CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NPGHDRJ');</script>   <meta name="description" content="Business School report finds rigid hiring policies, work rules, scheduling hurt employees but also productivity, retention, bottom line." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Report looks at challenges many face juggling caregiving responsibilities — Harvard Gazette" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Business School report finds rigid hiring policies, work rules, scheduling hurt employees but also productivity, retention, bottom line." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Harvard Gazette" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-10-10T18:46:23+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-10-10T19:36:25+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2500" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1667" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Christina Pazzanese" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/"},"author":{"name":"Christina Pazzanese","@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/#/schema/person/d4cd7ef7fe410dcf3505cc1f19968545"},"headline":"Millions of workers are also juggling caregiving. Employers need to rethink.","datePublished":"2024-10-10T18:46:23+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-10T19:36:25+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/"},"wordCount":1893,"publisher":{"@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg","keywords":["Aging","Business","Research"],"articleSection":["Work & Economy"],"inLanguage":"en-US","copyrightYear":"2024","copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/#organization"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/","url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/","name":"Report looks at challenges many face juggling caregiving responsibilities — Harvard Gazette","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg","datePublished":"2024-10-10T18:46:23+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-10T19:36:25+00:00","description":"Business School report finds rigid hiring policies, work rules, scheduling hurt employees but also productivity, retention, bottom line.","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities/#primaryimage","url":"https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg","contentUrl":"https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg","width":2500,"height":1667,"caption":"Harvard University faculty discuss how work and the workplace will change once offices etc re-open. Prof. Joseph Fuller at his Chestnut Hill home. Rose Lincoln/Harvard Staff Photographer"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/#website","url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/","name":"Harvard Gazette","description":"Official news from Harvard University covering innovation in teaching, learning, and research","publisher":{"@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/#organization","name":"Harvard Gazette","url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Harvard_Gazette_logo.svg","contentUrl":"https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Harvard_Gazette_logo.svg","width":164,"height":64,"caption":"Harvard Gazette"},"image":{"@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/#/schema/logo/image/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/#/schema/person/d4cd7ef7fe410dcf3505cc1f19968545","name":"Christina Pazzanese"}]}</script>  <title>Report looks at challenges many face juggling caregiving responsibilities — Harvard Gazette</title> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.parsely.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Harvard Gazette » Feed" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/feed/" />  <script id="dataLayerUpdate"> var dataLayer = window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; dataLayer.push({ page_data: null }); // Clear the previous page_data object. dataLayer.push({ "event": "page_load_started", "detailed_event": "Page Load Started", "page_data": { "page_title": "Report looks at challenges many face juggling caregiving responsibilities — Harvard Gazette" } }); dataLayer.push({ event_data: null }); // Clear the previous event_data object. dataLayer.push({ "event": "article_loaded", "detailed_event": "Article Loaded", "event_data": { "Category": "Work & Economy", "Series": null, "StoryID": 393851, "StoryAuthor": "Christina Pazzanese", "pageTitle": "Millions of workers are also juggling caregiving. Employers need to rethink.", "storyPublished": "20241010", "altHead": null, "storyModified": "20241010", "storyAge": 44, "StoryWordCount": 2563, "article_topic": "Work & Economy", "article_series": null, "content_id": 393851, "article_author": "Christina Pazzanese", "content_title": "Millions of workers are also juggling caregiving. Employers need to rethink.", "content_publish_date": "20241010", "content_modified_date": "20241010", "article_length": 2563 } }); </script>  <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-0' href='https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-13.9/modules/related-posts/related-posts.css?m=1732035132g' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-site-logo-inline-css'> .wp-block-site-logo{box-sizing:border-box;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo a{display:inline-block;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo.is-default-size img{height:auto;width:120px}.wp-block-site-logo img{height:auto;max-width:100%}.wp-block-site-logo a,.wp-block-site-logo img{border-radius:inherit}.wp-block-site-logo.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:center}:root :where(.wp-block-site-logo.is-style-rounded){border-radius:9999px} </style> <style id='wp-block-navigation-link-inline-css'> .wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__label{overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__description{display:none}.link-ui-tools{border-top:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:8px}.link-ui-block-inserter{padding-top:8px}.link-ui-block-inserter__back{margin-left:8px;text-transform:uppercase} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-4' href='https://news.harvard.edu/wp-includes/blocks/navigation/style.min.css?m=1732206021g' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-heading-inline-css'> h1.has-background,h2.has-background,h3.has-background,h4.has-background,h5.has-background,h6.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}h1.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h1.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h2.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h2.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h3.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h3.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h4.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h4.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h5.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h5.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h6.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h6.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]){rotate:180deg} </style> <style id='wp-block-paragraph-inline-css'> .is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}:root :where(p.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg} </style> <style id='wp-block-columns-inline-css'> .wp-block-columns{align-items:normal!important;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap!important}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-top{align-items:flex-start}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-center{align-items:center}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-bottom{align-items:flex-end}@media (max-width:781px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:100%!important}}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}:where(.wp-block-columns){margin-bottom:1.75em}:where(.wp-block-columns.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-column{flex-grow:1;min-width:0;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-top{align-self:flex-start}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-center{align-self:center}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-bottom{align-self:flex-end}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-stretch{align-self:stretch}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-bottom,.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-center,.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-top{width:100%} </style> <style id='wp-block-group-inline-css'> .wp-block-group{box-sizing:border-box}:where(.wp-block-group.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained){position:relative} </style> <style id='wp-block-search-inline-css'> .wp-block-search__button{margin-left:10px;word-break:normal}.wp-block-search__button.has-icon{line-height:0}.wp-block-search__button svg{height:1.25em;min-height:24px;min-width:24px;width:1.25em;fill:currentColor;vertical-align:text-bottom}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{display:flex;flex:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;max-width:100%}.wp-block-search__label{width:100%}.wp-block-search__input{appearance:none;border:1px solid #949494;flex-grow:1;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;min-width:3rem;padding:8px;text-decoration:unset!important}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button{flex-shrink:0;margin-left:0;max-width:100%}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button[aria-expanded=true]{max-width:calc(100% - 100px)}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{min-width:0!important;transition-property:width}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__input{flex-basis:100%;transition-duration:.3s}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden,.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{overflow:hidden}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__input{border-left-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important;flex-basis:0;flex-grow:0;margin:0;min-width:0!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;width:0!important}:where(.wp-block-search__input){font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-transform:inherit}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){border:1px solid #949494;box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input{border:none;border-radius:0;padding:0 4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input:focus{outline:none}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px}.wp-block-search.aligncenter .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{margin:auto}.wp-block[data-align=right] .wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{float:right} </style> <style id='wp-block-separator-inline-css'> @charset "UTF-8";.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-top:2px solid}:root :where(.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots){height:auto;line-height:1;text-align:center}:root :where(.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots):before{color:currentColor;content:"···";font-family:serif;font-size:1.5em;letter-spacing:2em;padding-left:2em}.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots{background:none!important;border:none!important} </style> <style id='wp-block-image-inline-css'> .wp-block-image a{display:inline-block}.wp-block-image img{box-sizing:border-box;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){.wp-block-image img.hide{visibility:hidden}.wp-block-image img.show{animation:show-content-image .4s}}.wp-block-image[style*=border-radius] img,.wp-block-image[style*=border-radius]>a{border-radius:inherit}.wp-block-image.has-custom-border img{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-image.aligncenter{text-align:center}.wp-block-image.alignfull a,.wp-block-image.alignwide a{width:100%}.wp-block-image.alignfull img,.wp-block-image.alignwide img{height:auto;width:100%}.wp-block-image .aligncenter,.wp-block-image .alignleft,.wp-block-image .alignright,.wp-block-image.aligncenter,.wp-block-image.alignleft,.wp-block-image.alignright{display:table}.wp-block-image .aligncenter>figcaption,.wp-block-image .alignleft>figcaption,.wp-block-image .alignright>figcaption,.wp-block-image.aligncenter>figcaption,.wp-block-image.alignleft>figcaption,.wp-block-image.alignright>figcaption{caption-side:bottom;display:table-caption}.wp-block-image .alignleft{float:left;margin:.5em 1em .5em 0}.wp-block-image .alignright{float:right;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em}.wp-block-image .aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-image :where(figcaption){margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em}.wp-block-image.is-style-circle-mask img{border-radius:9999px}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){.wp-block-image.is-style-circle-mask img{border-radius:0;-webkit-mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="50"/></svg>');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="50"/></svg>');mask-mode:alpha;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center;-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-size:contain;mask-size:contain}}:root :where(.wp-block-image.is-style-rounded img,.wp-block-image .is-style-rounded img){border-radius:9999px}.wp-block-image figure{margin:0}.wp-lightbox-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.wp-lightbox-container img{cursor:zoom-in}.wp-lightbox-container img:hover+button{opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button{align-items:center;-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(16px) saturate(180%);backdrop-filter:blur(16px) saturate(180%);background-color:#5a5a5a40;border:none;border-radius:4px;cursor:zoom-in;display:flex;height:20px;justify-content:center;opacity:0;padding:0;position:absolute;right:16px;text-align:center;top:16px;transition:opacity .2s ease;width:20px;z-index:100}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus-visible{outline:3px auto #5a5a5a40;outline:3px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;outline-offset:3px}.wp-lightbox-container button:hover{cursor:pointer;opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus{opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus,.wp-lightbox-container button:hover,.wp-lightbox-container button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background-color:#5a5a5a40;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay{box-sizing:border-box;cursor:zoom-out;height:100vh;left:0;overflow:hidden;position:fixed;top:0;visibility:hidden;width:100%;z-index:100000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button{align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:flex;justify-content:center;min-height:40px;min-width:40px;padding:0;position:absolute;right:calc(env(safe-area-inset-right) + 16px);top:calc(env(safe-area-inset-top) + 16px);z-index:5000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:focus,.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:hover,.wp-lightbox-overlay .close-button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background:none;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay .lightbox-image-container{height:var(--wp--lightbox-container-height);left:50%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform-origin:top left;width:var(--wp--lightbox-container-width);z-index:9999999999}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;height:100%;justify-content:center;margin:0;position:relative;transform-origin:0 0;width:100%;z-index:3000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image img{height:var(--wp--lightbox-image-height);min-height:var(--wp--lightbox-image-height);min-width:var(--wp--lightbox-image-width);width:var(--wp--lightbox-image-width)}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image figcaption{display:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay button{background:none;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay .scrim{background-color:#fff;height:100%;opacity:.9;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:2000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active{animation:turn-on-visibility .25s both;visibility:visible}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active img{animation:turn-on-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.show-closing-animation:not(.active){animation:turn-off-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.show-closing-animation:not(.active) img{animation:turn-off-visibility .25s both}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active{animation:none;opacity:1;visibility:visible}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-in .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .scrim{animation:turn-on-visibility .4s forwards}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active){animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-out .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active) .scrim{animation:turn-off-visibility .4s forwards}}@keyframes show-content-image{0%{visibility:hidden}99%{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@keyframes turn-on-visibility{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes turn-off-visibility{0%{opacity:1;visibility:visible}99%{opacity:0;visibility:visible}to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-in{0%{transform:translate(calc((-100vw + var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width))/2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale))}to{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1)}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-out{0%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);visibility:visible}99%{visibility:visible}to{transform:translate(calc((-100vw + var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width))/2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale));visibility:hidden}} </style> <style id='wp-block-quote-inline-css'> .wp-block-quote{box-sizing:border-box;overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)),.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)){margin-bottom:1em;padding:0 1em}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p{font-size:1.5em;font-style:italic;line-height:1.6}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer{font-size:1.125em;text-align:right}.wp-block-quote>cite{display:block} </style> <style id='wp-block-post-content-inline-css'> .wp-block-post-content{display:flow-root} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-30' href='https://news.harvard.edu/wp-includes/blocks/social-links/style.min.css?m=1732206022g' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> :root{--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,161;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px;--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color)}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}.has-text-align-center{text-align:center}.has-text-align-left{text-align:left}.has-text-align-right{text-align:right}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip:auto!important;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson: var(--color-crimson);--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-dark: var(--color-crimson-dark);--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-bright: var(--color-crimson-bright);--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-faded: var(--color-crimson-faded);--wp--preset--color--secondary-green: var(--color-green);--wp--preset--color--secondary-green-dark: var(--color-green-dark);--wp--preset--color--secondary-green-bright: var(--color-green-bright);--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue: var(--color-blue);--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue-dark: var(--color-blue-dark);--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue-bright: var(--color-blue-bright);--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple: var(--color-purple);--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple-dark: var(--color-purple-dark);--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple-bright: var(--color-purple-bright);--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre: var(--color-ochre);--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre-dark: var(--color-ochre-dark);--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre-bright: var(--color-ochre-bright);--wp--preset--color--neutral-grey: var(--color-grey);--wp--preset--color--neutral-grey-dark: var(--color-grey-dark);--wp--preset--color--neutral-sand: var(--color-sand);--wp--preset--color--neutral-sand-light: var(--color-sand-light);--wp--preset--color--neutral-black: var(--color-black);--wp--preset--color--neutral-white: var(--color-white);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: clamp(0.6875rem, 0.688rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.256), 0.875rem);--wp--preset--font-size--medium: clamp(0.75rem, 0.75rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.342), 1rem);--wp--preset--font-size--large: clamp(1rem, 1rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.342), 1.25rem);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: clamp(1.25rem, 1.25rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.027), 2rem);--wp--preset--font-family--neue-haas-grotesk-text: "Neue Haas Grotesk Text", sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sanomat: 'Sanomat', Plantagenet Cherokee, serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: clamp(2.5rem, 2rem + 2.5vw, 5rem);--wp--preset--spacing--16: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--24: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--32: clamp(1.5rem, 1.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.685), 2rem);--wp--preset--spacing--48: clamp(2rem, 1.8rem + 1vw, 3rem);--wp--preset--spacing--64: clamp(2.5rem, 2rem + 2.2vw, 4rem);--wp--preset--spacing--120: clamp(4rem, 3.3rem + 3.5vw, 7.5rem);--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}.wp-block-heading{--wp--preset--font-size--h-1-title-large: clamp(2.5rem, 2.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 4.11), 5.5rem);--wp--preset--font-size--h-1-title: clamp(2.125rem, 2.125rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 2.568), 4rem);--wp--preset--font-size--h-2-title: clamp(1.75rem, 1.75rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.712), 3rem);--wp--preset--font-size--h-3-title: clamp(1.625rem, 1.625rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.199), 2.5rem);--wp--preset--font-size--h-4-title: clamp(1.5rem, 1.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.685), 2rem);--wp--preset--font-size--h-5-title: clamp(1.25rem, 1.25rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.342), 1.5rem);--wp--preset--font-size--h-6-title: clamp(1.125rem, 1.125rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1), 1.125rem);}.wp-block-harvard-gazette-stats-text{--wp--preset--font-size--stats-text-small: clamp(1.5rem, 1.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.685), 2rem);--wp--preset--font-size--stats-text-medium: clamp(2.5rem, 2.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.37), 3.5rem);--wp--preset--font-size--stats-text-large: clamp(3.5rem, 3.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 2.055), 5rem);--wp--preset--font-size--stats-text-x-large: clamp(5rem, 5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 3.425), 7.5rem);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 728px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1488px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks { padding-top: var(--wp--style--root--padding-top); padding-bottom: var(--wp--style--root--padding-bottom); }.has-global-padding { padding-right: var(--wp--style--root--padding-right); padding-left: var(--wp--style--root--padding-left); }.has-global-padding > .alignfull { margin-right: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-right) * -1); margin-left: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-left) * -1); }.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) { padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0; }.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) > .alignfull { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--48); margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--48); }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--48);margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--48);margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--48);}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--48);}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-sand-light);color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-black);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--neue-haas-grotesk-text);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large);line-height: clamp(1.5rem, 1.3315rem + 0.7188vw, 2rem);--wp--style--root--padding-top: 0;--wp--style--root--padding-right: clamp(1rem, 1rem + ((1vw - 0.48rem) * 1.923), 2rem);--wp--style--root--padding-bottom: 0;--wp--style--root--padding-left: clamp(1rem, 1rem + ((1vw - 0.48rem) * 1.923), 2rem);}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;font-weight: 700;text-decoration: underline;}h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sanomat);font-weight: 500;}h1{font-size: clamp(2.125rem, 2.125rem + ((1vw - 0.48rem) * 3.606), 4rem);line-height: clamp(2.375rem, 1.7433rem + 2.6954vw, 4.25rem);}h2{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-2-title);line-height: clamp(2.125rem, 1.6617rem + 1.9766vw, 3.5rem);}h3{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-3-title);line-height: clamp(2rem, 1.6631rem + 1.4376vw, 3rem);}h4{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-4-title);line-height: clamp(2rem, 1.8315rem + 0.7188vw, 2.5rem);}h5{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-5-title);line-height: clamp(1.75rem, 1.6658rem + 0.3594vw, 2rem);}h6{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-6-title);line-height: 1.44;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-dark) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-bright-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-bright) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-faded-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-faded) !important;}.has-secondary-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-green) !important;}.has-secondary-green-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-green-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-green-bright-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-green-bright) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-bright-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue-bright) !important;}.has-secondary-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple) !important;}.has-secondary-purple-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-purple-bright-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple-bright) !important;}.has-secondary-ochre-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre) !important;}.has-secondary-ochre-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-ochre-bright-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre-bright) !important;}.has-neutral-grey-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-grey) !important;}.has-neutral-grey-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-grey-dark) !important;}.has-neutral-sand-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-sand) !important;}.has-neutral-sand-light-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-sand-light) !important;}.has-neutral-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-black) !important;}.has-neutral-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-white) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-dark) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-bright-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-bright) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-faded-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-faded) !important;}.has-secondary-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-green) !important;}.has-secondary-green-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-green-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-green-bright-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-green-bright) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-bright-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue-bright) !important;}.has-secondary-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple) !important;}.has-secondary-purple-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-purple-bright-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple-bright) !important;}.has-secondary-ochre-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre) !important;}.has-secondary-ochre-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-ochre-bright-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre-bright) !important;}.has-neutral-grey-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-grey) !important;}.has-neutral-grey-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-grey-dark) !important;}.has-neutral-sand-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-sand) !important;}.has-neutral-sand-light-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-sand-light) !important;}.has-neutral-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-black) !important;}.has-neutral-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-white) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-dark) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-bright-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-bright) !important;}.has-primary-crimson-faded-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-crimson-faded) !important;}.has-secondary-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-green) !important;}.has-secondary-green-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-green-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-green-bright-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-green-bright) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-bright-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue-bright) !important;}.has-secondary-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple) !important;}.has-secondary-purple-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-purple-bright-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-purple-bright) !important;}.has-secondary-ochre-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre) !important;}.has-secondary-ochre-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre-dark) !important;}.has-secondary-ochre-bright-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-ochre-bright) !important;}.has-neutral-grey-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-grey) !important;}.has-neutral-grey-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-grey-dark) !important;}.has-neutral-sand-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-sand) !important;}.has-neutral-sand-light-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-sand-light) !important;}.has-neutral-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-black) !important;}.has-neutral-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--neutral-white) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-neue-haas-grotesk-text-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--neue-haas-grotesk-text) !important;}.has-sanomat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sanomat) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-h-1-title-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-1-title-large) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-h-1-title-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-1-title) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-h-2-title-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-2-title) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-h-3-title-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-3-title) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-h-4-title-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-4-title) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-h-5-title-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-5-title) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-h-6-title-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--h-6-title) !important;}.wp-block-harvard-gazette-stats-text.has-stats-text-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--stats-text-small) !important;}.wp-block-harvard-gazette-stats-text.has-stats-text-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--stats-text-medium) !important;}.wp-block-harvard-gazette-stats-text.has-stats-text-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--stats-text-large) !important;}.wp-block-harvard-gazette-stats-text.has-stats-text-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--stats-text-x-large) !important;}.alignwide, .alignfull { margin-block-end: var(--wp--preset--spacing--64); margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--64) } span.embed-youtube { display: block; width: 820px !important; height: 100%; } body:not(.block-editor-iframe__body) .site-header { z-index: 9; } .postid-243534 .article-header .wp-block-video iframe { width: 600px !important; } .postid-226009 .article-header .wp-block-video iframe { width: 600px !important; } .postid-317272 .article-header .wp-block-video iframe { width: 600px !important; } .wp-block-heading { --wp--preset--font-size--h-1-title-large: clamp(2.5rem, 2.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 4.11), 5.5rem); --wp--preset--font-size--h-1-title: clamp(2.125rem, 2.125rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 2.568), 4rem); --wp--preset--font-size--h-2-title: clamp(1.75rem, 1.75rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.712), 3rem); --wp--preset--font-size--h-3-title: clamp(1.625rem, 1.625rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.199), 2.5rem); --wp--preset--font-size--h-4-title: clamp(1.5rem, 1.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.685), 2rem); --wp--preset--font-size--h-5-title: clamp(1.25rem, 1.25rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.342), 1.5rem); --wp--preset--font-size--h-6-title: clamp(1.125rem, 1.125rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1), 1.125rem); } .mega-menu-item__content .wp-block-heading a { font-weight: 500; } .is-content-justification-center { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; } .entry-content .wp-block-group { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; } .wp-block-query.alignwide.has-global-padding.is-layout-constrained.wp-block-query-is-layout-constrained { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; } .wp-block-pullquote blockquote:before { margin-bottom: 24px !important; } .postid-387377 span.embed-youtube { display: block; width: 609px !important; height: 100%; } footer .wp-block-heading a { font-weight: 500; } .wp-block-video video { width: 100%; object-fit: cover; } .wp-block-video button { z-index: 100; } :root :where(.wp-block-heading + p, .wp-block-heading + .subheading){margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--24)} :root :where(p + p){margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--24)} :root :where(.wp-block-quote){font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sanomat);} </style> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'> .wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-end;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-2{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-3{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-4{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:var(--wp--preset--spacing--48) var(--wp--preset--spacing--64);}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-5{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-end;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:var(--wp--preset--spacing--120);justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-6{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:var(--wp--preset--spacing--120);justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 > *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 > * + *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-7{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-8{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-1{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-9{justify-content:flex-end;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-13{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;} </style> <style id='wp-block-template-skip-link-inline-css'> .skip-link.screen-reader-text { border: 0; clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .skip-link.screen-reader-text:focus { background-color: #eee; clip: auto !important; clip-path: none; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 1em; height: auto; left: 5px; line-height: normal; padding: 15px 23px 14px; text-decoration: none; top: 5px; width: auto; z-index: 100000; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-38' href='https://news.harvard.edu/_static/??-eJylzkESgjAMBdALWSKggAvHE3iIUAJ0aCnTBBk5vZUZN7qTZZL/3wSWSWk/Co0Ck507MzLEVe39wKpDayk81RTImdkBMpMwaGZgsqTFrJTEqLAEnPLEmTGJxwP8ibaxgwuxd7TNMbnbNKu5+wb3Q2yNHvYLSnpytMtZ6k61IRZ/lM1m6DE8MDTRWEmEoJ6Nbb63n0fyoqAjal3lWFCanc4Nvt2bu6ZldqnKNE+LF0tGzjI=' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='harvard-gazette-theme-inline-css'> body { --primary-page-color-bright: var(--color-ochre-bright); --primary-page-color-text: var(--color-ochre-dark); --primary-page-color-ui: var(--color-ochre); --primary-page-color-reverse-background: var(--color-ochre-bright); --primary-page-color-reverse-text: var(--color-ochre-dark); --primary-page-color-reverse-ui: var(--color-ochre); } </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://news.harvard.edu/_static/??-eJzTLy/QzcxLzilNSS3WzwKiwtLUokoopZebmaeXVayjj0+Rbm5melFiSSpUsX2uraG5sZGRgZmBkXEWAK8tIhI=" ></script><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2024%2F10%2Freport-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2024%2F10%2Freport-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities%2F&format=xml" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/feed+json" title="Harvard Gazette » JSON Feed" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/feed/json/" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Millions of workers are also juggling caregiving. Employers need to rethink.","url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2024\/10\/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2024\/10\/report-looks-at-challenges-many-face-juggling-caregiving-responsibilities\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?w=150","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg"},"articleSection":"Work & Economy","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Christina Pazzanese"}],"creator":["Christina Pazzanese"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Harvard Gazette","logo":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Harvard_Gazette_logo.svg"},"keywords":["aging","business","research"],"dateCreated":"2024-10-10T18:46:23Z","datePublished":"2024-10-10T18:46:23Z","dateModified":"2024-10-10T19:36:25Z"}</script><style class='wp-fonts-local'> @font-face{font-family:"Neue Haas Grotesk Text";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/fonts/neue-haas-grotesk-text/NeueHaasGrotText-55Roman-Web.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Neue Haas Grotesk Text";font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/fonts/neue-haas-grotesk-text/NeueHaasGrotText-56Italic-Web.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Neue Haas Grotesk Text";font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/fonts/neue-haas-grotesk-text/NeueHaasGrotText-75Bold-Web.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Neue Haas Grotesk Text";font-style:italic;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/fonts/neue-haas-grotesk-text/NeueHaasGrotText-76BoldItalic-Web.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:Sanomat;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/fonts/sanomat/Sanomat-Medium-Web.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:Sanomat;font-style:italic;font-weight:500;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/fonts/sanomat/Sanomat-MediumItalic-Web.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:Sanomat;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/fonts/sanomat/Sanomat-Bold-Web.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:Sanomat;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/fonts/sanomat/Sanomat-BoldItalic-Web.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} </style> <link rel="icon" href="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/cropped-favicon.png?resize=32%2C32" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/cropped-favicon.png?resize=192%2C192" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/cropped-favicon.png?resize=180%2C180" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/cropped-favicon.png?resize=270%2C270" /> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-393851 single-format-standard wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive has-ochre-color has-header-not-full-width"> <div class="wp-site-blocks"><header class="site-header wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-group alignwide is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"><div class="wp-block-site-logo"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="164" height="64" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Harvard_Gazette_logo.svg" class="custom-logo" alt="The Harvard Gazette logo" decoding="async" /></a></div> <div class="wp-block-group site-header__navigation-container is-content-justification-right is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"><nav class="items-justified-right no-wrap site-navigation wp-block-navigation is-content-justification-right is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-1 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Header navigation - top"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container items-justified-right no-wrap site-navigation wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/series/findings/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Findings</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/campus-community/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Campus & Community</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/health/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Health</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/science-technology/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Science & Tech</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/nation-world/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Nation & World</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/arts-humanities/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Arts & Culture</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/business-economy/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Work & Economy</span></a></li></ul></nav> <div class="mega-menu"> <ul class="mega-menu__nav"> <li class="mega-menu-item main-navigation"> <button aria-controls="menu-6742289113b70-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle Main Menu" class="mega-menu-item__button"> <span class="mega-menu-item__button-contents"> <img decoding="async" alt="Close" class="mega-menu-item__close" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/svg/close.svg" /> <img decoding="async" alt="Open" class="mega-menu-item__open" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/svg/hamburger.svg" /> <span class="mega-menu-item__text"> Menu </span> </span> </button> <div class="mega-menu-item__dropdown" id="menu-6742289113b70-dropdown"> <div class="mega-menu-item__dropdown-inner"> <div class="mega-menu-item__content"> <div class="wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-columns alignwide mega-menu-item__columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:23.16%"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Sections</h2> <nav class="is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-2 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Sections Navigation"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/story/series/findings/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Findings</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/campus-community/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Campus & Community</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/health/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Health</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/science-technology/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Science & Tech</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/nation-world/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Nation & World</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/arts-humanities/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Arts & Culture</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/business-economy/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Work & Economy</span></a></li></ul></nav> <h2 class="wp-block-heading hide-desktop">Featured Topics</h2> <nav class="is-vertical mega-menu-item__topics-nav hide-desktop wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-3 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Topics Bar"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical mega-menu-item__topics-nav hide-desktop wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://hls.harvard.edu/today/does-a-parents-authority-end-at-the-schoolhouse-door/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Parental rights</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://hls.harvard.edu/today/polarities-course-explores-benefits-of-recognizing-negotiating-interdependent-opposites/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">False choices</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/harvard-scientist-awarded-nobel/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Nobel winner</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/books/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Harvard Reads</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/gazette/harvard-events/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label"><img decoding="async" width="33" height="33" class="wp-image-368708" style="width: 33px" src="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/calendar.svg" alt="">Events</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:32.5%"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"> <img decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="wp-image-375570" style="width: 40px" src="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/series.svg" alt=""> Featured series </h2> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="/gazette/story/series/wondering/"> Wondering </a></h3> <p>A series of random questions answered by Harvard experts.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Explore the Gazette</h2> <nav class="is-vertical site-footer__explore-gazette-nav wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-4 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Explore the Gazette Menu"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical site-footer__explore-gazette-nav wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/harvard-events/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Events</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/archives/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Article archive</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/about-harvard-gazette/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">About us</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/newsplus/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">News+</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/harvard-thinking/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Podcast</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:44.19%"> <section class="featured-articles--card-carousel carousel carousel--cards"> <h2 class="carousel__heading featured-articles__title wp-block-heading" id="heading-674228910fcde">Read the latest</h2> <div aria-labelledby="heading-674228910fcde" class="carousel__wrapper splide"> <div class="featured-articles is-post-type-post is-style-card-carousel carousel__track splide__track"> <ul class="featured-articles__list carousel__list splide__list"> <li class="featured-article splide__slide"> <figure class="featured-article__image"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="750" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=1200%2C750" class="attachment-large-landscape-desktop size-large-landscape-desktop" alt="Oren Cass." srcset="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=608,380 608w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=784,490 784w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=1024,640 1024w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=1200,750 1200w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=1488,930 1488w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=1680,1050 1680w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=53,32 53w" /> </figure> <div class="featured-article__content"> <h3 class="featured-article__title wp-block-heading"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/11/how-free-market-policymakers-got-it-all-wrong-for-decades/">How free-market policymakers got it all wrong for decades</a></h3> </div> </li> <li class="featured-article splide__slide"> <figure class="featured-article__image"> <img decoding="async" width="300" height="200" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?w=300" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="Eric Beerbohm (from left) with panelists Christopher Robichaud, Shruti Rajagopalan, Tom Malleson, Jessica Flanigan, and Nien-hê Hsieh." srcset="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg 2500w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=150,100 150w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=1024,682 1024w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=48,32 48w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=96,64 96w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=1488,992 1488w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=1680,1120 1680w" /> </figure> <div class="featured-article__content"> <h3 class="featured-article__title wp-block-heading"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/are-rich-different-from-you-and-me-would-we-be-better-off-without-them/">Are rich different from you and me? Would we be better off without them?</a></h3> </div> </li> <li class="featured-article splide__slide"> <figure class="featured-article__image"> <img decoding="async" width="300" height="200" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?w=300" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="Illustration of a liberal arts major studying different topics." srcset="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg 2500w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=150,100 150w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=2048,1366 2048w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=48,32 48w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=96,64 96w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=1488,992 1488w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=1680,1120 1680w" /> </figure> <div class="featured-article__content"> <h3 class="featured-article__title wp-block-heading"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/the-true-value-of-college-a-liberal-arts-education-podcast-harvard-thinking/">What skeptics get wrong about liberal arts</a></h3> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><nav class="is-vertical alignwide mega-menu-item__lower-nav wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-5 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Utility Menu"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical alignwide mega-menu-item__lower-nav wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://www.harvard.edu/media-relations/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">For Media & Journalists</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://gocrimson.com/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Athletics News & Scores</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://accessibility.huit.harvard.edu/digital-accessibility-policy"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Digital Accessibility</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/gazette/privacy-policy/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Privacy Policy</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://trademark.harvard.edu/pages/trademark-notice"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Trademark</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mega-menu-item site-search"> <button aria-controls="search-67422891153c2-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle <img class="wp-image-368731" style="width: 33px;" src="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/search-1.svg" alt="Search">Search" class="mega-menu-item__button"> <span class="mega-menu-item__button-contents"> <span class="mega-menu-item__text"> <img decoding="async" width="33" height="33" class="wp-image-368731" style="width: 33px" src="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/search-1.svg" alt="Search">Search </span> </span> </button> <div class="mega-menu-item__dropdown" id="search-67422891153c2-dropdown"> <div class="mega-menu-item__dropdown-inner"> <div class="mega-menu-item__content"> <div class="wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <form role="search" method="get" action="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/" class="wp-block-search__button-outside wp-block-search__text-button wp-block-heading wp-block-search"><label class="wp-block-search__label" for="wp-block-search__input-1">Search the Harvard Gazette</label><div class="wp-block-search__inside-wrapper "><input class="wp-block-search__input" id="wp-block-search__input-1" placeholder="Type search term here …" value="" type="search" name="s" /><button aria-label="Go" class="wp-block-search__button wp-element-button" type="submit">Go</button></div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <section class="topics-bar wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-group alignwide topics-bar__row is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"><nav class="items-justified-center no-wrap topics-bar__navigation wp-block-navigation is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-6 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Topics Bar 2"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container items-justified-center no-wrap topics-bar__navigation wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://hls.harvard.edu/today/does-a-parents-authority-end-at-the-schoolhouse-door/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Parental rights</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://hls.harvard.edu/today/polarities-course-explores-benefits-of-recognizing-negotiating-interdependent-opposites/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">False choices</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/harvard-scientist-awarded-nobel/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Nobel winner</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/books/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Harvard Reads</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/gazette/harvard-events/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="33" height="33" class="wp-image-368708" style="width: 33px" src="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/calendar.svg" alt="">Events</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </section> <main class="wp-block-group site-main is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <div class="entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained"><header class="wp-block-harvard-gazette-article-header alignfull article-header is-style-full-width-text-below centered-image" style=" "> <figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" alt="Joseph Fuller." class="wp-image-393858" height="992" loading="eager" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?w=1488" width="1488" srcset="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg 2500w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?resize=150,100 150w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?resize=2048,1366 2048w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?resize=48,32 48w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?resize=96,64 96w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?resize=1488,992 1488w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/012221_Fuller_Joseph_1005_e0bc00.jpg?resize=1680,1120 1680w" sizes="(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><p class="wp-element-caption--caption">Joseph Fuller co-chairs the Managing the Future of Work project at Harvard Business School.</p><p class="wp-element-caption--credit">Harvard file photo</p></figcaption></figure> <div class="article-header__content"> <a class="article-header__category" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/business-economy/"> Work & Economy </a> <h1 class="article-header__title wp-block-heading "> Millions of workers are also juggling caregiving. Employers need to rethink. </h1> </div> <div class="article-header__meta"> <div class="wp-block-post-author"> <address class="wp-block-post-author__content"> <p class="author wp-block-post-author__name"> Christina Pazzanese </p> <p class="wp-block-post-author__byline"> Harvard Staff Writer </p> </address> </div> <time class="article-header__date" datetime="2024-10-10"> October 10, 2024 </time> <span class="article-header__reading-time"> long read </span> </div> <h2 class="article-header__subheading wp-block-heading"> Business School report finds rigid hiring policies, work rules, scheduling hurt employees but also productivity, retention, bottom line </h2> </header> <div class="wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-center is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <p>Millions of Americans, from hourly retail staffers to corporate vice presidents, wrestle with the demands of work while parenting young children, caring for a sick spouse or aging parent — or both.</p> <p>That juggling act is made even tougher by rigid practices and rules set by employers, such as inflexible or unpredictable work schedules, and employers’ failure to grasp how employees are struggling and to provide them with support, according to a new <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/Pages/default.aspx">Harvard Business School</a> <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/managing-the-future-of-work/Documents/research/Hidden%20Workers%20The%20Case%20for%20Caregivers%20100324.pdf">report</a>.</p> <p>That disregard harms both workers and companies. Care-related issues are the single most common reason employees leave the workforce. Companies also pay a price, both directly and indirectly, often in waysthey don’t fully understand, the report found.</p> <p>The Gazette spoke with its author <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=123284">Joseph B. Fuller </a>’79, M.B.A. ’81, professor of management practice and co-chair of the <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/managing-the-future-of-work/Pages/default.aspx">Managing the Future of Work</a> project at HBS, about the problem and what companies can do. Interview has been edited for clarity and length.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-squares"> <p><strong>There are 50 to 60 million caregivers in the nation. They make up the largest portion of a cohort you study known as “hidden workers” — those who want a job or more hours but are thwarted by employer policies. Who is in this group and why do they leave the workforce?</strong></p> <p>They are people who have some significant care obligations within their household. Those range from things that would strike people as very ordinary — a two-parent household with kids — or it could be something much more exotic — they have a chronically ill child or spouse. An apogee group is what we call the “sandwich generation,” where they’re caring for dependent children, from a newborn to a teenager, but they’re also caring for one or more seniors — a parent, an in-law.</p> <p>Well over 50 percent of workers report they have some caregiving obligation. The question becomes: Do the terms and conditions of their employment and the nature of that obligation mesh? A lot of traditional expectations of employers, but also coworkers and even customers, don’t always jibe with the cadence of care.</p> <p>We can see this in things like work schedule. If I have a child with a chronic condition, anything from severe asthma to a behavioral issue, stuff happens. And if I have to go see the principal of the school tomorrow because of a disciplinary problem or it’s a bad air-quality day and my child really shouldn’t be outdoors, I’m going to keep them home from school. As a normal working adult, I don’t have money to hire a service, so I’m going to miss a day of work.</p> <p>Fifty percent of women who have left the workforce and say they would have preferred to remain working left because they could not reconcile the obligations of the career path they were on with caring for kids.</p> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-caregiver-by-gender-and-age">Primary caregiver by gender and age</h4> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2046" height="1413" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/caregiver-graph_e8ffb8.png?w=1024" alt="Graphic showing Primary caregiver by gender and age" class="wp-image-394504" srcset="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/caregiver-graph_e8ffb8.png 2046w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/caregiver-graph_e8ffb8.png?resize=150,104 150w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/caregiver-graph_e8ffb8.png?resize=300,207 300w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/caregiver-graph_e8ffb8.png?resize=768,530 768w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/caregiver-graph_e8ffb8.png?resize=1024,707 1024w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/caregiver-graph_e8ffb8.png?resize=1536,1061 1536w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/caregiver-graph_e8ffb8.png?resize=46,32 46w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/caregiver-graph_e8ffb8.png?resize=93,64 93w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/caregiver-graph_e8ffb8.png?resize=1488,1028 1488w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/caregiver-graph_e8ffb8.png?resize=1680,1160 1680w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 2046px) 100vw, 2046px" /></figure> </div> <p>Caregiving, along with higher education and healthcare delivery, has among the highest real-dollar increase in cost in the last 10 to 15 years. Childcare is more expensive than it’s ever been in real dollars. If you’re paying $1,200, $1,300 a month for full-day childcare, for an average American job, that would be equal to the average after-tax, discretionary income that a worker is left with at the end of the month. So, economics underlies many people’s considerations. But it’s also a combination of career considerations and the specific caregiving needs of the family.</p> <p><strong>You found that hiring processes used by employers have contributed to the difficulties caregivers face when trying to return to work after some circumstance forces them to leave the workplace for a time. Why is that?</strong></p> <p>Unfortunately, several things start happening if your work history gets interrupted. The first is something that virtually every employer uses to assess candidates called the continuity of employment filter, which is used in an AI-powered tool called an applicant tracking system. It asks an employer: If someone has a gap in their work history, how should I treat that? If there’s a gap of more than six months, 50 percent of employers will drop a person from the candidate pool.</p> <p><strong>How does the struggle to manage work and caregiving typically manifest on the job? Do most employers even realize some workers are having a hard time?</strong></p> <p>First of all, employees in most companies only go to their boss or to their company to discuss a caregiving issue as a last resort. Their concern is: If I bring this up, I’m certainly not going to be a candidate for promotion. It’s going to affect my performance evaluation. They fear they’ll be viewed as less committed, that they’re going to be suspect.</p> <p>The biggest two effects of having caregiving responsibilities that are hard to reconcile with your job are absenteeism and presenteeism. Either you’ll miss work, or you’ll be so distracted while you’re at work you won’t get much done. </p> <p>For a lot of frontline lower-wage jobs, companies have a rule that if someone is late to work three times in a month or has an un-preplanned absence three times in a quarter, by rule you’re just fired. And that’s completely understandable. They’re running complicated operations; they can’t let every store manager make their own decisions, not only because it would be chaos, but also because if somebody in Topeka is getting fired, but a person who did the same thing in Toledo is being kept because the store managers made different decisions and it all ends up in court, the company loses.</p> <p>And companies, especially human resources functions, hate administering exceptions. Walmart employs a million people. If all of a sudden everything is customized, they’d be out of business in 6 months.</p> <p>One thing my early research showed is that caregiving concerns are endemic. They affect roughly 80 percent of the workforce some of the time, most of the time, or all of the time. But the way working relationships have been structured by employers for a century rests on propositions like “I’m paying you and providing a decent place to work. I don’t want to intrude on your life, and I don’t want to hear about it. I don’t want to talk about it.”</p> <p><strong>Besides concerns about fairness, administrative logistics, and lost productivity, there are costs for failing to address the caregiving needs of employees, costs many companies don’t realize they’re paying. What are some of those?</strong></p> <p>First, there’s a very substantial cost of replacing a worker. It doesn’t matter if they’re fired, or they quit. Even for low-wage workers, the cost is between 25 percent and 35 percent of annual compensation. That’s a good proxy for how much it’s going to cost to replace that worker.</p> <p>Second, people who have some tenure with the employer have lots of knowledge based on that experience, which makes them more productive. Say they join your company at age 24 or 25 and then after four or five years, they decide to start a family. They’ve got five years of work experience; they have a network inside the company; they may know customers; they know how you do things. But they conclude they can’t stay given the requirements of the job.</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>“There’s a very substantial cost of replacing a worker. Even for low-wage workers, the cost is between 25 percent and 35 percent of annual compensation.”</p> </blockquote> <p>Unless employers assist them so they can stay in the job, they give up a productive worker. Their replacement is an unknown quantity. Employers constantly make speculative bets on new employees based on pieces of paper and a couple of interviews to replace a worker the company has a huge amount of data on from personnel files, performance evaluations, etc.</p> <p>When they replace the worker who leaves because of caregiving conflicts, they incur the direct costs, but they also absorb indirect costs, what we call “tacit knowledge” — how we do things around here. And say that worker is on a team and they’re the glue on that team. Another team member has been thinking about quitting, too. We know from psychological research that person will feel psychological permission to quit if another worker quits.</p> <p>What my research shows is the more senior you are, and the more money you make, the more likely you are to leave a job because of a caregiving obligation. Employers are always surprised by that. They assume a worker is more likely to leave if they’re low-paid.</p> <p>A worker in the top quartile of compensation is more likely to leave a job because of a caregiving conflict by a factor of two than a bottom-quartile worker. And that 25 percent to 35 percent cost of replacing a worker goes to 100 percent or more of annual compensation if you’re talking about a top-quartile worker — middle management, upper-middle management, all the way to the executive ranks.</p> <p>All those things add up. Unfortunately, employers historically aren’t very good at connecting those dots. They don’t understand their own economics.</p> <p><strong>Why aren’t they better at seeing the full picture of these costs?</strong></p> <p>Unfortunately, the lack of connection between managers and supervisors of workers, and their lived experience, and the human resources function is really quite surprising. HR, particularly in big companies, just tends to see data. They’re not talking to supervisors who say, “My best workers are leaving regularly and here’s why.” A lot of companies don’t do exit interviews, so they don’t connect data about why somebody leaves in performance reviews. They don’t say, “Is there anything that’s causing you to think about leaving the company?”</p> <p><strong>What should employers do to remedy this situation?</strong></p> <p>The first is to realize there’s a big pool of talent out there that’s been marginalized because of caregiving responsibilities.</p> <p>Employers should review how they search for talent and what conditions they’re putting on applicants in the applicant tracking system and adjust them to include more candidates. There’s this big pool of workers that is being structurally obliged to end up in part-time, low-wage work because of these “disqualifying” factors. I’m not going to say those standards are arbitrary, but they contribute to an artificial shortage of qualified candidates that employers complain about despite policies creating that shortage.</p> <p>A second is, understand that all your employees are past, current, and future caregivers and that their circumstances will change. Their life path affects their productivity and their propensity to quit or to behave in a way that causes you to fire them.</p> <p>Understand the care demographics of your workforce. Make their caregiving lives outside work something that’s discussable with their supervisor. There’s a tremendous return on loyalty and engagement from workers who hear from their supervisors.</p> <p>Do exit interviews, add to your performance review questions like “Have you thought about leaving? What would cause you to do that?” Find out what’s driving absentees and resignations? Look at your own data.</p> <p>Just invest in having a more sophisticated understanding of your own economics. Because if you do, you’ll make better decisions.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading has-h-5-title-font-size" id="h-get-the-best-of-the-gazette-delivered-to-your-inbox">Get the best of the Gazette delivered to your inbox</h3> <form action="https://www.pages01.net/harvard/gazette/" style="margin-top:10px;"> <label style="margin: 5px;">Email Address:</label> <input id="email" style="width: 35%; padding: .75rem; margin:0 5px;" name="email" type="text"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" style="margin:16px 5px 0px 5px;"> </form> <p class="has-small-font-size" style="margin-top:16px;"><em>By subscribing to this newsletter you’re agreeing to our <a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/privacy-policy/" data-type="link" data-id="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/privacy-policy/">privacy policy</a></em></p>  <div class="wp-block-harvard-gazette-share harvard-sharing" data-dynamic-icon-color="true">  <h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-share-this-article"> Share this article</h4>   <ul>  <li><img decoding="async" style="width: 32px;" src="/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/svg/facebook.svg" alt=""><a href="#" onclick="javascript:window.location='https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=' + window.location + '&title=' + document.title; return false;">Share on Facebook</a> </li>   <li><img decoding="async" style="width: 32px;" src="/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/svg/linkedin.svg" alt=""><a href="#" onclick="javascript:window.location='https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=' + window.location + '&title=' + document.title; return false;">Share on LinkedIn</a> </li>   <li><img decoding="async" style="width: 32px;" src="/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/svg/email.svg" alt=""><a href="#" onclick="javascript:window.location='mailto:?subject=' + document.title + '&body=' + document.title + ' - ' + window.location; return false;">Email article</a> </li>   <li><img decoding="async" style="width: 32px;" src="/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/svg/print.svg" alt=""><a href="javascript:window.print()">Print/PDF</a></li>  </ul>  </div>  </div> </div> </main> <section class="article-footer wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-columns alignwide harvard-columns is-style-vertical-dividers harvard-columns--content-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column harvard-column-content is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="featured-articles is-post-type-post is-style-grid-list" style=""> <h2 class="featured-articles__title wp-block-heading">You might like</h2> <ul class="featured-articles__list "> <li class="featured-article "> <figure class="featured-article__image"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="750" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=1200%2C750" class="attachment-large-landscape-desktop size-large-landscape-desktop" alt="Oren Cass." loading="lazy" srcset="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=608,380 608w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=784,490 784w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=1024,640 1024w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=1200,750 1200w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=1488,930 1488w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=1680,1050 1680w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/111424_oren_cass_001.jpg?resize=53,32 53w" /> </figure> <div class="featured-article__content"> <a class="featured-article__category" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/business-economy/"> Work & Economy </a> <h3 class="featured-article__title wp-block-heading"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/11/how-free-market-policymakers-got-it-all-wrong-for-decades/">How free-market policymakers got it all wrong for decades</a></h3> <p class="featured-article__excerpt"> Conservative economist says singular focus on deregulation, unfettered trade failed to deliver for American households </p> <div class="featured-article__meta"> <span class="featured-article__reading-time"> 6 min read </span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="featured-article "> <figure class="featured-article__image"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="750" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=1200%2C750" class="attachment-large-landscape-desktop size-large-landscape-desktop" alt="Eric Beerbohm (from left) with panelists Christopher Robichaud, Shruti Rajagopalan, Tom Malleson, Jessica Flanigan, and Nien-hê Hsieh." loading="lazy" srcset="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=608,380 608w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=784,490 784w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=1024,640 1024w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=1200,750 1200w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=1488,930 1488w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101024_Wealth_0007.jpg?resize=1680,1050 1680w" /> </figure> <div class="featured-article__content"> <a class="featured-article__category" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/business-economy/"> Work & Economy </a> <h3 class="featured-article__title wp-block-heading"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/are-rich-different-from-you-and-me-would-we-be-better-off-without-them/">Are rich different from you and me? Would we be better off without them?</a></h3> <p class="featured-article__excerpt"> Safra Center for Ethics debate weighs extreme wealth, philanthropy, income inequality, and redistribution </p> <div class="featured-article__meta"> <span class="featured-article__reading-time"> 6 min read </span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="featured-article "> <figure class="featured-article__image"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="750" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=1200%2C750" class="attachment-large-landscape-desktop size-large-landscape-desktop" alt="Illustration of a liberal arts major studying different topics." loading="lazy" srcset="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=608,380 608w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=784,490 784w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=1024,640 1024w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=1200,750 1200w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=1488,930 1488w, https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/harvard-thinking-liberal-arts-education-college_thumbnail.jpg?resize=1680,1050 1680w" /> </figure> <div class="featured-article__content"> <a class="featured-article__category" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/business-economy/"> Work & Economy </a> <h3 class="featured-article__title wp-block-heading"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/10/the-true-value-of-college-a-liberal-arts-education-podcast-harvard-thinking/">What skeptics get wrong about liberal arts</a></h3> <p class="featured-article__excerpt"> In podcast episode, an economist, an educator, and a philosopher make the case it’s as essential as ever in today’s job market </p> <div class="featured-article__meta"> <span class="format-icon has-format-icon"> <img decoding="async" height="32" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/microphone.svg?resize=0%2C32" class="attachment-autox32 size-autox32" alt="Podcast format" loading="lazy" /> <span class="format-name"> Podcast </span> </span> <span class="featured-article__reading-time"> long read </span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column harvard-column-sidebar harvard-column-sidebar--right is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="trending-articles" style=""> <h2 class="trending-articles__title wp-block-heading">Trending</h2> <ol class="trending-articles__list"> <li class="trending-article featured-article"> <div class="featured-article__content"> <a class="featured-article__category" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/campus-community/"> Campus & Community </a> <h3 class="featured-article__title wp-block-heading"> <a class="featured-article__link" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/11/8-harvard-students-named-rhodes-scholars/"> 8 Harvard students named Rhodes Scholars </a> </h3> <p class="featured-article__excerpt"> 5 in U.S. class, most for any institution, joined by 3 international recipients </p> <div class="featured-article__meta"> <p class="featured-article__reading-time"> 4 min read </p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="trending-article featured-article"> <div class="featured-article__content"> <a class="featured-article__category" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/health/"> Health </a> <h3 class="featured-article__title wp-block-heading"> <a class="featured-article__link" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/11/study-finds-too-much-sitting-hurts-the-heart/"> Too much sitting hurts the heart </a> </h3> <p class="featured-article__excerpt"> Even with exercise, sedentary behavior can increase risk of heart failure by up to 60%, according to study </p> <div class="featured-article__meta"> <p class="featured-article__reading-time"> 4 min read </p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="trending-article featured-article"> <div class="featured-article__content"> <a class="featured-article__category" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/health/"> Health </a> <h3 class="featured-article__title wp-block-heading"> <a class="featured-article__link" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/11/is-cheese-bad-for-you/"> Is cheese bad for you? </a> </h3> <p class="featured-article__excerpt"> Nutritionist explains why you’re probably eating way too much </p> <div class="featured-article__meta"> <p class="featured-article__reading-time"> 3 min read </p> </div> </div> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="site-footer wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-columns alignwide site-footer__upper is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:16.66%"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sections">Sections</h2> <nav class="items-justified-left is-vertical site-footer__sections-nav wp-block-navigation is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-7 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Sections Navigation 2"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container items-justified-left is-vertical site-footer__sections-nav wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/story/series/findings/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Findings</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/campus-community/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Campus & Community</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/health/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Health</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/science-technology/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Science & Tech</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/nation-world/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Nation & World</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/arts-humanities/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Arts & Culture</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/section/business-economy/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Work & Economy</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:16.7%"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explore-the-gazette">Explore the Gazette</h2> <nav class="is-vertical site-footer__explore-gazette-nav wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-8 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Explore the Gazette Menu 2"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical site-footer__explore-gazette-nav wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/harvard-events/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Events</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/archives/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Article archive</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/about-harvard-gazette/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">About us</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/newsplus/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">News+</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/harvard-thinking/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Podcast</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.333%"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="wp-image-375570" style="width: 40px;" src="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/series.svg" alt=""> Our recent series </h2> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fixing-the-constitution"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/series/fix-the-constitution/">Fixing the Constitution</a></h3> <p>Many analysts and citizens believe that the Constitution, more than 230 years old, is out of touch with contemporary America. We asked five scholars to isolate the problem they’d attack first.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-work"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/series/life-work/">Life | Work</a> </h3> <p>A series focused on the personal side of Harvard research and teaching.</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-follow-us-on">Follow us on</h2> <ul class="wp-block-social-links has-visible-labels has-icon-color is-style-logos-only site-footer__social-nav is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-1 wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex"><li style="color: var(--color-crimson); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-instagram has-primary-crimson-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="http://instagram.com/harvard" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label">Instagram</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--color-crimson); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-linkedin has-primary-crimson-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/edu/school?id=18483" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label">LinkedIn</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--color-crimson); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-tiktok has-primary-crimson-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@harvard" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M16.708 0.027c1.745-0.027 3.48-0.011 5.213-0.027 0.105 2.041 0.839 4.12 2.333 5.563 1.491 1.479 3.6 2.156 5.652 2.385v5.369c-1.923-0.063-3.855-0.463-5.6-1.291-0.76-0.344-1.468-0.787-2.161-1.24-0.009 3.896 0.016 7.787-0.025 11.667-0.104 1.864-0.719 3.719-1.803 5.255-1.744 2.557-4.771 4.224-7.88 4.276-1.907 0.109-3.812-0.411-5.437-1.369-2.693-1.588-4.588-4.495-4.864-7.615-0.032-0.667-0.043-1.333-0.016-1.984 0.24-2.537 1.495-4.964 3.443-6.615 2.208-1.923 5.301-2.839 8.197-2.297 0.027 1.975-0.052 3.948-0.052 5.923-1.323-0.428-2.869-0.308-4.025 0.495-0.844 0.547-1.485 1.385-1.819 2.333-0.276 0.676-0.197 1.427-0.181 2.145 0.317 2.188 2.421 4.027 4.667 3.828 1.489-0.016 2.916-0.88 3.692-2.145 0.251-0.443 0.532-0.896 0.547-1.417 0.131-2.385 0.079-4.76 0.095-7.145 0.011-5.375-0.016-10.735 0.025-16.093z" /></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label">TikTok</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--color-crimson); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook has-primary-crimson-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="http://facebook.com/harvard" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label">Facebook</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--color-crimson); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-youtube has-primary-crimson-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@harvard" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label">YouTube</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--color-crimson); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-mail has-primary-crimson-color wp-block-social-link"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/email-sign-up/" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19,5H5c-1.1,0-2,.9-2,2v10c0,1.1.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-.9,2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm.5,12c0,.3-.2.5-.5.5H5c-.3,0-.5-.2-.5-.5V9.8l7.5,5.6,7.5-5.6V17zm0-9.1L12,13.6,4.5,7.9V7c0-.3.2-.5.5-.5h14c.3,0,.5.2.5.5v.9z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label">Email</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group alignwide site-footer__lower is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-13 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="280" height="70" src="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Harvard_University_logo.svg" alt="" class="wp-image-387285" style="width:200px"/></figure> <nav class="items-justified-right site-footer__utility-nav wp-block-navigation is-content-justification-right is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-9 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Utility Menu 2"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container items-justified-right site-footer__utility-nav wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://www.harvard.edu/media-relations/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">For Media & Journalists</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://gocrimson.com/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Athletics News & Scores</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://accessibility.huit.harvard.edu/digital-accessibility-policy"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Digital Accessibility</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/gazette/privacy-policy/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Privacy Policy</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://trademark.harvard.edu/pages/trademark-notice"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Trademark</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </footer> </div>  <script id="dataLayerUpdate"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; dataLayer.push({ "event": "page_view", "detailed_event": "Page Load Completed" }); </script> <script id="wp-block-template-skip-link-js-after"> ( function() { var skipLinkTarget = document.querySelector( 'main' ), sibling, skipLinkTargetID, skipLink; // Early exit if a skip-link target can't be located. if ( ! skipLinkTarget ) { return; } /* * Get the site wrapper. * The skip-link will be injected in the beginning of it. */ sibling = document.querySelector( '.wp-site-blocks' ); // Early exit if the root element was not found. if ( ! sibling ) { return; } // Get the skip-link target's ID, and generate one if it doesn't exist. skipLinkTargetID = skipLinkTarget.id; if ( ! skipLinkTargetID ) { skipLinkTargetID = 'wp--skip-link--target'; skipLinkTarget.id = skipLinkTargetID; } // Create the skip link. skipLink = document.createElement( 'a' ); skipLink.classList.add( 'skip-link', 'screen-reader-text' ); skipLink.href = '#' + skipLinkTargetID; skipLink.innerHTML = 'Skip to content'; // Inject the skip link. sibling.parentElement.insertBefore( skipLink, sibling ); }() ); </script> <script id="wbg-front-js-extra"> var wbgAdminScriptObj = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","modalWidth":"700"}; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://news.harvard.edu/_static/??-eJyljdEOgjAMRX/IUoREn4xf4EfAqKPQbYRuEvl6pxHjO0836e05F5cJTPCRfEQjnANcgkmSZa/YO7DRYaNKUZEeudZi0AP+UdtvPrUhjAq2EaH5CdNMjtOPHhR55VvoGikc+x0aFTbjXgcJmcgr7fQsrYX7nLnNwd5I6uhTdqwR+7fhu3J1l+O5rqryVFb18AJnqo4+" ></script><script src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script id="wp-parsely-loader-js-before"> window.wpParselySiteId = 'news.harvard.edu'; </script> <script src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/plugins/wp-parsely/build/loader.js?ver=71d37502d12f3838b80d" id="wp-parsely-loader-js"></script> <script data-parsely-site="news.harvard.edu" src="https://cdn.parsely.com/keys/news.harvard.edu/p.js?ver=3.15.0" id="parsely-cfg"></script> <script src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/lodash.min.js?ver=4.17.21" id="lodash-js"></script> <script id="lodash-js-after"> window.lodash = _.noConflict(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://news.harvard.edu/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/build/harvard-gazette-theme.03b012f1dace027c88ae.js?m=1729871316g" ></script><script src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202447.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"233801358\",\"post\":\"393851\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"news.harvard.edu\",\"hp\":\"vip\",\"j\":\"1:13.9.1\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "233801358", "393851" ]); </script> </body> </html>