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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Entry into politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_into_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_Board_of_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>President of the Board of Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_Board_of_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birrell_and_Women's_Suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birrell_and_Women's_Suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Birrell and Women's Suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birrell_and_Women's_Suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chief Secretary for Ireland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chief Secretary for Ireland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Council_Bill,_Universities_Bill_and_Land_Bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_Bill,_Universities_Bill_and_Land_Bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Council Bill, Universities Bill and Land Bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_Bill,_Universities_Bill_and_Land_Bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Rule_Bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Rule_Bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Home Rule Bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Rule_Bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Easter_Rising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Easter_Rising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Easter Rising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Easter_Rising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Augustine Birrell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Augustine Birrell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Augustine Birrell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84" title="آگوستین بیرل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آگوستین بیرل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Augustine Birrell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Augustine Birrell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Augustine Birrell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اوجسطين بيريل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوجسطين بيريل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Augustine Birrell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Augustine 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British politician (1850–1933)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Augustine Birrell</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustine_Birrell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Augustine_Birrell.jpg/200px-Augustine_Birrell.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Augustine_Birrell.jpg/300px-Augustine_Birrell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Augustine_Birrell.jpg/400px-Augustine_Birrell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1026" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education_and_Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Education and Skills">President of the Board of Education</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 December 1905 – 23 January 1907</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Edward VII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_6th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry">The Marquess of Londonderry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 January 1907 – 3 May 1916</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Edward VII</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Duke,_1st_Baron_Merrivale" title="Henry Duke, 1st Baron Merrivale">Sir Henry Duke</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1850-01-19</span>)</span>19 January 1850<br /><a href="/wiki/Wavertree,_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavertree, Liverpool">Wavertree, Liverpool</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1933<span style="display:none">(1933-11-20)</span> (aged 83)<br />London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Margaret Mirrielees <br /> (d. 1879)<br />Eleanor Tennyson <br />(d. 1915)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Hall,_Cambridge" title="Trinity Hall, Cambridge">Trinity Hall, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Augustine Birrell</b> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a> (19 January 1850 – 20 November 1933) was a British <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> politician, who was <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a> from 1907 to 1916. In this post, he was praised for enabling tenant farmers to own their property, and for extending university education for Catholics, but was criticised for failing to take action against the rebels before the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>, leading to his subsequent resignation. A barrister by training, he was also an author, noted for humorous essays. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birrell was born in <a href="/wiki/Wavertree" title="Wavertree">Wavertree, Liverpool</a> the son of The Rev. Charles Mitchell Birrell (1811–1880), a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> minister and Harriet Jane Grey (1811–1863) daughter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey_(minister)" title="Henry Grey (minister)">Rev Henry Grey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Amersham_Hall" title="Amersham Hall">Amersham Hall</a> school and at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Hall,_Cambridge" title="Trinity Hall, Cambridge">Trinity Hall, Cambridge</a>, where he was made an Honorary <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Debating_Club" title="Sylvan Debating Club">Sylvan Debating Club</a> in 1872. He started work in a solicitor's office in Liverpool<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was <a href="/wiki/Called_to_the_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Called to the Bar">called to the Bar</a> in 1875, becoming a <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a> in 1893 and a <a href="/wiki/Bencher" title="Bencher">Bencher</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a> in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_was_Who,_OUP_2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_was_Who,_OUP_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1896 to 1899 he was Professor of Comparative Law at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, London">University College, London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911 Birrell served as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rector_of_Glasgow_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rector of Glasgow University">Lord Rector of Glasgow University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_was_Who,_OUP_2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_was_Who,_OUP_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first wife, Margaret Mirrielees, died in 1879, only a year after their marriage, and in 1888 he married Eleanor Tennyson, daughter of the poet <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Locker-Lampson" title="Frederick Locker-Lampson">Frederick Locker-Lampson</a> and widow of Lionel Tennyson, son of the poet <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b11_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two sons, one of whom, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Birrell" title="Francis Birrell">Frankie</a> (1889–1935) was later a journalist and critic and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a>. Birrell found success as a writer with the publication of a volume of essays entitled <i>Obiter Dicta</i> in 1884. This was followed by a second series of <i>Obiter Dicta</i> in 1887 and <i>Res Judicatae</i> in 1892. These, despite their titles, were not concerned with law, but he also wrote books on <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a>. Birrell wrote, and spoke, with a characteristic humour which became known as <i>birrelling</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry_into_politics">Entry into politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Entry into politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1895_Augustine_Birrell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/1895_Augustine_Birrell.jpg/220px-1895_Augustine_Birrell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/1895_Augustine_Birrell.jpg/330px-1895_Augustine_Birrell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/1895_Augustine_Birrell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Augustine Birrell c1895</figcaption></figure> <p>After unsuccessfully contesting parliamentary seats in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Walton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Liverpool Walton (UK Parliament constituency)">Liverpool, Walton</a> in <a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885</a> and <a href="/wiki/Widnes_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Widnes (UK Parliament constituency)">Widnes</a> in <a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886</a>, Birrell was elected to parliament for <a href="/wiki/West_Fife_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="West Fife (UK Parliament constituency)">West Fife</a> at a by-election in 1889, as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson43_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson43-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retained his seat in the general elections of 1892 and 1895, but in the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">general election of 1900</a> he stood in <a href="/wiki/Manchester_North_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Manchester North East (UK Parliament constituency)">Manchester North East</a> and was defeated. In 1903 he edited <i>Eight Years of Tory Government</i>, a "handbook for the use of Liberals", which attacked the incumbent Conservative administration's record on issues such as housing and worker's compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_the_Board_of_Education">President of the Board of Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: President of the Board of Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1902#The_failed_Education_Bill_of_1906" title="Education Act 1902">Education Act 1902 § The failed Education Bill of 1906</a></div> <p>In December 1905 Birrell was included in the cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Education">President of the Board of Education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-b11_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broin,_pp._4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broin,_pp._4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that month he was sworn of the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">Privy Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was returned for <a href="/wiki/Bristol_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bristol North (UK Parliament constituency)">Bristol North</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">general election of January 1906</a>, in which the Liberals won a large majority.<sup id="cite_ref-b11_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broin,_pp._4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broin,_pp._4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Campbell-Bannerman, Birrell belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a> tradition of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birrell also belonged to a group called the "New Radicals" or "New Liberals", which also included <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">R. B. Haldane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Sir Edward Grey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birrell introduced the Education Bill 1906, intended to address <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> grievances arising from the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1902" title="Education Act 1902">Education Act 1902</a>. The bill passed the Liberal-dominated <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> comfortably, but the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, with a Conservative majority, passed wrecking amendments which undermined its meaning, and the government dropped it. This use of dilatory parliamentary procedures and wrecking amendments over the education bill began a period of political tension between the Commons and Lords which ultimately concluded with the Lords' rejection of the People's Budget of 1909, sparking the Constitutional Crises of 1909–11.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birrell had been seen as a poor advocate for the bill, although he complained privately that it was mainly Lloyd George's work, and that he himself had had little say over its contents.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat of the bill made it impossible for Birrell to continue in his post, and in January 1907 he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a>, to replace <a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a> who had been made Ambassador to the United States. While serving in government, Birrell supported a number of progressive measures and proposals such as expanded housing provisions, land reform,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and substantial increases in education spending at both primary and secondary level.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birrell_and_Women's_Suffrage"><span id="Birrell_and_Women.27s_Suffrage"></span>Birrell and Women's Suffrage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Birrell and Women's Suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragette_plaque,_Greystones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Suffragette_plaque%2C_Greystones.jpg/220px-Suffragette_plaque%2C_Greystones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Suffragette_plaque%2C_Greystones.jpg/330px-Suffragette_plaque%2C_Greystones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Suffragette_plaque%2C_Greystones.jpg/440px-Suffragette_plaque%2C_Greystones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption>Plaque in <a href="/wiki/Greystones" title="Greystones">Greystones</a>, Ireland commemorating the events of 25 October 1910, when <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Sheehy-Skeffington" title="Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington">Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington</a> and Hilda Webb challenged Birrell on the suffrage issue.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like many of his political colleagues and members of the general public, Birrell strongly disapproved of the <a href="/wiki/Militant_(word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant (word)">militancy</a> and violence of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> (WSPU; suffragettes). In November 1910, when walking alone from the House of Commons, he was set upon by a group of about twenty suffragettes who had recognised him. While he did not believe there was any serious attempt to injure him, in trying to escape he twisted his knee and "slipped the knee-cap".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C._P._Scott" title="C. P. Scott">C. P. Scott</a> wrote in his diary that Birrell feared he might require an operation to remove his kneecap and joked that, if he did, he would remain "a weak-kneed politician" to the end of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birrell was, however, described by the paper <i><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(newspaper)" title="Votes for Women (newspaper)">Votes for Women</a></i> as one of a number of "Suffragist members of the Cabinet" who met with a deputation from the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a> (NUWSS), led by <a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Millicent Fawcett</a>, on 8 August 1913, following a similar meeting by the NUWSS with Prime Minister Asquith on the same day. According to <i>Votes for Women</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> reported that the ministers asked the deputation what kind of bill the NUWSS was looking for. Other ministers present included <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">John Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Dyke_Acland" title="Francis Dyke Acland">Francis Dyke Acland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKinnon_Wood" title="Thomas McKinnon Wood">Thomas McKinnon Wood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chief Secretary for Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_Bill,_Universities_Bill_and_Land_Bill"><span id="Council_Bill.2C_Universities_Bill_and_Land_Bill"></span>Council Bill, Universities Bill and Land Bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Council Bill, Universities Bill and Land Bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustine_Birrell_Vanity_Fair_18_January_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Augustine_Birrell_Vanity_Fair_18_January_1906.jpg/220px-Augustine_Birrell_Vanity_Fair_18_January_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Augustine_Birrell_Vanity_Fair_18_January_1906.jpg/330px-Augustine_Birrell_Vanity_Fair_18_January_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Augustine_Birrell_Vanity_Fair_18_January_1906.jpg/440px-Augustine_Birrell_Vanity_Fair_18_January_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Birrell caricatured by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ward" title="Leslie Ward">Spy</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>Birrell's first <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Under-Secretary for Ireland">Under-Secretary</a> and head of Irish Civil Service at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle administration</a> was Sir <a href="/wiki/Antony_MacDonnell" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony MacDonnell">Antony MacDonnell</a>, who had worked successfully with a previous Chief Secretary, <a href="/wiki/George_Wyndham" title="George Wyndham">George Wyndham</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Land_Purchase_(Ireland)_Act_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903">Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903</a>. MacDonnell was a well-known advocate for Home Rule. MacDonnell's proposals for what was called "<a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a>" – the transfer of local powers to Ireland under a central authority – adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Reform_Association" title="Irish Reform Association">Irish Reform Association</a>'s - had encountered strong opposition from <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionists</a>, leading eventually to Wyndham's resignation. This proposal ultimately passed from Sir James Bryce with Birrell inheriting the bill. Birrell modified MacDonnell's proposal and on 7 May 1907 introduced the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Council_Bill" title="Irish Council Bill">Irish Council Bill</a>. The bill was initially welcomed by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Nationalism">Nationalist</a> leaders <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dillon" title="John Dillon">John Dillon</a>, and opposed, for different reasons, by unionists and by more radical nationalists who wanted nothing less than <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Home Rule</a> for Ireland. At a convention of the <a href="/wiki/United_Irish_League" title="United Irish League">United Irish League</a>, opposition was so strong that Redmond changed his position; the convention rejected the bill and the government was unable to proceed with it.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birrell suffered further embarrassment when he sought to discontinue the use of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Coercion_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Coercion Act">Irish Crimes Act 1887</a>, a coercive measure introduced by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> to deal with agrarian crime, only to be faced with an increase in cattle-driving.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another affair, in which Birrell was not directly involved but for which he had to take part of the blame, was the theft of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Crown_Jewels" title="Irish Crown Jewels">Irish Crown Jewels</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a> (where the Chief Secretary had his offices) in July 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birrell had more success in areas such as Education and the Irish land question. His excellent relations with both Roman Catholic and Protestant church leaders such as Archbishop of Dublin <a href="/wiki/William_Walsh_(archbishop_of_Dublin)" title="William Walsh (archbishop of Dublin)">William Walsh</a> ensured the successful passage of the Irish Universities Bill 1908, which established the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> and dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Royal_University_of_Ireland" title="Royal University of Ireland">Royal University of Ireland</a>. It solved the sectarian problem in higher education by dividing the Protestant and Catholic traditions into their own separate spheres and ensured Catholic, Nationalist scholars had access to university education.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson43_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson43-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporaries also praised his achievement in carrying the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act (1909), which though falling far short in its financial provisions allowed for <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">compulsory purchase</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_Commission" title="Irish Land Commission">Land Commission</a> of large areas of land for the relief of congestion, through a hostile House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_Rule_Bill">Home Rule Bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Home Rule Bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustine_Birrell_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13220.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Augustine_Birrell_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13220.png/200px-Augustine_Birrell_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13220.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Augustine_Birrell_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13220.png/300px-Augustine_Birrell_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13220.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Augustine_Birrell_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13220.png/400px-Augustine_Birrell_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13220.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of Augustine Birrell</figcaption></figure> <p>After the passing, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a>, which restricted the power of the Lords to veto bills, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Act_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule Act 1914">Third Home Rule Bill</a> on 16 April 1912. The Unionists, led in Ireland by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> and in Britain by Tory leader <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>, formed a private army, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a>, to resist enforcement of the act,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Carson proposed an amendment excluding <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> from the scope of the bill. Birrell was opposed to the exclusion of any part of the country and when <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> proposed a compromise involving the exclusion of six of the nine counties of Ulster for a period of five to six years Birrell responded by offering his resignation. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ronan_Fanning" title="Ronan Fanning">Ronan Fanning</a>, in a newspaper article, has described him as "the arch hypocrite" because of his public criticisms of such exclusion proposals, but private acceptance of same.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal was rejected by both Unionists and Nationalists and Birrell stayed on.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, by that stage Lloyd George had effectively replaced Birrell as the Liberal government's negotiator in the Home Rule discussions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis continued through 1913 and into 1914. The bill was introduced for the third time in July 1914, this time along with an amending bill allowing for the exclusion of some of the Ulster counties,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> the bill was passed without further debate, with its implementation suspended until after the war. However, on the collapse of Asquith's Liberal-dominated government in May 1915 and its replacement with a coalition involving Carson, the implementation of Home Rule at any stage became moot.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1922_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1922-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War">World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the latter part of 1915 Birrell was one of those Liberal ministers (others being <a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Walter Runciman</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Sir Edward Grey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a>)) who were unhappy at the realignment of Britain's war effort towards conscription, total war and a massive commitment of troops to the Western Front, as advocated by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Imperial General Staff">CIGS</a> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Murray" title="Archibald Murray">Archibald Murray</a>. However, none of these joined <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Sir John Simon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Home Secretary</a>) in resigning in protest at the conscription of bachelors, due to be <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_Act_1916" title="Military Service Act 1916">enacted in January 1916</a>. However, Birrell wrote to the Prime Minister (29 December) criticizing Murray and arguing that he and Runciman agreed that finance and strategic policy were more important than conscription. Conscription was only applied in Britain, not Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Easter_Rising">Easter Rising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Easter Rising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A further threat to Birrell's administration had arisen with the formation in November 1913 of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a>, ostensibly to safeguard Home rule but in fact, under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB) aiming to break the union with Britain altogether. Feelings in nationalist Ireland were further aroused by the possibility of conscription. Sir <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Nathan" title="Matthew Nathan">Matthew Nathan</a>, Birrell's Under-Secretary since October 1914, told him in September 1915 that the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Nationalist Party (Ireland)">Nationalist Party</a> was losing ground in the country and that extreme nationalists, often referred to as <i>Sinn Féiners</i>, were gaining support. Nathan took measures such as suppressing newspapers and forcing Irish Volunteer organisers to leave the country. The Irish Party leaders, Redmond and Dillon, cautioned against taking direct action against the 'Sinn Féiners' and the administration kept to that policy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birrell himself felt that the danger of a bomb outrage was greater than that of an insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His assessment was proved wrong when the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> began on 24 April 1916. </p><p>Birrell had spent Easter in London, where Nathan had telegraphed him with news of the capture and scuttling of the arms ship the <i>Aud</i> and the arrest of Sir <a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a>. He had just sent approval for the arrest of the movement's leaders on Easter Monday morning when he was told by <a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">Viscount French</a>, Commander-in-Chief of the British Home Forces, that the Rising had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He maintained contact with Nathan by telegraph and answered questions in Parliament on Tuesday and Wednesday, then travelled by destroyer to Dublin, arriving in the early hours of Thursday morning. From there he wrote to the Prime Minister, giving him his assessment of the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of his letters he wrote that he 'couldn't go on'. On 1 May, the day after the Rising ended, Asquith accepted his resignation 'with infinite regret'.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This regret was also felt by both Nationalist and Unionist politicians in Parliament. While some, such as <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Ginnell" title="Laurence Ginnell">Laurence Ginnell</a> celebrated his departure, both <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Carson">Sir Edward Carson</a> praised the work Birrell completed during his time as chief secretary. Others, such as the Irish civil servant, Sir Henry Robinson, also praised the work Birrell completed and highlighted in his memoirs the number of Acts of Parliament Birrell was responsible for. However, The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> on the 1916 Rebellion (the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hardinge,_1st_Baron_Hardinge_of_Penshurst" title="Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst">Hardinge</a> commission) was critical of Birrell and Nathan, in particular their failure to take action against the rebels in the weeks and months before the Rising.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birrell acknowledged in his memoirs that he did not stoutly defend himself in front of the commission. However, the commission did understand that Birrell was confined to London due to his cabinet and parliamentary duties between 1914 and 1916. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustine_Birrell;_Katharine_Frances_Asquith_(n%C3%A9e_Horner);_Anthony_Birrell_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_(borderless).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Augustine_Birrell%3B_Katharine_Frances_Asquith_%28n%C3%A9e_Horner%29%3B_Anthony_Birrell_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%28borderless%29.jpg/220px-Augustine_Birrell%3B_Katharine_Frances_Asquith_%28n%C3%A9e_Horner%29%3B_Anthony_Birrell_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%28borderless%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Augustine_Birrell%3B_Katharine_Frances_Asquith_%28n%C3%A9e_Horner%29%3B_Anthony_Birrell_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%28borderless%29.jpg/330px-Augustine_Birrell%3B_Katharine_Frances_Asquith_%28n%C3%A9e_Horner%29%3B_Anthony_Birrell_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%28borderless%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Augustine_Birrell%3B_Katharine_Frances_Asquith_%28n%C3%A9e_Horner%29%3B_Anthony_Birrell_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%28borderless%29.jpg/440px-Augustine_Birrell%3B_Katharine_Frances_Asquith_%28n%C3%A9e_Horner%29%3B_Anthony_Birrell_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%28borderless%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="2935" /></a><figcaption>Birrell with his son Anthony and <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Asquith" title="Katharine Asquith">Katharine Asquith</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While Birrell's first phase as Chief Secretary was a clear success, the period from about 1912 onwards saw something of a decline in Birrell's career which was also mirrored in his domestic life. Birrell's second wife Eleanor had been suffering from an inoperable brain tumour and this eventually caused her to lose her sanity. This affected Birrell deeply, privately and publicly, but he did not tell his political colleagues, who were simply given to understand that she did not care for social life. There were two sons of the marriage, Francis and Anthony. </p><p>The quality of his public work deteriorated and as one historian has noted the severe personal strain must have been a contributory factor in "...the uncharacteristic combination of excessive zeal and indecision which marked [Birrell's] response to the Dublin industrial agitation of 1913".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only after Eleanor died in 1915 did Birrell begin to regain some of his old energy and effectiveness as a minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birrell did not defend his seat in the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918 general election</a>, nor did he ever return to Ireland. In 1929, he accepted an honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a>, but storms in the Irish Sea prevented him from making the crossing and he had to receive his degree <i>in absentia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to literature with a further volume of essays and book reviews, <i>More Obiter Dicta</i> (1920) and a book on his father-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Locker-Lampson" title="Frederick Locker-Lampson">Frederick Locker-Lampson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1922_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1922-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in London on 20 November 1933, aged eighty-three. His autobiography, <i>Things Past Redress</i>, was published posthumously. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Obiter Dicta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Stock" title="Elliot Stock">Elliot Stock</a>, 1885</li> <li><i>Res Judicatae: Papers and Essays</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons 1892</li> <li><i>Essays about Men, Women, and Books</i>, Elliot Stock, 1895</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006054740"><i>Collected Essays</i></a>, Elliot Stock, 1899<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (comprising <i>Obiter Dicta</i>; <i>Res Judicatae</i>; <i>Essays about Men, Women, and Books</i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miscellanies00birrgoog"><i>Miscellanies</i></a>, Elliot Stock, 1901</li> <li><i>Essays and Addresses</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1901 (same content as <i>Miscellanies</i>)</li> <li><i>William Hazlitt</i>, Macmillan, 1902</li> <li><i>Eight Years of Tory Government, 1895-1903; home affairs; handbook for the use of liberals</i> London, 1903</li> <li><i>In the Name of the Bodleian, and Other Essays</i>, Elliot Stock, 1905</li> <li><i>Andrew Marvell</i>, Macmillan, 1905</li> <li><i>Selected Essays: 1884–1907</i>, Thomas Nelson, 1909</li> <li><i>Self-Selected Essays : a Second Series</i>, Nelson, 1917</li> <li><i>More Obiter Dicta</i>, W. Heinemann ltd., 1924</li> <li><i>Et Cetera: A Collection</i>, Chatto and Windus, 1930</li> <li><i>Things Past Redress</i> London, 1937</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papers">Papers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main collection of Birrell's papers, those dealing with his period as Chief Secretary, are deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>. The Bodleian also contains collections of Birrell's public correspondence with political figures of his day, Asquith, Lewis Harcourt and others. Birrell's correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Campbell-Bannerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Gladstone">Herbert Gladstone</a> are in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. His correspondence with <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Archives" title="Parliamentary Archives">Parliamentary Archives</a>. Correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a> is in <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>. Other collections can be found in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">National Library of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>. His family correspondence is deposited in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae</i>; by Hew Scott</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFACADBRL870A" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BRL870A&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Birrell, Augustine (BRL870A)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birrell%2C+Augustine+%28BRL870A%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DBRL870A%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Jackson_(historian)" title="Alvin Jackson (historian)">Alvin Jackson</a>, <i>Augustine Birrell</i> in Brack et al. (eds.) <i>Dictionary of Liberal Biography</i>; Politico's, 1998 pp 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_was_Who,_OUP_2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who_was_Who,_OUP_2007_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_was_Who,_OUP_2007_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Who was Who</i>, OUP 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b11_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b11_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b11_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b11_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Birrell, Augustine"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Birrell,_Augustine">"Birrell, Augustine" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 989–990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birrell%2C+Augustine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=989-990&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, Leon, <i>The Chief Secretary: Augustine Birrell in Ireland</i>, Chatto & Windus, 1969 pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson43-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson43_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson43_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, <i>Augustine Birrell</i>, p.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirrell1903" class="citation book cs1">Birrell, Augustine, ed. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/eightyearstoryg00birrgoog#page/n8/mode/2up"><i>Eight Years of Tory Government, 1895-1903</i></a>. The Liberal Publication Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Years+of+Tory+Government%2C+1895-1903&rft.pub=The+Liberal+Publication+Department&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Feightyearstoryg00birrgoog%23page%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broin,_pp._4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broin,_pp._4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broin,_pp._4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, pp. 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27862" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27862/supplement/8892">"No. 27862"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 8 December 1905. p. 8892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27862&rft.pages=8892&rft.date=1905-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27862%2Fsupplement%2F8892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2003" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Duncan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2XWGuS25msYC&pg=PA45"><i>Political Change and the Labour Party 1900-1918</i></a> (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521530538" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521530538"><bdi>978-0521530538</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Change+and+the+Labour+Party+1900-1918&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521530538&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2XWGuS25msYC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Day1987" class="citation book cs1">O'Day, Alan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EuBNO4XIu9oC&pg=PA269"><i>Reactions to Irish Nationalism, 1865-1914</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826421173" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826421173"><bdi>978-0826421173</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reactions+to+Irish+Nationalism%2C+1865-1914&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0826421173&rft.aulast=O%27Day&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEuBNO4XIu9oC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Havighurst, Alfred F., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pedeirkaineymab00unkngoog/page/n95">Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century</a></i>, University of Chicago Press, 1985, pp. 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crosby 2014, pp.74-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919115300/http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/articles/new-land-purchase-bill-before-house-of-commons">"New Land Purchase Bill before House of Commons | Century Ireland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89.ie" title="RTÉ.ie">RTÉ.ie</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/articles/new-land-purchase-bill-before-house-of-commons">the original</a> on 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89.ie&rft.atitle=New+Land+Purchase+Bill+before+House+of+Commons+%26%23124%3B+Century+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fcenturyireland%2Farticles%2Fnew-land-purchase-bill-before-house-of-commons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1906/mar/02/education-provision-of-meals-bill#S4V0152P0_19060302_HOC_63">"EDUCATION (PROVISION OF MEALS) BILL. (Hansard, 2 March 1906)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 2 March 1906. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113431/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1906/mar/02/education-provision-of-meals-bill#S4V0152P0_19060302_HOC_63">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=EDUCATION+%28PROVISION+OF+MEALS%29+BILL.+%28Hansard%2C+2+March+1906%29&rft.date=1906-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1906%2Fmar%2F02%2Feducation-provision-of-meals-bill%23S4V0152P0_19060302_HOC_63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2013" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5XurnRG_BAC&pg=PA143"><i>Rise Up, Women!: The Militant Campaign of the Women's Social and Political Union, 1903-1914</i></a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136247545" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136247545"><bdi>978-1136247545</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+Up%2C+Women%21%3A+The+Militant+Campaign+of+the+Women%27s+Social+and+Political+Union%2C+1903-1914&rft.pages=143&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136247545&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5XurnRG_BAC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1970" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Trevor, ed. (1970). <i>The Political Diaries of C P Scott: 1911–1928</i>. Collins. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Diaries+of+C+P+Scott%3A+1911%E2%80%931928&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002187/19130815/022/0004#">"Deputation received by other ministers"</a></span>. <i>Votes for Women</i>. 15 August 1913. pp. 664–5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Votes+for+Women&rft.atitle=Deputation+received+by+other+ministers&rft.pages=664-5&rft.date=1913-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0002187%2F19130815%2F022%2F0004%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, pp. 11–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, pp. 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, pp. 25–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, pp. 20–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, pp. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronan Fanning, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/why-commemorating-the-home-rule-bill-would-be-unwise-1.1898370">"Why commemorating the Home Rule Bill would be unwise"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140816232653/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/why-commemorating-the-home-rule-bill-would-be-unwise-1.1898370">Archived</a> 16 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Irish Times</i>, 16 August 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Jalland, <i>The liberals and Ireland: the Ulster question in British politics to 1914</i>, Harvester Press, Brighton, 1980, p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1922-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1922_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1922_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri30chisrich#page/460/mode/1up">"Birrell, Augustine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 460.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birrell%2C+Augustine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=460&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fencyclopaediabri30chisrich%23page%2F460%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guinn 1965 pp.126-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, <i>The Chief Secretary</i>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, Leon, <i>Dublin Castle & the 1916 Rising</i>, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1970, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, Leon, <i>Dublin Castle & the 1916 Rising</i>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pat Jalland, <i>Augustine Birrell</i> in <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, OUP 2004–08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irish Times 9 August 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101077276531;view=1up;seq=152">"Review of <i>Collected Essays</i> by Augustine"</a>. <i>The Athenæum</i> (3773): 200–201. 17 February 1900. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014839/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101077276531;view=1up;seq=152">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athen%C3%A6um&rft.atitle=Review+of+Collected+Essays+by+Augustine&rft.issue=3773&rft.pages=200-201&rft.date=1900-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101077276531%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cameron Hazlehurst, Sally Whitehead & Christine Woodland, <i>A Guide to the Papers of British Cabinet Ministers, 1900–1964</i>; Royal Historical Society, Cambridge, 1996</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Obituary: Augustine Birrell". <i>The Times</i>. 21 November 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Augustine+Birrell&rft.date=1933-11-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby2014" class="citation cs2">Crosby, Travis. L. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MIW9AgAAQBAJ"><i>The Unknown David Lloyd George: A Statesman in Conflict</i></a>, London: IB Tauris and Co. Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-485-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-485-6"><bdi>978-1-78076-485-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+David+Lloyd+George%3A+A+Statesman+in+Conflict&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB+Tauris+and+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-485-6&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Travis.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMIW9AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Jackson_(historian)" title="Alvin Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Alvin</a> (1998). "Augustine Birrell". In Brack, Duncan; et al. (eds.). <i>Dictionary of Liberal Biography</i>. London: Politico's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1902301099" title="Special:BookSources/1902301099"><bdi>1902301099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustine+Birrell&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Liberal+Biography&rft.place=London%3A+Politico%27s&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1902301099&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalland2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jalland, Pat (2004). "Augustine Birrell: Politician and Author". <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford: OUP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.atitle=Augustine+Birrell%3A+Politician+and+Author&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jalland&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuinn1965" class="citation book cs1">Guinn, Paul (1965). <i>British Strategy and Politics 1914-18</i>. Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CML3C">B0000CML3C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Strategy+and+Politics+1914-18&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CML3C%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Guinn&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+Birrell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2413">Works by Augustine Birrell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Birrell%2C%20Augustine%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Augustine%20Birrell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Birrell%2C%20Augustine%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Augustine%20Birrell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Birrell%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Augustine%20Birrell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Birrell%2C%20Augustine%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Augustine%20Birrell%22%29%20OR%20%28%221850-1933%22%20AND%20Birrell%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Augustine Birrell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1304">Works by Augustine Birrell</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-augustine-birrell">augustine birrell contributions in Parliament by {{{2}}}</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Preston_Bruce" title="Robert Preston Bruce">Robert Preston Bruce</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/West_Fife_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="West Fife (UK Parliament constituency)">West Fife</a> </b><br />1889–<a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(Liberal_politician)" title="John Hope (Liberal politician)">John Hope</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Wills,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Frederick Wills, 1st Baronet">Sir Frederick Wills, Bt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Bristol_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bristol North (UK Parliament constituency)">Bristol North</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a>–<a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Gange" title="Stanley Gange">Stanley Gange</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_6th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry">The Marquess of Londonderry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Education">President of the Board of Education</a> </b><br />1905–1907 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a> </b><br />1907–1916 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Duke,_1st_Baron_Merrivale" title="Henry Duke, 1st Baron Merrivale">Sir Henry Duke</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spence_Watson" title="Robert Spence Watson">Robert Spence Watson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Liberal_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the National Liberal Federation">President of the National Liberal Federation</a> </b><br />1902–1906 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Dyke_Acland" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Dyke Acland">Arthur Dyke Acland</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">The Earl Curzon of Kedleston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Rector of the University of Glasgow">Rector of the University of Glasgow</a> </b><br />1911—1914 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Easter_Rising" title="Template:Easter Rising"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Easter_Rising" title="Template talk:Easter Rising"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Easter_Rising" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Easter Rising"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Easter_Rising" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation of the Republic</a><br /> (executed after the Rising)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt" title="Éamonn Ceannt">Éamonn Ceannt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Also executed for their role in the Rising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Daly_(Irish_revolutionary)" title="Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)">Ned Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Pearse" title="Willie Pearse">Willie Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Hanrahan" title="Michael O'Hanrahan">Michael O'Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacBride" title="John MacBride">John MacBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mallin" title="Michael Mallin">Michael Mallin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con_Colbert" title="Con Colbert">Con Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Heuston" title="Seán Heuston">Seán Heuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kent" title="Thomas Kent">Thomas Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Irish figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_Brugha" title="Cathal Brugha">Cathal Brugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Constance Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domhnall_Ua_Buachalla" title="Domhnall Ua Buachalla">Domhnall Ua Buachalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_O%27Farrell" title="Elizabeth O'Farrell">Elizabeth O'Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sheehy-Skeffington" title="Francis Sheehy-Skeffington">Francis Sheehy-Skeffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Grenan" title="Julia Grenan">Julia Grenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Lynn" title="Kathleen Lynn">Kathleen Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Mellows" title="Liam Mellows">Liam Mellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Gavan_Duffy" title="Louise Gavan Duffy">Louise Gavan Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_ffrench-Mullen" title="Madeleine ffrench-Mullen">Madeleine ffrench-Mullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Skinnider" title="Margaret Skinnider">Margaret Skinnider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_O%27Rahilly" title="The O'Rahilly">The O'Rahilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashe" title="Thomas Ashe">Thomas Ashe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Maxwell (British Army officer)">John Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Viscount_Wimborne" title="Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne">Lord Wimborne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine Birrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Nathan" title="Matthew Nathan">Matthew Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Lowe (British Army officer)">William Lowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Education_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secretaries_of_State_for_Education" title="Template:Secretaries of State for Education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secretaries_of_State_for_Education" title="Template talk:Secretaries of State for Education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secretaries_of_State_for_Education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secretaries of State for Education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Education_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Education secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents of the Board of Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_6th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry">Londonderry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Runciman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pease,_1st_Baron_Gainford" title="Jack Pease, 1st Baron Gainford">Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._A._L._Fisher" title="H. A. L. Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet">Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Percy,_1st_Baron_Percy_of_Newcastle" title="Eustace Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet">Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbrand_Sackville,_9th_Earl_De_La_Warr" title="Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr">De La Warr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herwald_Ramsbotham,_1st_Viscount_Soulbury" title="Herwald Ramsbotham, 1st Viscount Soulbury">Soulbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Education (United Kingdom)">Ministers of education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Law,_1st_Baron_Coleraine" title="Richard Law, 1st Baron Coleraine">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson" title="Ellen Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tomlinson_(British_politician)" title="George Tomlinson (British politician)">Tomlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Horsbrugh,_Baroness_Horsbrugh" title="Florence Horsbrugh, Baroness Horsbrugh">Horsbrugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eccles,_1st_Viscount_Eccles" title="David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Lloyd,_Baron_Geoffrey-Lloyd" title="Geoffrey Lloyd, Baron Geoffrey-Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eccles,_1st_Viscount_Eccles" title="David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boyle,_Baron_Boyle_of_Handsworth" title="Edward Boyle, Baron Boyle of Handsworth">Boyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Prentice" title="Reg Prentice">Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mulley" title="Fred Mulley">Mulley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Carlisle" title="Mark Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Patten,_Baron_Patten" title="John Patten, Baron Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Shephard" title="Gillian Shephard">Shephard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and employment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Shephard" title="Gillian Shephard">Shephard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett" title="David Blunkett">Blunkett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_Morris" title="Estelle Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clarke" title="Charles Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kelly" title="Ruth Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children, schools and families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Balls" title="Ed Balls">Balls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Innovation, universities and skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Denham_(politician)" title="John Denham (politician)">Denham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Morgan" title="Nicky Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justine_Greening" title="Justine Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damian_Hinds" title="Damian Hinds">Hinds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Williamson" title="Gavin Williamson">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Donelan" title="Michelle Donelan">Donelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Malthouse" title="Kit Malthouse">Malthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Keegan" title="Gillian Keegan">Keegan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333216#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333216#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333216#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011022329X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/20877147">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/3340/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmfyBr9KFxwx7F7CfXh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/133553582">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50011226">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11136691b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11136691b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Birrell, Augustine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PALV040827">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35018883">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0147781&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1205844">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1406981">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070299684">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90965165">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000130687&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810705364205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/125385">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007304514005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03164365?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/793254">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Birrell, Augustine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.000679.v1">Ireland</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/078901189">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z31zst">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/70287">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&oldid=1228977230">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Birrell&oldid=1228977230</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1850_births" title="Category:1850 births">1850 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_deaths" title="Category:1933 deaths">1933 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_Liberal_Party_MPs" title="Category:Scottish Liberal Party MPs">Scottish Liberal Party MPs</a></li><li><a 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