschini" title="Gabriel Roschini">Gabriel Roschini</a> explained that Mary not only participated in the birth of the physical Jesus, but, with conception, she entered with him into a <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> union. The divine salvation plan, being not only material, includes a permanent spiritual unity with Christ.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>) wrote: "It is necessary to go back to Mary if we want to return to that 'truth about Jesus Christ,' 'truth about the Church' and 'truth about man' that <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a> proposed as a program to all of Christianity," in order to ensure an authentic approach to Christology via a return to the "whole truth about Mary".<a href="#cite_note-BurkeMariology-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_veneration_to_theology">From veneration to theology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: From veneration to theology">edit</a>]</div> It is possible that the practice of invoking the aid of the Mother of Christ had become more familiar to the faithful some time before any expression of it in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Fathers">Early Church Fathers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thurston-16">[15]</a> Christians' love for Mary intuited, frequently in anticipation, certain aspects of the mystery of <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">the Blessed Virgin</a>, calling the attention of theologians and pastors to them.<a href="#cite_note-gaudience-17">[16]</a> Venerative and devotional practices have often preceded formal theological declarations by the <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The veneration of the Blessed Virgin takes place in various ways. Marian prayers and hymns usually begin with veneration (honor) of her, followed by petitions.<a href="#cite_note-MMiles-19">[18]</a> The number of Marian titles continued to grow as of the 3rd century, and many titles existed by the 5th century, growing especially during the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_basis_for_the_veneration_of_Mary">Theological basis for the veneration of Mary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theological basis for the veneration of Mary">edit</a>]</div> Veneration for Mary is based on the reference in the Gospel of Luke to Mary as the selected handmaid of the Lord who is greeted and praised by both <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a> and the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>. God's work is further illuminated in the Marian dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church such as the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a>, and are, in the Roman Catholic view, part of the apostolic tradition and divine revelation.<a href="#cite_note-McNally132-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Catholics distinguish veneration from worship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mary's_role_in_salvation_and_redemption">Mary's role in salvation and redemption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mary's role in salvation and redemption">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%283%29.jpg/180px-Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%283%29.jpg/270px-Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%283%29.jpg/360px-Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Virgin Mary from the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece" title="Ghent Altarpiece">Ghent Altarpiece</a>, 1432</figcaption></figure> One of the components of the Catholic veneration of Mary is the focus on her participation in the processes of salvation and redemption.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> This has been explored by such writers as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_von_Speyr" title="Adrienne von Speyr">Adrienne von Speyr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> John's Gospel records her presence at the beginning and end of Jesus' public life. Particularly significant is Mary's presence at the Cross, when she received from her dying Son the charge to be mother to the beloved disciple. Catholics interpret that through the disciple, Christ is giving care of Mary to all Christians.<a href="#cite_note-gaudience-17">[16]</a> The Acts of the Apostles expressly numbers the Mother of Jesus among the women of the first community awaiting Pentecost. <a href="/wiki/John_Eudes" title="John Eudes">John Eudes</a> wrote that: "The Virgin Mary began to cooperate in the plan of salvation, from the moment she gave her consent to the Incarnation of the Son of God".<a href="#cite_note-Aumann-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a>, the 1964 Dogmatic Constitution of the Church recognized, "all the salvific influence of the Blessed Virgin on men originates, not from some inner necessity, but from the divine pleasure. It flows forth from the superabundance of the merits of Christ, rests on His mediation, depends entirely on it and draws all its power from it."<a href="#cite_note-ppvi-27">[26]</a> In a singular way she cooperated by her obedience, faith, hope, and burning charity in the work of the Savior in giving back supernatural life to souls. "Wherefore she is our mother in the order of grace."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lumen_gentium'',_§61-28">[27]</a> One of the first scholars to offer theological foundations on the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> was the Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> who developed the concept that Mary was preserved from sin by the redemptive virtue of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Devotions to and the veneration of the Virgin Mary continued to spread, as she came to be seen as the helpful mother of Christians, and by the 15th century these practices had oriented many Catholic devotions.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Giuliani" title="Veronica Giuliani">Veronica Giuliani</a> expressed how Mary's suffering in Calvary united her heart with that of Jesus as she suffered each torment along with him.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The joint devotion to the hearts was formalized by Jean Eudes who organized the scriptural and theological foundations and developed its liturgical themes.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The venerative aspects of the united nature of the two hearts continued through the centuries and in 1985 Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> coined the term <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_the_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a>, and in 1986 addressed the international conference on that topic held at <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fátima, Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> By the 18th century, the continued growth of Marian veneration had emphasized the role of the Virgin Mary in salvation. The Catholic focus on the role of Mary in salvation and redemption continued with <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>'s 1987 encyclical Redemptoris mater.<a href="#cite_note-RedMater-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mary_as_the_masterwork_of_God">Mary as the masterwork of God</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mary as the masterwork of God">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, in paragraphs 721–726, claims that Mary is the first dwelling-place of God in salvation history. As such, she is the masterwork of God and the start of God bringing mankind into communion with Jesus. In Mary's womb, Jesus is the manifestation of God's wonders, the fulfillment of God's plan of loving goodness, and the definitive <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a>. As such, Mary is typified by the <a href="/wiki/Burning_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning Bush">Burning Bush</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> and by wisdom in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mary_as_protectress_and_intercessor">Mary as protectress and intercessor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mary as protectress and intercessor">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sano_di_Pietro._Madonna_of_Mercy.1440s_Private_coll..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sano_di_Pietro._Madonna_of_Mercy.1440s_Private_coll..jpg/220px-Sano_di_Pietro._Madonna_of_Mercy.1440s_Private_coll..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sano_di_Pietro._Madonna_of_Mercy.1440s_Private_coll..jpg/330px-Sano_di_Pietro._Madonna_of_Mercy.1440s_Private_coll..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sano_di_Pietro._Madonna_of_Mercy.1440s_Private_coll..jpg/440px-Sano_di_Pietro._Madonna_of_Mercy.1440s_Private_coll..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a> protecting a group of nuns under her mantle. <a href="/wiki/Sano_di_Pietro" title="Sano di Pietro">Sano di Pietro</a>, 15th century.</figcaption></figure> It was through Mary's intercession, through compassion for the hosts, at the marriage feast of Cana, that Jesus worked his first miracle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lumen_gentium'',_§61-28">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> states: "From the most ancient times the Blessed Virgin has been honored with the title of 'Mother of God,' to whose protection the faithful fly in all their dangers and needs."<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> observe the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a> in October. Roman Catholic views of the Virgin Mary as refuge and advocate of sinners, protector from dangers and powerful intercessor with her Son, Jesus are expressed in prayers, artistic depictions, theology, and popular and devotional writings, as well as in the use of religious articles and images.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The earliest known prayer to Mary, the <a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a>, ("Under your protection") dates from about the 3rd century.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The artistic depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a> portray the role of Mary as the protector of Christians, as she shelters them under her mantle. The Virgin of Mercy depictions sometimes include arrows raining from above, with the Virgin's cloak protecting the people.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Catholics have continued to seek the protection of Mary as the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_Sorrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of Sorrows">Mother of Sorrows</a> and relied on her intercession as the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Building on that sentiment, popes have entrusted specific causes to the protection of the Virgin Mary. Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a> entrusted the protection of the world through the intercession of Mary Queen of Peace during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy</a>, also known as the order of Our Lady of Ransom or Order of Captives began in the 13th century in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> (Spain) to ransom captive Christians (slaves) held in Muslim hands. The order now focuses on the role of the Virgin Mary as the protector of captives and prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The depictions of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a> arose from the prayers and devotions of Portuguese navigators, who saw the Virgin Mary as their protector during storms and other hazards. Prayers to Our Lady of Navigators are well known in South America, specially <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, where its February 2 feast is an official holiday.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_of_the_Navigators" title="The Virgin of the Navigators">The Virgin of the Navigators</a>, depicting ships under her mantle, is the earliest known painting whose subject is the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalupano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Guadalupano.jpg/150px-Guadalupano.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Guadalupano.jpg/225px-Guadalupano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Guadalupano.jpg/300px-Guadalupano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Hidalgo">Miguel Hidalgo</a>'s 1810 <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupan</a> flag</figcaption></figure> Both <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Hidalgo">Miguel Hidalgo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> flew flags of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a> as their protector, and Zapata's men wore the Guadalupan image around their necks and on their <a href="/wiki/Sombrero" title="Sombrero">sombreros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 1979 ceremony Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> placed <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of Guadalupe">Virgin of Guadalupe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The prayer, the <a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a> begins: "Remember O most gracious Virgin Mary, that never was it known that anyone who fled to Thy protection, implored Thy help or sought Thy intercession, was left unaided."<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a> taught that God appointed Mary as "the dispenser of grace", and to receive grace from God, one can receive it through the hands of the Blessed Virgin, as a child receives from a mother.<a href="#cite_note-Aumann-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a> states: "This, however, is to be so understood that it neither takes away from nor adds anything to the dignity and efficaciousness of Christ the one Mediator."<a href="#cite_note-ppvi-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> has said that her "entire life was contained in her song of praise" of the greatness of the Lord. Francis goes on to confide that at Marian shrines he likes to <blockquote>spend time looking at the Blessed Mother and letting her look at me. I pray for a childlike trust, the trust of the poor and simple who know that their mother is there, and that they have a place in her heart. And in looking at her, to hear once more, like the Indian <a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego" title="Juan Diego">Juan Diego</a>: "My youngest son, what is the matter? Do not let it disturb your heart. Am I not here, I who have the honour to be your mother?"<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_Marian_doctrines">Development of Marian doctrines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development of Marian doctrines">edit</a>]</div> The theological development of devotion to Mary begins with <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> (100–165) who articulated Mary's role in salvation history as the Second Eve.<a href="#cite_note-Ellington-56">[55]</a> This was followed up by <a href="/wiki/Iren%C3%A6us" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenæus">Irenæus</a>, whom <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Thurston" title="Herbert Thurston">Herbert Thurston</a> calls "the first theologian of the Virgin Mother".<a href="#cite_note-Thurston-16">[15]</a> The Catholic Church's magisterium has identified four teachings about Mary as dogmas of faith. These include belief in her <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virginal conception of Jesus</a>, taught by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431 applied to her the description "<a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God (Roman Catholic)">Mother of God</a>", (<a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">perpetual virginity of Mary</a> was taught by the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> in 553, which described her as "ever virgin", and was expressed also, by the Lateran synod of October 649,<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> states that from the first moment of her existence Mary was without <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> This doctrine was proclaimed a dogma <a href="/wiki/Ex_cathedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex cathedra">ex cathedra</a> by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> in 1854. The dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>, defined by Pope Pius XII in 1950, states that, at the end of her earthly life, her body did not suffer corruption but was assumed into heaven and became a <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heavenly body</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical_aspects">Liturgical aspects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liturgical aspects">edit</a>]</div> In the first three centuries the emphasis was on the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrs">martyrs</a>, as a continuation of the yearly celebrations of their death, e.g. as noted in the early Christian text on the <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp" title="Martyrdom of Polycarp">Martyrdom of Polycarp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In the Eastern traditions Mariology developed through liturgical veneration within the framework of the feasts relative to the Incarnation.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> In the early part of the 3rd century, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> recorded the first liturgical reference to the Virgin Mary, as part of the ordination rite of a bishop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNally200968–69-62">[61]</a> Marian feasts appeared in the 4th century, and the feast of the "Memory of Mary, Mother of God" was celebrated on August 15 in Jerusalem by the year 350.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNally200968–69-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The Roman Catholic liturgy is one of the most important elements of <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotions</a>. Many Marian feasts are superior to the feast days of the other saints. The liturgical texts of the Marian feast days all link Mary to Jesus Christ. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_veneration">Early veneration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early veneration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_catacomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madonna_catacomb.jpg/180px-Madonna_catacomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madonna_catacomb.jpg/270px-Madonna_catacomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madonna_catacomb.jpg/360px-Madonna_catacomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Earliest fresco of the Virgin Mary, <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_of_Priscilla" title="Catacomb of Priscilla">Catacomb of Priscilla</a>, 2nd century<a href="#cite_note-Lossky-64">[63]</a></figcaption></figure> Mary, as the mother of Jesus, is documented in Roman <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a>: paintings from the first half of the 2nd century show her holding the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thurston-16">[15]</a> Excavations in the crypt of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a> uncovered a very early fresco of Mary together with Saint Peter.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The Roman <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_catacomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Priscilla catacomb">Priscilla catacombs</a> depict the oldest Marian paintings from the middle of the 2nd century:<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Mary is shown with <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> on her lap; they are next to a man in a tunic, his left hand holding a book and his right hand pointing to a star over his head, the latter being an Old Testament symbol of messiahs and/or the Messiah. These catacombs also have a depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lossky-64">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> (AD 313) allowed Christians to worship openly. This new freedom also permitted literary development of the veneration of Mary, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> being an early example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNally200968–69-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-umer1-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, who lived in Rome before going to Milan as its bishop, venerated Mary as an example of Christian life and is credited with starting a Marian cult of virginity in the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Marian veneration was theologically sanctioned with the adoption of the title <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (Mother of God) at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431. The earliest known churches dedicated to Mary were built shortly after that date, among these the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Seat_of_Mary" title="Church of the Seat of Mary">Church of the Seat of Mary</a> (Kathisma) near <a href="/wiki/Mar_Elias_Monastery" title="Mar Elias Monastery">Mar Elias Monastery</a>, between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The first <a href="/wiki/Marian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian church">Marian churches</a> in Rome date from the 5th and 6th centuries: <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">Santa Maria in Trastevere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Antiqua" title="Santa Maria Antiqua">Santa Maria Antiqua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thurston-16">[15]</a> However, the very earliest church dedicated to the Virgin Mary still dates to the late 4th century in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church#Dubious" title="Talk:Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">discuss</a>] where[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] an inscription dedicating it to the Theotokos was found among the ruins.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_Marian_culture">Growth of Marian culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Growth of Marian culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apse_of_Santa_Maria_Maggiore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Apse_of_Santa_Maria_Maggiore.jpg/240px-Apse_of_Santa_Maria_Maggiore.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Apse_of_Santa_Maria_Maggiore.jpg/360px-Apse_of_Santa_Maria_Maggiore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Apse_of_Santa_Maria_Maggiore.jpg/480px-Apse_of_Santa_Maria_Maggiore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8489" data-file-height="5729" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, the first Marian church in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, originally built between 430 and 440<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> In the early Middle Ages, veneration of Mary was particularly expressed in monasteries, especially those of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Benedict">Benedictines</a>. Chants such as <a href="/wiki/Ave_Maris_Stella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave Maris Stella">Ave Maris Stella</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a> emerged and became staples of monastic plainsong.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In the 8th century, <a href="/wiki/Little_Office_of_Our_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Office of Our Lady">The Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> developed from the monks' practice of praying the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">Canonical hours</a>. The Carolingians encouraged Marian piety by the celebration of Marian feast days and the dedication of churches in her honor.<a href="#cite_note-Ellington-56">[55]</a> Devotional practices grew in number. The <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> period saw the construction of major <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian churches">Marian churches</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Speyer_Cathedral" title="Speyer Cathedral">Speyer Cathedral</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Mariendom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariendom">Mariendom</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Flanders">Our Lady of Flanders</a> Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Tournai,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tournai, Belgium">Tournai, Belgium</a>. From the year 1000 onward more and more churches, including many of Europe's greatest cathedrals were dedicated to Mary. Gothic cathedrals, such as <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Chartres" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Chartres">Our Lady of Chartres</a> near Paris, were major masterworks of the time. Construction of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Assunta,_Siena" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria Assunta, Siena">Santa Maria Assunta</a> Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Siena,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Siena, Italy">Siena, Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Cathedral,_Luxembourg" title="Notre-Dame Cathedral, Luxembourg">Notre-Dame Cathedral, Luxembourg</a> increased the number of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian churches">churches devoted to the Virgin Mary</a>. The 12th and 13th centuries saw an extraordinary growth of the cult of the Virgin in Western Europe, inspired in part by the writings of theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>. The movement found its grandest expression in the French cathedrals, often dedicated to "Our Lady", such as <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Bayeux" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame de Bayeux">Notre-Dame de Bayeux</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-Heilbrunn-72">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Our Lady of Walsingham">Walsingham</a> and other places of Marian pilgrimage developed large popular followings. At the height of the pilgrimage movement in the 11th and 12th centuries, hundreds of people were traveling almost constantly from one Marian shrine to the next.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> By the 14th century, Mary had become greatly popular as a compassionate intercessor and protector of humanity, and during the great plagues (such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>) her help was sought against the just judgment of God.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> witnessed a dramatic growth in venerative Marian art.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> By the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> had introduced a tide against Marian venerations in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> However, at the same time new Marian devotions were starting in Latin America based on <a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego" title="Juan Diego">Juan Diego</a>'s 1531 reported vision of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>. The ensuing Marian pilgrimages have continued to date and the Marian Basilica on <a href="/wiki/Tepeyac_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepeyac Hill">Tepeyac Hill</a> remains the most visited Catholic shrine in the world.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-77">[76]</a> In the 17th and 18th centuries writings by the saints, coupled with papal encouragements, increased the growth of Marian devotions, and gave rise to the definition and declaration of new Marian doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Marian culture continues to develop within the Catholic Church. In 1974, after four years of preparation, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> issued the Apostolic Letter <a href="/wiki/Marialis_Cultus" title="Marialis Cultus">Marialis Cultus</a>. In this document, (which was subtitled For the Right Ordering and Development of Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary) Paul VI not only discussed the history of Marian devotions but also overviewed their rationale and provided suggestions for their future direction, their theological and pastoral value. He called for "preventing any tendency (as has happened at times in certain forms of popular piety) to separate devotion to the Blessed Virgin from its necessary point of reference-Christ"(MC, 4).<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> This followed the turn of events at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, which followed a century of increased emphasis on devotion to Mary.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The Council document <a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum Concilium</a>, sought to give guidance on the place of devotions in Christian piety:<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> It decreed that "Devotions should be so drawn up that they harmonize with the liturgical seasons, accord with the sacred liturgy, are in some fashion derived from it, and lead the people to it, since, in fact, the liturgy by its very nature far surpasses any of them" (SC, 13). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_saints_and_veneration_of_Mary">Catholic saints and veneration of Mary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Catholic saints and veneration of Mary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></div> Roman Catholic devotions have relied on the writings of numerous saints throughout history who have attested to the central role of Mary in God's plan of salvation.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Early saints included <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyons">Irenaeus of Lyons</a> in the 2nd century who was perhaps the earliest of the Church Fathers to write systematically about the Virgin Mary, and he set out a forthright account of her role in the economy of salvation.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose of Milan">Ambrose of Milan</a> (339–397) based the veneration of Mary not only on her virginity but also on her extraordinary courage.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_of_Clairvaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard of Clairvaux">Bernhard of Clairvaux</a> highlighted her virginity and humility as the basis for her veneration.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> A particularly significant contribution to Mariology came from John <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> who in the 13th century defended the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Scotus identified the key theological foundations which led to the declaration of the dogma of Immaculate Conception centuries later.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> instructed the Jesuits to preserve <a href="/wiki/Madonna_della_Strada" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna della Strada">Madonna della Strada</a>, which was later enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Gesu" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Gesu">Church of the Gesu</a> in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Neri" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippo Neri">Filippo Neri</a>, a contemporary of Ignatius, is credited with the innovation of daily Marian devotions during the <a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">month of May</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/The_Glories_of_Mary" title="The Glories of Mary">The Glories of Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a> explained how God gave Mary to mankind as the "Gate of Heaven", quoting <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, "No one can enter Heaven unless by Mary, as though through a door."<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/True_Devotion_to_Mary" title="True Devotion to Mary">True Devotion to Mary</a> synthesized many of the writings of earlier saints. His approach of "total consecration to Jesus Christ through Mary" had a strong impact on Marian devotion both in popular piety and in the spirituality of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feast_days">Feast days</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Feast days">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Marian feast days</a></div> The earliest Christian feasts that relate to Mary grew out of the cycle of feasts that celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a>. By the 7th century a feast dedicated to Mary was celebrated just before Christmas in the churches of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-MaryClayton-95">[94]</a> Over time, the number of feasts (and the associated <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">titles of Mary</a>) and the venerative practices that accompany them increased and today the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has more Marian feasts, titles, and venerative practices than any other Christian body.<a href="#cite_note-FrankFlinn-5">[4]</a> Marian feasts have continued to be developed in the Catholic Church, e.g. the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Queenship_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenship of Mary">Queenship of Mary</a> was declared in the 1954 in the papal encyclical <a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a> by pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdCaeli-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azzano_processione_santo_rosario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Azzano_processione_santo_rosario.jpg/240px-Azzano_processione_santo_rosario.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Azzano_processione_santo_rosario.jpg/360px-Azzano_processione_santo_rosario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Azzano_processione_santo_rosario.jpg/480px-Azzano_processione_santo_rosario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary">Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary</a> procession during October in <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a>, adopted the custom of dedicating Saturday to Mary. The month of October was established as the "month of the Rosary" by Pope <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a>, who recommended daily Rosary devotions in October.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> During the month of May, <a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> take place in many Catholic regions. These may include the singing of Marian anthems, crowning of statues of Mary with floral wreaths, readings from <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scriptures</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a>, and or presentation by local choirs.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The month is also associated with reflection on the Virgin Mary's role as the ideal disciple who sheds light on the Christian way of life, and theologian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> stated: "When we are involved in our May Devotions, we are engaged in a Christian understanding of the human situation."<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgen_Andacollo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Virgen_Andacollo.jpg/240px-Virgen_Andacollo.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Virgen_Andacollo.jpg/360px-Virgen_Andacollo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Virgen_Andacollo.jpg/480px-Virgen_Andacollo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Andacollo" title="Our Lady of Andacollo">Feast of Our Lady of Andacollo</a> procession in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, 1838</figcaption></figure> The Roman Catholic Church celebrates three Marian <a href="/wiki/Solemnity" title="Solemnity">solemnities</a> which are also <a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">holy days of obligation</a> in many countries during the liturgical year<a href="#cite_note-usccb.org-103">[102]</a> (in liturgical order): <ul><li>December 8 <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Feast of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li>January 1 <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God (Roman Catholic)">Mary, Mother of God</a></li> <li>August 15 <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li></ul> Among the other prominent Marian feast days and memorials in the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> of the Catholic Church are:<a href="#cite_note-usccb.org-103">[102]</a> <ul><li>December 10 Our Lady of Loreto</li> <li>December 12 <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li> <li>February 11 <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li>May 13 <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li>May 31 <a href="/wiki/Visitation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li>Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of the Church (Monday after Pentecost)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (Saturday after <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a>)</li> <li>July 16 Our Lady of Mount Carmel</li> <li>August 5 Dedication of the Basilica of Saint Mary Major</li> <li>August 22 <a href="/wiki/Queenship_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenship of Mary">Queenship of Mary</a></li> <li>September 8 <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li>September 12 Most Holy Name of Mary</li> <li>September 15 Our Lady of Sorrows</li> <li>October 7 Our Lady of the Rosary</li> <li>November 21 Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Titles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranach_Madonna_under_the_fir_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cranach_Madonna_under_the_fir_tree.jpg/250px-Cranach_Madonna_under_the_fir_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cranach_Madonna_under_the_fir_tree.jpg/375px-Cranach_Madonna_under_the_fir_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cranach_Madonna_under_the_fir_tree.jpg/500px-Cranach_Madonna_under_the_fir_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>The Blessed Virgin Mary depicted as mother, holding the <a href="/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">Child Jesus</a>. Archdiocesan Museum, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>. </figcaption></figure> A large number of titles to honor Mary or ask for her intercession are used by Roman Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> While Mater Dei (i.e. "Mother of God" as confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a>, 431) is common in Latin, a large number of other titles have been used by Roman Catholics – far more than any other Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FrankFlinn-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Titles used to refer to the Virgin Mary throughout history, at times reflect the changing attitudes towards her. <a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">Domina</a> (lady), Regina (queen) and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Stella Maris</a> (star of the sea) are some of the early titles of Mary, of which Regina is the earliest. Domina and Sella Maris are found in <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> who perhaps originated the <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of Mary as Stella Maris in the 5th century. While the early emphasis in Stella Maris was on Mary as the Star that bore Christ, by the 9th century, the attention had focused on Mary herself, as indicated in the hymn <a href="/wiki/Ave_Maris_Stella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave Maris Stella">Ave Maris Stella</a>. By the 11th century, Mary herself had emerged as the star that acted as a guiding light.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> By the 13th century, as <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> was growing, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a> had composed Mary Our Queen.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Titles continue to be interpreted, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a> was further elaborated in 1954 in the papal encyclical <a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a> by pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdCaeli-96">[95]</a> Among the most prominent Roman Catholic Marian titles are:<a href="#cite_note-Jameson-109">[108]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God (Roman Catholic)">Mary, Mother of God</a></li> <li>Mary, the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, Queen of Heaven">Mary, Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li>Queen of the Angels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Peace">Queen of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Star of the Sea</a> (Stella Maris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Mother of All Sorrows</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian music">Roman Catholic Marian music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns to Mary</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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<div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma_Redemptoris_Mater.ogg" title="File:Alma Redemptoris Mater.ogg">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="78" data-mwtitle="Alma_Redemptoris_Mater.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater.ogg/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Marian antiphon sung at Compline and Lauds between the First Sunday of Advent and Candlemas</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiphons">Antiphons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Antiphons">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a> includes several offices to be sung, including <a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a>. At the close of this office, one of four <a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphon">Marian antiphons</a> is sung. These songs, <a href="/wiki/Alma_redemptoris_mater" class="mw-redirect" title="Alma redemptoris mater">Alma redemptoris mater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a>, have been described as "among the most beautiful creations of the late Middle Ages".<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> One of the earliest Marian compositions is the popular <a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> from a Benedictine monk, which exists in several Gregorian versions. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Reichenau" title="Hermann of Reichenau">Hermann of Reichenau</a> (July 18, 1013 – September 24, 1054), composed the <a href="/wiki/Alma_redemptoris_mater" class="mw-redirect" title="Alma redemptoris mater">Alma redemptoris mater</a> and hymns to Mary became part of daily life at monasteries such as the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Cluny" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Cluny">Abbey of Cluny</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-ChristianRaab-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> While the date of the composition of <a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a> is uncertain, conjecture that it antedates the fourth century seems to be without any warrant of external or internal evidence. It is found in the St. Alban's Book of the twelfth century.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Regina_Caeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Regina Caeli">Regina Caeli</a> has been traced back to the twelfth century.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> It is difficult to trace the beginning of non-<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian</a> Marian liturgical music.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In 1277 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Pope Nicholas III</a> prescribed rules for liturgy in Roman churches.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Graduale_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduale Romanum">Graduale Romanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyriale" title="Kyriale">Kyriale</a> IX and X are both for Marian feasts. Over the centuries, Marian master pieces have continued to appear, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s Coronation Mass.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="List of compositions by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">list of compositions by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a> includes numerous Marian masses: Salve Regina, Alma Redemptoris, Assumpta est Maria, Regina caeli, de beata Virgine, Ave Regina caelorum, Descendit Angelus Domini, and O Virgo simul et Mater.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> wrote several Marian <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">compositions</a> including two famous Marian Masses.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Marian hymns</a> include O Mary, we Crown Thee With Blossoms Today, <a href="/wiki/Hail_Queen_of_Heaven,_the_Ocean_Star" title="Hail Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star">Hail Queen of Heaven</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Regina Caeli</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave Maria">Ave Maria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prayers">Prayers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prayers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marian_litanies" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian litanies">Marian litanies</a></div> Author Emily Shapcote lists 150 Marian poems and hymns in her book Mary the Perfect Woman.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Such prayers and poems go as far back as the 3rd century, but enjoyed a rapid growth during the 11th and 12th centuries. Some of the best poetry written in honor of the Blessed virgin comes from this period of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MMiles-19">[18]</a> "Because of Mary's singular cooperation with the action of the Holy Spirit, the Church loves to pray in communion with the Virgin Mary, to magnify with her the great things the Lord has done for her, and to entrust supplications and praises to her.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The earliest known Marian prayer is the <a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a>, or Beneath Thy Protection, a text for which was rediscovered in 1917 on a papyrus in Egypt dated often to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 250, but by others to the 5–6th century.<a href="#cite_note-Burke,_Raymond_L._2008_page_178-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tim_S._Perry_page_142-126">[125]</a> The papyrus contains the prayer in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and is the earliest known reference to the title <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431):<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <blockquote> Beneath your compassion, We take refuge, O Mother of God: do not despise our petitions in time of trouble: but rescue us from dangers, only pure, only blessed one. </blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Little_Office_of_Our_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Office of Our Lady">Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> probably originated as a <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> devotion around the middle of the eighth century.<a href="#cite_note-toke-128">[127]</a> It is a variation of the Common of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a> (Divine Office). It may have originally been put together to be prayed in connection with the Votive Masses of Our Lady on Saturday, which were written by <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a>, the liturgical master of Charlemagne's court.<a href="#cite_note-dayton-129">[128]</a> The Little Office did not come into general use before the tenth century. During the 11th century, as the number of monasteries grew, so did Marian prayers. There is little or no trace of the <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a> as an accepted devotional formula before about 1050. All the evidence suggests that it took its rise from certain versicles and responsories occurring in the Little Office or Cursus of the Blessed Virgin which just at that time was coming into favour among the monastic orders. Two Anglo-Saxon manuscripts at the British Museum, one of which may be as old as the year 1030, show that the words "Ave Maria" etc. and "benedicta tu in mulieribus et benedictus fructus ventris tui" occurred in almost every part of the Cursus, and though it is not clear that these clauses were at first joined together so as to make one prayer, there is conclusive evidence that this had come to pass only a very little later.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> As regards the addition of the word "Jesus," it is commonly said that this was due to the initiative of Pope Urban IV (1261) although the evidence does not seem sufficiently clear to warrant positive statement on the point.<a href="#cite_note-Thurston-16">[15]</a> This was the prayer as known to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> when he gave a Lenten sermon on the "Salutation of the Blessed Virgin" in 1273.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> By the fourteenth century it was not uncommon to conclude with an appeal for sinners and especially for help at the hour of death. Official recognition of the Ave Maria in its complete form was finally given in the Roman Breviary of 1568.<a href="#cite_note-Thurston-16">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_Angelus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_Angelus.jpg/220px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_Angelus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_Angelus.jpg/330px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_Angelus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_Angelus.jpg/440px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_Angelus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Angelus_(painting)" title="The Angelus (painting)">The Angelus</a>, 1857–1859, Jean-François Millet</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a> is a traditional Roman Catholic devotional practice of reciting three Hail Marys as a petition for purity and other virtues. The practice of saying three Hail Marys in the evening somewhere about sunset had become general throughout Europe in the first half of the fourteenth century and it was recommended by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> in 1318. The practice was observed by <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a> and eventually developed into the <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a> prayer.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The Angelus is a prayer commemorating the Incarnation. It originated with the 11th-century monastic custom of reciting three Hail Marys during the evening, or Compline bell. It was traditionally recited in Roman Catholic churches, convents, and monasteries three times daily: 6:00 am, noon, and 6:00 pm and is usually accompanied by the ringing of the Angelus bell, which is a call to prayer.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> In the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> gave sermons (De duodecim stellis), from which an extract has been taken by the Roman Catholic Church and used in the Offices of the Compassion and of the Seven Dolours. Saint Bernard wrote: "Take away Mary, this star of the sea, the sea truly great and wide: what is left but enveloping darkness and the shadow of death and the densest blackness?"<a href="#cite_note-ChristianRaab-112">[111]</a> There are pious meditations on the <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a>, usually attributed either to <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Lucca" title="Anselm of Lucca">St. Anselm of Lucca</a> (d. 1080) or <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">St. Bernard</a>; and also in the large book "De laudibus B. Mariae Virginis" (Douai, 1625) by Richard de Saint-Laurent. Other famous Marian prayers include the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a>. The mostly anonymous Middle English Lyrics of the Later Middle Ages show passionate forms of personal worship, known as affective devotion. The lyrics, reflecting the theology, depict Mary as not just the woman but also the ideal that all humanity should strive for. Mary's humility is one of the qualities highlighted by in the Middle English Lyrics. The lyric "Gabriel, from hevenë king/ sent to the maidë swetë" is an excellent example of Mary's humility. The lyric's author builds upon this theme throughout the lyric. The second stanza "Mildëliche him gan answere/ The midlë maiden thannë." The theme of humility is fully developed in the third stanza; <blockquote> When the maiden understood/ And th'angles wordës herdë,/ Mildëliche with mildë mod/ To th'angel she answerdë:/ 'Our Lordës thew-maiden i-wis/ Ich am, that her-aboven is./ Anentës me/ Fulforthëd be/ Thy, sawë;/ That Ich, sithe His wil is,/ Maiden, withouten lawë,/ Of moder have the blis. <a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devotions">Devotions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Devotions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosary_and_scapular" title="Rosary and scapular">Rosary and scapular</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosary_devotions_and_spirituality" title="Rosary devotions and spirituality">Rosary devotions and spirituality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosary%26scapular.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rosary%26scapular.jpg/220px-Rosary%26scapular.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rosary%26scapular.jpg/330px-Rosary%26scapular.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rosary%26scapular.jpg/440px-Rosary%26scapular.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2991" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption>Rosary and scapular of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></figcaption></figure> The term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/devotion" class="extiw" title="wikt:devotion">devotions</a>" is commonly understood to refer to those external practices of piety by which the faith of an individual finds expression.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Such prayers or acts may be accompanied by specific requests for Mary's <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession</a> with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burke667-137">[136]</a> Devotion to the Virgin Mary does not, however, amount to worship – which is reserved for God. A wide range of <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian devotion">Marian devotions</a> are followed by Catholics ranging from simple <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> recitations to formalized Novenas to activities which do not involve any prayers, such the wearing of scapulars or maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Two well known Marian devotions are the Rosary recitation and the wearing of the Brown Scapular. Following their joint growth in the 18th and 19th centuries, by the early 20th century the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> and the devotional <a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapular</a> had gained such a strong following among Catholics worldwide that the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> of 1914 stated: "Like the Rosary, the Brown Scapular has become the badge of the devout Catholic."<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> In his encyclical <a href="/wiki/Rosarium_Virginis_Mariae" title="Rosarium Virginis Mariae">Rosarium Virginis Mariae</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> emphasized the importance of the Rosary. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">Mariological</a> basis of the Scapular devotion is effectively the same as Marian consecration, as discussed in the dogmatic constitution <a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, namely the role of the Virgin Mary as "the mother to us in the order of grace" which allows her to intercede for "the gift of eternal salvation".<a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-140">[139]</a> The same Council decree clarified that the many ways in which Mary can encourage and assist us "neither takes away from nor adds anything to the dignity and efficaciousness of Christ the one Mediator."<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> tradition includes specific prayers and devotions as <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary">Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary</a> for insults that she suffers. The <a href="/wiki/Raccolta" title="Raccolta">Raccolta</a> Roman Catholic prayer book (approved by a Decree of 1854, and published by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> in 1898) includes a number of such prayers. These prayers do not involve a petition for a living or deceased beneficiary, but aim to <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_reparation" title="Acts of reparation">repair the sins</a> of others against the Virgin Mary.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary">Consecration and entrustment to Mary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consecration and entrustment to Mary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecration and entrustment to Mary</a></div> For centuries, Marian devotions among Roman Catholics have included many examples of personal or collective acts of <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> and entrustment to the Virgin Mary; the Latin terms oblatio, servitus, commendatio, and dedicatio were used in this context.<a href="#cite_note-VaticanEntrust-145">[144]</a> The Catholic Church makes it clear that "the faithful should be carefully instructed about the practice of consecration to the Blessed Virgin Mary ... it is, in reality, only analogously a 'consecration to God,' and should be expressed in a correct liturgical manner: to the Father, through Christ in the Holy Spirit, imploring the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, to whom we entrust ourselves completely, so as to keep our baptismal commitments and live as her children."<a href="#cite_note-VaticanEntrust-145">[144]</a> Individuals declaring their "entrustment" to Mary seek her intercession before God through her son Jesus Christ, for she herself has no divine power.<a href="#cite_note-CathEncyConsecration-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murphy96-147">[146]</a> In Catholic teachings, consecration to Mary does not diminish or substitute the love of God, but enhances it, for all consecration is ultimately made to God.<a href="#cite_note-CatholicismAnswerTrigilioBrighenti-148">[147]</a> In modern times, <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> clarified consecration to Mary in his 1987 encyclical, Redemptoris mater, in which he stated, "Mary's motherhood ... is a gift which Christ himself makes personally to every individual."<a href="#cite_note-RedMater-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_view_of_Marian_apparitions">Catholic view of Marian apparitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Catholic view of Marian apparitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian apparitions">Marian apparitions</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarpingenErscheinungen1999L1070006_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MarpingenErscheinungen1999L1070006_%282%29.jpg/230px-MarpingenErscheinungen1999L1070006_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MarpingenErscheinungen1999L1070006_%282%29.jpg/345px-MarpingenErscheinungen1999L1070006_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MarpingenErscheinungen1999L1070006_%282%29.jpg/460px-MarpingenErscheinungen1999L1070006_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Marpingen" title="Marpingen">Marpingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, Our Lady is said to have appeared several times to three groups of visionaries: in 1876–1877, then in 1934–1936, and finally in 1999. The investigation conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Trier">Bishop of Trier</a> after the last apparition concluded in 2005 that "the events in Marpingen cannot be confirmed as being of supernatural origin".<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></figcaption></figure> Many <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian apparitions">Marian apparitions</a> have been reported by believers, including <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Freze-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> In some cases (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alexandrina_of_Balazar" title="Alexandrina of Balazar">Alexandrina of Balazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Padre Pio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maria_Pierina_De_Micheli" title="Maria Pierina De Micheli">Maria Pierina De Micheli</a>) these have involved <a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">visions of Jesus and Mary</a> and sometimes include a spoken element. The official position of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> is that while the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Office">Holy Office</a> has approved a few apparitions of the Virgin Mary, Roman Catholics at large are not required to believe them. However, many Catholics express belief in Marian apparitions.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> This has included popes, e.g. four popes, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> have supported the Our Lady of Fátima apparitions as supernatural. <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> was particularly attached to Fátima and credited the Blessed Virgin of Fátima with saving his life after he was shot in Rome on the Feast Day of Our Lady of Fátima in May 1981. He donated the bullet that wounded him on that day to the Roman Catholic sanctuary at <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fátima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Freze-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> As a historical pattern, Vatican approval seems to have followed general acceptance of a vision by well over a century in most cases. According to Salvatore M. Perrella of the <a href="/wiki/Marianum" title="Marianum">Mariunum Pontifical Institute</a> in Rome, of the 295 reported apparitions studied by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> through the centuries only 12 have been approved, the latest being in May 2008.<a href="#cite_note-catholicnewsagency1-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-catholicnewsagency2-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration_through_Marian_art">Veneration through Marian art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Veneration through Marian art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian art in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7758" data-file-height="10025" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin" title="The Glorification of the Virgin">The Glorification of the Virgin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1490–1495) by <a href="/wiki/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans" title="Geertgen tot Sint Jans">Geertgen tot Sint Jans</a></figcaption></figure> The tradition of honoring Mary by venerating images of her goes back to 3rd-century Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Following the period of <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>, the position of the church with respect to the veneration of images was formalized at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> in 787. A summary of the doctrine is included in the current Catechism of the Catholic Church. <blockquote> The Christian veneration of images is not contrary to the first commandment which proscribes idols. Indeed, "the honour rendered to an image passes to its prototype," and "whoever venerates an image venerates the person portrayed in it." The honour paid to sacred images is a "respectful veneration," not the adoration due to God alone: Religious worship is not directed to images in themselves, considered as mere things, but under their distinctive aspect as images leading us on to God Incarnate. The movement toward the image does not terminate in it as image, but tends towards that whose image it is.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> </blockquote> No other image (in either the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Church">Eastern Church</a>) permeates Christian art as much as the image of Madonna and Child.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> The images of the Virgin Mary have become central <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> where Mary remains a central artistic topic.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Byzantine images of the Theotokos were adopted in the West, where Byzantine models became widely distributed in by the 7th century. The Virgin Mary has been one of the major subjects of <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_in_Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in Roman Catholicism">Catholic Art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Art">Western Art</a> since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">Early Christian art</a> and she has been very widely portrayed in iconic "portraits", often known as <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonnas</a>, with the infant Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a>, and in a number of narrative scenes from her life known as the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a>, as well as scenes illustrating particular doctrines or beliefs: from masters such as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Murillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a> to <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Some Marian art subjects include the: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the Magi in Art">Adoration of the Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the shepherds">Adoration of the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art">Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_taking_leave_of_his_mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ taking leave of his mother">Christ taking leave of his mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_art#Immaculate_Conception" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian art">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian art">Marian art</a> enjoys a significant level of diversity, e.g. with distinct styles of statues of the Virgin Mary present on different continents (as depicted in the galleries in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian art">Roman Catholic Marian art</a>). These depictions are not restricted to European art, and also appear in South American paintings.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> The South American tradition of Marian veneration through art dates back to the 16th century, with the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Copacabana" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of Copacabana">Virgin of Copacabana</a> gaining fame in 1582.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marian_movements_and_societies">Marian movements and societies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Marian movements and societies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_Movements_and_Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian Movements and Societies">Roman Catholic Marian Movements and Societies</a></div> Throughout the centuries the devotion to and the veneration of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholics has both led to, and been influenced by a number of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_Movements_and_Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian Movements and Societies">Roman Catholic Marian Movements and Societies</a>. These societies form part of the fabric of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">Roman Catholic Mariology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-udayton1-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> As early as the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Sodality_of_Our_Lady" title="Sodality of Our Lady">Sodality of Our Lady</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> commending it and granting it <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a> and establishing it as the mother sodality, and other sodalities were formed thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> The 18th and 19th centuries saw a number of missionary Marian organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Mary" title="Company of Mary">Company of Mary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marianists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianists">Marianists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marist_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Marist Fathers">Marist Fathers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a>. Some of these missionaries, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a>, were martyred as they travelled to new lands.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The 20th century witnessed the formation of Marian organizations with millions of members, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fatima">Blue Army of Our Lady of Fatima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marian_shrines_and_patronages">Marian shrines and patronages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Marian shrines and patronages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marian_shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian shrines">Marian shrines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian churches">Roman Catholic Marian churches</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida%2C_2007.jpg/300px-Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida%2C_2007.jpg/450px-Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida%2C_2007.jpg/600px-Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1611" /></a><figcaption>The Marian Basilica of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida">Our Lady of Aparecida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the largest church in the Americas<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_and_surroundings_of_the_grotto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_and_surroundings_of_the_grotto.jpg/260px-Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_and_surroundings_of_the_grotto.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_and_surroundings_of_the_grotto.jpg/390px-Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_and_surroundings_of_the_grotto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_and_surroundings_of_the_grotto.jpg/520px-Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_and_surroundings_of_the_grotto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5982" data-file-height="3365" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes">Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A1tima_-_Portugal_(48916886317).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/F%C3%A1tima_-_Portugal_%2848916886317%29.jpg/260px-F%C3%A1tima_-_Portugal_%2848916886317%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/F%C3%A1tima_-_Portugal_%2848916886317%29.jpg/390px-F%C3%A1tima_-_Portugal_%2848916886317%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/F%C3%A1tima_-_Portugal_%2848916886317%29.jpg/520px-F%C3%A1tima_-_Portugal_%2848916886317%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Sanctuary of Fátima">Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary</a> in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fátima, Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Church a <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a> is a church or sacred place which receives many faithful pilgrims for a specific pious reason. The local <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary (Catholic Church)">ordinary</a> must approve the shrine.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Marian shrines account for major veneration centers and pilgrimage sites for Roman Catholics. According to Bishop Francesco Giogia, at the end of the 20th century, the most visited Catholic shrine in the world was that of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of Guadalupe">Virgin of Guadalupe</a> in Mexico City. In third place was <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida">Our Lady of Aparecida</a> in Brazil, with the non-Marian shrine of <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Rotondo" title="San Giovanni Rotondo">San Giovanni Rotondo</a> in second place.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-77">[76]</a> The visual effect of Marian pilgrimages can be dramatic, e.g. on May 13 and October 13 of each year close to one million Catholic pilgrims walk the country road that leads to the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Around 2 million pilgrims journey up <a href="/wiki/Tepeyac_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepeyac hill">Tepeyac hill</a> on December 12 each year to visit the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe">Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> While in 1968 Aparecida had about four million pilgrims,<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> the number has since reached eight million pilgrims per year.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Major Marian shrines include: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe">Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima</a> in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fátima, Portugal</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Health" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health">Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vailankanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Vailankanni">Vailankanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1afrancia_Basilica" title="Peñafrancia Basilica">Basilica</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Pe%C3%B1afrancia" title="Our Lady of Peñafrancia">Our Lady of Peñafrancia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur" title="Naga, Camarines Sur">Naga City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the Holy House">Basilica of the Holy House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Loreto,_Marche" title="Loreto, Marche">Loreto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_Monastery" title="Jasna Góra Monastery">Shrine of Black Madonna of Częstochowa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Knock_Shrine" title="Knock Shrine">Basilica of Our Lady, Queen of Ireland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Knock,_County_Mayo" title="Knock, County Mayo">Knock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ta%27_Pinu" title="Ta' Pinu">Basilica of Our Lady of Ta' Pinu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>.</li></ul> There are other Marian pilgrimage sites such as <a href="/wiki/Medjugorje" title="Medjugorje">Medjugorje</a>, which is not considered a shrine by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, but yet receives a large number of pilgrims every year.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> The number of pilgrims who visit some of the approved shrines every year can be significant. E.g. <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a> with a population of around 15,000 people, receives about 5,000,000 pilgrims every year.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> In 1881 a French priest, <a href="/wiki/Julien_Gouyet" title="Julien Gouyet">Julien Gouyet</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">visions of Jesus and Mary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Emmerich" title="Anne Catherine Emmerich">Anne Catherine Emmerich</a> (<a href="/wiki/Klemens_Brentano" class="mw-redirect" title="Klemens Brentano">Klemens Brentano</a>, 1852) discovered the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="House of the Virgin Mary">House of the Virgin Mary</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> A number of countries, cities, and professions consider the Blessed Virgin their <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>. For a list, see <a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_adaptations">Cultural adaptations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cultural adaptations">edit</a>]</div> Echoing the Byzantine depiction of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, the Eastern Church portrayed Mary as the regal Queen of Heaven. As this theme spread to the West, prayers such as the <a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MMiles-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a> were composed. An example of the cultural adaptation of perspective includes the view of the Virgin Mary as a mother with humility (rather than a heavenly queen) as the Franciscans began to preach in China, and its similarity to the local Chinese motherly and merciful figure of <a href="/wiki/Kuanyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuanyin">Kuanyin</a>, which was much admired in south China.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego" title="Juan Diego">Juan Diego</a>'s account of the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of Guadalupe">Virgin of Guadalupe</a> in 1531 as a tanned <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> princess who spoke in his local <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> language. The clothing of the Virgin of Guadalupe image has been identified[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] as that of an Aztec princess.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Somervill-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Other views, such as the Virgin Mary as a "miracle worker" have existed for centuries and are still held by many Catholics as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Instances include the <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna_of_Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Black Madonna of Częstochowa">Black Madonna of Częstochowa</a> which continues to be venerated today as the Patron of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a> – Lourdes receives millions of pilgrims per year. However, the Vatican has generally been reluctant to approve of modern miracles, unless they have been subject to extensive analysis and scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_views_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical views of Mary">Ecumenical views of Mary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> For example, on March 12, 1969, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> reduced and rearranged the number of Marian feast days in Sanctitas clarior. Several of his predecessors did similarly. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,730158-1,00.html">"Santa Maria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_Inc." title="Time Inc.">Time Inc.</a> March 27, 1927. 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May 5, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Vatican+recognizes+Marian+apparitions+in+France&rft.date=2008-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F12546%2Fvatican-recognizes-marian-apparitions-in-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholicnewsagency2-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catholicnewsagency2_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholicnewsagency2_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrella2008" class="citation news cs1">Perrella, Salvatore M. (May 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/12588/expert-explains-churchs-criteria-for-confirming-marian-apparitions">"Expert explains Church's criteria for confirming Marian apparitions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. Retrieved June 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Expert+explains+Church%27s+criteria+for+confirming+Marian+apparitions.&rft.date=2008-05-08&rft.aulast=Perrella&rft.aufirst=Salvatore+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F12588%2Fexpert-explains-churchs-criteria-for-confirming-marian-apparitions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-udayton1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-udayton1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-udayton1_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoganKulkarni2012" class="citation web cs1">Hogan, Robert; Kulkarni, Sumithra (February 7, 2012) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/index.php">"Pastoral Marian Organizations in the United States"</a>. International Marian Research Institute. The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute. Retrieved June 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Marian+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Pastoral+Marian+Organizations+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+Sumithra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fudayton.edu%2Fimri%2Fmary%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahner903-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahner903_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahner903_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmaus2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmaus, Michael (2004) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC">"Mariology"</a>. In Rahner, Karl (ed.). Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi. Mumbai: St Pauls. pp. 893–905. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860120063" title="Special:BookSources/9780860120063"><bdi>9780860120063</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mariology&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Theology%3A+A+Concise+Sacramentum+Mundi&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=893-905&rft.pub=St+Pauls&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780860120063&rft.aulast=Schmaus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWtnR-6_PlJAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystici corporis Christi</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Cardinal_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="John Henry Cardinal Newman">John Henry Cardinal Newman</a>: Mariology is always christocentric, in Michael Testa, Mary: The Virgin Mary in the Life and Writings of John Henry Newman (2001); and Mariology Is Christology in <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Messori" title="Vittorio Messori">Vittorio Messori</a>, "The Mary Hypothesis" (Rome, 2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryAbraham2006" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Tim; Abraham, William J. (2006). Mary for Evangelicals: Toward an Understanding of the Mother of Our Lord (Illustrated ed.). Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830825691" title="Special:BookSources/9780830825691"><bdi>9780830825691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+for+Evangelicals%3A+Toward+an+Understanding+of+the+Mother+of+Our+Lord&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=303&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780830825691&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Abraham%2C+William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNachef2000" class="citation book cs1">Nachef, Antoine (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_JtmrGDLB4C">Mary's Pope: John Paul II, Mary, and the Church Since Vatican II</a>. Franklin, Wisconsin: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580510776" title="Special:BookSources/9781580510776"><bdi>9781580510776</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary%27s+Pope%3A+John+Paul+II%2C+Mary%2C+and+the+Church+Since+Vatican+II&rft.place=Franklin%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781580510776&rft.aulast=Nachef&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_JtmrGDLB4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmaus1955" class="citation book cs1">Schmaus, Michael (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0L_WmgEACAAJ">Mariologie</a> [Mariology]. Katholische Dogmatik [Catholic Dogma]. Vol. 5. Hueber. p. 328. Retrieved June 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mariologie&rft.series=%27%27Katholische+Dogmatik%27%27+%5B%27%27Catholic+Dogma%27%27%5D&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Hueber&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Schmaus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0L_WmgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurkeMariology-15"><a href="#cite_ref-BurkeMariology_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiravalle2007" class="citation book cs1">Miravalle, Mark I., ed. (2007). "Editor's Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ez0VRbQi1i4C">Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians and Consecrated Persons</a>. Goleta, Georgia: Seat of Wisdom Books. pp. xxi–xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579183554" title="Special:BookSources/9781579183554"><bdi>9781579183554</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editor%27s+Introduction&rft.btitle=Mariology%3A+A+Guide+for+Priests%2C+Deacons%2C+Seminarians+and+Consecrated+Persons&rft.place=Goleta%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=xxi-xxiii&rft.pub=Seat+of+Wisdom+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781579183554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dez0VRbQi1i4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thurston-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thurston_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thurston_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thurston_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thurston_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thurston_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thurston_16-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thurston, Herbert (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15459a.htm">"Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary"</a>. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved June 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devotion+to+the+Blessed+Virgin+Mary&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15459a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaudience-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gaudience_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaudience_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1995" class="citation news cs1">Pope John Paul II (November 15, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/papaldoc/jp2bvm4.htm">"Church Grew in Understanding of Mary's Role"</a>. <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a>. The Cathedral Foundation. p. 11. Retrieved June 6, 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Osservatore+Romano&rft.atitle=Church+Grew+in+Understanding+of+Mary%27s+Role&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1995-11-15&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2Fpapaldoc%2Fjp2bvm4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartimortDalmaisJounel1986" class="citation book cs1">Martimort, Aimé Georges; Dalmais, Irénée Henri; Jounel, Pierre (1986). Martimort, Aimé Georges; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWdk0AZlzZIC">The Liturgy and Time</a>. The Church at Prayer: An Introduction to the Liturgy. Vol. IV. Translated by Matthew J. O'Connell (New ed.). Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814613665" title="Special:BookSources/9780814613665"><bdi>9780814613665</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liturgy+and+Time&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.series=The+Church+at+Prayer%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Liturgy&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=The+Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780814613665&rft.aulast=Martimort&rft.aufirst=Aim%C3%A9+Georges&rft.au=Dalmais%2C+Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e+Henri&rft.au=Jounel%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWdk0AZlzZIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMiles-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MMiles_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMiles_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMiles_19-2">c</a> Maiden and Mother: Prayers, Hymns, Devotions, and Songs to the Beloved Virgin Mary Throughout the Year by Margaret R. Miles 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-305-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-305-7">0-86012-305-7</a> pages vii–x <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PE6MlDNijNAC&dq=%22Regina+Caelorum%22+mary+poem+maiden+mother&pg=PR8">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Volume 2 by André Vauchez et al 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-282-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-282-6">1-57958-282-6</a> page 919 </li> <li id="cite_note-McNally132-21"><a href="#cite_ref-McNally132_21-0">^</a> McNally, Terrence, What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6">1-4415-1051-6</a> p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Bäumer, 597 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Haffner, Paul. The mystery of Mary, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85244-650-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85244-650-0">0-85244-650-0</a> p. 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Schillebeeckx, Edward. Mary, mother of the redemption, 1964, ASIN B003KW30VG pp. 82–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Von Speyr, Adrienne, Mary in the Redemption, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-955-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-955-5">0-89870-955-5</a> pp. 2–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Aumann-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aumann_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aumann_26-1">b</a> Spiritual Theology by Jordan Aumann 1980 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7220-8518-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7220-8518-4">0-7220-8518-4</a> pp. 62–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-ppvi-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ppvi_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ppvi_27-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Pope Paul VI. Lumen gentium, §60, 21 November 1964</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Lumen_gentium'',_§61-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Lumen_gentium'',_§61_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Lumen_gentium'',_§61_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLumen_gentium,_§61">Lumen gentium, §61</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Summa Theologiae: Volume 51, Our Lady: 3a. 27–30 by Thomas Aquinas, Thomas R. 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Gordon Melton 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5455-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5455-X">0-8160-5455-X</a> pages 443–444 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.i.html">"The Canons of the Two Hundred Holy and Blessed Fathers Who Met at Ephesus"</a>. Ccel.org. June 1, 2005. Retrieved November 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Canons+of+the+Two+Hundred+Holy+and+Blessed+Fathers+Who+Met+at+Ephesus&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.x.xvi.i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> The Christian theology reader by Alister E. McGrath 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-5358-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-5358-X">1-4051-5358-X</a> page 273 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England by Mary Clayton 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53115-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-53115-2">0-521-53115-2</a> pages 249–252 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> The greatest Marian prayers: their history, meaning, and usage by Anthony M. Buono 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8189-0861-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8189-0861-0">0-8189-0861-0</a> page 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jameson-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Jameson_109-0">^</a> Legends of the Madonna by Anna Jameson 2009 1406853380 page 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Willi Apel, Gregorian Chant 1958 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20601-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20601-4">0-253-20601-4</a> p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Music In Western Civilisation by Craig M. Wright, Bryan R. Simm 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-00867-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-495-00867-2">0-495-00867-2</a> page 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristianRaab-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChristianRaab_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChristianRaab_112-1">b</a> The Tradition of Catholic Prayer by Christian Raab, Harry Hagan 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-3184-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-3184-3">0-8146-3184-3</a> page 234 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Socías2006" class="citation book cs1">James Socías (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AgaDx-NSiMYC&q=Alma+Redemptoris+Mater&pg=RA4-PA472">Handbook of Prayers</a>. Our Sunday Visitor, Publishing Division. p. 472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-579-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-579-1"><bdi>978-0-87973-579-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Prayers&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor%2C+Publishing+Division&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87973-579-1&rft.au=James+Soc%C3%ADas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAgaDx-NSiMYC%26q%3DAlma%2BRedemptoris%2BMater%26pg%3DRA4-PA472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02149b.htm">Henry, Hugh. "Ave Regina." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 11 October 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12718b.htm">Henry, Hugh. "Regina Coeli (Queen of Heaven)." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 11 October 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Harvard dictionary of music by Willi Apel 1944 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-37501-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-37501-7">0-674-37501-7</a> pages 355–356 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Bäumer, 652 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Songs of the dove and the nightingale: sacred and secular music c.900-c.1600 by Greta Mary Hair, Robyn E. 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G.P. A Collection of My Favorite Prayers, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4116-9457-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4116-9457-0">1-4116-9457-0</a> pages 31, 45, 70, 86, 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Mary the Perfect Woman: One Hundred and Fifty Rhythms in Honor of the Mystical Life of Our Lady by Emily Mary Shapcote 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-103-66388-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-103-66388-7">1-103-66388-7</a> pages xxii–xxxiii <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-sb0izzxnAC&q=%22mary+the+perfect+woman%22">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P9G.HTM#:~:text=2682%20">Paragraph 2682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+2682&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke,_Raymond_L._2008_page_178-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Burke,_Raymond_L._2008_page_178_125-0">^</a> Burke, Raymond L.; et al. (2008). Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4">978-1-57918-355-4</a> page 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tim_S._Perry_page_142-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Tim_S._Perry_page_142_126-0">^</a> Mary for evangelicals by Tim S. Perry, William J. Abraham 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2569-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2569-X">0-8308-2569-X</a> page 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3 by Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12654-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12654-6">90-04-12654-6</a> page 406 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ly4DgtT3LkC&dq=Sub+tuum+praesidium+history&pg=PA406">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-toke-128"><a href="#cite_ref-toke_128-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09294a.htm">Toke, Leslie. "Little Office of Our Lady." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 1 October 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-dayton-129"><a href="#cite_ref-dayton_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.udayton.edu/imri/mary/l/little-office-what-is.php">"Little Office, What is : University of Dayton, Ohio"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+Office%2C+What+is+%3A+University+of+Dayton%2C+Ohio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.udayton.edu%2Fimri%2Fmary%2Fl%2Flittle-office-what-is.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Thurston, Herbert. "The Hail Mary" The Month, Nov., 1901, pp. 486-8 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Thomas Aquinas. The Three Greatest Prayers, (Laurence Shapcote, trans.) Burns, Oates & Washburn, Ltd. (London 1937) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01486b.htm">"Angelus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angelus&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01486b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01486b.htm">Thurston, Herbert. "Angelus." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 13 October 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Anonymous (2013). Number 77 "Gabriel, from hevenë king." In T. Duncan (Ed.), Medieval English Lyrics and Carols. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html">"Directory on popular piety and the liturgy. Principles and guidelines"</a>. Congregation for Divine Worship. Retrieved December 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directory+on+popular+piety+and+the+liturgy.+Principles+and+guidelines&rft.pub=Congregation+for+Divine+Worship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fccdds%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Marmion, Columba. Christ, the Ideal of the Priest, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85244-657-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85244-657-8">0-85244-657-8</a> p. 332 </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke667-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Burke667_137-0">^</a> Burke, Raymond L.; et al. (2008). Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4">978-1-57918-355-4</a> pages 667-679 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> pages 11 and 341 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Scapular">"Scapular" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scapular&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vatican.va-140"><a href="#cite_ref-vatican.va_140-0">^</a> Vatican website: <a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a> No 61 and No 62 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a> 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Raccolta">"Raccolta" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raccolta&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Joseph P. Christopher et al., 2003 The Raccolta St Athanasius Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9706526-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9706526-6-9">978-0-9706526-6-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-VaticanEntrust-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VaticanEntrust_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VaticanEntrust_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html#Chapter%20Five">"Veneration of the Holy Mother of God, item 204"</a>. Retrieved November 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veneration+of+the+Holy+Mother+of+God%2C+item+204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fccdds%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html%23Chapter%2520Five&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEncyConsecration-146"><a href="#cite_ref-CathEncyConsecration_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04276a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Consecration"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Consecration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04276a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy96-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy96_147-0">^</a> Mary's Immaculate Heart by John F. Murphy 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4067-3409-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4067-3409-8">1-4067-3409-8</a> pages 96–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-CatholicismAnswerTrigilioBrighenti-148"><a href="#cite_ref-CatholicismAnswerTrigilioBrighenti_148-0">^</a> The Catholicism Answer Book by John Trigilio, Kenneth Brighenti 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4022-0806-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4022-0806-5">1-4022-0806-5</a> page 325 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis2008" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Louis, Justine (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paroisse.aixlesbains.free.fr/public/pdf/TheseJustineLouis2004-2007.pdf">"La Prudence Comme Mot d'Ordre"</a> (PDF). L'Église catholique face à l'extraordinaire chrétien depuis Vatican II: Mémoire de thèse (PhD) (in French). <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Jean_Moulin_Lyon_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3">Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3</a>. pp. 150–151. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160094467">160094467</a>. Retrieved July 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=L%27%C3%89glise+catholique+face+%C3%A0+l%27extraordinaire+chr%C3%A9tien+depuis+Vatican+II%3A+M%C3%A9moire+de+th%C3%A8se&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+Jean+Moulin+Lyon+3&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160094467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparoisse.aixlesbains.free.fr%2Fpublic%2Fpdf%2FTheseJustineLouis2004-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freze-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freze_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freze_150-1">b</a> Michael Freze, 1993, Voices, Visions, and Apparitions, OSV Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X">0-87973-454-X</a> pages 257–265 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Short Biography of Padre Pio <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.padrepiodevotions.org/index.asp?pagename=biography">http://www.padrepiodevotions.org/index.asp?pagename=biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012172959/http://www.padrepiodevotions.org/index.asp?pagename=biography">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> The book Mother Maria Pierina by Maria Rigamonti <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cenacle.co.uk/products.asp?partno=B0532">http://www.cenacle.co.uk/products.asp?partno=B0532</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Habits of Devotion by James M. O'Toole 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-7255-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-7255-5">0-8014-7255-5</a> page 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> McNally, Terrence, What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6">1-4415-1051-6</a> page 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/16/world/pope-donates-bullet-to-fatima-sanctuary.html">"NY Times"</a>. Czestochowa (Poland); Fatima (Portugal): NY Times. Reuters. May 16, 1984. 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Also, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontifical" title="Roman Pontifical">Roman Pontifical</a> assumes that Marian images were venerated in the time of <a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Empress Helena</a> in the late third century. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P7F.HTM#:~:text=2132%20">Paragraph 2132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+2132&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> The Celebration of Faith: The Virgin Mary by Alexander Schmemann 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88141-141-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88141-141-8">0-88141-141-8</a> page 11 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sls53hUSodgC">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions by Wendy Doniger, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2">0-87779-044-2</a> page 696 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Grieving with Mary: Finding Comfort and Healing in Devotion to the Mother of God by Mary K. 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Kenedy & sons, 1916 ISBN page 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> History of the sodalities of the blessed virgin Mary by Louis Delplace 1884 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-141-60228-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-141-60228-8">1-141-60228-8</a> page 211 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Maiden and Mother: Prayers, Hymns, Devotions, and Songs to the Beloved Virgin Mary Throughout the Year by Margaret M. Miles 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-305-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-305-7">0-86012-305-7</a> page 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11769a.htm">"Catholic encyclopedia"</a>. Newadvent.org. February 1, 1911. 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J. Stravinskas 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-390-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-390-X">0-87973-390-X</a> page 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Religions of the World by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576072231" title="Special:BookSources/1576072231">1576072231</a> pages 308-309 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> New commentary on the Code of Canon Law by John P. Beal, James A. Coriden, Thomas J. Green 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4066-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-4066-7">0-8091-4066-7</a> page 1437 (Canon 1230) </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Trudy Ring, 1996, International Dictionary of Historic Places, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-02-2">978-1-884964-02-2</a> page 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1 by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-004-2">1-57607-004-2</a> page 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Brazil rediscovered by Roberta C. Wigder 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8059-2328-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8059-2328-4">0-8059-2328-4</a> page 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1 by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-004-2">1-57607-004-2</a> page 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/expert/answers/medjugorje.htm">"Medjugorje"</a>. EWTN. Retrieved October 1, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medjugorje&rft.pub=EWTN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fexpert%2Fanswers%2Fmedjugorje.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Sacred worlds: an introduction to geography and religion by Chris C. Park 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09012-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09012-1">0-415-09012-1</a> page 283 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> The Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary's Dormition and Assumption by Stephen J. Shoemaker 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-921074-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-921074-8">0-19-921074-8</a> page 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Chronicle of the living Christ: the life and ministry of Jesus Christ by Robert A. Powell 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88010-407-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88010-407-4">0-88010-407-4</a> page 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI" class="citation web cs1">Pope Benedict XVI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/homilies/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20061129_ephesus_en.html">"Homily of the Holy Father"</a>. Mass Before the Shrine of Meryem Ana Evi. Vatican. Retrieved October 4, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mass+Before+the+Shrine+of+Meryem+Ana+Evi&rft.atitle=Homily+of+the+Holy+Father&rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Fhomilies%2F2006%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_hom_20061129_ephesus_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Lauren Arnold, 1999 Princely Gifts & Papal Treasures: The Franciscan Mission to China by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9670628-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9670628-0-2">0-9670628-0-2</a> page 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Lauren Arnold in Atlantic Monthly, September 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> The great encounter of China and the West by David E. Mungello 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9439-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9439-9">0-8476-9439-9</a> page 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> A history of ideas and images in Italian art by James Hall 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-433317-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-433317-5">0-06-433317-5</a> page 223 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Iconography of Christian Art by <a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Schiller" title="Gertrud Schiller">Gertrud Schiller</a> 1971 ASIN: B0023VMZMA page 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Renaissance art: a topical dictionary by Irene Earls 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24658-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-24658-0">0-313-24658-0</a> page 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Mujer del maiz by Angel Vigil 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56308-194-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56308-194-6">1-56308-194-6</a> pages 16–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Somervill-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Somervill_195-0">^</a> Empire of the Aztecs by Barbara A. Somervill 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60413-149-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-60413-149-7">1-60413-149-7</a> page 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Our Lady of Guadalupe by Jeanette Rodríguez 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77062-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-77062-6">0-292-77062-6</a> pages 44–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2002/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20020731_canonization-mexico_en.html">"Vatican web site"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved November 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+web+site&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fhomilies%2F2002%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_hom_20020731_canonization-mexico_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> The image of Guadalupe by Jody Brant Smith 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-421-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-421-2">0-86554-421-2</a> pages 1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles_of_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miracles of the Virgin Mary">Miracles of Our Lady</a> by Gonzalo de Berceo, Richard Terry Mount, Annette Grant Cash 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2019-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2019-5">0-8131-2019-5</a> page 6-7 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Miracles of the Blessed Virgin Mary by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Herolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Herolt">Johannes Herolt</a>, C. C. Swinton Blandpages 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-7308-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-7308-1">1-4191-7308-1</a> pages 4–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Piety and charity in late medieval Florence by John Henderson 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-32688-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-32688-8">0-226-32688-8</a> page 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Lourdes: A History of Its Apparitions and Cures by Georges Bertrin 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-8123-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4179-8123-7">1-4179-8123-7</a> page 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3 by Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12654-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12654-6">90-04-12654-6</a> page 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_van_BiegaGreg_Burke1995" class="citation news cs1">David van Biega; Greg Burke (April 10, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217110307/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982807,00.html">"Modern Miracles Have Strict Rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Time Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982807,00.html">the original</a> on February 17, 2007. Retrieved November 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Modern+Miracles+Have+Strict+Rules&rft.date=1995-04-10&rft.au=David+van+Biega&rft.au=Greg+Burke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C982807%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Pilgrimage to images in the fifteenth century by Robert Maniura 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-055-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-055-8">1-84383-055-8</a> page 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Maximilian Kolbe: Saint of Auschwitz by Elaine Murray Stone 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-6637-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-6637-2">0-8091-6637-2</a> pages 7–8 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2003" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Ann (2003). Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices. Our Sunday Visitor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X"><bdi>0-87973-910-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Catholic+Devotions+and+Practices&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87973-910-X&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBäumerScheffczyk1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bäumer, Remigius; Scheffczyk, Leo (1994). Marienlexikon Gesamtausgabe (in German). Institutum Marianum Regensburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88096-891-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-88096-891-8"><bdi>3-88096-891-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marienlexikon+Gesamtausgabe&rft.pub=Institutum+Marianum+Regensburg&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-88096-891-8&rft.aulast=B%C3%A4umer&rft.aufirst=Remigius&rft.au=Scheffczyk%2C+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"> (cited as Bäumer)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally2009" class="citation book cs1">McNally, Terrence (2009). What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary. Xlibris Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4415-1051-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4415-1051-8"><bdi>978-1-4415-1051-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Every+Catholic+Should+Know+about+Mary&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4415-1051-8&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumen_gentium,_§61" class="citation cs2">Pope Paul VI. (November 21, 1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Lumen gentium §60</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumen+gentium+%C2%A760&rft.date=1964-11-21&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Baldovin, John and Johnson, Maxwell, Between memory and hope: readings on the liturgical year 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-6025-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-6025-8">0-8146-6025-8</a></li> <li>Calkins, Arthur. The Alliance of the Two Hearts and Consecration, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Immaculatae" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles Immaculatae">Miles Immaculatae</a> XXXI (July/December 1995)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintsbooks.net/books/St.%20Louis%20Marie%20de%20Montfort%20-%20True%20Devotion%20to%20Mary.pdf">de Montfort, Louis Marie. True Devotion to Mary.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/7DOLORS.htm">Liguori, Alphonsus. Discourse IV of the Dolours of Mary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintsbooks.net/books/St.%20Alphonsus%20Maria%20de%20Ligouri%20-%20The%20Glories%20of%20Mary.pdf">Liguori, Alphonsus. The Glories of Mary.</a></li> <li>O'Donnell, Timothy Terrance. Heart of the Redeemer, 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-396-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-396-4">0-89870-396-4</a> page 272</li> <li>O'Grady, John F., Catholic beliefs and traditions: ancient and ever new, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4047-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-4047-0">0-8091-4047-0</a></li> <li>Storey, William G., A Beginner's Book of Prayer: An Introduction to Traditional Catholic Prayers, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8294-2792-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8294-2792-9">0-8294-2792-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="extiw" title="commons:Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/index.php">The Mary Page</a> (The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute, University of Dayton)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Blessed_Virgin_Mary">"The Blessed Virgin Mary" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Blessed+Virgin+Mary&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Immaculate_Conception">"Immaculate Conception" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Immaculate+Conception&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration+of+Mary+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virgin_Mary" title="Template talk:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_en_oraison_(Il_Sassoferrato).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/125px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/188px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/250px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: early life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin" title="Marriage of the Virgin">Marriage to Joseph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virginal motherhood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding of Jesus in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Miracle at the Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: later life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Bilocation to Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Tomb of the Virgin Mary">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">Apocryphal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_meetings_and_documents_on_Mary" title="Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther's Marian theology">Lutheran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Apparitions_**_list_*_Catholic_churches_*_Christmas_*_Devotions_**_month_of_May_*_Feast_days_*_Patronage_*_Shrines_*_Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Catholic churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">month of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christotokos" title="Christotokos">Christotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Coredemptrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Help_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Help of Christians">Help of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-giving_Spring" title="Life-giving Spring">Life-giving Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediatrix_of_all_graces" title="Mediatrix of all graces">of all graces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">New Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">Panagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Wisdom" title="Seat of Wisdom">Seat of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist_to_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akathist to the Theotokos">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_litany" title="Marian litany">Litany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Loreto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Maria mater gratiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_in_Catholic_art" title="Queen of Heaven in Catholic art">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agiosoritissa" title="Agiosoritissa">Agiosoritissa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Advocata_(Madonna_del_Rosario)" title="Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)">Madonna del Rosario</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Derzhavnaya" title="Our Lady Derzhavnaya">Derzhavnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusa_icon" title="Eleusa icon">Eleusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Vladimir" title="Virgin of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke_painting_the_Virgin" title="Saint Luke painting the Virgin">Saint Luke painting the Virgin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Category:Mary, mother of Jesus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church 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Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> 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