CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/xmlrpc.php"> <title>International Journal of UbiComp (IJU) – IJUJournal</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s1.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s2.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts-api.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s.pubmine.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//x.bidswitch.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.criteo.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ib.adnxs.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//aax.amazon-adsystem.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//bidder.criteo.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cas.criteo.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//gum.criteo.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ads.pubmatic.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//gads.pubmatic.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//tpc.googlesyndication.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ad.doubleclick.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//googleads.g.doubleclick.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagservices.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.switchadhub.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//delivery.g.switchadhub.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//delivery.swid.switchadhub.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//a.teads.tv' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//prebid.media.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//adserver-us.adtech.advertising.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fastlane.rubiconproject.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//prebid-server.rubiconproject.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//hb-api.omnitagjs.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//mtrx.go.sonobi.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//apex.go.sonobi.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//u.openx.net' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IJUJournal » Feed" href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IJUJournal » Comments Feed" href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IJUJournal » International Journal of UbiComp (IJU) Comments Feed" href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/2023/09/19/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ function addLoadEvent(func) { var oldonload = window.onload; if (typeof window.onload != 'function') { window.onload = func; } else { window.onload = function () { oldonload(); func(); } } } /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/wpcom-smileys\/twemoji\/2\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/wpcom-smileys\/twemoji\/2\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/s2.wp.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?m=1719498190i&ver=6.8-alpha-59438"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-0-1' href='https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/blog-plugins/wordads/global.css?m=1561495466i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wordads-sorbet-css' href='https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/blog-plugins/wordads/sorbet-v2.css?ver=2013-02-15' media='all' /> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2-1' href='https://s1.wp.com/_static/??-eJx9jOsKwjAMRl/IGlYR2Q/xWbo1lK7phSZl+PZ2IooX/HmS7xxYi5pzEkwCsalCzfnEsHrrUBiw9W8OHhWZFQRjISPIwHIl3M/MO/gdWFCKmcODgVuCmG2j7lbcGlaVzPJB/4rkA766d/qaT5TdU4imBhSfnJpMhT59v2zyJZ6Hkx6PejwMerkBuLRkPQ==&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-4-1' href='https://s0.wp.com/_static/??-eJydzMsOwiAQheEXEibEXtKF8VmATggVgcwMNby91U13LlyenHw/vKryJQtmgZpaiJkhtGM6pHA8hLCbRU96ANdiWsGl4h8qRUeWOrD0hNozX+Bn6KsYNpRqP9z20kQFiuu/CbISc+CT3583M1/NMg6zGbc3O1tP4A==&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> .has-text-align-justify { text-align:justify; } .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-6-1' href='https://s2.wp.com/_static/??-eJzTLy/QzcxLzilNSS3WzyrWz01NyUxMzUnNTc0rQeEU5CRWphbp5qSmJyZX6uVm5uklFxfr6OPTDpRD5sM02efaGpoZmFkYGRuZGmQBAHPvL0Y=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-8-1' href='https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/2.18.1-simple-rev.4/dist/coblocks-style.css?m=1681832297i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-10-1' href='https://s1.wp.com/_static/??/wp-content/mu-plugins/core-compat/wp-mediaelement.css,/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-bbpress-premium-themes.css?m=1432920480j&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: 'Albert Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya: Alegreya, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--arvo: Arvo, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda: 'Bodoni Moda', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque: 'Bricolage Grotesque', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cabin: Cabin, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--chivo: Chivo, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner: Commissioner, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant: Cormorant, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime: 'Courier Prime', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro: 'Crimson Pro', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono: 'DM Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display: 'DM Serif Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--domine: Domine, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond: 'EB Garamond', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue: Epilogue, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang: Fahkwang, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--figtree: Figtree, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one: 'Fjalla One', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces: Fraunces, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito: Gabarito, system-ui;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova: 'Ibarra Real Nova', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif: 'Instrument Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: Inter, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans: 'Josefin Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--jost: Jost, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--literata: Literata, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--lora: Lora, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather: Merriweather, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat: Montserrat, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader: Newsreader, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono: 'Noto Sans Mono', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--nunito: Nunito, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--overpass: Overpass, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif: 'PT Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--petrona: Petrona, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla: Piazzolla, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display: 'Playfair Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--poppins: Poppins, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--raleway: Raleway, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto: Roboto, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab: 'Roboto Slab', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rubik: Rubik, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rufina: Rufina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sora: Sora, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4: 'Source Serif 4', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--syne: Syne, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--texturina: Texturina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist: Urbanist, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-alegreya-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya) !important;}.has-arvo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--arvo) !important;}.has-bodoni-moda-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda) !important;}.has-bricolage-grotesque-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque) !important;}.has-cabin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cabin) !important;}.has-chivo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--chivo) !important;}.has-commissioner-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner) !important;}.has-cormorant-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant) !important;}.has-courier-prime-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime) !important;}.has-crimson-pro-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro) !important;}.has-dm-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono) !important;}.has-dm-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans) !important;}.has-dm-serif-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display) !important;}.has-domine-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--domine) !important;}.has-eb-garamond-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond) !important;}.has-epilogue-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue) !important;}.has-fahkwang-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang) !important;}.has-figtree-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--figtree) !important;}.has-fira-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans) !important;}.has-fjalla-one-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one) !important;}.has-fraunces-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces) !important;}.has-gabarito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans) !important;}.has-ibarra-real-nova-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova) !important;}.has-instrument-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-josefin-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans) !important;}.has-jost-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--jost) !important;}.has-libre-baskerville-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-literata-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--literata) !important;}.has-lora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--lora) !important;}.has-merriweather-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather) !important;}.has-montserrat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat) !important;}.has-newsreader-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader) !important;}.has-noto-sans-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono) !important;}.has-nunito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--nunito) !important;}.has-open-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans) !important;}.has-overpass-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--overpass) !important;}.has-pt-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif) !important;}.has-petrona-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--petrona) !important;}.has-piazzolla-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla) !important;}.has-playfair-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display) !important;}.has-plus-jakarta-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans) !important;}.has-poppins-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--poppins) !important;}.has-raleway-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--raleway) !important;}.has-roboto-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto) !important;}.has-roboto-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab) !important;}.has-rubik-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rubik) !important;}.has-rufina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rufina) !important;}.has-sora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sora) !important;}.has-source-sans-3-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3) !important;}.has-source-serif-4-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;}.has-syne-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--syne) !important;}.has-texturina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--texturina) !important;}.has-urbanist-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-12-1' href='https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin/sun/vendor/automattic/jetpack-mu-wpcom/src/build/verbum-comments/verbum-comments.css?m=1729061509i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='verbum-gutenberg-css-css' href='https://widgets.wp.com/verbum-block-editor/block-editor.css?ver=1721244820' media='all' /> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-14-1' href='https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/sorbet/style.css?m=1519439799i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sorbet-fonts-css' href='https://fonts-api.wp.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro%3A300%2C400%2C700%2C300italic%2C400italic%2C700italic%7CPT+Serif%3A400%2C700%2C400italic%2C700italic&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext' media='all' /> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-16-1' href='https://s2.wp.com/_static/??-eJx9jksKAjEQRC9kbKKMn4V4FMmENmZMukO6w+DtHcFFRHFXD+oVBXMxnkmRFHIzJbUQSWBCLc7f3wzSCC6RPAQkrHER5Hdce5EVdJt6w4wCpY0gXEdUEH0kNHPxnL/a3YOKY+KwxABLq8N/UkA2ib3TyPQB5ppcrC/1nE92dxis3WyP++kJvQxfcg==&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='print-css-17-1' href='https://s1.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/global-print/global-print.css?m=1465851035i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='print' /> <style id='jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css'> :root { --font-headings: unset; --font-base: unset; --font-headings-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; --font-base-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;} </style> <link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-20-1' href='https://s0.wp.com/_static/??-eJyNjcsKQjEMBX/ImlsQry7ET5GahrbXNCmmRfx7H7gRN+7OwGEGbs2hSifpUIdrPFIRg4V6C3j5MNgQqBoHk4HlcKUYYry/Z5G0RrMV/C06FUEwxRLYsSa1L/iR9Uz1mc0bSKznwK/DsR787Kd5P/ntbnkAuNBIYA==&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack_related-posts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var related_posts_js_options = {"post_heading":"h4"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcom-actionbar-placeholder-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var actionbardata = {"siteID":"55396214","postID":"465","siteURL":"http:\/\/jiujournal.wordpress.com","xhrURL":"https:\/\/jiujournal.wordpress.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"f1f7d771d3","isLoggedIn":"","statusMessage":"","subsEmailDefault":"instantly","proxyScriptUrl":"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/wp-content\/js\/wpcom-proxy-request.js?ver=20211021","shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3Kr5k-7v","i18n":{"followedText":"New posts from this site will now appear in your <a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.com\/read\">Reader<\/a>","foldBar":"Collapse this bar","unfoldBar":"Expand this bar"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var JETPACK_MU_WPCOM_SETTINGS = {"assetsUrl":"https:\/\/s1.wp.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin\/sun\/vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-mu-wpcom\/src\/build\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='https://s0.wp.com/_static/??-eJx1j9sKwjAQRH/I7daKtwfxUyRNQkjMzWxi7d+bYpUK+jQMM5xhcIjAg8/SZ3QFoi1Ke0Ijc2T8Onuk4vGiPce+aCswScuyFBADZfp2jdO+MbTCBdfUjs0QU3iM76zCbBGSptDcikzjLEvA3xI4rVId/bXW26A+P4aQBBME3DKiF4i7iPduEvDBgxIxVcTZndb7rt1u2t3haJ49fGbG'></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="rlt-proxy-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ rltInitialize( {"token":null,"iframeOrigins":["https:\/\/widgets.wp.com"]} ); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress.com" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/2023/09/19/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/p3Kr5k-7v' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/oembed/?format=json&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjiujournal.wordpress.com%2F2023%2F09%2F19%2Finternational-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9%2F&for=wpcom-auto-discovery" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/xml+oembed" href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/oembed/?format=xml&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjiujournal.wordpress.com%2F2023%2F09%2F19%2Finternational-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9%2F&for=wpcom-auto-discovery" />  <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="International Journal of UbiComp (IJU)" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/2023/09/19/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9/" /> <meta property="og:description" content="ISSN : 0975 – 8992(Online); 0976 – 2213(Print) Scope & Topics International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excell…" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-09-19T09:04:22+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-08-20T13:32:26+00:00" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="IJUJournal" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="249643311490" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/WordPresscom" /> <meta name="twitter:text:title" content="International Journal of UbiComp (IJU)" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />  <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://s2.wp.com/i/webclip.png" /> <link rel='openid.server' href='https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/?openidserver=1' /> <link rel='openid.delegate' href='https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/' /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/osd.xml" title="IJUJournal" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://s1.wp.com/opensearch.xml" title="WordPress.com" /> <style type="text/css"> .recentcomments a { display: inline !important; padding: 0 !important; margin: 0 !important; } table.recentcommentsavatartop img.avatar, table.recentcommentsavatarend img.avatar { border: 0px; margin: 0; } table.recentcommentsavatartop a, table.recentcommentsavatarend a { border: 0px !important; background-color: transparent !important; } td.recentcommentsavatarend, td.recentcommentsavatartop { padding: 0px 0px 1px 0px; margin: 0px; } td.recentcommentstextend { border: none !important; padding: 0px 0px 2px 10px; } .rtl td.recentcommentstextend { padding: 0px 10px 2px 0px; } td.recentcommentstexttop { border: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; } .rtl td.recentcommentstexttop { padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; } </style> <meta name="application-name" content="IJUJournal" /><meta name="msapplication-window" content="width=device-width;height=device-height" /><meta name="msapplication-tooltip" content="International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing" /><meta name="description" content="ISSN : 0975 – 8992(Online); 0976 – 2213(Print) http://www.airccse.org/journal/iju/index.html Scope & Topics International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of ubiquitous computing. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in…" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wa_smart = { 'network_id': 3905, 'site_id': 474853, 'page_id': 1572546, 'blog_id': 55396214, 'post_id': 465, 'theme': 'pub/sorbet', 'target': 'wp_blog_id=55396214;language=en', '_': { 'title': 'Advertisement', 'privacy_settings': 'Privacy Settings' }, 'top': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 135099 }, 'inline': { 'enabled': true, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 110354, 'max_slots': 20, 'max_blaze_slots': 20 }, 'belowpost': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 134071 }, 'bottom_sticky': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 117571 }, 'sidebar': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 134686 }, 'sidebar_sticky_right': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 135281 }, 'gutenberg_rectangle': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 134788 }, 'gutenberg_leaderboard': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 135073 }, 'gutenberg_mobile_leaderboard': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 135098 }, 'gutenberg_skyscraper': { 'enabled': false, 'adflow_enabled': true, 'format_id': 135088 } }; wa_smart.cmd = []; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function __ATA_CC() {var v = document.cookie.match('(^|;) ?personalized-ads-consent=([^;]*)(;|$)');return v ? 1 : 0;} var __ATA_PP = { 'pt': 1, 'ht': 0, 'tn': 'sorbet', 'uloggedin': 0, 'amp': false, 'consent': __ATA_CC(), 'gdpr_applies': false, 'ad': { 'label': { 'text': 'Advertisements' }, 'reportAd': { 'text': 'Report this ad' } }, 'disabled_slot_formats': [ 'IAD' ], 'siteid': 8982, 'blogid': 55396214 }; var __ATA = __ATA || {}; __ATA.cmd = __ATA.cmd || []; __ATA.criteo = __ATA.criteo || {}; __ATA.criteo.cmd = __ATA.criteo.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var g=Date.now||function(){return+new Date};function h(a,b){a:{for(var c=a.length,d="string"==typeof a?a.split(""):a,e=0;e<c;e++)if(e in d&&b.call(void 0,d[e],e,a)){b=e;break a}b=-1}return 0>b?null:"string"==typeof a?a.charAt(b):a[b]};function k(a,b,c){c=null!=c?"="+encodeURIComponent(String(c)):"";if(b+=c){c=a.indexOf("#");0>c&&(c=a.length);var d=a.indexOf("?");if(0>d||d>c){d=c;var e=""}else e=a.substring(d+1,c);a=[a.substr(0,d),e,a.substr(c)];c=a[1];a[1]=b?c?c+"&"+b:b:c;a=a[0]+(a[1]?"?"+a[1]:"")+a[2]}return a};var l=0;function m(a,b){var c=document.createElement("script");c.src=a;c.onload=function(){b&&b(void 0)};c.onerror=function(){b&&b("error")};a=document.getElementsByTagName("head");var d;a&&0!==a.length?d=a[0]:d=document.documentElement;d.appendChild(c)}function n(a){var b=void 0===b?document.cookie:b;return(b=h(b.split("; "),function(c){return-1!=c.indexOf(a+"=")}))?b.split("=")[1]:""}function p(a){return"string"==typeof a&&0<a.length} function r(a,b,c){b=void 0===b?"":b;c=void 0===c?".":c;var d=[];Object.keys(a).forEach(function(e){var f=a[e],q=typeof f;"object"==q&&null!=f||"function"==q?d.push(r(f,b+e+c)):null!==f&&void 0!==f&&(e=encodeURIComponent(b+e),d.push(e+"="+encodeURIComponent(f)))});return d.filter(p).join("&")}function t(a,b){a||((window.__ATA||{}).config=b.c,m(b.url))}var u=Math.floor(1E13*Math.random()),v=window.__ATA||{};window.__ATA=v;window.__ATA.cmd=v.cmd||[];v.rid=u;v.createdAt=g();var w=window.__ATA||{},x="s.pubmine.com"; w&&w.serverDomain&&(x=w.serverDomain);var y="//"+x+"/conf",z=window.top===window,A=window.__ATA_PP&&window.__ATA_PP.gdpr_applies,B="boolean"===typeof A?Number(A):null,C=window.__ATA_PP||null,D=z?document.referrer?document.referrer:null:null,E=z?window.location.href:document.referrer?document.referrer:null,F,G=n("__ATA_tuuid");F=G?G:null;var H=window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight,I=n("usprivacy"),J=r({gdpr:B,pp:C,rid:u,src:D,ref:E,tuuid:F,vp:H,us_privacy:I?I:null},"","."); (function(a){var b=void 0===b?"cb":b;l++;var c="callback__"+g().toString(36)+"_"+l.toString(36);a=k(a,b,c);window[c]=function(d){t(void 0,d)};m(a,function(d){d&&t(d)})})(y+"?"+J);}).call(this); </script> <script> var sas_fallback = sas_fallback || []; sas_fallback.push( { tag: "<div id="atatags-26942-{{unique_id}}"></div><script>__ATA.cmd.push(function() {__ATA.initDynamicSlot({id: \'atatags-26942-{{unique_id}}\',location: 120,formFactor: \'001\',label: {text: \'Advertisements\',},creative: {reportAd: {text: \'Report this ad\',},privacySettings: {text: \'Privacy\',}}});});</script>", type: 'belowpost' }, { tag: "<div id="atatags-26942-{{unique_id}}"></div><script>__ATA.cmd.push(function() {__ATA.initDynamicSlot({id: \'atatags-26942-{{unique_id}}\',location: 310,formFactor: \'001\',label: {text: \'Advertisements\',},creative: {reportAd: {text: \'Report this ad\',},privacySettings: {text: \'Privacy\',}}});});</script>", type: 'inline' }, { tag: "<div id="atatags-26942-{{unique_id}}"></div><script>__ATA.cmd.push(function() {__ATA.initDynamicSlot({id: \'atatags-26942-{{unique_id}}\',location: 140,formFactor: \'003\',label: {text: \'Advertisements\',},creative: {reportAd: {text: \'Report this ad\',},privacySettings: {text: \'Privacy\',}}});});</script>", type: 'sidebar' }, { tag: "<div id="atatags-26942-{{unique_id}}"></div><script>__ATA.cmd.push(function() {__ATA.initDynamicSlot({id: \'atatags-26942-{{unique_id}}\',location: 110,formFactor: \'002\',label: {text: \'Advertisements\',},creative: {reportAd: {text: \'Report this ad\',},privacySettings: {text: \'Privacy\',}}});});</script>", type: 'top' } ); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.doNotSellCallback = function() { var linkElements = [ 'a[href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_blog"]', 'a[href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_website"]', 'a[href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=vertical_footer"]', 'a[href^="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_segment_"]', ].join(','); var dnsLink = document.createElement( 'a' ); dnsLink.href = 'https://wordpress.com/advertising-program-optout/'; dnsLink.classList.add( 'do-not-sell-link' ); dnsLink.rel = 'nofollow'; dnsLink.style.marginLeft = '0.5em'; dnsLink.textContent = 'Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information'; var creditLinks = document.querySelectorAll( linkElements ); if ( 0 === creditLinks.length ) { return false; } Array.prototype.forEach.call( creditLinks, function( el ) { el.insertAdjacentElement( 'afterend', dnsLink ); }); return true; }; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.google_analytics_uacct = "UA-52447-2"; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-52447-2']); _gaq.push(['_gat._anonymizeIp']); _gaq.push(['_setDomainName', 'wordpress.com']); _gaq.push(['_initData']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; (document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(ga); })(); </script> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-465 single-format-standard custom-background customizer-styles-applied jetpack-reblog-enabled has-marketing-bar has-marketing-bar-theme-sorbet"> <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div class="site-header-wrapper"> <div class="site-branding"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/" rel="home">IJUJournal</a></h1> <h2 class="site-description">International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing</h2> </div> <div class="toggles"> <div id="menu-toggle" class="toggle" title="Menu"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu</span></div> <div id="search-toggle" class="toggle" title="Search"><span class="screen-reader-text">Search</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="menu-toggle-nav" class="panel"> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="menu"><ul> <li ><a href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/">Home</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1"><a href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/about/">Current Issue</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-15"><a href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/most-cited-articles/">Most Cited Articles</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-227"><a href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/most-viewed-article-in-academia/">MOST VIEWED ARTICLE IN ACADEMIA</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div id="search-toggle-nav" class="panel"> <div class="search-wrapper"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s"> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search"> </form> </div> </div> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-465" class="post-465 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title">International Journal of UbiComp (IJU)</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p class="has-text-align-center"><strong>ISSN : 0975 – 8992(Online); 0976 – 2213(Print)</strong></p> <p class="has-text-align-center"><strong><a href="http://www.airccse.org/journal/iju/index.html">http://www.airccse.org/journal/iju/index.html</a></strong></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Scope & Topics</strong></h2> <p class="has-text-align-justify">International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of ubiquitous computing. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Ubiquitous Computing presents a rather arduous requirement of robustness, reliability and availability to the end user. Ubiquitous computing has received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Topics of interest</strong></h2> <p class="has-text-align-justify">Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Architectural structure, design decisions and philosophies</li> <li>Autonomic management of ubiquitous systems</li> <li>Context and location awareness, context based and implicit computing</li> <li>Distributed Computing</li> <li>Ubicomp Human-computer Interaction for devices</li> <li>Intelligent devices and environments</li> <li>Internet Computing and Applications</li> <li>Interoperability and large scale deployment</li> <li>Middleware services and agent technologies</li> <li>Personalized & special field applications</li> <li>Security Issues and Applications</li> <li>Service discovery mechanisms and protocols</li> <li>Software infrastructures</li> <li>System support infrastructures and services</li> <li>Ubiquitous systems and trust</li> <li>User interfaces and interaction models</li> <li>Virtualization over networks of devices</li> <li>Wearable computers and technologies</li> <li>Wireless networking and mobile, pervasive and ubiquitous computing</li> <li>Wireless/mobile service management and delivery</li> <li>Mobile Computing</li> <li>Network Protocols & Wireless Communication</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Paper Submission</strong></h2> <p class="has-text-align-justify">Authors are invited to submit papers for this journal through E-mail : <a href="mailto:iju@aircconline.com"><strong>iju@aircconline.com</strong></a> Submissions must be original and should not have been published previously or be under consideration for publication while being evaluated for this Journal</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Important Dates</strong></h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><strong>Submission Deadline : <strong><strong>August 25, 2024</strong></strong></strong></li> <li>Notification : September 24, 2024</li> <li>Final Manuscript Due : September 30, 2024</li> <li><strong>Publication Date : Determined by the Editor-in-Chief</strong></li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Contact us</h2> <p>Here’s where you can reach us : <a href="mailto:iju@aircconline.com"><strong>iju@aircconline.com</strong></a></p> <div id="atatags-370373-6741f2d735e9e"> <script type="text/javascript"> __ATA.cmd.push(function() { __ATA.initVideoSlot('atatags-370373-6741f2d735e9e', { sectionId: '370373', format: 'inread' }); }); </script> </div><span id="wordads-inline-marker" style="display: none;"></span> <div id="atatags-26942-6741f2d735edc"></div> <script> __ATA.cmd.push(function() { __ATA.initDynamicSlot({ id: 'atatags-26942-6741f2d735edc', location: 120, formFactor: '001', label: { text: 'Advertisements', }, creative: { reportAd: { text: 'Report this ad', }, privacySettings: { text: 'Privacy', } } }); }); </script><div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-465" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/2023/09/19/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-465" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/2023/09/19/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-55396214-465-6741f2d736408' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20241123#blog_id=55396214&post_id=465&origin=jiujournal.wordpress.com&obj_id=55396214-465-6741f2d736408' data-name='like-post-frame-55396214-465-6741f2d736408' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div> <div id='jp-relatedposts' class='jp-relatedposts' > <h3 class="jp-relatedposts-headline"><em>Related</em></h3> </div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <span class="post-date"><a href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/2023/09/19/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9/" title="9:04 AM" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2023-09-19T09:04:22+00:00">09/19/2023</time></a></span><span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/author/jiujournal/" title="View all posts by IJUJournal" rel="author">IJUJournal</a></span></span> </footer> </article> <nav class="navigation post-navigation" role="navigation"> <h1 class="screen-reader-text">Post navigation</h1> <div class="nav-links"> <div class="nav-next"><a href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/2024/07/30/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju/" rel="next"><span class="meta-nav screen-reader-text">→</span></a></div> </div> </nav> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a comment <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/2023/09/19/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form"> <div id="comment-form__verbum" class="transparent"></div><div class="verbum-form-meta"><input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='465' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> <input type="hidden" name="highlander_comment_nonce" id="highlander_comment_nonce" value="cd76d8af24" /> <input type="hidden" name="verbum_show_subscription_modal" value="" /></div><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="b064ab0e80" /></p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_1" name="ak_js" value="39"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div id="secondary" class="widget-area" role="complementary"> <div id="atatags-286348-6741f2d73f167"></div> <script> __ATA.cmd.push(function() { __ATA.initDynamicSlot({ id: 'atatags-286348-6741f2d73f167', location: 140, formFactor: '003', label: { text: 'Advertisements', }, creative: { reportAd: { text: 'Report this ad', }, privacySettings: { text: 'Privacy', } } }); }); </script> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-info"> <a href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_blog" rel="nofollow">Blog at WordPress.com.</a> </div> </footer> </div>  <script type="text/javascript" src="//0.gravatar.com/js/hovercards/hovercards.min.js?ver=2024474048849247f5660a2d05b85c6fc286379897f30a1061ad46e7f037e059ed7fe7" id="grofiles-cards-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpgroho-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var WPGroHo = {"my_hash":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/gravatar-hovercards/wpgroho.js?m=1610363240i'></script> <script> // Initialize and attach hovercards to all gravatars ( function() { function init() { if ( typeof Gravatar === 'undefined' ) { return; } if ( typeof Gravatar.init !== 'function' ) { return; } Gravatar.profile_cb = function ( hash, id ) { WPGroHo.syncProfileData( hash, id ); }; Gravatar.my_hash = WPGroHo.my_hash; Gravatar.init( 'body', '#wp-admin-bar-my-account', { i18n: { 'Edit your profile': 'Edit your profile', 'View profile': 'View profile', 'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.': 'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.', 'Profile not found.': 'Profile not found.', 'Too Many Requests.': 'Too Many Requests.', 'Internal Server Error.': 'Internal Server Error.', }, } ); } if ( document.readyState !== 'loading' ) { init(); } else { document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', init ); } } )(); </script> <div style="display:none"> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { function init() { document.body.addEventListener( 'is.post-load', function() { if ( typeof __ATA.insertInlineAds === 'function' ) { __ATA.insertInlineAds(); } } ); } if ( document.readyState !== 'loading' ) { init(); } else { document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', init ); } } )(); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> ( function () { var setupPrivacy = function() { // Minimal Mozilla Cookie library // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document/cookie/Simple_document.cookie_framework var cookieLib = window.cookieLib = {getItem:function(e){return e&&decodeURIComponent(document.cookie.replace(new RegExp("(?:(?:^|.*;)\\s*"+encodeURIComponent(e).replace(/[\-\.\+\*]/g,"\\$&")+"\\s*\\=\\s*([^;]*).*$)|^.*$"),"$1"))||null},setItem:function(e,o,n,t,r,i){if(!e||/^(?:expires|max\-age|path|domain|secure)$/i.test(e))return!1;var c="";if(n)switch(n.constructor){case Number:c=n===1/0?"; expires=Fri, 31 Dec 9999 23:59:59 GMT":"; max-age="+n;break;case String:c="; expires="+n;break;case Date:c="; expires="+n.toUTCString()}return"rootDomain"!==r&&".rootDomain"!==r||(r=(".rootDomain"===r?".":"")+document.location.hostname.split(".").slice(-2).join(".")),document.cookie=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(o)+c+(r?"; domain="+r:"")+(t?"; path="+t:"")+(i?"; secure":""),!0}}; // Implement IAB USP API. window.__uspapi = function( command, version, callback ) { // Validate callback. if ( typeof callback !== 'function' ) { return; } // Validate the given command. if ( command !== 'getUSPData' || version !== 1 ) { callback( null, false ); return; } // Check for GPC. If set, override any stored cookie. if ( navigator.globalPrivacyControl ) { callback( { version: 1, uspString: '1YYN' }, true ); return; } // Check for cookie. var consent = cookieLib.getItem( 'usprivacy' ); // Invalid cookie. if ( null === consent ) { callback( null, false ); return; } // Everything checks out. Fire the provided callback with the consent data. callback( { version: 1, uspString: consent }, true ); }; // Initialization. document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', function() { // Internal functions. var setDefaultOptInCookie = function() { var value = '1YNN'; var domain = '.wordpress.com' === location.hostname.slice( -14 ) ? '.rootDomain' : location.hostname; cookieLib.setItem( 'usprivacy', value, 365 * 24 * 60 * 60, '/', domain ); }; var setDefaultOptOutCookie = function() { var value = '1YYN'; var domain = '.wordpress.com' === location.hostname.slice( -14 ) ? '.rootDomain' : location.hostname; cookieLib.setItem( 'usprivacy', value, 24 * 60 * 60, '/', domain ); }; var setDefaultNotApplicableCookie = function() { var value = '1---'; var domain = '.wordpress.com' === location.hostname.slice( -14 ) ? '.rootDomain' : location.hostname; cookieLib.setItem( 'usprivacy', value, 24 * 60 * 60, '/', domain ); }; var setCcpaAppliesCookie = function( applies ) { var domain = '.wordpress.com' === location.hostname.slice( -14 ) ? '.rootDomain' : location.hostname; cookieLib.setItem( 'ccpa_applies', applies, 24 * 60 * 60, '/', domain ); } var maybeCallDoNotSellCallback = function() { if ( 'function' === typeof window.doNotSellCallback ) { return window.doNotSellCallback(); } return false; } // Look for usprivacy cookie first. var usprivacyCookie = cookieLib.getItem( 'usprivacy' ); // Found a usprivacy cookie. if ( null !== usprivacyCookie ) { // If the cookie indicates that CCPA does not apply, then bail. if ( '1---' === usprivacyCookie ) { return; } // CCPA applies, so call our callback to add Do Not Sell link to the page. maybeCallDoNotSellCallback(); // We're all done, no more processing needed. return; } // We don't have a usprivacy cookie, so check to see if we have a CCPA applies cookie. var ccpaCookie = cookieLib.getItem( 'ccpa_applies' ); // No CCPA applies cookie found, so we'll need to geolocate if this visitor is from California. // This needs to happen client side because we do not have region geo data in our $SERVER headers, // only country data -- therefore we can't vary cache on the region. if ( null === ccpaCookie ) { var request = new XMLHttpRequest(); request.open( 'GET', 'https://public-api.wordpress.com/geo/', true ); request.onreadystatechange = function () { if ( 4 === this.readyState ) { if ( 200 === this.status ) { // Got a geo response. Parse out the region data. var data = JSON.parse( this.response ); var region = data.region ? data.region.toLowerCase() : ''; var ccpa_applies = ['california', 'colorado', 'connecticut', 'delaware', 'indiana', 'iowa', 'montana', 'new jersey', 'oregon', 'tennessee', 'texas', 'utah', 'virginia'].indexOf( region ) > -1; // Set CCPA applies cookie. This keeps us from having to make a geo request too frequently. setCcpaAppliesCookie( ccpa_applies ); // Check if CCPA applies to set the proper usprivacy cookie. if ( ccpa_applies ) { if ( maybeCallDoNotSellCallback() ) { // Do Not Sell link added, so set default opt-in. setDefaultOptInCookie(); } else { // Failed showing Do Not Sell link as required, so default to opt-OUT just to be safe. setDefaultOptOutCookie(); } } else { // CCPA does not apply. setDefaultNotApplicableCookie(); } } else { // Could not geo, so let's assume for now that CCPA applies to be safe. setCcpaAppliesCookie( true ); if ( maybeCallDoNotSellCallback() ) { // Do Not Sell link added, so set default opt-in. setDefaultOptInCookie(); } else { // Failed showing Do Not Sell link as required, so default to opt-OUT just to be safe. setDefaultOptOutCookie(); } } } }; // Send the geo request. request.send(); } else { // We found a CCPA applies cookie. if ( ccpaCookie === 'true' ) { if ( maybeCallDoNotSellCallback() ) { // Do Not Sell link added, so set default opt-in. setDefaultOptInCookie(); } else { // Failed showing Do Not Sell link as required, so default to opt-OUT just to be safe. setDefaultOptOutCookie(); } } else { // CCPA does not apply. setDefaultNotApplicableCookie(); } } } ); }; // Kickoff initialization. if ( window.defQueue && defQueue.isLOHP && defQueue.isLOHP === 2020 ) { defQueue.items.push( setupPrivacy ); } else { setupPrivacy(); } } )(); </script>  <div class="widget widget_eu_cookie_law_widget"> <div class="hide-on-button ads-active" data-hide-timeout="30" data-consent-expiration="180" id="eu-cookie-law" style="display: none" > <form method="post"> <input type="submit" value="Close and accept" class="accept" /> Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. <br /> To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: <a href="https://automattic.com/cookies/" rel="nofollow"> Cookie Policy </a> </form> </div> </div> <div id="actionbar" style="display: none;" class="actnbr-pub-sorbet actnbr-has-follow"> <ul> <li class="actnbr-btn actnbr-hidden"> <a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-comment" href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/2023/09/19/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9/#respond"> <svg class="gridicon gridicons-comment" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M12 16l-5 5v-5H5c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2V5c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h14c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2v9c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2h-7z"/></g></svg> <span>Comment </span> </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-btn actnbr-hidden"> <a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-reblog" href=""> <svg class="gridicon gridicons-reblog" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M22.086 9.914L20 7.828V18c0 1.105-.895 2-2 2h-7v-2h7V7.828l-2.086 2.086L14.5 8.5 19 4l4.5 4.5-1.414 1.414zM6 16.172V6h7V4H6c-1.105 0-2 .895-2 2v10.172l-2.086-2.086L.5 15.5 5 20l4.5-4.5-1.414-1.414L6 16.172z"/></g></svg><span>Reblog</span> </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-btn actnbr-hidden"> <a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-follow " href=""> <svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m4 4.5h12v6.5h1.5v-6.5-1.5h-1.5-12-1.5v1.5 10.5c0 1.1046.89543 2 2 2h7v-1.5h-7c-.27614 0-.5-.2239-.5-.5zm10.5 2h-9v1.5h9zm-5 3h-4v1.5h4zm3.5 1.5h-1v1h1zm-1-1.5h-1.5v1.5 1 1.5h1.5 1 1.5v-1.5-1-1.5h-1.5zm-2.5 2.5h-4v1.5h4zm6.5 1.25h1.5v2.25h2.25v1.5h-2.25v2.25h-1.5v-2.25h-2.25v-1.5h2.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span>Subscribe</span> </a> <a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-following no-display" href=""> <svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16 4.5H4V15C4 15.2761 4.22386 15.5 4.5 15.5H11.5V17H4.5C3.39543 17 2.5 16.1046 2.5 15V4.5V3H4H16H17.5V4.5V12.5H16V4.5ZM5.5 6.5H14.5V8H5.5V6.5ZM5.5 9.5H9.5V11H5.5V9.5ZM12 11H13V12H12V11ZM10.5 9.5H12H13H14.5V11V12V13.5H13H12H10.5V12V11V9.5ZM5.5 12H9.5V13.5H5.5V12Z" fill="#008A20"></path><path class="following-icon-tick" d="M13.5 16L15.5 18L19 14.5" stroke="#008A20" stroke-width="1.5"></path></svg> <span>Subscribed</span> </a> <div class="actnbr-popover tip tip-top-left actnbr-notice" id="follow-bubble"> <div class="tip-arrow"></div> <div class="tip-inner actnbr-follow-bubble"> <ul> <li class="actnbr-sitename"> <a href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com"> <img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png' srcset='https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png 1x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /> IJUJournal </a> </li> <div class="actnbr-message no-display"></div> <form method="post" action="https://subscribe.wordpress.com" accept-charset="utf-8" style="display: none;"> <div> <input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Enter your email address" class="actnbr-email-field" aria-label="Enter your email address" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe" /> <input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="55396214" /> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/2023/09/19/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9/" /> <input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="actionbar-follow" /> <input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="7f31cfc4c6" /> <div class="actnbr-button-wrap"> <button type="submit" value="Sign me up"> Sign me up </button> </div> </form> <li class="actnbr-login-nudge"> <div> Already have a WordPress.com account? <a href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fjiujournal.wordpress.com%2F2023%2F09%2F19%2Finternational-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9%2F&signup_flow=account">Log in now.</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="actnbr-ellipsis actnbr-hidden"> <svg class="gridicon gridicons-ellipsis" height="24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7 12c0 1.104-.896 2-2 2s-2-.896-2-2 .896-2 2-2 2 .896 2 2zm12-2c-1.104 0-2 .896-2 2s.896 2 2 2 2-.896 2-2-.896-2-2-2zm-7 0c-1.104 0-2 .896-2 2s.896 2 2 2 2-.896 2-2-.896-2-2-2z"/></g></svg> <div class="actnbr-popover tip tip-top-left actnbr-more"> <div class="tip-arrow"></div> <div class="tip-inner"> <ul> <li class="actnbr-sitename"> <a href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com"> <img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png' srcset='https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png 1x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /> IJUJournal </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-folded-customize"> <a href="https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/wp-admin/customize.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fjiujournal.wordpress.com%2F2023%2F09%2F19%2Finternational-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9%2F"> <svg class="gridicon gridicons-customize" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M2 6c0-1.505.78-3.08 2-4 0 .845.69 2 2 2 1.657 0 3 1.343 3 3 0 .386-.08.752-.212 1.09.74.594 1.476 1.19 2.19 1.81L8.9 11.98c-.62-.716-1.214-1.454-1.807-2.192C6.753 9.92 6.387 10 6 10c-2.21 0-4-1.79-4-4zm12.152 6.848l1.34-1.34c.607.304 1.283.492 2.008.492 2.485 0 4.5-2.015 4.5-4.5 0-.725-.188-1.4-.493-2.007L18 9l-2-2 3.507-3.507C18.9 3.188 18.225 3 17.5 3 15.015 3 13 5.015 13 7.5c0 .725.188 1.4.493 2.007L3 20l2 2 6.848-6.848c1.885 1.928 3.874 3.753 5.977 5.45l1.425 1.148 1.5-1.5-1.15-1.425c-1.695-2.103-3.52-4.092-5.448-5.977z"/></g></svg> <span>Customize</span> </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-folded-follow"> <a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-follow " href=""> <svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m4 4.5h12v6.5h1.5v-6.5-1.5h-1.5-12-1.5v1.5 10.5c0 1.1046.89543 2 2 2h7v-1.5h-7c-.27614 0-.5-.2239-.5-.5zm10.5 2h-9v1.5h9zm-5 3h-4v1.5h4zm3.5 1.5h-1v1h1zm-1-1.5h-1.5v1.5 1 1.5h1.5 1 1.5v-1.5-1-1.5h-1.5zm-2.5 2.5h-4v1.5h4zm6.5 1.25h1.5v2.25h2.25v1.5h-2.25v2.25h-1.5v-2.25h-2.25v-1.5h2.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span>Subscribe</span> </a> <a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-following no-display" href=""> <svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16 4.5H4V15C4 15.2761 4.22386 15.5 4.5 15.5H11.5V17H4.5C3.39543 17 2.5 16.1046 2.5 15V4.5V3H4H16H17.5V4.5V12.5H16V4.5ZM5.5 6.5H14.5V8H5.5V6.5ZM5.5 9.5H9.5V11H5.5V9.5ZM12 11H13V12H12V11ZM10.5 9.5H12H13H14.5V11V12V13.5H13H12H10.5V12V11V9.5ZM5.5 12H9.5V13.5H5.5V12Z" fill="#008A20"></path><path class="following-icon-tick" d="M13.5 16L15.5 18L19 14.5" stroke="#008A20" stroke-width="1.5"></path></svg> <span>Subscribed</span> </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-signup"><a href="https://wordpress.com/start/">Sign up</a></li> <li class="actnbr-login"><a href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fjiujournal.wordpress.com%2F2023%2F09%2F19%2Finternational-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9%2F&signup_flow=account">Log in</a></li> <li class="actnbr-shortlink"><a href="https://wp.me/p3Kr5k-7v">Copy shortlink</a></li> <li class="flb-report"> <a href="https://wordpress.com/abuse/?report_url=https://jiujournal.wordpress.com/2023/09/19/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Report this content </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-reader"> <a href="https://wordpress.com/read/blogs/55396214/posts/465"> View post in Reader </a> </li> <li class="actnbr-subs"> <a href="https://subscribe.wordpress.com/">Manage subscriptions</a> </li> <li class="actnbr-fold"><a href="">Collapse this bar</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <script> window.addEventListener( "load", function( event ) { var link = document.createElement( "link" ); link.href = "https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/actionbar/actionbar.css?v=20241015"; link.type = "text/css"; link.rel = "stylesheet"; document.head.appendChild( link ); var script = document.createElement( "script" ); script.src = "https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/actionbar/actionbar.js?v=20231122"; script.defer = true; document.body.appendChild( script ); } ); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https:\/\/jiujournal.wordpress.com\/2023\/09\/19\/international-journal-of-ubicomp-iju-9\/":465}; </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="verbum-settings-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.VerbumComments = {"Log in or provide your name and email to leave a reply.":"Log in or provide your name and email to leave a reply.","Log in or provide your name and email to leave a comment.":"Log in or provide your name and email to leave a comment.","Receive web and mobile notifications for posts on this site.":"Receive web and mobile notifications for posts on this site.","Name":"Name","Email (address never made public)":"Email (address never made public)","Website (optional)":"Website (optional)","Leave a reply. (log in optional)":"Leave a reply. (log in optional)","Leave a comment. (log in optional)":"Leave a comment. (log in optional)","Log in to leave a reply.":"Log in to leave a reply.","Log in to leave a comment.":"Log in to leave a comment.","Logged in via %s":"Logged in via %s","Log out":"Log out","Email":"Email","(Address never made public)":"(Address never made public)","Instantly":"Instantly","Daily":"Daily","Reply":"Reply","Comment":"Comment","WordPress":"WordPress","Weekly":"Weekly","Notify me of new posts":"Notify me of new posts","Email me new posts":"Email me new posts","Email me new comments":"Email me new comments","Cancel":"Cancel","Write a comment...":"Write a comment...","Write a reply...":"Write a reply...","Website":"Website","Optional":"Optional","We'll keep you in the loop!":"We'll keep you in the loop!","Loading your comment...":"Loading your comment...","Discover more from":"Discover more from IJUJournal","Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.":"Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.","Continue reading":"Continue reading","Never miss a beat!":"Never miss a beat!","Interested in getting blog post updates? Simply click the button below to stay in the loop!":"Interested in getting blog post updates? Simply click the button below to stay in the loop!","Enter your email address":"Enter your email address","Subscribe":"Subscribe","Comment sent successfully":"Comment sent successfully","Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.":"Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.","siteId":55396214,"postId":465,"mustLogIn":false,"requireNameEmail":true,"commentRegistration":false,"connectURL":"https:\/\/jiujournal.wordpress.com\/public.api\/connect\/?action=request","logoutURL":"https:\/\/jiujournal.wordpress.com\/wp-login.php?action=logout&_wpnonce=14cbe1fa04","homeURL":"https:\/\/jiujournal.wordpress.com\/","subscribeToBlog":true,"subscribeToComment":true,"isJetpackCommentsLoggedIn":false,"jetpackUsername":"","jetpackUserId":0,"jetpackSignature":"","jetpackAvatar":"https:\/\/0.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=identicon&r=G","enableBlocks":true,"enableSubscriptionModal":true,"currentLocale":"en","isJetpackComments":false,"allowedBlocks":["core\/paragraph","core\/list","core\/code","core\/list-item","core\/quote","core\/image","core\/embed","core\/quote","core\/code"],"embedNonce":"7f2b0b09c3","verbumBundleUrl":"https:\/\/s2.wp.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin\/sun\/vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-mu-wpcom\/src\/features\/verbum-comments\/dist\/index.js","isRTL":false,"vbeCacheBuster":1721244820,"iframeUniqueId":0} /* ]]> */ </script> <script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='https://s0.wp.com/_static/??-eJyNUu1OwzAMfCGybCoI8QPxKMhN3M6t80GcUPr2ZGvHpoHGfiW6O59Pl+gpKhN8Rp/1INqFlhhVEUzQV0yR78JmkAd9oWs59Cpy6cmLnkKyYEUZBhGUg8kEma9nXDlPkO0xi8ZS2TASKoZJZ3SRIeMVfsOHaazqj4IF9+AtYzqJyRsudgljSbL+RG9DOlAx8NwR88aRv+E9YI5gRlWhKZrgVkJL8SczKDk4yJnML7WWZHRbiG0Vp7a4usK5ukL0oaR62NmDI6M4gD3nPgXJe3Q1fSytlpBaXJ4GfZG7lDJSVEx+VF0wRVRHX381s2ZSCSPP//QBI4nDrJrNVr9Xkx+gS0exvaPLiwqPFktBsoeE9QfZ+Xgl369R3tzr7rnZPTbb5ull+AbLqf6Y'></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtwitter', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' ); return false; } } ); } )(); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function () { var wpcom_reblog = { source: 'toolbar', toggle_reblog_box_flair: function (obj_id, post_id) { // Go to site selector. This will redirect to their blog if they only have one. const postEndpoint = `https://wordpress.com/post`; // Ideally we would use the permalink here, but fortunately this will be replaced with the // post permalink in the editor. const originalURL = `${ document.location.href }?page_id=${ post_id }`; const url = postEndpoint + '?url=' + encodeURIComponent( originalURL ) + '&is_post_share=true' + '&v=5'; const redirect = function () { if ( ! window.open( url, '_blank' ) ) { location.href = url; } }; if ( /Firefox/.test( navigator.userAgent ) ) { setTimeout( redirect, 0 ); } else { redirect(); } }, }; window.wpcom_reblog = wpcom_reblog; })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // <![CDATA[ (function() { try{ if ( window.external &&'msIsSiteMode' in window.external) { if (window.external.msIsSiteMode()) { var jl = document.createElement('script'); jl.type='text/javascript'; jl.async=true; jl.src='/wp-content/plugins/ie-sitemode/custom-jumplist.php'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(jl, s); } } }catch(e){} })(); // ]]> </script> <iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20241123#ver=20241123&origin=https://jiujournal.wordpress.com' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe> <div id='likes-other-gravatars' class='wpl-new-layout' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="likes-text"> <span>%d</span> </div> <ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul> </div> <script src="//stats.wp.com/w.js?67" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript"> _tkq = window._tkq || []; _stq = window._stq || []; _tkq.push(['storeContext', {'blog_id':'55396214','blog_tz':'0','user_lang':'en','blog_lang':'en','user_id':'0'}]); _stq.push(['view', {'blog':'55396214','v':'wpcom','tz':'0','user_id':'0','post':'465','subd':'jiujournal'}]); _stq.push(['extra', {'crypt':'UE5XaGUuOTlwaD85flAmcm1mcmZsaDhkV11YdTdvUG14Q2VDQTR4LlUsLi82dU1mai9BMmM3aVtjbGRnQVlDczZhRlJEQnV6ZnF4LXREYyt3JWRrdzE1QismV3lSN3xnNlZyZV1CSTlLLCt8XXRJSGovVnxsLTAyJTJMTzd2UjR5bEwlSXF2P3JHamtJbkhscC53LHFILVlsS0JbL2w1RFc9MnVNUUQvaH5wcC5jN21fRnhdOU5mTiV5Y19CbWw/X19nYTUmOGIsOStkTGs1Ry9xdTYlZWxrMXZlQlZ3SC1FUnx4UmZlLj9PN3hpMkY4ZzJ8Y0tUU3BYQVN6VlQ0dHV3RC09TGUuN0VCJVpleSV3Z1N5V1Fxc3pqT2Rtcz0teGkyaHZoZ0kvWXhxfGFfZVh8LXx+SHYsQXAzR19YMA=='}]); _stq.push([ 'clickTrackerInit', '55396214', '465' ]); </script> <noscript><img src="https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" style="height:1px;width:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;bottom:1px;" alt="" /></noscript> <div id="marketingbar" class="marketing-bar noskim "><div class="marketing-bar-text">Design a site like this with WordPress.com</div><a class="marketing-bar-button" href="https://wordpress.com/start/?ref=marketing_bar">Get started</a><a class="marketing-bar-link" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Create your website at WordPress.com" href="https://wordpress.com/start/?ref=marketing_bar"></a></div> <script type="text/javascript"> window._tkq = window._tkq || []; window._tkq.push( [ 'recordEvent', 'wpcom_marketing_bar_impression', {"is_current_user_blog_owner":false} ] ); document.querySelectorAll( '#marketingbar > a' ).forEach( link => { link.addEventListener( 'click', ( e ) => { window._tkq.push( [ 'recordEvent', 'wpcom_marketing_bar_cta_click', {"is_current_user_blog_owner":false} ] ); } ); }); </script><script> ( function() { function getMobileUserAgentInfo() { if ( typeof wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info === 'object' ) { wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.init(); var mobileStatsQueryString = ''; if ( wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedPlatformName !== false ) { mobileStatsQueryString += '&x_' + 'mobile_platforms' + '=' + wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedPlatformName; } if ( wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedUserAgentName !== false ) { mobileStatsQueryString += '&x_' + 'mobile_devices' + '=' + wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.matchedUserAgentName; } if ( wpcom_mobile_user_agent_info.isIPad() ) { mobileStatsQueryString += '&x_' + 'ipad_views' + '=' + 'views'; } if ( mobileStatsQueryString != '' ) { new Image().src = document.location.protocol + '//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv' + mobileStatsQueryString + '&baba=' + Math.random(); } } } document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', getMobileUserAgentInfo ); } )(); </script> <script type='disabled' id='wp-enqueue-dynamic-script:wp-i18n:after:1'> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script> (function() { 'use strict'; const fetches = {}; const promises = {}; const urls = { 'wp-hooks': 'https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v19.6.4/build/hooks/index.min.js?m=1731954715i&ver=84e753e2b66eb7028d38', 'wp-i18n': 'https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v19.6.4/build/i18n/index.min.js?m=1731954715i&ver=bd5a2533e717a1043151', 'verbum': 'https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin/sun/vendor/automattic/jetpack-mu-wpcom/src/build/verbum-comments/verbum-comments.js?m=1731953849i&minify=false&ver=97043884103359931e09' }; const loaders = { 'verbum': () => { fetchExternalScript('wp-hooks'); fetchExternalScript('wp-i18n'); fetchExternalScript('verbum'); promises['wp-hooks'] = promises['wp-hooks'] || loadWPScript('wp-hooks'); promises['wp-i18n'] = promises['wp-i18n'] || promises['wp-hooks'].then( () => loadWPScript('wp-i18n') ); promises['verbum'] = promises['verbum'] || promises['wp-i18n'].then( () => loadWPScript('verbum') ); return promises['verbum']; }, }; const scriptExtras = { 'wp-i18n': { translations: 0, before: 0, after: 1 }, }; window.WP_Enqueue_Dynamic_Script = { loadScript: (handle) => { if (!loaders[handle]) { console.error('WP_Enqueue_Dynamic_Script: unregistered script `' + handle + '`.'); } return loaders[handle](); } }; function fetchExternalScript(handle) { if (!urls[handle]) { return Promise.resolve(); } fetches[handle] = fetches[handle] || fetch(urls[handle], { mode: 'no-cors' }); return fetches[handle]; } function runExtraScript(handle, type, index) { const id = 'wp-enqueue-dynamic-script:' + handle + ':' + type + ':' + (index + 1); const template = document.getElementById(id); if (!template) { return Promise.reject(); } const script = document.createElement( 'script' ); script.innerHTML = template.innerHTML; document.body.appendChild( script ); return Promise.resolve(); } function loadExternalScript(handle) { if (!urls[handle]) { return Promise.resolve(); } return fetches[handle].then(() => { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { const script = document.createElement('script'); script.onload = () => resolve(); script.onerror = (e) => reject(e); script.src = urls[handle]; document.body.appendChild(script); }); }); } function loadExtra(handle, pos) { const count = (scriptExtras[handle] && scriptExtras[handle][pos]) || 0; let promise = Promise.resolve(); for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) { promise = promise.then(() => runExtraScript(handle, pos, i)); } return promise; } function loadWPScript(handle) { // Core loads scripts in this order. See: https://github.com/WordPress/WordPress/blob/a59eb9d39c4fcba834b70c9e8dfd64feeec10ba6/wp-includes/class-wp-scripts.php#L428. return loadExtra(handle, 'translations') .then(() => loadExtra(handle, 'before')) .then(() => loadExternalScript(handle)) .then(() => loadExtra(handle, 'after')); } } )(); </script> </body> </html>