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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Farmer_with_a_buffalo_near_Yangshou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Treballadora agrícola amb un bufalo prop de Yangshou, 2007." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Farmer_with_a_buffalo_near_Yangshou.jpg/350px-Farmer_with_a_buffalo_near_Yangshou.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Farmer_with_a_buffalo_near_Yangshou.jpg/525px-Farmer_with_a_buffalo_near_Yangshou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Farmer_with_a_buffalo_near_Yangshou.jpg/700px-Farmer_with_a_buffalo_near_Yangshou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Treballadora agrícola amb un búfal prop de Yangshou, 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les <b>dones en l'<a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Xina" title="Xina">Xina</a></b> formen un grup divers que s'ocupen d'activitats agrícoles en el seu país. Ja que la Xina és un país molt gran, les dones de l'àrea rural no han de ser considerades un grup monolític sinó que tenen diferents estratègies per a arribar a l'èxit basades en relacions de grup o família.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang20062_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang20062-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dones_en_l%27agricultura_de_la_Xina&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basant-se en els principis <a href="/wiki/Confucianisme" title="Confucianisme">confucians</a>, l'agricultura va ser una expressió de valor moral per als homes de totes les classes socials de la Xina mentre que cosir i crear tèxtils ho era per a les dones.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradicionalment, les "dones eren subordinades als homes",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i encara que els homes tenien responsabilitat principalment als camps, les doneres estaven certament involucrades en la feina agrícola en la primerenca economia xinesa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsch201071_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsch201071-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durant la <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Han" title="Dinastia Han">dinastia Han</a>, les contribucions de les dones a l'agricultura augmentaren, probablement per la innovació i popularització del mètode de l'agricultura dels clots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsch201072_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsch201072-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La creació tèxtil, la qual es basava solament en ajuda i seda, també era considerada pels xinesos dels primers temps com un "producte agrícola" en compte d'una artesania a part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsch201072_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsch201072-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abans de la <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Xinhai" title="Revolució Xinhai">Revolució Xinhai</a>, els xicotets camps familiars on les dones contribuïen en la feina del camp i la llar, formaven la majoria de l'agricultura xinesa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossen2000172_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossen2000172-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La contribució de les dones als camps familiars solien ser omesos pels acadèmics de principis del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span> perquè la feina de les dones no era reconeguda pels homes i no fou considerada als informes econòmics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossen2000173_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossen2000173-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les dones tampoc tenien drets a les terres en la Xina prerrevolucionària.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossen2000173_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossen2000173-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mentre la Xina passava l'execució de la reforma, el sector agrícola es convertí en una força econòmica poderosa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang200611_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang200611-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La <a href="/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_la_Xina" title="Constitució de la República Popular de la Xina">Constitució de la República Popular de la Xina</a> estableix que les dones són iguals als homes, però en la pràctica, els rols tradicionals lligats al gènere han persistit on els homes són considerats "superiors a les dones".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Rice_Research_Institute198569_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Rice_Research_Institute198569-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Després de 1949, el govern xinès animà considerablement que les dones participaren en l'agricultura.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074262_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074262-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Chinese_woman_tractor_driver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Chinese_woman_tractor_driver.jpg/220px-Chinese_woman_tractor_driver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Chinese_woman_tractor_driver.jpg/330px-Chinese_woman_tractor_driver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Chinese_woman_tractor_driver.jpg/440px-Chinese_woman_tractor_driver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3677" data-file-height="5254" /></a><figcaption>Dona conduint un tractor en la Xina representada en un cartell del 1964.</figcaption></figure> <p>Durant la dècada de 1980, Xina va passar per la "descol·lectivització de l'agricultura", com a part del sistema de la responsabilitat per contracte que provocà que grups individuals "es comprometeren a una vasta majoria de la producció agrícola".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Brauw20033_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Brauw20033-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquest sistema també renormalitzà rols de gènere en relació amb quin tipus de feina una persona era assignada a la casa i al camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiahouakana_Matondo201223-24_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiahouakana_Matondo201223-24-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I també va contribuir a una major quantitat de comercialització en l'agricultura xinesa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074261_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074261-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La capacitat de les dones per a ser propietaries de terres va ser afectada altra vegada pel sistema aquest, el qual començà a dissuadir a les dones que s'havien casat de filing reajustos a la propietat de les terres, fent que les dones casades no tinguren terres en la seua propietat de manera efectiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074265_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074265-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mitjan dècada dels noranta, el 80% de les dones xineses vivien en àrees rurals i feien aproximadament entre el 70 i el 80 percent del treball del camp, a més d'ocupar-se dels membres de la família.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Després d'açò, així i tot, la contribució de les dones a la feina del camp començà a caure i pel 2000 havia caigut per sota del 51 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Brauw200310_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Brauw200310-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durant aquest període, els governs dels poblets comptaren totalment les dones com a part de la mà d'obra del poblet i no mantingueren registres separats del treball dels homes i les dones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossen2000175_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossen2000175-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Del nombre de dones involucrades en la mà d'obra de treball migrant ha augmentat establement des de la dècada del 19080, solament un 1% de les dones guanyaven diners com a treballadores migrants, el 2000 eixe nombre augmentà al 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang200614_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang200614-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El 2000, les dones s'ocupaten del 59% de les activitats relatives al <a href="/wiki/Ramaderia" title="Ramaderia">ramat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang200625_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang200625-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Les dones que s'havien quedat a les àrees rurals per a ocupar-se dels camps familiars a la província de <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> han patit una falta d'accés als programes de social welfare i una discriminació basada en rols de gènere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiahouakana_Matondo201227_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiahouakana_Matondo201227-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agricultura_moderna">Agricultura moderna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dones_en_l%27agricultura_de_la_Xina&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Agricultura moderna"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Yangshuo_woman_farmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Yangshuo_woman_farmer.jpg/220px-Yangshuo_woman_farmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Yangshuo_woman_farmer.jpg/330px-Yangshuo_woman_farmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Yangshuo_woman_farmer.jpg/440px-Yangshuo_woman_farmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Una dona treballant a Yangshuo, 2005.</figcaption></figure> <p>Avui en dia, l'agricultura continua sent una "ocupació dominant a la Xina."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Xina també té planificat registrar tots els propietaris de les terres per a l'any de 2018, un pla que pot de fet llevar-los els drets a dones.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malgrat això, 13 províncies de la República Popular de la Xina "publicaren documents de polítiques que requereixen la protecció dels drets per la igualtat de les dones per a accedir a la terra en el procés de registre".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El problema dels drets de les dones respecte les terres involucra el fet que la majoria dels drets a la terra de les dones casades "estan retinguts per les cases/famílies de naixement".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_and_Yin-Sheng2006622_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_and_Yin-Sheng2006622-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A més, un estudi fet després del 2012 descobrí que "solament un 17,1 percent dels arrendaments existents i el 38,2 percent dels certificats existents de terres inclouen noms de dones.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La possibilitat d'emprendre per part de les dones xineses en l'agricultura ha sigut possible per les noves forces del mercat, permetent-les iniciar els seus propis negocis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074263_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074263-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shared Harvest, fundada el 2012 per Shi Yan, és un <a href="/wiki/Agricultura_ecol%C3%B2gica" title="Agricultura ecològica">camp ecològic</a> i un dels primers camps a formar part del model d'<a href="/wiki/Agricultura_sostinguda_per_la_comunitat" title="Agricultura sostinguda per la comunitat">agricultura sostinguda per la comunitat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les tendències cap a comprar menjar cultivat seguint aquest model, com el cas dels consumidors que volen més productes ecològics o rebutjant la industrialització de l'agricultura, han ajudat el creixement d'aquests camps a la Xina.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dones_en_l%27agricultura_de_la_Xina&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang20062-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang20062_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2006">Zhang, 2006</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBray2013"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bray</span>, Francesca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=QueFIfn1sd0C&lpg=PA119&dq=women%20farming%20pre-industrial%20china&pg=PA199#v=onepage&q=farm%20women&f=false"><i>Technology, Gender and History in Imperial China</i></a>.  Nova York: Routledge, 2013, p. 79–80. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9780415639569" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9780415639569">ISBN 9780415639569</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology%2C+Gender+and+History+in+Imperial+China&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft.date=2013&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.place=Nova+York&rft.pages=79%E2%80%9380&rft.isbn=9780415639569&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQueFIfn1sd0C%26lpg%3DPA119%26dq%3Dwomen%2520farming%2520pre-industrial%2520china%26pg%3DPA199%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dfarm%2520women%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unm.edu/~toh/china/age-of-empire.html">Imperial China</a>». <i>UNM</i>. [Consulta: 15 novembre 2016].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsch201071-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsch201071_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinsch2010">Hinsch, 2010</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsch201072-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsch201072_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsch201072_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinsch2010">Hinsch, 2010</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossen2000172-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossen2000172_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBossen2000">Bossen, 2000</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossen2000173-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossen2000173_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossen2000173_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBossen2000">Bossen, 2000</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang200611-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang200611_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2006">Zhang, 2006</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Rice_Research_Institute198569-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_International_Rice_Research_Institute198569_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_International_Rice_Research_Institute1985">The International Rice Research Institute, 1985</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074262-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074262_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgarwal2007">Agarwal, 2007</a>, p. 4262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Brauw20033-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Brauw20033_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Brauw2003">De Brauw, 2003</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiahouakana_Matondo201223-24-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiahouakana_Matondo201223-24_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiahouakana_Matondo2012">Miahouakana Matondo, 2012</a>, p. 23-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074261-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074261_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgarwal2007">Agarwal, 2007</a>, p. 4261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074265-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074265_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgarwal2007">Agarwal, 2007</a>, p. 4265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWang1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wang</span>, Jiaxiang «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19101689.html">What Are Chinese Women Faced With After Beijing?</a>». <i>Feminist Studies</i>, 22-09-1996 [Consulta: 14 novembre 2016].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118183017/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19101689.html">Arxivat</a> 18 de novembre 2018 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118183017/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19101689.html">Còpia arxivada</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19101689.html">original</a> el 2018-11-18. [Consulta: 1r novembre 2018].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Brauw200310-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Brauw200310_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Brauw2003">De Brauw, 2003</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossen2000175-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossen2000175_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBossen2000">Bossen, 2000</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang200614-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang200614_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2006">Zhang, 2006</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang200625-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang200625_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2006">Zhang, 2006</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiahouakana_Matondo201227-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiahouakana_Matondo201227_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiahouakana_Matondo2012">Miahouakana Matondo, 2012</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDasguptaMatsumotoXia2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Dasgupta</span>, Sukti; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Matsumoto</span>, Makiko; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Xia</span>, Cuntao. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_371375.pdf"><i>Women in the Labour Market in China</i></a>, maig 2015, p. 10 [Consulta: 15 novembre 2016].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Labour+Market+in+China&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Sukti&rft.date=maig+2015&rft.pages=10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F---asia%2F---ro-bangkok%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2Fwcms_371375.pdf"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1">22,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHanstad2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hanstad</span>, Tim «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1631165/depriving-women-farmers-land-rights-will-set-back-china">Depriving Women Farmers of Land Rights Will Set Back China</a>». <i>South China Morning Post</i>, 03-11-2014 [Consulta: 15 novembre 2016].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_and_Yin-Sheng2006622-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_and_Yin-Sheng2006622_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi_and_Yin-Sheng2006">Li and Yin-Sheng, 2006</a>, p. 622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMack2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mack</span>, Jessica «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msmagazine.com/blog/2012/03/08/women-losing-land-rights-in-china/">Women Losing Land Rights in China</a>». <i>Ms.</i>, 08-03-2012 [Consulta: 15 novembre 2016].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074263-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgarwal20074263_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgarwal2007">Agarwal, 2007</a>, p. 4263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFYu2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Yu</span>, Katrina «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/11/woman-leading-china-organic-farming-army-beijing-151123140338900.html">Meet the Woman Leading China's New Organic Farming Army</a>». <i>Al Jazeera</i>, 25-11-2015 [Consulta: 15 novembre 2016].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHitchman2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hitchman</span>, Judith. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804011847/http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/global/rural-urban-linkages/community-supported-agriculture-china">Community Supported Agriculture Thriving in China</a>». <i>Agri Cultures</i>, 11-06-2015. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/global/rural-urban-linkages/community-supported-agriculture-china">original</a> el 4 d’agost 2016. [Consulta: 15 novembre 2016].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dones_en_l%27agricultura_de_la_Xina&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAgarwal2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Agarwal</span>, Ritu «Women Farmers in China's Commercial Agrarian Economy». <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>, 42, 42, 10-2007, pàg. 4261–4267. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40276578">40276578</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBossenAnita2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bossen</span>, Laurel; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Anita</span>. «Women Farmers, Small Plots, and Changing Markets in China». A: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=oxALtjzxd-8C&lpg=PA172&dq=women%20farmers%20in%20china&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=china&f=false"><i>Women Farmers and Commercial Ventures: Increasing Food Security in Developing Countries</i></a>.  Londres: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/1555878695" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/1555878695">ISBN 1555878695</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Farmers+and+Commercial+Ventures%3A+Increasing+Food+Security+in+Developing+Countries&rft.atitle=Women+Farmers%2C+Small+Plots%2C+and+Changing+Markets+in+China&rft.aulast=Bossen&rft.aufirst=Laurel&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.place=Londres&rft.isbn=1555878695&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoxALtjzxd-8C%26lpg%3DPA172%26dq%3Dwomen%2520farmers%2520in%2520china%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dchina%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDe_Brauw2003"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">De Brauw</span>, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.294.2390&rep=rep1&type=pdf"><i>Are Women Taking Over the Farm in China?</i></a>, 10 juliol 2003 [Consulta: 13 novembre 2016].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+Women+Taking+Over+the+Farm+in+China%3F&rft.aulast=De+Brauw&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.date=10+juliol+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.294.2390%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHinsch2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hinsch</span>, Bret. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=0ayHkR_fs24C&lpg=PP1&pg=PR5#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Women in Early Imperial China</i></a>. 2a edició.  Nova York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9780742568242" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9780742568242">ISBN 9780742568242</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Early+Imperial+China&rft.aulast=Hinsch&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=2a+edici%C3%B3&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.place=Nova+York&rft.isbn=9780742568242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ayHkR_fs24C%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPR5%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFThe_International_Rice_Research_Institute1985"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">The International Rice Research Institute</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=oh5PboUWoFIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Women in Rice Farming: Proceedings of a Conference on Women in Rice Farming Systems</i></a>.  Brookfield, Vermont: Gower Publishing Company Limited, 1985. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0566007215" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0566007215">ISBN 0566007215</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Rice+Farming%3A+Proceedings+of+a+Conference+on+Women+in+Rice+Farming+Systems&rft.aulast=The+International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft.date=1985&rft.pub=Gower+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.place=Brookfield%2C+Vermont&rft.isbn=0566007215&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doh5PboUWoFIC%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPR4%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLiYin-Sheng2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Li</span>, Yang; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Yin-Sheng</span>, Xi «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=22832841&site=ehost-live">Married Women's Rights to Land in China's Traditional Farming Areas</a>». <i>Journal of Contemporary China</i>. Routledge, 15, 49, 11-2006, pàg. 621–636 [Consulta: 15 novembre 2016].</span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFZhang2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zhang</span>, Linxiu et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarpn.org/documents/d0002430/Agriculture_China_Nov2006.pdf"><i>Feminization of Agriculture in China: Debunking the Myth and Measuring the Consequence of Women Participation in Agriculture</i></a>.  RIMISP, novembre 2006 [Consulta: 13 novembre 2016].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminization+of+Agriculture+in+China%3A+Debunking+the+Myth+and+Measuring+the+Consequence+of+Women+Participation+in+Agriculture&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Linxiu+et+al&rft.date=novembre+2006&rft.pub=RIMISP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarpn.org%2Fdocuments%2Fd0002430%2FAgriculture_China_Nov2006.pdf"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dones_en_l%27agricultura_de_la_Xina&oldid=34123279">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dones_en_l%27agricultura_de_la_Xina&oldid=34123279</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Hist%C3%B2ria_de_la_dona" title="Categoria:Història de la dona">Història de la dona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Economia_de_la_Xina" title="Categoria:Economia de la Xina">Economia de la Xina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Hist%C3%B2ria_de_l%27agricultura" title="Categoria:Història de l'agricultura">Història de l'agricultura</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoria oculta: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_la_plantilla_Webarchive_amb_enlla%C3%A7_wayback" title="Categoria:Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback">Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 18 oct 2024 a les 08:50.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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