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class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Russian Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul%C3%A1ctv%C3%AD" title="Tuláctví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tuláctví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagabundismo" title="Vagabundismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vagabundismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="آوارگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آوارگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagabondage" title="Vagabondage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vagabondage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%9E%91%EC%9E%90" title="부랑자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부랑자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagabundagem" title="Vagabundagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vagabundagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бродяжничество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бродяжничество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irtolaisuus" title="Irtolaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irtolaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бродяжництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бродяжництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with Europe and the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Vagrancy" title="Talk:Vagrancy">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vagrant" and "Vagabond" redirect here. For vagrant organisms, see <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(biology)" title="Vagrancy (biology)">Vagrancy (biology)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vagrant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vagrant (disambiguation)">Vagrant (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vagabond_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vagabond (disambiguation)">Vagabond (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Everett_Millais_-_The_Blind_Girl,_1854-56.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/John_Everett_Millais_-_The_Blind_Girl%2C_1854-56.jpg/260px-John_Everett_Millais_-_The_Blind_Girl%2C_1854-56.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/John_Everett_Millais_-_The_Blind_Girl%2C_1854-56.jpg/390px-John_Everett_Millais_-_The_Blind_Girl%2C_1854-56.jpg 1.5x, 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0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vagrancy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vagrancy"> vagrancy </a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vagabond" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vagabond"> vagabond</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Feudal titles and status</a></caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/200px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/300px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/400px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_paramount" title="Lord paramount">Lord paramount</a> / <a href="/wiki/Territorial_lord" title="Territorial lord">Territorial lord</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Tenant-in-chief" title="Tenant-in-chief">Tenant-in-chief</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">Mesne lord</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a> / <a href="/wiki/Advocatus" title="Advocatus">Vogt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liege_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lord">Liege lord</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">Esquire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">Gentleman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_(class)" title="Franklin (class)">Franklin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">Yeoman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Husbandman" title="Husbandman">Husbandman</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">Domestic servant</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vagabond</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">Villein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bordar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordar">Bordar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cotter_(farmer)" title="Cotter (farmer)">Cottar</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slave</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feudal_status" title="Template:Feudal status"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feudal_status" title="Template talk:Feudal status"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feudal_status" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feudal status"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vagrancy</b> is the condition of wandering <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a> without regular employment or income. Vagrants<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually live in poverty and support themselves by travelling while engaging in <a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">begging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker"> scavenging</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Petty_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Petty theft">petty theft</a>. In Western countries, vagrancy was historically a crime punishable with forced labor, military service, imprisonment, or confinement to dedicated <a href="/wiki/Labor_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor house">labor houses</a>. </p><p>Both <i>vagrant</i> and <i>vagabond</i> ultimately derive from the Latin word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vagari" class="extiw" title="wikt:vagari"> <i>vagari</i></a>, meaning "to wander". The term <i>vagabond</i> and its archaic equivalent <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vagabone" class="extiw" title="wikt:vagabone"> vagabone</a></i> come from Latin <i>vagabundus</i> ("strolling about"). In <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, <i>vagabond</i> originally denoted a person without a home or employment.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_views">Historical views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vagrants have been historically characterised as outsiders in settled, ordered communities: embodiments of <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">otherness</a>, objects of scorn or mistrust, or worthy recipients of help and charity. </p><p>Some ancient sources show vagrants as passive objects of pity, who deserve generosity and the gift of alms. Others show them as subversives, or outlaws, who make a parasitical living through theft, fear and threat. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gyrovague" title="Gyrovague">Gyrovagues</a> were itinerant monks of the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a> have beggars cast curses on anyone who was insulting or stingy toward them. In <a href="/wiki/Tudor_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor England">Tudor England</a>, some of those who begged door-to-door for "milk, yeast, drink, <a href="/wiki/Pottage" title="Pottage">pottage</a>" were thought to be witches.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many world religions, both in history and today, have vagrant traditions or make reference to vagrants. In Christianity, Jesus is shown in the Bible as having compassion for beggars, prostitutes, and the disenfranchised. The Catholic Church also teaches compassion for people living in vagrancy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vagrant lifestyles are seen in Christian movements, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a>. Many still exist in places like Europe, Africa, and the Near East, as preserved by <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">esoteric</a> practices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> and South Asian countries, the condition of vagrancy has long been historically associated with the religious life, as described in the religious literature of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> traditions. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">sramanic</a> traditions generally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_law">In law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Criminal_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgian Criminal Law (page does not exist)">Belgian Criminal Law</a> had defined vagrants as lacking a stable residence, the necessary means to survive, and employment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Belgian Criminal Law of 1867 had high levels of recidivism, leading to questions concerning it's effectiveness in combating vagrancy<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 27 November 1891, a vagabond could be jailed. Vagabonds, beggars and procurers were imprisoned in vagrancy prisons: <a href="/wiki/Hoogstraten" title="Hoogstraten">Hoogstraten</a>; <a href="/wiki/Merksplas" title="Merksplas">Merksplas</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Wortel,_Belgium" title="Wortel, Belgium">Wortel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>). There, the prisoners had to work for their living by working on the land or in the prison. If the prisoners had earned enough money, then they could leave the "colony" (as it was called). On 12 January 1993, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy_Act_(Belgium)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vagrancy Act (Belgium) (page does not exist)">Belgian vagrancy law</a> was repealed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, 260 vagabonds still lived in the Wortel colony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In medieval times, vagabonds were controlled by an official called the <i><a href="/wiki/Stodderkonge" title="Stodderkonge">Stodderkonge</a></i> who was responsible for a town or district and expelled those without a permit. Their role eventually transferred to the police. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland_and_Sweden">Finland and Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Finland and Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vagrant_being_punished_in_the_streets_(Tudor_England).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vagrant_being_punished_in_the_streets_%28Tudor_England%29.jpg/220px-Vagrant_being_punished_in_the_streets_%28Tudor_England%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vagrant_being_punished_in_the_streets_%28Tudor_England%29.jpg/330px-Vagrant_being_punished_in_the_streets_%28Tudor_England%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vagrant_being_punished_in_the_streets_%28Tudor_England%29.jpg/440px-Vagrant_being_punished_in_the_streets_%28Tudor_England%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>A woodcut from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1536</span> depicting a vagrant being punished in the streets in Tudor England</figcaption></figure> <p>In premodern <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, vagrancy was a crime, which could result in a sentence of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> or forced <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>. There was a "legal protection" (Finnish: <i>laillinen suojelu</i>) obligation: those not part of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates of the realm</a> (nobility, clergy, burghers or land-owners) were obliged to be employed, or otherwise, they could be charged with vagrancy. Legal protection was mandatory already in medieval Swedish law, but <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a> began strictly enforcing this provision, applying it even when work was potentially available. In Finland, the legal protection provision was repealed in 1883; however, vagrancy still remained illegal, if connected with "immoral" or "indecent" behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, a new law moved the emphasis from criminalization into social assistance. Forced labor sentences were abolished in 1971 and anti-vagrancy laws were repealed in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, according to the 1871 Penal Code (§ 361 des Strafgesetzbuches von 1871), vagabondage was among the grounds to confine a person to a <a href="/wiki/Labor_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor house">labor house</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, the law against vagrancy was relaxed, but it became much more stringent in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, where vagrancy, together with begging, prostitution, and "work-shyness" (<i>arbeitsscheu</i>), was classified as "<a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-social behavior">anti-social behavior</a>" (<i>Asoziale</i>) and punishable by confinement to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until July 2006, vagrancy was punishable with imprisonment between one month to 3 years, according to the article 327 on the Penal Code.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the legal term "vagrancy" (Russian: <span lang="ru">бродяжничество</span>, <i>brodyazhnichestvo</i>) was defined in a different way than in Western Europe (<i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/vagabondage" class="extiw" title="fr:vagabondage">vagabondage</a></i> in France, <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landstreicherei" class="extiw" title="de:Landstreicherei">Landstreicherei</a></i> in Germany). Russian law recognized one as a vagrant if they could not prove their own standing (title), or if they changed residence without a permission from authorities, rather than punishing loitering or absence of livelihood. Foreigners who had been twice expatriated with prohibition of return to the Russian Empire and were arrested in Russia again were also recognized as vagrants. Punishments were harsh: according to <i><a href="/wiki/Sobornoye_Ulozheniye" title="Sobornoye Ulozheniye">Ulozhenie</a></i>, the legal code, a vagrant who could not elaborate on his kinship, standing, or permanent residence, or gave false evidence, was sentenced to a 4-year imprisonment and a subsequent exile to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> or another far-off province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Code_of_the_RSFSR_(1960)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Code of the RSFSR (1960) (page does not exist)">Criminal Code of the RSFSR (1960)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_1960_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Уголовный кодекс РСФСР 1960 года">ru</a>]</span>, which came into force on 1 January 1961, systematic vagrancy (that which was identified more than once) was punishable by up to two years' imprisonment (section 209).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This continued until 5 December 1991, when Section 209 was repealed and vagrancy ceased to be a criminal offense.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russian Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At present, vagrancy is not a criminal offence in Russia, but it is an offence for someone over 18 to induce a juvenile (one who has not reached that age) to vagrancy, according to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_20#Статья_151._Вовлечение_несовершеннолетнего_в_совершение_антиобщественных_действий" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации/Глава 20">Chapter 20, Section 151</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal Code of the Russian Federation</a>. The note, introduced by the Federal Law No. 162 of 8 December 2003, provides that the section does not apply, if such act is performed by a parent of the juvenile under harsh life circumstances due to the loss of livelihood or the absence of living place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1800's Mexico's political leaders had to put together a "Vagrant Tribunal", defining vagrants as young men who were robust and able to work despite panhandling. These tribunals had become a necessity after President <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a> abolished slavery in 1829, leaving Mexico without a constant supply of labor. Those who were punished under this system were either put in local jails for a short time or sent to armed forces. This system was abolished during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> to increase <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_012_-_Pass_Room,_Bridewell_(alt).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_012_-_Pass_Room%2C_Bridewell_%28alt%29.jpg/250px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_012_-_Pass_Room%2C_Bridewell_%28alt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_012_-_Pass_Room%2C_Bridewell_%28alt%29.jpg/375px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_012_-_Pass_Room%2C_Bridewell_%28alt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_012_-_Pass_Room%2C_Bridewell_%28alt%29.jpg/500px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_012_-_Pass_Room%2C_Bridewell_%28alt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption><i>The Pass Room</i> at <a href="/wiki/Bridewell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridewell">Bridewell</a>, c. 1808. At this time paupers from outside London apprehended by the authorities could be imprisoned for seven days before being sent back to their own parish.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Labourers_1349" title="Ordinance of Labourers 1349">Ordinance of Labourers 1349</a> was the first major vagrancy law in England and Wales. The <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">ordinance</a> sought to increase the available workforce following the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death in England</a> by making <i>idleness</i> (unemployment) an offence. A vagrant was a person who could work but chose not to, and having no fixed abode or lawful occupation, begged. Vagrancy was punishable by <a href="/wiki/Human_branding" title="Human branding">human branding</a> or whipping. Vagrants were distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Impotent_poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotent poor">impotent poor</a>, who were unable to support themselves because of advanced age or sickness. In the <a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_Act_1530" title="Vagabonds Act 1530">Vagabonds Act 1530</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> decreed that "beggars who are old and incapable of working receive a beggar's licence. On the other hand, [there should be] whipping and imprisonment for sturdy vagabonds. They are to be tied to the cart-tail and whipped until the blood streams from their bodies, then they are to swear on oath to go back to their birthplace or to serve where they have lived the last three years and to 'put themselves to labour'. For the second arrest for vagabondage the whipping is to be repeated and half the ear sliced off; but for the third relapse the offender is to be executed as a hardened criminal and enemy of the common weal."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_Act_1547" title="Vagabonds Act 1547">Vagabonds Act 1547</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> ordained that "if anyone refuses to work, he shall be condemned as a slave to the person who has denounced him as an idler. The master has the right to force him to do any work, no matter how vile, with whip and chains. If the slave is absent for a fortnight, he is condemned to slavery for life and is to be branded on forehead or back with the letter S; if he runs away three times, he is to be executed as a felon... If it happens that a vagabond has been idling about for three days, he is to be taken to his birthplace, branded with a red hot iron with the letter V on his breast, and set to work, in chains, on the roads or at some other labour... Every master may put an iron ring round the neck, arms or legs of his slave, by which to know him more easily."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tramp_smoking_cigar_with_cane_over_arm_-_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tramp_smoking_cigar_with_cane_over_arm_-_restoration.jpg/170px-Tramp_smoking_cigar_with_cane_over_arm_-_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tramp_smoking_cigar_with_cane_over_arm_-_restoration.jpg/255px-Tramp_smoking_cigar_with_cane_over_arm_-_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tramp_smoking_cigar_with_cane_over_arm_-_restoration.jpg/340px-Tramp_smoking_cigar_with_cane_over_arm_-_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of a <a href="/wiki/Tramp" title="Tramp">tramp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In England, the <a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_Act_1572" title="Vagabonds Act 1572">Vagabonds Act 1572</a> passed under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, defined a <i>rogue</i> as a person who had no land, no master, and no legitimate trade or source of income; it included rogues in the class of vagrants or vagabonds. If a person were apprehended as a rogue, he would be stripped to the waist, whipped until bleeding, and a hole, about the compass of an inch about, would be burned through the cartilage of his right ear with a hot iron.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rogue who was charged with a second offence, unless taken in by someone who would give him work for one year, could face execution as a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>. A rogue charged with a third offence would only escape death if someone hired him for two years. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_Act_1572" title="Vagabonds Act 1572">Vagabonds Act 1572</a> decreed that "unlicensed beggars above fourteen years of age are to be severely flogged and branded on the left ear unless someone will take them into service for two years; in case of a repetition of the offence, if they are over eighteen, they are to be executed, unless someone will take them into service for two years; but for the third offence they are to be executed without mercy as felons." The same act laid the legal groundwork for the enforced exile (<a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a>) of "obdurate idlers" to "such parts beyond the seas as shall be […] assigned by the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, this meant exile for a fixed term to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company" title="Virginia Company">Virginia Company</a>'s plantations in America. Those who returned unlawfully from their place of exile faced death by hanging. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_Act_1597" title="Vagabonds Act 1597">Vagabonds Act 1597</a> banished and transplanted "incorrigible and dangerous rogues" overseas. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i> (<i>Capital Volume One, Chapter Twenty-Eight: Bloody Legislation Against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing Down of Wages by Acts of Parliament</i>), <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>James 1: Any one wandering about and begging is declared a rogue and a vagabond. Justices of the peace in petty sessions are authorised to have them publicly whipped and for the first offence to imprison them for 6 months, for the second for 2 years. Whilst in prison they are to be whipped as much and as often as the justices of the peace think fit … Incorrigible and dangerous rogues are to be branded with an R on the left shoulder and set to hard labour, and if they are caught begging again, to be executed without mercy. These statutes, legally binding until the beginning of the 18th century, were only repealed by 12 Anne, c. 23.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In late-eighteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, those suspected of vagrancy could be detained by the constable or watchman and brought before a magistrate who had the legal right to interview them to determine their status.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If declared vagrant, they were to be arrested, whipped, and physically expelled from the county by a vagrant contractor, whose job it was to take them to the edge of the county and pass them to the contractor for the next county on the journey.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process would continue until the person reached his or her place of legal settlement, which was often but not always their place of birth. </p><p>In 1795, the <a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland system</a> (also known as the <i>Berkshire Bread Act</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tried to address some of the problems that underlay vagrancy. The Speenhamland system was a form of <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">outdoor relief</a> intended to mitigate <a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">rural poverty</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> at the end of the 18th century and during the early 19th century. The law was an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan Poor Law">Elizabethan Poor Law</a>. It was created as an indirect result of Britain's involvements in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary">French Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1793–1815).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1821, the existing vagrancy law was reviewed by a House of Commons select committee, resulting in the publication of the, <i>'Report from the Select Committee on The Existing Laws Relating to Vagrants'.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After hearing the views of many witnesses appearing before it the select committee made several recommendations. The select committee found that the existing vagrancy laws had become over-complicated and that they should be amended and consolidated into a single act of Parliament. The payment of fixed rewards for the apprehension and taking vagrants before <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> had led to abuses of the system. Due to the <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws" title="English Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a>, vagrants to receive poverty relief had to seek it from the parish where they were last legally settled, often the parish where they were born. This led to a system of convicted vagrants being 'passed' from parish to parish from where they had been convicted and punished to their own parish. The 'pass' system led to them being transported by vagrancy contractors, a system found to be open to abuses and fraud. It also found that in many instances the punishment for vagrancy offences were insufficient and certain types of vagrants should be given longer prison sentences and made to complete hard labour during it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the findings and recommendations from the 1821 House of Commons Select on Vagrancy,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">Act of Parliament</a> was introduced, 'An Act for the Punishment of Idle and Disorderly Persons, and Rogues and Vagabonds, in that Part of Great Britain called England', commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_Act_1824" title="Vagrancy Act 1824">Vagrancy Act 1824</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vagrancy Act 1824 consolidated the previous vagrancy laws and addressed many of the frauds and abuses identified during the select committee hearings. Much reformed since 1824, some of the offences included in it are still enforceable.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg/220px-2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg/330px-2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg/440px-2108-young-arrestthisman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4031" data-file-height="4838" /></a><figcaption>Political cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Art_Young" title="Art Young">Art Young</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Masses" title="The Masses">The Masses</a></i>, 1917</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_Era">Colonial Era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Colonial Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colonists imported British vagrancy laws when they settled in North America. Throughout the colonial and early national periods, vagrancy laws were used to police the mobility and economic activities of the poor. People experiencing homelessness and ethnic minorities were especially vulnerable to arrest as a vagrant. Thousands of inhabitants of colonial and early national America were incarcerated for vagrancy, usually for terms of 30 to 60 days, but occasionally longer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Civil_War">Post-Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post-Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> states passed <a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a>, laws that tried to control the hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freed slaves</a>. In 1866, the state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, fearing that it would be "overrun with dissolute and abandoned characters", passed an <i>Act Providing for the Punishment of Vagrants</i>. Homeless or unemployed persons could be forced into labour on public or private works, for very low pay, for a statutory maximum of three months; if fugitive and recaptured, they must serve the rest of their term at minimum subsistence, wearing ball and chain. In effect, though not in declared intent, the Act criminalized attempts by impoverished freed people to seek out their own families and rebuild their lives. The commanding general in Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_H._Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred H. Terry">Alfred H. Terry</a>, condemned the Act as a form of entrapment, the attempted reinstitution of "slavery in all but its name". He forbade its enforcement. It is not known how often it was applied, or what was done to prevent its implementation, but it remained statute in Virginia until 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Southern states enacted similar laws to funnel blacks into their system of <a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">convict leasing</a>. </p><p>Since at least as early as the 1930s, a vagrancy law in America typically has rendered "no visible means of support" a <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a>, yet it has commonly been used as a pretext to take one into custody for such things as <a href="/wiki/Loitering" title="Loitering">loitering</a>, prostitution, <a href="/wiki/Drunkenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunkenness">drunkenness</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (criminal)">criminal association</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prior to 2020, the criminal statutes of law in Louisiana specifically criminalized vagrancy as associating with prostitutes, being a professional gambler, being a habitual drunk, or living on the social welfare benefits or pensions of others.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law established as vagrants all those healthy adults who are not engaged in gainful employment. </p><p>Vagrancy laws proven unacceptably broad and vague may have been found to violate the <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> clause of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such laws could no longer be used to obstruct the "<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>" of a <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (protest)">political demonstrator</a> or an unpopular group. Ambiguous vagrancy laws became more narrowly and clearly defined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Papachristou_v._City_of_Jacksonville" title="Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville">Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville</a>,</i> 405 U.S. 156 (1972), the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> ruled that a Florida vagrancy law was unconstitutional because it was too vague to be understood.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, new local laws in the U.S. have been passed to criminalize <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_panhandling" title="Aggressive panhandling">aggressive panhandling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-homelessness_legislation" title="Anti-homelessness legislation">Anti-homelessness legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutter_punk" title="Gutter punk">Gutter punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobo" title="Hobo">Hobo</a>, an impoverished, migrant worker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopery" title="Mopery">Mopery</a>, a catchall criminal charge for minor offenses such as loitering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomad</a>, someone with no established residence who frequently moves to and from the same areas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitism_(social_offense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitism (social offense)">Parasitism (social offense)</a>, a label for those deemed to contribute insufficiently to society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a>, the voluntary practice of doing without many possessions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a>, the action of occupying an abandoned area or structure</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as <b>bums</b>, <b>vagabonds</b>, <b>rogues</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Tramp" title="Tramp">tramps</a></b>, or <b>drifters</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/vagrant">"Vagrant – Definition of vagrant in English by Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries – English</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301193006/https://www.lexico.com/definition/vagrant">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%E2%80%93+English&rft.atitle=Vagrant+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+vagrant+in+English+by+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fvagrant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929194241/https://www.lexico.com/definition/vagabond">Definition of vagabond</a> from Oxford Dictionaries Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discovery of Witchcraft</a></i> (London, 1584) by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Scot" title="Reginald Scot">Reginald Scot</a> <a href="//archive.org/details/discoverieofwitc00scot/page/6/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:discoverieofwitc00scot/page/6/mode/2up">p. 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Francis2013" class="citation web cs1">Pope Francis (24 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium.html">"Evangelii Gaudium : Apostolic Exhortation on the Proclamation of the Gospel in Today's World"</a>. <i>w2.vatican.va</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w2.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Evangelii+Gaudium+%3A+Apostolic+Exhortation+on+the+Proclamation+of+the+Gospel+in+Today%27s+World&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft.au=Pope+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fen%2Fapost_exhortations%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimber, Julie (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proxy.library.umkc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=30h&AN=89703811&site=ehost-live&scope=site">"Poor Laws: A Historiography of Vagrancy in Australia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Compass" title="History Compass">History Compass</a></i>. <b>11</b> (8): 537–550 – via EBSCO.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kolonienvanweldadigheid.eu/sites/default/files/CofB_NominationFile_2020_scherm_lowres-compressed.pdf">"Colonies of Benevolence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Colonies of Benevolence<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonies+of+Benevolence&rft.pub=Colonies+of+Benevolence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kolonienvanweldadigheid.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCofB_NominationFile_2020_scherm_lowres-compressed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original definition: "se, joka ilman elatusta omista varoistaan tahi toisen huolenpidon kautta työttömänä kuljeksii harjoittaen siveetöntä ja säädytöntä elämää..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portti.kansallisarkisto.fi/fi/aineisto-oppaat/irtolaisuus">"Teema: Irtolaisuus – Portti"</a>. <i>wiki.narc.fi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.narc.fi&rft.atitle=Teema%3A+Irtolaisuus+%E2%80%93+Portti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportti.kansallisarkisto.fi%2Ffi%2Faineisto-oppaat%2Firtolaisuus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/documentary/hadamar/asocials.html">The unsettled, "asocials"</a> University of Minnesota</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyaß1992" class="citation book cs1">Ayaß, Wolfgang (1992). <i>Das Arbeitshaus Breitenau. Bettler, Landstreicher, Prostituierte, Zuhälter und Fürsorgeempfänger in der Korrektions- und Landarmenanstalt Breitenau (1874–1949)</i>. Kassel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3881226707" title="Special:BookSources/978-3881226707"><bdi>978-3881226707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Arbeitshaus+Breitenau.+Bettler%2C+Landstreicher%2C+Prostituierte%2C+Zuh%C3%A4lter+und+F%C3%BCrsorgeempf%C3%A4nger+in+der+Korrektions-+und+Landarmenanstalt+Breitenau+%281874%E2%80%931949%29&rft.place=Kassel&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3881226707&rft.aulast=Aya%C3%9F&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSystems" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Systems, Indaco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/heydinrt/art-327-vagabondajul-codul-penal">"Art 327 Vagabondajul | Codul Penal"</a>. <i>Lege5</i> (in Romanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lege5&rft.atitle=Art+327+Vagabondajul+%7C+Codul+Penal&rft.aulast=Systems&rft.aufirst=Indaco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flege5.ro%2FGratuit%2Fheydinrt%2Fart-327-vagabondajul-codul-penal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/73399">"LEGE 278 04/07/2006 - Portal Legislativ"</a>. <i>legislatie.just.ro</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislatie.just.ro&rft.atitle=LEGE+278+04%2F07%2F2006+-+Portal+Legislativ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislatie.just.ro%2FPublic%2FDetaliiDocumentAfis%2F73399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_1960_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Закон об утверждении Уголовного кодекса РСФСР 1960 года">Закон РСФСР от 27 October 1960 «Об утверждении Уголовного кодекса РСФСР» (вместе с «Уголовным кодексом РСФСР»)</a> // Свод законов РСФСР. – т. 8, – с. 497, 1988 // Ведомости ВС РСФСР. – 1960. – № 40. – ст. 591</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%9A,_%D0%A3%D0%9F%D0%9A_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%90%D0%9F_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0_5_December_1991" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Закон о внесении изменений и дополнений в УК, УПК и КОАП РСФСР 5 December 1991">Закон «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Уголовный кодекс РСФСР, Уголовно-процессуальный кодекс РСФСР и кодекс РСФСР об административных правонарушениях» jn 5 December 1991 № 1982-I</a> // Ведомости Съезда НД РФ и ВС РФ, N 52, 26.12.91, ст. 1867</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanchez-Lopez, Luis (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proxy.library.umkc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=170723728&site=ehost-live&scope=site">"Policing the Pueblo: Vagrancy and Indigenous Citizenship in Oaxaca, 1848-1876"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a></i>. <b>70</b> (3): 385–404 – via EBSCO.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1976" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1976). <i>Capital Volume I</i>. Ernest Mandel, Ben Fowkes. England: Pelican Books. p. 896. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140445688" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140445688"><bdi>978-0140445688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Volume+I&rft.place=England&rft.pages=896&rft.pub=Pelican+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0140445688&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Act for the Punishing of Vagabonds (<a href="/wiki/1_Edw._6" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Edw. 6">1 Edw. 6</a>. c. 3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, <i>Theatre</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Act for the Punishment of Vagabonds (<a href="/wiki/14_Eliz._1" class="mw-redirect" title="14 Eliz. 1">14 Eliz. 1</a>. c. 4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1976" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1976). <i>Capital Volume I</i>. England: Pelican Books. pp. 898–899. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140445688" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140445688"><bdi>978-0140445688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Volume+I&rft.place=England&rft.pages=898-899&rft.pub=Pelican+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0140445688&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcockCrymbleFalcini2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hitchcock, Tim; Crymble, Adam; Falcini, Louise (13 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51704/1/RSHI_A_9759431.pdf">"Loose, idle and disorderly: vagrant removal in late eighteenth-century Middlesex"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social History</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 509–527. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071022.2014.975943">10.1080/03071022.2014.975943</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2299%2F15233">2299/15233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143937248">143937248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+History&rft.atitle=Loose%2C+idle+and+disorderly%3A+vagrant+removal+in+late+eighteenth-century+Middlesex&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=509-527&rft.date=2014-12-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2299%2F15233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143937248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071022.2014.975943&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Crymble%2C+Adam&rft.au=Falcini%2C+Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsro.sussex.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F51704%2F1%2FRSHI_A_9759431.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondBarbara_Hammond1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_Hammond" title="John Lawrence Hammond">Hammond, J. 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Boston: Beacon Press, 1957. p.168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parlipapers.proquest.com/parlipapers/result/pqpresultpage.gispdfhitspanel.pdflink/$2fapp-bin$2fparliamentary-paper$2f9$2fb$2fc$2f5$2f1821-006917_01-112.pdf/$27Report+from+the+Select+Committee+on+The+Existing+Laws+Relating+to+Vagrants$40$2fapp-gis$2fparliamentary-paper$2f1821-006917$40Parliamentary+Paper$40null$40January+01,+1821?pgId=fec46faf-3e22-44a1-a301-3eebf2d0e160&rsId=16292669EC2">"Report from the Select Committee on The Existing Laws Relating to Vagrant"</a>. <i>U.K Parliamentary Papers</i>. 1821<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.K+Parliamentary+Papers&rft.atitle=Report+from+the+Select+Committee+on+The+Existing+Laws+Relating+to+Vagrant&rft.date=1821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparlipapers.proquest.com%2Fparlipapers%2Fresult%2Fpqpresultpage.gispdfhitspanel.pdflink%2F%242fapp-bin%242fparliamentary-paper%242f9%242fb%242fc%242f5%242f1821-006917_01-112.pdf%2F%2427Report%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BSelect%2BCommittee%2Bon%2BThe%2BExisting%2BLaws%2BRelating%2Bto%2BVagrants%2440%242fapp-gis%242fparliamentary-paper%242f1821-006917%2440Parliamentary%2BPaper%2440null%2440January%2B01%2C%2B1821%3FpgId%3Dfec46faf-3e22-44a1-a301-3eebf2d0e160%26rsId%3D16292669EC2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1824/83/pdfs/ukpga_18240083_en.pdf">"The Vagrancy Act 1824 (as originally enacted)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Legislation.Gov.UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislation.Gov.UK&rft.atitle=The+Vagrancy+Act+1824+%28as+originally+enacted%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1824%2F83%2Fpdfs%2Fukpga_18240083_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo4/5/83/section/4">"The Vagrancy Act 1824 (current version)"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Vagrancy+Act+1824+%28current+version%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FGeo4%2F5%2F83%2Fsection%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brassill-Kulfan2019" class="citation book cs1">O'Brassill-Kulfan, Kristin (2019). <i>Vagrants and Vagabonds: Poverty and Mobility in the Early American Republic</i>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1479845255" title="Special:BookSources/978-1479845255"><bdi>978-1479845255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vagrants+and+Vagabonds%3A+Poverty+and+Mobility+in+the+Early+American+Republic&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1479845255&rft.aulast=O%27Brassill-Kulfan&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarter, B. Vagrancy Act of 1866, 2015, 25 August, <i>in</i> Encyclopedia Virginia <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/vagrancy-act-of-1866/">[1]</a> retrieved 30 March 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LA Rev Stat § 14:107, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78260">http://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78260</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1972" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenthal, Howard L. (Fall 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contentdm.washburnlaw.edu/digital/collection/wlj/id/2903/rec/13">"Constitutional Law: Vagrancy Laws- A Fourteenth Amendment Violation"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washburn_Law_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washburn Law Journal (page does not exist)">Washburn Law Journal</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 82–86 – via Washburn Law Digital Collections.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washburn+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Law%3A+Vagrancy+Laws-+A+Fourteenth+Amendment+Violation&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-86&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Howard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.washburnlaw.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fwlj%2Fid%2F2903%2Frec%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*Text of <i>Papachristou v. Jacksonville</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_405" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 405">405</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 156 (1972) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/108472/papachristou-v-jacksonville/">CourtListener</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/405/156.html">Findlaw</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15009844350298299825">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/405/156/case.html">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep405/usrep405156/usrep405156.pdf">Library of Congress</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openjurist.org/405/us/156">OpenJurist</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-5030">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nashville.gov/law/docs/opinions/2008-01.pdf">Legal Opinion 2008-1 (On Aggressive Panhandling)</a> Nashville, 20 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/police/crime-reporting/AggressivePanhandling.asp">Aggressive Panhandling & Solicitation – It's a Crime and You Can Help!</a> City of Minneapolis</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeierOcobock2008" class="citation book cs1">Beier, A.L.; Ocobock, Paul, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovNHBAAAQBAJ"><i>Cast Out: Vagrancy and Homelessness in Global and Historical Perspective</i></a> (1st ed.). Athens: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896802629" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896802629"><bdi>978-0896802629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cast+Out%3A+Vagrancy+and+Homelessness+in+Global+and+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Athens&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0896802629&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DovNHBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFumerton2006" class="citation book cs1">Fumerton, Patricia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkYox64WDwcC"><i>Unsettled: The Culture of Mobility and the Working Poor in Early Modern England</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226269559" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226269559"><bdi>978-0226269559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsettled%3A+The+Culture+of+Mobility+and+the+Working+Poor+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0226269559&rft.aulast=Fumerton&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkYox64WDwcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brassill-Kulfan2019" class="citation book cs1">O'Brassill-Kulfan, Kristin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyupress.org/9781479845255/"><i>Vagrants and Vagabonds: Poverty and Mobility in the Early American Republic</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1479845255" title="Special:BookSources/978-1479845255"><bdi>978-1479845255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vagrants+and+Vagabonds%3A+Poverty+and+Mobility+in+the+Early+American+Republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1479845255&rft.aulast=O%27Brassill-Kulfan&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyupress.org%2F9781479845255%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagrancy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagrancy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="tuláctví"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126788&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=36283">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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