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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Morphological representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphological_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The lexicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexical_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lexical functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theoretical linguistic framework</div> <p><b>Meaning–text theory</b> (<b>MTT</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics" title="Theoretical linguistics">theoretical linguistic</a> framework, first put forward in Moscow by Aleksandr Žolkovskij and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Mel%27%C4%8Duk" title="Igor Mel'čuk">Igor Mel’čuk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the construction of models of natural language. The theory provides a large and elaborate basis for linguistic description and, due to its <a href="/wiki/Formal_system" title="Formal system">formal</a> character, lends itself particularly well to <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">computer applications</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phraseology" title="Phraseology">phraseology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicography</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels_of_representation">Levels of representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Levels of representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguistic models in meaning–text theory operate on the principle that language consists in a mapping from the content or meaning (semantics) of an utterance to its form or text (phonetics). Intermediate between these poles are additional levels of representation at the syntactic and morphological levels. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meaningtext1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Meaningtext1.gif" decoding="async" width="501" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption>Levels of representation in meaning–text theory<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="This text contradicts material elsewhere on this page. (April 2019)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Representations at the different levels are mapped, in sequence, from the unordered network of the semantic representation (SemR) through the dependency tree-structures of the syntactic representation (SyntR) to a linearized chain of morphemes of the morphological representation (MorphR) and, ultimately, the temporally-ordered string of phones of the phonetic representation (PhonR) (not generally addressed in work in this theory). The relationships between representations on the different levels are considered to be translations or mappings, rather than transformations, and are mediated by sets of rules, called "components", which ensure the appropriate, language-specific transitions between levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantic_representation">Semantic representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Semantic representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Semantic representations (SemR) in meaning–text theory consist primarily of a web-like semantic structure (SemS) which combines with other semantic-level structures (most notably the semantic-communicative structure [SemCommS],<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which represents what is commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Information_structure" title="Information structure">information structure</a>" in other frameworks). The SemS itself consists of a network of <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predications</a>, represented as nodes with arrows running from predicate nodes to <a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">argument</a> node(s). Arguments can be shared by multiple predicates, and predicates can themselves be arguments of other predicates. Nodes generally correspond to lexical and grammatical meanings as these are directly expressed by items in the lexicon or by inflectional means, but the theory allows the option of decomposing meanings into more fine-grained representation via processes of semantic paraphrasing,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are also key to dealing with synonymy and translation-equivalencies between languages. SemRs are mapped onto the next level of representation, the deep-syntactic representation, by the rules of the semantic component, which allow for a one to many relationship between levels (that is, one SemR can potentially be expressed by a variety of syntactic structures, depending on lexical choice, the complexity of the SemR, etc.). The structural description and the (semi-) automatic generation of SemR are subject to research.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here the decomposition takes advantage of the semantic primes of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_semantic_metalanguage" title="Natural semantic metalanguage">natural semantic metalanguage</a> to determine a termination criterion of the decomposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntactic_representation">Syntactic representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Syntactic representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syntactic representations (SyntR) in meaning–text theory are implemented using <a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">dependency trees</a>, which constitute the syntactic structure (SyntS). SyntS is accompanied by various other types of structure, most notably the syntactic communicative structure and the anaphoric structure. There are two levels of syntax in meaning–text theory, the deep syntactic representation (DSyntR) and the surface syntactic representation (SSyntR). A good overview of meaning–text theory syntax, including its descriptive application, can be found in Mel’čuk (1988).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comprehensive model of English surface syntax is presented in Mel’čuk & Pertsov (1987).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deep syntactic representation (DSyntR) is related directly to SemS and seeks to capture the "universal" aspects of the syntactic structure. Trees at this level represent dependency relations between lexemes (or between lexemes and a limited inventory of abstract entities such as <a href="#Lexical_functions">lexical functions</a>). Deep syntactic relations between lexemes at DSyntR are restricted to a universal inventory of a dozen or syntactic relations including seven ranked actantial (argument) relations, the modificative relation, and the coordinative relation. Lexemes with purely grammatical function such as lexically-governed prepositions are not included at this level of representation; values of inflectional categories that are derived from SemR but implemented by the morphology are represented as subscripts on the relevant lexical nodes that they bear on. DSyntR is mapped onto the next level of representation by rules of the deep-syntactic component. </p><p>The surface-syntactic representation (SSyntR) represents the language-specific syntactic structure of an utterance and includes nodes for all the lexical items (including those with purely grammatical function) in the sentence. Syntactic relations between lexical items at this level are not restricted and are considered to be completely language-specific, although many are believed to be similar (or at least isomorphic) across languages. SSyntR is mapped onto the next level of representation by rules of the surface-syntactic component. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphological_representation">Morphological representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Morphological representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morphological representations (MorphR) in meaning–text theory are implemented as strings of morphemes arranged in a fixed linear order reflecting the ordering of elements in the actual utterance. This is the first representational level at which linear precedence is considered to be linguistically significant, effectively grouping word-order together with morphological processes and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>, as one of the three non-lexical means with which languages can encode syntactic structure. As with syntactic representation, there are two levels of morphological representation—deep and surface morphological representation. Detailed descriptions of meaning–text theory morphological representations are found in Mel’čuk (1993–2000)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mel’čuk (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deep morphological representation (DMorphR) consists of strings of lexemes and morphemes—e.g., <small>THE SHOE</small>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> <small>ON BILL</small>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr> <small>FOOT</small>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>. The deep morphological component of rules maps this string onto the surface morphological representation (SMorphR), converting morphemes into the appropriate morphs and performing morphological operations implementing non-concatenative morphological processes—in the case of our example above, giving us /the shoe+s on Bill+s feet/. Rules of the surface morphological component, a subset of which include morphophonemic rules, map the SMorphR onto a phonetic representation [ðə ʃuz on bɪlz fi:t]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_lexicon">The lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A crucial aspect of meaning–text theory is the lexicon, considered to be a comprehensive catalogue of the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_item" title="Lexical item">lexical units</a> (LUs) of a language, these units being the lexemes, collocations and other <a href="/wiki/Phraseme" title="Phraseme">phrasemes</a>, constructions, and other configurations of linguistic elements that are learned and implemented in speech by users of language. The lexicon in meaning–text theory is represented by an <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_combinatorial_dictionary" title="Explanatory combinatorial dictionary">explanatory combinatorial dictionary</a> (ECD)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes entries for all of the LUs of a language along with information speakers must know regarding their syntactics (the LU-specific rules and conditions on their combinatorics). An ECD for Russian was produced by Mel’čuk et al. (1984),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ECDs for French were published as Mel’čuk et al. (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mel’čuk & Polguère (2007).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexical_functions">Lexical functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lexical functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One important discovery of meaning–text linguistics was the recognition that LUs in a language can be related to one another in an abstract semantic sense and that this same relation also holds across many lexically-unrelated pairs or sets of LUs. These relations are represented in meaning–text theory as <a href="/wiki/Lexical_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical functions">lexical functions</a> (LF).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a simple LF is Magn(L), which represents collocations used in intensification such as <i>heavy rain</i>, <i>strong wind</i>, or <i>intense bombardment</i>. A speaker of English knows that for a given lexeme L such as RAIN the value of Magn(RAIN) = HEAVY, whereas Magn(WIND) = STRONG, and so on. Meaning–text theory currently recognizes several dozen standard LFs that are known to recur across languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_generation" title="Natural language generation">Natural language generation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFŽolkovskijIgor_A._Mel’čuk1965" class="citation journal cs1">Žolkovskij, Aleksandr K.; Igor A. 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Monza: Polimetrica: 222–355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Problems+in+Linguistics+and+Lexicography&rft.atitle=Explanatory+combinatorial+dictionary&rft.pages=222-355&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mel%E2%80%99%C4%8Duk&rft.aufirst=Igor+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeaning%E2%80%93text+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMel’čukAleksandr_K._ŽolkovskyJuri_Apresjan1984" class="citation book cs1">Mel’čuk, Igor A.; Aleksandr K. Žolkovsky; Juri Apresjan (1984). <i>Толково-комбинаторный словарь современного русского языка: Опыты семантико-синтаксического описания русской лексики. [Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian: Semantico-Syntactic Studies of Russian Vocabulary]</i>. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach: Vienna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.+%5BExplanatory+Combinatorial+Dictionary+of+Modern+Russian%3A+Semantico-Syntactic+Studies+of+Russian+Vocabulary%5D&rft.place=Wiener+Slawistischer+Almanach&rft.pub=Vienna&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Mel%E2%80%99%C4%8Duk&rft.aufirst=Igor+A.&rft.au=Aleksandr+K.+%C5%BDolkovsky&rft.au=Juri+Apresjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeaning%E2%80%93text+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMel’čukN._Arbatchewsky-JumarieLida_IordanskajaS._Mantha1999" class="citation book cs1">Mel’čuk, Igor A.; N. Arbatchewsky-Jumarie; Lida Iordanskaja; S. Mantha; Alain Polguère (1999). <i>Dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire du français contemporain. Recherches lexico-sémantiques IV</i>. Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+explicatif+et+combinatoire+du+fran%C3%A7ais+contemporain.+Recherches+lexico-s%C3%A9mantiques+IV&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al&rft.pub=Les+Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Universit%C3%A9+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Mel%E2%80%99%C4%8Duk&rft.aufirst=Igor+A.&rft.au=N.+Arbatchewsky-Jumarie&rft.au=Lida+Iordanskaja&rft.au=S.+Mantha&rft.au=Alain+Polgu%C3%A8re&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeaning%E2%80%93text+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMel’čukAlain_Polguère2007" class="citation book cs1">Mel’čuk, Igor A.; Alain Polguère (2007). <i>Lexique actif du français : L'apprentissage du vocabulaire fondé sur 20000 dérivations sémantiques et collocations du français</i>. Paris: Duculot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexique+actif+du+fran%C3%A7ais+%3A+L%27apprentissage+du+vocabulaire+fond%C3%A9+sur+20000+d%C3%A9rivations+s%C3%A9mantiques+et+collocations+du+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Duculot&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mel%E2%80%99%C4%8Duk&rft.aufirst=Igor+A.&rft.au=Alain+Polgu%C3%A8re&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeaning%E2%80%93text+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMel’čuk1996" class="citation journal cs1">Mel’čuk, Igor A. (1996). Wanner, Leo (ed.). "Lexical functions: a tool for the description of lexical relations in a lexicon". <i>Lexical Functions in Lexicography and Natural Language Processing</i>: 37–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lexical+Functions+in+Lexicography+and+Natural+Language+Processing&rft.atitle=Lexical+functions%3A+a+tool+for+the+description+of+lexical+relations+in+a+lexicon&rft.pages=37-102&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Mel%E2%80%99%C4%8Duk&rft.aufirst=Igor+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeaning%E2%80%93text+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overviews">Overviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMel’čuk1981" class="citation journal cs1">Mel’čuk, Igor A. (1981). "Meaning-Text Models: A recent trend in Soviet linguistics". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>10</b>: 27–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.10.100181.000331">10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.000331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Meaning-Text+Models%3A+A+recent+trend+in+Soviet+linguistics&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=27-62&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.an.10.100181.000331&rft.aulast=Mel%E2%80%99%C4%8Duk&rft.aufirst=Igor+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeaning%E2%80%93text+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMel’čuk1988" class="citation book cs1">Mel’čuk, Igor A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=diq29vrjAa4C&q=%22meaning-text%22"><i>Dependency syntax: Theory and practice</i></a>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887064500" title="Special:BookSources/9780887064500"><bdi>9780887064500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dependency+syntax%3A+Theory+and+practice&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780887064500&rft.aulast=Mel%E2%80%99%C4%8Duk&rft.aufirst=Igor+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddiq29vrjAa4C%26q%3D%2522meaning-text%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeaning%E2%80%93text+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Žolkovskij, A.K. and Mel’čuk, Igor A. (1965). O vozmožnom metode i instrumentax semantičeskogo sinteza (On a possible method and instruments for semantic synthesis). Naučno-texničeskaja informacija 5, 23–28.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Mel%27%C4%8Duk" title="Igor Mel'čuk">И. А. Мельчук</a>. Опыт теории лингвистических моделей «Смысл ↔ Текст». М., 1974 (2nd ed., 1999).</li> <li>И. А. Мельчук. Русский язык в модели «Смысл ↔ Текст». Москва-Вена, 1995.</li> <li>I. A. Mel’čuk. Vers une linguistique Sens-Texte. Leçon inaugurale. P.: Collège de France, Chaire internationale, 1997.</li> <li>Leo Wanner (ed.), Recent Trends in Meaning-Text Theory. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub., 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55619-925-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55619-925-2">1-55619-925-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3042-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3042-0">90-272-3042-0</a></li> <li>I.A. Bolshakov, A.F. Gelbukh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gelbukh.com/CV/Publications/2000/Forum-MTM-eng.htm">The Meaning-Text Model: Thirty Years After</a> J. International Forum on Information and Documentation, FID 519, ISSN 0304-9701, N 1, 2000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>И. А. Мельчук. Поверхностный синтаксис русских числовых выражений. Wien: Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, 1985.</li> <li>I. A. Mel’čuk & N. V. Pertsov. Surface syntax of English: A formal model within the Meaning-Text framework. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-1515-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-1515-4">90-272-1515-4</a></li> <li>I. A. Mel’čuk. Dependency syntax: Theory and practice. Albany, NY: SUNY, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-450-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-450-7">0-88706-450-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-451-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-451-5">0-88706-451-5</a></li> <li>I. A. Mel’čuk. Actants in Semantics and Syntax. I, II, Linguistics, 2004, 42:1, 1–66; 42:2, 247—291.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>I. A. Mel'čuk. Cours de morphologie générale, vol. 1–5. Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal/Paris: CNRS Éditions, 1993—2000</li> <li>I. A. Mel'čuk. Aspects of the Theory of Morphology. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017711-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017711-0">3-11-017711-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexicography">Lexicography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lexicography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>I. A. Mel’čuk, A. K. Zholkovsky, Ju. D. Apresjan et al. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian: Semantico-Syntactic Studies of Russian Vocabulary / Толково-комбинаторный словарь современного русского языка: Опыты семантико-синтаксического описания русской лексики. Wien: Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, 1984.</li> <li>I. A. Mel’čuk, A. Clas & A. Polguère. Introduction à la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire. P.: Duculot, 1995. — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8011-1106-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-8011-1106-6">2-8011-1106-6</a></li> <li>I. A. Mel'čuk et al. Dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire du français contemporain. Recherches lexico-sémantiques IV, Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1999. — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7606-1738-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7606-1738-6">2-7606-1738-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meaningtext.net/mtt2011/">The Meaning-Text Theory web site</a>, hosts the proceedings of the biannual MTT-conference</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olst.umontreal.ca/">Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte (OLST)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neuvel.net/meaningtext.htm">Meaning–Text @ neuvel.net</a>, an excellent introduction to the theory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtt/items">Meaning–Text on-line library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning–text_software"><span id="Meaning.E2.80.93text_software"></span>Meaning–text software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Meaning–text software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127193918/http://linguasys.com/carabao">Carabao Linguistic Virtual Machine</a> provided by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguasys.com">LinguaSys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETAP-3" title="ETAP-3">ETAP-3</a> Linguistic Processing System, described as 'a Full-Fledged NLP Implementation of the Meaning-Text Theory' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cl.iitp.ru/etap">(official site)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning–text_theory&oldid=1235358309">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning–text_theory&oldid=1235358309</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory" title="Category:Meaning–text theory">Meaning–text theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistic_research" title="Category:Linguistic research">Linguistic research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dependency_grammar" title="Category:Dependency grammar">Dependency grammar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semantics" title="Category:Semantics">Semantics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lexicography" title="Category:Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistic_morphology" title="Category:Linguistic morphology">Linguistic morphology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">All self-contradictory articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-contradictory_articles_from_April_2019" title="Category:Self-contradictory articles from April 2019">Self-contradictory articles from April 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 July 2024, at 21:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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