Brute Force: Password Cracking, Sub-technique T1110.002 - Enterprise

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Check out the <a href='https://medium.com/mitre-attack/attack-v16-561c76af94cf'>blog post</a> for more information. </div> </div> </div> <div class="row flex-grow-1 flex-shrink-0">   <div class="sidebar nav sticky-top flex-column pr-0 pt-4 pb-3 pl-3" id="v-tab" role="tablist" aria-orientation="vertical"> <div class="resizer" id="resizer"></div>  <div id="sidebars"></div>  </div> <div class="tab-content col-xl-9 pt-4" id="v-tabContent"> <div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="v-attckmatrix" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="v-attckmatrix-tab"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/techniques/enterprise">Techniques</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/techniques/enterprise">Enterprise</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/techniques/T1110">Brute Force</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item">Password Cracking</li> </ol> <div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="v-" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="v--tab"></div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xl-12"> <div class="jumbotron jumbotron-fluid"> <div class="container-fluid"> <h1 id=""> <span id="subtechnique-parent-name">Brute Force:</span> Password Cracking </h1> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8">  <div class="card-block pb-2"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-header collapsed" id="subtechniques-card-header" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#subtechniques-card-body" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="subtechniques-card-body"> <h5 class="mb-0" id ="sub-techniques">Other sub-techniques of Brute Force (4)</h5> </div> <div id="subtechniques-card-body" class="card-body p-0 collapse" aria-labelledby="subtechniques-card-header"> <table class="table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Name</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1110/001/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1110.001"> T1110.001 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1110/001/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1110.001"> Password Guessing </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="active"> T1110.002 </td> <td class="active"> Password Cracking </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1110/003/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1110.003"> T1110.003 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1110/003/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1110.003"> Password Spraying </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1110/004/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1110.004"> T1110.004 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/techniques/T1110/004/" class="subtechnique-table-item" data-subtechnique_id="T1110.004"> Credential Stuffing </a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="description-body"> <p>Adversaries may use password cracking to attempt to recover usable credentials, such as plaintext passwords, when credential material such as password hashes are obtained. <a href="/techniques/T1003">OS Credential Dumping</a> can be used to obtain password hashes, this may only get an adversary so far when <a href="/techniques/T1550/002">Pass the Hash</a> is not an option. Further, adversaries may leverage <a href="/techniques/T1602">Data from Configuration Repository</a> in order to obtain hashed credentials for network devices.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020."data-reference="US-CERT-TA18-106A"><sup><a href="https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span> </p><p>Techniques to systematically guess the passwords used to compute hashes are available, or the adversary may use a pre-computed rainbow table to crack hashes. Cracking hashes is usually done on adversary-controlled systems outside of the target network.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-2') id="scite-ref-2-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Wikipedia. (n.d.). Password cracking. Retrieved December 23, 2015."data-reference="Wikipedia Password cracking"><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="1" aria-describedby="qtip-1">[2]</a></sup></span> The resulting plaintext password resulting from a successfully cracked hash may be used to log into systems, resources, and services in which the account has access.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="row card-data" id="card-id"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">ID: </span>T1110.002 </div> </div>  <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Sub-technique of: </span> <a href="/techniques/T1110">T1110</a> </div> </div>  <div id="card-tactics" class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The tactic objectives that the (sub-)technique can be used to accomplish">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Tactic:</span> <a href="/tactics/TA0006">Credential Access</a> </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The system an adversary is operating within; could be an operating system or application">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Platforms: </span>Identity Provider, Linux, Network, Office Suite, Windows, macOS </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Contributors: </span>Mohamed Kmal </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Version: </span>1.3 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Created: </span>11 February 2020 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Last Modified: </span>14 October 2024 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center pt-2 version-button live"> <div class="live"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Permalink to this version of T1110.002" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1110/002/" data-test-ignore="true">Version Permalink</a> </div> <div class="permalink"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Go to the live version of T1110.002" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1110/002/" data-test-ignore="true">Live Version</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="examples">Procedure Examples</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Name</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0022"> G0022 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0022"> APT3 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0022">APT3</a> has been known to brute force password hashes to be able to leverage plain text credentials.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Korban, C, et al. (2017, September). APT3 Adversary Emulation Plan. Retrieved January 16, 2018."data-reference="APT3 Adversary Emulation Plan"><sup><a href="https://attack.mitre.org/docs/APT3_Adversary_Emulation_Plan.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0035"> G0035 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0035"> Dragonfly </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0035">Dragonfly</a> has dropped and executed tools used for password cracking, including Hydra and <a href="/software/S0488">CrackMapExec</a>.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018."data-reference="US-CERT TA18-074A"><sup><a href="https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kali. (2014, February 18). THC-Hydra. Retrieved November 2, 2017."data-reference="Kali Hydra"><sup><a href="https://tools.kali.org/password-attacks/hydra" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0037"> G0037 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0037"> FIN6 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0037">FIN6</a> has extracted password hashes from ntds.dit to crack offline.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-6') id="scite-ref-6-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2016, April). Follow the Money: Dissecting the Operations of the Cyber Crime Group FIN6. Retrieved June 1, 2016."data-reference="FireEye FIN6 April 2016"><sup><a href="https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/848-DID-242/images/rpt-fin6.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="5" aria-describedby="qtip-5">[6]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0056"> S0056 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0056"> Net Crawler </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0056">Net Crawler</a> uses a list of known credentials gathered through credential dumping to guess passwords to accounts as it spreads throughout a network.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-7') id="scite-ref-7-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017."data-reference="Cylance Cleaver"><sup><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085133/https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="6" aria-describedby="qtip-6">[7]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0002"> C0002 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0002"> Night Dragon </a> </td> <td> <p>During <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0002">Night Dragon</a>, threat actors used Cain & Abel to crack password hashes.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-8') id="scite-ref-8-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="McAfee® Foundstone® Professional Services and McAfee Labs™. (2011, February 10). Global Energy Cyberattacks: "Night Dragon". Retrieved February 19, 2018."data-reference="McAfee Night Dragon"><sup><a href="https://scadahacker.com/library/Documents/Cyber_Events/McAfee%20-%20Night%20Dragon%20-%20Global%20Energy%20Cyberattacks.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="7" aria-describedby="qtip-7">[8]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="mitigations">Mitigations</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Mitigation</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1032"> M1032 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1032"> Multi-factor Authentication </a> </td> <td> <p>Use multi-factor authentication. Where possible, also enable multi-factor authentication on externally facing services.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1027"> M1027 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1027"> Password Policies </a> </td> <td> <p>Refer to NIST guidelines when creating password policies. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-9') id="scite-ref-9-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Grassi, P., et al. (2017, December 1). SP 800-63-3, Digital Identity Guidelines. Retrieved January 16, 2019."data-reference="NIST 800-63-3"><sup><a href="https://pages.nist.gov/800-63-3/sp800-63b.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="8" aria-describedby="qtip-8">[9]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="detection">Detection</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table datasources-table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th class="p-2" scope="col">ID</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Source</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Component</th> <th class="p-2" scope="col">Detects</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0015"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0015">DS0015</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0015">Application Log</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0015/#Application%20Log%20Content">Application Log Content</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor authentication logs for system and application login failures of <a href="/techniques/T1078">Valid Accounts</a>. It is difficult to detect when hashes are cracked, since this is generally done outside the scope of the target network. Consider focusing efforts on detecting other adversary behavior used to acquire credential materials, such as <a href="/techniques/T1003">OS Credential Dumping</a> or <a href="/techniques/T1558/003">Kerberoasting</a>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0002"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0002">DS0002</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0002">User Account</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0002/#User%20Account%20Authentication">User Account Authentication</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor for many failed authentication attempts across various accounts that may result from password spraying attempts. It is difficult to detect when hashes are cracked, since this is generally done outside the scope of the target network. (ex: Windows EID 4625 or 5379)</p><p>Analytic 1 - Multiple failed logon attempts across different accounts.</p><p><code> (index=security sourcetype="WinEventLog:Security" EventCode IN (4625, 5379)) OR(index=os sourcetype="linux_secure" message="Failed password") OR(index=os sourcetype="macos_secure" message="Failed to authenticate user")</code></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="references">References</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <ol> <li> <span id="scite-1" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-1" href="https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A" target="_blank"> US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-2" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-2" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking" target="_blank"> Wikipedia. (n.d.). Password cracking. Retrieved December 23, 2015. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-3" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-3" href="https://attack.mitre.org/docs/APT3_Adversary_Emulation_Plan.pdf" target="_blank"> Korban, C, et al. (2017, September). APT3 Adversary Emulation Plan. Retrieved January 16, 2018. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-4" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-4" href="https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A" target="_blank"> US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-5" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-5" href="https://tools.kali.org/password-attacks/hydra" target="_blank"> Kali. (2014, February 18). THC-Hydra. Retrieved November 2, 2017. </a> </span> </span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="col"> <ol start="6.0"> <li> <span id="scite-6" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-6" href="https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/848-DID-242/images/rpt-fin6.pdf" target="_blank"> FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2016, April). Follow the Money: Dissecting the Operations of the Cyber Crime Group FIN6. Retrieved June 1, 2016. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-7" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-7" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085133/https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf" target="_blank"> Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-8" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-8" href="https://scadahacker.com/library/Documents/Cyber_Events/McAfee%20-%20Night%20Dragon%20-%20Global%20Energy%20Cyberattacks.pdf" target="_blank"> McAfee® Foundstone® Professional Services and McAfee Labs™. (2011, February 10). Global Energy Cyberattacks: “Night Dragon”. Retrieved February 19, 2018. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-9" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-9" href="https://pages.nist.gov/800-63-3/sp800-63b.html" target="_blank"> Grassi, P., et al. (2017, December 1). SP 800-63-3, Digital Identity Guidelines. 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