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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical overview and development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_overview_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_and_spread_of_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_and_spread_of_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arrival and spread of Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_and_spread_of_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extent_and_syncretic_impact_of_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent_and_syncretic_impact_of_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Extent and syncretic impact of Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent_and_syncretic_impact_of_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_in_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_in_the_Three_Kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhism_in_the_Three_Kingdoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_in_the_Three_Kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goguryeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goguryeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Goguryeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goguryeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baekje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baekje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Baekje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baekje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Silla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_in_the_North–South_States_Period_(668–935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_in_the_North–South_States_Period_(668–935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Buddhism in the North–South States Period (668–935)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhism_in_the_North–South_States_Period_(668–935)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism in the North–South States Period (668–935) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_in_the_North–South_States_Period_(668–935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unified_Silla_(668–935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_Silla_(668–935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Unified Silla (668–935)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_Silla_(668–935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balhae_(698–926)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balhae_(698–926)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Balhae (698–926)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balhae_(698–926)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Seon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_as_state_religion_in_the_Goryeo_period_(918–1392)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_as_state_religion_in_the_Goryeo_period_(918–1392)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Buddhism as state religion in the Goryeo period (918–1392)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhism_as_state_religion_in_the_Goryeo_period_(918–1392)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism as state religion in the Goryeo period (918–1392) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_as_state_religion_in_the_Goryeo_period_(918–1392)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_Seon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_Seon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rise of the Seon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_Seon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hwaeom_(Huayan)_and_Seon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hwaeom_(Huayan)_and_Seon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hwaeom (Huayan) and Seon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hwaeom_(Huayan)_and_Seon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jinul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jinul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Jinul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jinul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Goryeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Goryeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Late Goryeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Goryeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suppression_under_the_Joseon_Dynasty_(1392–1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_under_the_Joseon_Dynasty_(1392–1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Suppression under the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_under_the_Joseon_Dynasty_(1392–1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_under_Japanese_colonial_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_under_Japanese_colonial_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Buddhism under Japanese colonial rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_under_Japanese_colonial_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_and_independent_Korea_(1945~present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_and_independent_Korea_(1945~present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Buddhism and independent Korea (1945~present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhism_and_independent_Korea_(1945~present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism and independent Korea (1945~present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_and_independent_Korea_(1945~present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Current situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antagonism_from_Korean_Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antagonism_from_Korean_Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Antagonism from Korean Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antagonism_from_Korean_Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean Buddhism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بوذية كورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوذية كورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀོ་རི་ཡའི་ནང་ཆོས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀོ་རི་ཡའི་ནང་ཆོས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus_v_Koreji" title="Buddhismus v Koreji – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buddhismus v Koreji" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus_in_Korea" title="Buddhismus in Korea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buddhismus in Korea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo_en_Corea" title="Budismo en Corea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Budismo en Corea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_budhismo" title="Korea budhismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korea budhismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="بودیسم کره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بودیسم کره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisme_cor%C3%A9en" title="Bouddhisme coréen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouddhisme coréen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90" title="한국의 불교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한국의 불교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Korea" title="Buddhisme di Korea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buddhisme di Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo_coreano" title="Buddismo coreano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo coreano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreai_buddhizmus" title="Koreai buddhizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koreai buddhizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="कोरियन बौद्ध धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोरियन बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ကိုရီးယား ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုရီးယား ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme_in_Korea" title="Boeddhisme in Korea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boeddhisme in Korea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E3%81%AE%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99" title="朝鮮の仏教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朝鮮の仏教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="کوریائی بدھ مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوریائی بدھ مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%81" title="ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនានៅកូរ៉េ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនានៅកូរ៉េ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddyzm_w_Korei_%E2%80%93_kalendarium" title="Buddyzm w Korei – kalendarium – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Buddyzm w Korei – kalendarium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismul_%C3%AEn_Coreea" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/520px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Korea" title="Category:Korea">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea"><span style="color:#000000;">Society</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Names of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_literature" title="South Korean literature">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_poetry" title="Korean poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_South_Korea" title="Television in South Korea">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">K-drama</a></li></ul></li> <li>Music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Korea" title="Theater in Korea">Theater</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">Kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_folklore" title="Korean folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_traditional_festivals" title="List of Korean traditional festivals">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing" title="List of Korean clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korean_mask" title="Korean mask">Tal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Korea" title="Sport in Korea">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">Video games</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_syriacus" title="Hibiscus syriacus">Mugunghwa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektu_Mountain" title="Paektu Mountain">Paektu Mountain</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukka" title="Aegukka">Aegukka</a>" <ul><li>North Korea</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukga" title="Aegukga">Aegukga</a>" <ul><li>South Korea</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_flags" title="List of Korean flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taegeuk" title="Taegeuk">Taegeuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_North_Korea" title="Emblem of North Korea">Emblem of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_South_Korea" title="Emblem of South Korea">Emblem of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Cultural_Symbols_of_Korea" title="100 Cultural Symbols of Korea">100 Cultural Symbols of Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seokguram_Buddha.JPG/330px-Seokguram_Buddha.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seokguram_Buddha.JPG/440px-Seokguram_Buddha.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>An image of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> at Seokguram Grotto, Gyeongju, in South Korea</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mahayana" title="Category:Mahayana">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#A0522D">Mahāyāna Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna"><img alt="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/150px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/225px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/300px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Mind of Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">Skillful Means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Transcendent Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Transcendent Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81#Mahayana_Buddhism" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara#The_doctrine_of_Vijñapti-mātra" title="Yogachara">Consciousness-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Three vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)#Apratiṣṭhita_nirvāna" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Non-abiding Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">Bodhisattva stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure land">Pure Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Luminous mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dharani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Turnings_of_the_Wheel_of_Dharma" title="Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma">Three Turnings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Dev%C4%AB" title="Prajñāpāramitā Devī">Prajñāpāramitā Devī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrathful_deities" title="Wrathful deities">Wrathful deities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā sūtras</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra"><i>Lotus Sūtra</i></a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra">Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahasamnipata_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamnipata Sutra">Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti-nirdesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimalakirti-nirdesa">Vimalakirtinirdeśa</a></i></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Key_Mahayana_sources" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Lalitavistara Sūtra">Lalitavistara Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samadhiraja_Sutra" title="Samadhiraja Sutra">Samādhirāja Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sandhinirmocana_Sutra" title="Sandhinirmocana Sutra"><i>Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra</i></a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_s%C5%ABtras" title="Tathāgatagarbha sūtras">Tathāgatagarbha sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra</a></i></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanavy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ghanavyūha Sūtra">Ghanavyūha sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Golden Light Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gataguhyaka_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra">Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism#Mahāyāna_schools" title="Schools of Buddhism">Major schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi" title="Tzu Chi">Tzu Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Ashvaghosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Āryadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokakṣema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiramati" title="Sthiramati">Sthiramati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāvaviveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Candrakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shāntideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Shāntarakshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wohnyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karanandana" title="Śaṅkaranandana">Śaṅkaranandana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir%C5%ABpa" title="Virūpa">Virūpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayākaragupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Nāropā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Regional traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Han Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">West</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Template:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Korean Buddhism</b> is distinguished from other forms of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> by its attempt to resolve what its early practitioners saw as inconsistencies within the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhist traditions that they received from foreign countries. To address this, they developed a new <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic</a> approach to Buddhism that became a distinct form, an approach characteristic of virtually all major Korean thinkers. The resulting variation is called <i><a href="/wiki/Tongbulgyo" title="Tongbulgyo">Tongbulgyo</a></i> ("interpenetrated Buddhism"), a form that sought to harmonize previously arising disputes among scholars (a principle called <i>hwajaeng</i> 和諍).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Centuries after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Buddhism originated in India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> tradition <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">arrived in China</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road</a> in the 1st century CE via <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>; it then entered the Korean peninsula in the 4th century during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms Period</a>, from where it was <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">transmitted to Japan</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, it was adopted as the state religion of 3 constituent polities of the Three Kingdoms Period, first by the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goryeo</a>) in 372 CE, by the <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya</a>) in 528 CE, and by the <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> in 552 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-camb1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camb1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As it now stands, Korean Buddhism consists mostly of the Seon Lineage, primarily represented by the <a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Orders</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a> has a strong relationship with other Mahayana traditions that bear the imprint of <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> teachings as well as the closely related <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>. Other sects, such as the modern revival of the <a href="/wiki/Cheontae" title="Cheontae">Cheontae</a> lineage, the <a href="/wiki/Jingak_Order" title="Jingak Order">Jingak Order</a> (a modern esoteric sect), and the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Won_Buddhism" title="Won Buddhism">Won</a>, have also attracted sizable followings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Korean Buddhism has contributed much to East Asian Buddhism, especially to early <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Buddhism">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a> schools of Buddhist thought.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_overview_and_development">Historical overview and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical overview and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_and_spread_of_Buddhism">Arrival and spread of Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arrival and spread of Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Origin"></span><span class="anchor" id="Transmission"></span><span class="anchor" id="Transmission_of_Buddhism_to_Korea"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Haeinsa-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Korea-Haeinsa-21.jpg/220px-Korea-Haeinsa-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Korea-Haeinsa-21.jpg/330px-Korea-Haeinsa-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Korea-Haeinsa-21.jpg/440px-Korea-Haeinsa-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Monks going down to their rooms after evening prayers at <a href="/wiki/Haeinsa" title="Haeinsa">Haeinsa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Buddhism was originally introduced to Korea from <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> in 372,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 800 years after the death of the historical <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> was the indigenous religion. The <a href="/wiki/Samguk_yusa" title="Samguk yusa">Samguk yusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samguk_Sagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samguk Sagi">Samguk sagi</a> record the following three monks who were among the first to bring <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> teaching, or <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> in the 4th century during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms period</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malananta" class="mw-redirect" title="Malananta">Malananta</a> – an Indian Buddhist monk who came from <a href="/wiki/Serindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Serindian">Serindian</a> area of southern China's <a href="/wiki/Jin_Dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin Dynasty (265–420)">Eastern Jin Dynasty</a> and brought Buddhism to the King <a href="/wiki/Chimnyu_of_Baekje" title="Chimnyu of Baekje">Chimnyu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean peninsula</a> in 384 CE, Sundo (Chinese: 順道; Pinyin: Shundao) – a monk from northern Chinese state <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> brought Buddhism to <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> in northern Korea in 372 CE, and <a href="/wiki/Ado_(monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ado (monk)">Ado</a> – a monk who brought Buddhism to <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> in central Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated9_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Buddhism was not seen to conflict with the rites of <a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">nature worship</a>, it was allowed by adherents of Shamanism to be blended into their religion. Thus, the mountains that were believed by shamanists to be the residence of spirits in pre-Buddhist times later became the sites of Buddhist temples. </p><p>Though it initially enjoyed wide acceptance, even being supported as the state ideology during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> (918–1392 CE) period, Buddhism in Korea suffered extreme repression during the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> (1392–1897 CE) era, which lasted over five hundred years. During this period, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> overcame the prior dominance of Buddhism. </p><p>Only after Buddhist monks helped repel the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)</a> did the persecution of Buddhists stop. Buddhism in Korea remained subdued until the end of the Joseon period, when its position was strengthened somewhat by the colonial period, which lasted from 1910 to 1945. However, these Buddhist monks did not only put an end to Japanese rule in 1945, but they also asserted their specific and separate religious identity by reforming their traditions and practices. They laid the foundation for many Buddhist societies, and the younger generation of monks came up with the ideology of <i>Mingung Pulgyo</i>, or "Buddhism for the people". The importance of this ideology is that it was coined by the monks who focused on common men's daily issues.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Seon school of Korean Buddhism once again gained acceptance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent_and_syncretic_impact_of_Buddhism">Extent and syncretic impact of Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extent and syncretic impact of Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Syncretism"></span><span class="anchor" id="Religious_syncretism"></span><span class="anchor" id="Impact"></span><span class="anchor" id="Influence"></span><span class="anchor" id="Extent"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">Religion in South Korea</a></div> <p>A 2005 government survey indicated that about a quarter of South Koreans identified as Buddhist.<sup id="cite_ref-koreastats_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koreastats-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the actual number of Buddhists in South Korea is ambiguous as there is no exact or exclusive criterion by which Buddhists can be identified, unlike the Christian population. With Buddhism's incorporation into traditional Korean culture, it is now considered a philosophy and cultural background rather than a formal religion. As a result, many people outside of the practicing population are deeply influenced by these traditions. Thus, when counting secular believers or those influenced by the faith while not following other religions, the number of Buddhists in South Korea is considered to be much larger.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in officially atheist North Korea, while Buddhists officially account for 4.5% of the population, a much larger number (over 70%) of the population are influenced by Buddhist philosophies and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism_in_the_Three_Kingdoms">Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a></div> <p>When Buddhism was introduced to Korea in the 4th century CE, the Korean peninsula was politically subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> in the north (which included territory currently in Russia and China), <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> in the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> in the southeast. There is concrete evidence of an earlier introduction of Buddhism than traditionally believed. A mid-4th century tomb, unearthed near <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, is found to incorporate Buddhist motifs in its ceiling decoration. </p><p>Korean Buddhist monks traveled to China or India in order to study <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in the late Three Kingdoms Period, especially in the 6th century. In 526, the monk <a href="/wiki/Gyeyul" title="Gyeyul">Gyeomik</a> (謙益) from Baekje traveled via the southern sea route to India to learn <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and study the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>. The monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paya_(monk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paya (monk) (page does not exist)">Paya</a> (波若; 562–613?) from Goguryeo is said to have studied under the Tiantai master <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a>. Other Korean monks of the period brought back numerous scriptures from abroad and conducted missionary activity throughout Korea. </p><p>Several schools of thought developed in Korea during these early times: </p> <ul><li>the <i>Samlon</i> (三論宗) or <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">East Asian Mādhyamaka</a> school focused on <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a> doctrine</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Gyeyul" title="Gyeyul">Gyeyul</a></i> (戒律宗, or <i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></i> in Sanskrit) school was mainly concerned with the study and implementation of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" class="mw-redirect" title="Śīla">śīla</a> or "moral discipline"</li> <li>the <i>Yeolban</i> (涅槃宗, or <i><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāna</a></i> in Sanskrit) school based in the themes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a></i></li> <li>the <i>Wonyung</i> (圓融宗, or <i>Yuanrong</i> in Chinese) school formed toward the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. This school lead to the actualization of the metaphysics of interpenetration as found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></i> and was considered the premier school, especially among the educated aristocracy.</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Hwaeom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwaeom">Hwaeom</a></i> (華嚴宗 or <i><a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan school</a></i>) was the longest lasting of the "imported" schools. It had strong ties with the <i>Beopseong</i> (法性宗), an indigenous Korean school of thought.</li></ul> <p>The date of the first mission from Korea to Japan is unclear, but it is reported that a second detachment of scholars was sent to Japan upon invitation by the Japanese rulers in 577. The strong Korean influence on the development of Buddhism in Japan continued through the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a> period. It was not until the 8th century that independent study by Japanese monks began in significant numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Goguryeo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></div> <p>In 372, the monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundo_(monk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundo (monk) (page does not exist)">Sundo</a> (順道, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>Shùndào</i>) was sent by <a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Fu Jian (337–385)</a> (苻堅) of Former Qin to the court of the King <a href="/wiki/Sosurim_of_Goguryeo" title="Sosurim of Goguryeo">Sosurim of Goguryeo</a>. He brought texts and statues (possibly of <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, who was popular in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Buddhism in Central Asia</a>), and the Goguryeo royalty and their subjects quickly accepted his teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-buswell_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buswell-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism in China was in a rudimentary form, consisting of the law of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">cause and effect</a> and the search for happiness. This had much in common with the predominant Shamanism, which likely led to the quick assimilation of Buddhism by the people of Goguryeo. </p><p>Early Buddhism in Silla developed under the influence of Goguryeo. Some monks from Goguryeo came to Silla and preached among the people, making a few converts. In 551, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyeryang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyeryang (page does not exist)">Hyeryang</a> (惠亮), a Goguryeo monk was appointed the first National Patriarch of Silla. He first presided over the "Hundred-Seat Dharma Assembly" and the "Dharma of Eight Prohibitions". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baekje">Baekje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baekje"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a></div> <p>In 384, the <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharan</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Marananta" title="Marananta">Marananta</a> arrived in Baekje and the royal family received the strain of Buddhism that he brought. <a href="/wiki/Asin_of_Baekje" title="Asin of Baekje">King Asin of Baekje</a> proclaimed, "people should believe in Buddhism and seek happiness." In 526, the Baekje monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyeomik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyeomik (page does not exist)">Gyeomik</a> (겸익, 謙益) traveled directly to Central India and came back with a collection of Vinaya texts, accompanied by the Indian monk Paedalta (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: Vedatta). After returning to Baekje, Gyeomik translated the Buddhist scriptures in Sanskrit into seventy-two volumes. The Gyeyul school in Baekje was established by Gyeomik about a century earlier than its counterpart in China. As a result of his work, he is regarded as the father of Vinaya studies in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-buswell_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buswell-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silla">Silla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Silla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EA%B0%90%EC%9D%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%8F%99%EC%82%BC%EC%B8%B5%EC%84%9D%ED%83%91_%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%84%EA%B5%AC_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%EA%B0%90%EC%9D%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%8F%99%EC%82%BC%EC%B8%B5%EC%84%9D%ED%83%91_%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%84%EA%B5%AC_01.jpg/180px-%EA%B0%90%EC%9D%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%8F%99%EC%82%BC%EC%B8%B5%EC%84%9D%ED%83%91_%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%84%EA%B5%AC_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%EA%B0%90%EC%9D%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%8F%99%EC%82%BC%EC%B8%B5%EC%84%9D%ED%83%91_%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%84%EA%B5%AC_01.jpg/270px-%EA%B0%90%EC%9D%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%8F%99%EC%82%BC%EC%B8%B5%EC%84%9D%ED%83%91_%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%84%EA%B5%AC_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%EA%B0%90%EC%9D%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%8F%99%EC%82%BC%EC%B8%B5%EC%84%9D%ED%83%91_%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%84%EA%B5%AC_01.jpg/360px-%EA%B0%90%EC%9D%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%80_%EB%8F%99%EC%82%BC%EC%B8%B5%EC%84%9D%ED%83%91_%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%84%EA%B5%AC_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">Reliquary</a></figcaption></figure><p> Buddhism did not enter the kingdom of Silla until the 5th century. The common people were first attracted to Buddhism here, but there was resistance among the aristocrats. In 527, however, a prominent court official named <a href="/wiki/Ichadon" title="Ichadon">Ichadon</a> presented himself to King <a href="/wiki/Beopheung_of_Silla" title="Beopheung of Silla">Beopheung of Silla</a> and announced he had become Buddhist. The king had him beheaded, but when the executioner cut off his head, it is said that milk poured out instead of blood. Paintings of this are in the temple at <a href="/wiki/Haeinsa" title="Haeinsa">Haeinsa</a> and a stone monument honoring his martyrdom is in the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongju_National_Museum" title="Gyeongju National Museum">Gyeongju National Museum</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prophecy#Buddhism" title="Prophecy">Prophecy § Buddhism</a></div> <p>During the reign of the next king, <a href="/wiki/Jinheung_of_Silla" title="Jinheung of Silla">Jinheung of Silla</a>, the growth of Buddhism was encouraged and eventually recognized as the national religion of Silla. Selected young men were physically and spiritually trained at <a href="/wiki/Hwarang" title="Hwarang">Hwarangdo</a> according to Buddhist principles regarding one's ability to defend the kingdom. King Jinheung later became a monk himself. </p><p>The monk <a href="/wiki/Jajang" title="Jajang">Jajang</a> (慈藏) is credited with having been a major force in the adoption of Buddhism as a national religion. Jajang is also known for his participation in the founding of the Korean monastic <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">sangha</a>. </p><p>Another great scholar to emerge from the Silla Period was <a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wonhyo</a>. He renounced his religious life to better serve the people and even married a princess for a short time, with whom he had a son. He wrote many treatises and his philosophy centered on the unity and interrelatedness of all things. He set off to China to study Buddhism with a close friend, <a href="/wiki/Uisang" title="Uisang">Uisang</a>, but only made it part of the way there. According to legend, Wonhyo awoke one night very thirsty. He found a container with cool water, which he drank before returning to sleep. The next morning he saw that the container from which he had drunk was a human skull and he realized that enlightenment depended on the mind. He saw no reason to continue to China, so he returned home. Uisang continued to China and after studying for ten years, offered a poem to his master in the shape of a seal that geometrically represents infinity. The poem contained the essence of the <a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a>. </p><p>Buddhism was so successful during this period that many kings converted and several cities were renamed after famous places during the time of the Buddha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism_in_the_North–South_States_Period_(668–935)"><span id="Buddhism_in_the_North.E2.80.93South_States_Period_.28668.E2.80.93935.29"></span>Buddhism in the North–South States Period (668–935)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Buddhism in the North–South States Period (668–935)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the eighth century, Korean Buddhism and its gods were associated with <a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">prosperity</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_Silla_(668–935)"><span id="Unified_Silla_.28668.E2.80.93935.29"></span>Unified Silla (668–935)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unified Silla (668–935)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_south_silla_stone_buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Korea_south_silla_stone_buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>A stone image of a Buddha, near Gyeongju, South Korea. 7th century Silla.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 668, the kingdom of Silla succeeded in unifying the whole Korean peninsula, giving rise to a period of political stability that lasted for about one hundred years under Unified Silla. This led to a high point in scholarly studies of Buddhism in Korea. The most popular areas of study were <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wonyung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wonyung (page does not exist)">Wonyung</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusik (page does not exist)">Yusik</a></i> (Ch. 唯識; <i>Weishi</i>) or <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">East Asian Yogācāra</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeongto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeongto (page does not exist)">Jeongto</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>, and the indigenous Korean <i>Beopseong</i> ("Dharma-nature school"). </p><p>Wonhyo taught the Pure Land practice of <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">yeombul</a>, which would become very popular amongst both scholars and laypeople, and has had a lasting influence on Buddhist thought in Korea. His work, which attempts a synthesis of the seemingly divergent strands of Indian and Chinese Buddhist doctrines, makes use of the <a href="/wiki/Essence-Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Function">Essence-Function</a> (體用 <i>che-yong</i>) framework, which was popular in native East Asian philosophical schools. His work was instrumental in the development of the dominant school of Korean Buddhist thought, known variously as <i>Beopseong</i>, <i>Haedong</i> (海東, "Korean") and later as <i>Jungdo</i> (中道, "Middle Way") </p><p>Wonhyo's friend Uisang (義湘) went to <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, where he studied under Huayan patriarchs Zhiyan (智儼; 600–668) and Fazang (法藏; 643–712). When he returned after twenty years, his work contributed to Hwaeom Buddhism and became the predominant doctrinal influence on Korean Buddhism together with Wonhyo's <i><a href="/wiki/Tongbulgyo" title="Tongbulgyo">tongbulgyo</a></i> thought. Hwaeom principles were deeply assimilated into the Korean meditation-based Seon school, where they made a profound effect on its basic attitudes. </p><p>Influences from Silla Buddhism in general, and from these two philosophers in particular crept backwards into <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>. Wonhyo's commentaries were very important in shaping the thought of the preeminent Chinese Buddhist philosopher Fazang, and <a href="/wiki/Woncheuk" title="Woncheuk">Woncheuk</a>'s commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Sandhinirmocana_Sutra" title="Sandhinirmocana Sutra">Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra</a></i> had a strong influence in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. </p><p>The intellectual developments of Silla Buddhism brought with them significant cultural achievements in many areas, including painting, literature, sculpture, and architecture. During this period, many large and beautiful temples were built. Two crowning achievements were the temple <a href="/wiki/Bulguksa" title="Bulguksa">Bulguksa</a> and the cave-retreat of <a href="/wiki/Seokguram" title="Seokguram">Seokguram</a> (石窟庵). Bulguksa was famous for its jeweled pagodas, while Seokguram was known for the beauty of its stone sculpture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balhae_(698–926)"><span id="Balhae_.28698.E2.80.93926.29"></span>Balhae (698–926)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Balhae (698–926)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buddhism also flourished in the northern Korean Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>, established after the fall of Goguryeo, as the state religion. The remains of ten Buddhist temples have been found in the remains of the capital of Balhae, Sanggyeong, together with such Buddhist artifacts as Buddha statuettes and stone lanterns, which suggests that Buddhism played a predominant role in the life of the Balhae people. The Balhae tomb Majeokdal in <a href="/wiki/Sinpo" title="Sinpo">Sinpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Hamgyong_Province" title="South Hamgyong Province">South Hamgyong Province</a>, are associated with pagodas and temples: This also indicates that Buddhism had a strong influence over the funerary rituals in Balhae. </p><p>After the fall of Balhae, sixty monks from Balhae including the monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaeung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaeung (page does not exist)">Jaeung</a> (載雄) fled together to the newly founded kingdom of Goryeo (918–1392). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seon">Seon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Seon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></div> <p>A new epoch in Korean Buddhism began during the latter Silla with the birth of schools of Korean Seon. In China, the movement toward a meditation-based practice, which came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a>, had begun during the sixth and seventh centuries, and it was not long before the influence of the new meditational school reached Korea, where it was known as <i>Seon</i>. The term is more widely known in the West in its Japanese variant, <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>. Tension developed between the new meditational schools and the pre-existing academically oriented schools, which were described by the term <i>gyo</i>, meaning "learning" or "study". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kim_Gyo-gak" title="Kim Gyo-gak">Kim Gyo-gak</a> (金喬覺; 630–729), a prince who became a monastic, came to the region of <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Jiuhua" title="Mount Jiuhua">Mount Jiuhua</a> in China. Many Chinese Buddhists believe he was indeed the transformation body of <a href="/wiki/Ksitigarbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a>. Two uncles sent by his mother and wife to call him back also became monastics there. His well-preserved, dehydrated body is seen at the monastery he built on Mount Jiuhua today. The two uncles, being officials before becoming monastics, found it difficult to abstain from wine and meat, and so practiced in another place on the mount. People built the palace of the two saints (二聖殿) in their practice place to memorialize them. Many Buddhists visit there. </p><p>Beomnang (法朗; fl. 632–646), said to be a student of the Chinese master Daoxin (道信; 580–651), is generally credited with the initial transmission of Chan into Korea. It was popularized by Sinhaeng (神行; 704–779) in the latter part of the eighth century and by Doui (道義; died 825) at the beginning of the ninth century. From then on, many Koreans studied Chan in China, and upon their return established their own schools at various mountain monasteries with their leading disciples. Initially, the number of these schools was fixed at nine, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a> was then termed the "<a href="/wiki/Nine_mountain_schools" title="Nine mountain schools">nine mountain schools</a>" (九山 or <i>gusan</i>). Eight of these were of the <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> (馬祖道一; 709–788) lineage, as they were established through connection with either him or one of his eminent disciples. The one exception was the Sumi-san school founded by Ieom (利嚴; 869–936), which had developed from the <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a> (曹洞).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism_as_state_religion_in_the_Goryeo_period_(918–1392)"><span id="Buddhism_as_state_religion_in_the_Goryeo_period_.28918.E2.80.931392.29"></span>Buddhism as state religion in the Goryeo period (918–1392)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Buddhism as state religion in the Goryeo period (918–1392)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goryeo-Avalokiteshvara-1310-kagami_Jinjya_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Goryeo-Avalokiteshvara-1310-kagami_Jinjya_Temple.jpg/220px-Goryeo-Avalokiteshvara-1310-kagami_Jinjya_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Goryeo-Avalokiteshvara-1310-kagami_Jinjya_Temple.jpg/330px-Goryeo-Avalokiteshvara-1310-kagami_Jinjya_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Goryeo-Avalokiteshvara-1310-kagami_Jinjya_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Korean painting of Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara, 1310 CE, ink on silk, painted by Umun Kim</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Taeguk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sam_Taeguk.jpg/200px-Sam_Taeguk.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sam_Taeguk.jpg/300px-Sam_Taeguk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Sam_Taeguk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taegeuk" title="Taegeuk">Taegeuk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_Seon">Rise of the Seon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rise of the Seon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Buddhism in medieval Korea evolved, it served to legitimize the state.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the new Seon schools were regarded by the established doctrinal schools as radical and dangerous upstarts. Thus, the early founders of the various "nine mountain" monasteries met with considerable resistance, repressed by the long influence in court of the Gyo schools. The struggles which ensued continued for most of the Goryeo period, but gradually the Seon argument for the possession of the true transmission of enlightenment gained the upper hand. The position that was generally adopted in the later Seon schools, due in large part to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a> (知訥; 1158–1210), did not claim clear superiority of Seon meditational methods, but rather declared the intrinsic unity and similarities of the Seon and Gyo viewpoints. </p><p>Although all these schools are mentioned in historical records, toward the end of the dynasty, Seon became dominant in its effect on the government and society, as well as the production of noteworthy scholars and adepts. During the Goryeo period, Seon thoroughly became a "religion of the state", receiving extensive support and privileges through connections with the ruling family and powerful members of the court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hwaeom_(Huayan)_and_Seon"><span id="Hwaeom_.28Huayan.29_and_Seon"></span>Hwaeom (Huayan) and Seon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hwaeom (Huayan) and Seon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although most of the scholastic schools waned in activity and influence during this period of Seon's growth, the Hwaeom school continued to be a lively source of scholarship well into the Goryeo, much of it continuing the legacy of Uisang and Wonhyo. In particular the work of Gyunyeo (均如; 923–973) prepared for the reconciliation of Hwaeom and Seon, with Hwaeom's accommodating attitude toward the latter. Gyunyeo's works are an important source for modern scholarship in identifying the distinctive nature of Korean Hwaeom. </p><p>Another important advocate of Seon/Gyo unity was Uicheon. Like most other early Goryeo monks, he began his studies in Buddhism with Hwaeom. He later traveled to China, and upon his return, actively promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Cheontae" title="Cheontae">Cheontae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">天台宗</span></span>; ; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></i></span>), which became recognized as another Seon school. This period thus came to be described as "five doctrinal and two meditational schools". Uicheon himself, however, alienated too many Seon adherents, and he died at a relatively young age without seeing a Seon-Gyo unity accomplished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jinul">Jinul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jinul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important figure of Seon in the Goryeo was <a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a>. In his time, the sangha was in a crisis of external appearance and internal issues of doctrine. Buddhism had gradually become involved with secular affairs, incorporating practices such as fortune-telling and offering of prayers and rituals for success in secular endeavors. Inclination toward these practices resulted in the profusion of an increasingly larger number of monks and nuns with questionable motivations. The correction, revival, and improvement of the quality of Buddhism became prominent issues for Buddhist leaders of the period. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg/220px-Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg/330px-Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg/440px-Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Haeinsa" title="Haeinsa">Haeinsa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Jinul sought to establish a new movement within Seon which he called the "<a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samādhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">prajñā</a> society" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">定慧社</span></span>; ; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <i lang="ko">Jeonghyesa</i>) whose goal was to establish a new community of disciplined, pure-minded practitioners deep in the mountains. He eventually accomplished this mission with the founding of <a href="/wiki/Songgwangsa" title="Songgwangsa">Songgwangsa</a> at Mt. Jogye (曹溪山). Jinul's works are characterized by a thorough analysis and reformulation of the methodologies of Seon study and practice. </p><p>One major issue that had long fermented in Chan, and which received special focus from Jinul, was the relationship between "gradual" and "sudden" methods in practice and enlightenment. Drawing upon various Chinese treatments of this topic, most importantly those by Huayan Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a> (780–841) and Linji master <a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a> (大慧; 1089–1163), Jinul created a "sudden enlightenment followed by gradual practice" dictum that he outlined in a few relatively concise and accessible texts. From Dahui Zonggao, Jinul also incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">hwadu</a> method into his practice. This form of meditation is the main method taught in Seon today. </p><p>Jinul's philosophical resolution of the Seon-Gyo conflict brought a deep and lasting effect on Korean Buddhism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Goryeo">Late Goryeo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Late Goryeo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general trend of Buddhism in the latter half of the Goryeo was a decline due to corruption, and the rise of strong anti-Buddhist political and philosophical sentiment. However, this period of relative decadence would nevertheless produce some of Korea's most renowned Seon masters. Three important monks of this period who figured prominently in charting the future course of Korean Seon were contemporaries and friends: Gyeonghan Baeg'un (景閑白雲; 1298–1374), <a href="/wiki/Taego_Bou" title="Taego Bou">Taego Bou</a> (太古普愚; 1301–1382) and Naong Hyegeun (懶翁慧勤; 1320–1376). All three went to <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan China</a> to learn the hwadu practice of the <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">臨濟</span></span>; ; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <i lang="ko">Imje</i>) that had been popularized by Jinul. All three returned and established the sharp, confrontational methods of the Imje school in their own teaching. Each of the three was also said to have had hundreds of disciples, such that this new infusion into Korean Seon brought about a considerable effect. </p><p>Despite the Imje influence, which was generally considered to be anti-scholarly in nature, Gyeonghan and Naong, under the influence of Jinul and the traditional <i>tongbulgyo</i> tendency, showed an unusual interest in scriptural study, as well as a strong understanding of <i>Confucianism</i> and <i>Taoism</i>, due to the increasing influence of Chinese philosophy as the foundation of official education. From this time, a marked tendency for Korean Buddhist monks to be "three teachings" exponents appeared. </p><p>A significant historical event of the Goryeo period is the production of the first woodblock edition of the <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a> called the <i><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a></i>. Two editions were made, the first one completed from 1210 to 1231, and the second one from 1214 to 1259. The first edition was destroyed in a fire, during an attack by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in 1232, but the second edition is still in existence at <a href="/wiki/Haeinsa" title="Haeinsa">Haeinsa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsang" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongsang">Gyeongsang</a>. This edition of the <i>Tripitaka</i> was of high quality, and served as the standard version of the <i>Tripitaka</i> in East Asia for almost 700 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suppression_under_the_Joseon_Dynasty_(1392–1910)"><span id="Suppression_under_the_Joseon_Dynasty_.281392.E2.80.931910.29"></span>Suppression under the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Suppression under the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalmado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Dalmado.jpg/220px-Dalmado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Dalmado.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><i>Dalmado</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gim_Myeong-guk" title="Gim Myeong-guk">Gim Myeong-guk</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1388, an influential general named Yi Seonggye (1335–1408) carried out a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> and established himself as the first ruler of the Joseon dynasty in 1392 with the support of this Neo-Confucian movement. He was posthumously renamed Emperor <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon" title="Taejo of Joseon">Taejo of Joseon</a> in 1899. Joseon Buddhism, which had started off under the so-called "five doctrinal and two meditational" schools system of the Goryeo, was first condensed to two schools: Seon and Gyo. Eventually, these were further reduced to the single school of Seon. </p><p>Despite this strong suppression from the government, and vehement ideological opposition from Korean Neo-Confucianism, Seon Buddhism continued to thrive intellectually. An outstanding thinker was <i><a href="/wiki/Gihwa" title="Gihwa">Gihwa</a></i> (己和; (Hamheo Deuktong 涵虚得通) 1376–1433), who had first studied at a Confucian academy, but then changed his focus to Buddhism, where he was initiated to the <i>gwanhwa</i> tradition by <i>Muhak Jacho</i> (無學自超; 1327–1405). He wrote many scholarly commentaries, as well as essays and a large body of poetry. Being well-versed in Confucian and Taoist philosophies, Giwha also wrote an important treatise in defense of Buddhism, from the standpoint of the intrinsic unity of the three teachings, entitled the <i><a href="/wiki/Hyeonjeong_non" title="Hyeonjeong non">Hyeonjeong non</a></i>. In the tradition of earlier philosophers, he applied <i>che-yong</i> ("essence-function") and <i>Hwaeom</i> (<i>sa-sa mu-ae</i>, "mutual interpenetration of phenomena"). </p><p>Common in the works of Joseon scholar-monks are writings on Hwaeom-related texts, as well as the <i><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a></i>. The Jogye order instituted a set curriculum of scriptural study, including the above-mentioned works, along with other shorter selections from eminent Korean monks, such as Jinul. </p><p>During the Joseon period, the number of Buddhist monasteries dropped from several hundred to a mere thirty-six. Limits were placed on the number of clergy, land area, and ages for entering the sangha. When the final restrictions were in place, monks and nuns were prohibited from entering the cities. Buddhist funerals, and even begging, were outlawed. However, some rulers occasionally appeared who looked favorably upon Buddhism and did away with some of the more suppressive regulations. The most noteworthy of these was the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Munjeong" title="Queen Munjeong">Queen Munjeong</a>, who, as a devout Buddhist, took control of the government in the stead of her young son <a href="/wiki/Myeongjong_of_Joseon" title="Myeongjong of Joseon">Myeongjong</a> (r. 1545–67), and immediately repealed many anti-Buddhist measures. The queen had deep respect for the brilliant monk <i>Bou</i> (보우, 普雨; 1515–1565), and installed him as the head of the Seon school. </p><p>One of the most important reasons for the restoration of Buddhism to a position of minimal acceptance was the role of Buddhist monks in repelling the Japanese invasions of Korea, which occurred between 1592 and 1598. At that time, the government was weak from internal squabbles, and was not initially able to muster strong resistance to the incursion. The plight of the country encouraged some leaders of the sangha to organize monks into guerrilla units, which enjoyed some instrumental successes. The "righteous monk" (義士; <i>uisa</i>) movement spread during this eight-year war, finally including several thousand monks, led by the aging <a href="/wiki/Hyujeong" title="Hyujeong">Seosan Hyujeong</a> (서산대사, 西山休靜; 1520–1604), a first-rate Seon master and the author of a number of important religious texts. The presence of the monks' army was a critical factor in the eventual expulsion of the Japanese invaders. </p><p>Seosan is also known for continuing efforts toward the unification of Buddhist doctrinal study and practice. His efforts were strongly influenced by Wonhyo, Jinul, and Gihwa. He is considered the central figure in the revival of Joseon Buddhism, and most major streams of modern Korean Seon trace their lineages back to him through one of his four main disciples: <i><a href="/wiki/Songun_Yu_Jeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Songun Yu Jeong">Yu Jeong</a></i> (1544–1610); <i>Eongi</i> (1581–1644), <i>Taeneung</i> (1562–1649) and <i>Ilseon</i> (1533–1608), all four of whom were lieutenants to Seosan during the war with Japan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guard_statue_in_a_Korean_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Guard_statue_in_a_Korean_temple.jpg/220px-Guard_statue_in_a_Korean_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Guard_statue_in_a_Korean_temple.jpg/330px-Guard_statue_in_a_Korean_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Guard_statue_in_a_Korean_temple.jpg/440px-Guard_statue_in_a_Korean_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Statue of one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The biographies of Seosan and his four major disciples are similar in many respects, and these similarities are emblematic of the typical lifestyle of Seon monks of the late Goryeo and Joseon periods. Most of them began by engaging in Confucian and Daoist studies. Turning to Seon, they pursued a markedly itinerant lifestyle, wandering through the mountain monasteries. At this stage, they were initiated to the central component of Seon practice, the <i>gong'an</i>, or <i>gwanhwa</i> meditation. This <i>gwanhwa</i> meditation, unlike Zen traditions, did not consist of contemplation on a lengthy, graduated series of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">kōans</a>. In contrast, the typical Korean approach was that "all <i>gong'an</i> are contained in one" and therefore it was, and still is, quite common for the practitioner to remain with one <i>hwadu</i> during his whole meditational career, most often <a href="/wiki/Zhaozhou_Congshen" title="Zhaozhou Congshen">Zhaozhou Congshen</a>'s <i>"<a href="/wiki/Mu_(negative)" title="Mu (negative)">mu</a>".</i> </p><p>Buddhism during the three centuries, from the time of Seosan down to the next Japanese incursion into Korea in the late nineteenth century, remained fairly consistent with the above-described model. A number of eminent teachers appeared during the centuries after Seosan, but the Buddhism of the late Joseon, while keeping most of the common earlier characteristics, was especially marked by a revival of Hwaeom studies, and occasionally by new interpretations of methodology in Seon study. There was also a revival, during the final two centuries, of Pure Land Buddhism. Although the government maintained fairly tight control of the sangha, there was never again the extreme suppression of the early Joseon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism_under_Japanese_colonial_rule">Buddhism under Japanese colonial rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Buddhism under Japanese colonial rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yongseong" title="Yongseong">Yongseong</a></div> <p>During Japan's <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in the 1870s, the government abolished celibacy for Buddhist monks and nuns. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhists</a> won the right to proselytize inside cities, ending a five-hundred year ban on clergy members entering cities. <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren schools</a> began sending missionaries to Korea and new sects formed in Korea such as <a href="/wiki/Won_Buddhism" title="Won Buddhism">Won Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910</a>, when Japan annexed Korea, Korean Buddhism underwent many changes. The Temple Ordinance of 1911 (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">사찰령</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">寺刹令</span></span>) changed the traditional system whereby temples were run as a collective enterprise by the Sangha, replacing this system with Japanese-style management practices in which temple abbots appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Korea">Governor-General of Korea</a> were given private ownership of temple property and given the rights of inheritance to such property.<sup id="cite_ref-soren_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soren-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More importantly, monks from pro-Japanese factions began to adopt Japanese practices, by marrying and having children.<sup id="cite_ref-soren_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soren-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, the Temple Ordinance was revised to reorganize temple administration and allow the Japanese government to directly oversee the 31 main temples in the country, with new headquarters at Kakwangsa (now <a href="/wiki/Jogyesa" title="Jogyesa">Jogyesa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-harris_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, Korean Buddhism was placed under greater control.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese authorities had many temples' artworks shipped to Japan. Negotiations for the repatriation of these artworks are still ongoing today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism_and_independent_Korea_(1945~present)"><span id="Buddhism_and_independent_Korea_.281945.7Epresent.29"></span>Buddhism and independent Korea (1945~present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Buddhism and independent Korea (1945~present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_statues_in_a_temple_on_Jejudo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Buddha_statues_in_a_temple_on_Jejudo.jpg/220px-Buddha_statues_in_a_temple_on_Jejudo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Buddha_statues_in_a_temple_on_Jejudo.jpg/330px-Buddha_statues_in_a_temple_on_Jejudo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Buddha_statues_in_a_temple_on_Jejudo.jpg/440px-Buddha_statues_in_a_temple_on_Jejudo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Typical interior of a Buddhist temple</figcaption></figure> <p>When Korea was liberated by the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in 1945, the celibate monastics of what has become the largest sect of Korean Buddhism in terms of adherents and the number of clergy, the <a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a>, began to take over for the married priests who ran the temples during the occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This order sees itself as the primary representative of traditional Korean Buddhism in existence. The <a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a> is the second largest order of Korean Buddhism and includes both celibate and married monks (nuns are expected to remain celibate). This is the only order that maintains the full Korean Buddhist ritual tradition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2015)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Korean_Buddhism#Dubious" title="Talk:Korean Buddhism">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Current situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Seon school, which is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a> in terms of the number of clergy and adherents, practices disciplined traditional Seon practice at a number of major mountain monasteries in Korea, often under the direction of highly regarded masters. The <a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a>, though it has more temples than the Jogye Order, is second in size in terms of the number of clergy and adherents and, in addition to Seon meditation, keeps traditional Buddhist arts alive, such as <a href="/wiki/Yeongsanjae" title="Yeongsanjae">Yeongsanjae</a> and other ritual dance. </p><p>Modern Seon practice is not far removed in its content from the original practice of <a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a>, who introduced the integrated combination of the practice of Gwanhwa meditation and the study of selected Buddhist texts. The Korean monastic life is markedly itinerant for monks and nuns pursuing Seon meditation training: while each monk or nun has a "home" monastery, he or she will regularly travel throughout the mountains, staying as long as he or she wishes, studying and teaching in the style of the temple that is housing them. The Korean monastic training system has seen a steadily increasing influx of Western practitioner-aspirants in the second half of the twentieth century. The vast majority of Korean monks and nuns do not spend 20 or 30 years in the mountains pursuing Seon training in a form recognizable to westerners. Most Korean monks and nuns receive a traditional academic education in addition to ritual training, which is not necessarily in a formal ritual training program. Those who do spend time in meditation in the mountains may do so for a few years and then essentially return to the life of a parish priest. </p><p>Currently, Korean Buddhism is in a state of slow transition. While the reigning theory behind Korean Buddhism was based on Jinul's "sudden enlightenment, gradual cultivation", the modern Korean Seon master, <a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a>'s revival of <a href="/wiki/Hui_Neng" class="mw-redirect" title="Hui Neng">Hui Neng</a>'s "sudden enlightenment, sudden cultivation" has taken Korean Buddhism by storm. Although there is resistance to change within the ranks of the Jogye order, with the last three Supreme Patriarchs' stance that is in accordance with Seongcheol, there has been a gradual change in the atmosphere of Korean Buddhism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">Religion in North Korea</a></i></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongrung_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chongrung_Temple.jpg/220px-Chongrung_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chongrung_Temple.jpg/330px-Chongrung_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chongrung_Temple.jpg/440px-Chongrung_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist temple of Chongrungsa, near Pyongyang</figcaption></figure> <p>The regime in North Korea actively discourages the practice of religion, including Buddhism. Currently, the country claims to have about 10,000 active adherents of Buddhism. As with other religions in the country, Buddhism came under the close scrutiny of the country's government<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – including worship at Buddhist temples by monks, through the state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Korea_Buddhist_Federation" title="Korea Buddhist Federation">Korea Buddhist Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major temple is <a href="/wiki/Pohyonsa" title="Pohyonsa">Pohyonsa</a> which was preserved by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-Sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-Sung">Kim Il-Sung</a>. </p><p>Nevertheless, Buddhists in North Korea reportedly fared better than other religious groups – particularly Christians, who were said to often face persecution by the authorities, and Buddhists were given limited funding by the government to promote the religion, given that Buddhism played an integral role in traditional Korean culture.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. <br /><small>Last update: 2015</small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Starting in the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> and others worked to further divide and weaken the Buddhist Sangha in the country. Rhee campaigned in 1954 against the so-called "Japanized Buddhists". Western education and scholarship, and the empowerment of women and the poor, caused divisions among Koreans. Specifically, a deep rift opened between married priests and celibate monks, a carryover from Japanese Buddhism's influence during the occupation period, though there had been calls for an end to celibacy from some Korean monks before Japan's annexation of the Korean peninsula. The differences were so great that fistfights over the control of temples became frequent. Monks, mostly belonging to the celibate Jogye order, threatened to kill themselves. Many of them were against the married clergy. As the Buddhist riots continued, the influence of Buddhism lessened. Buddhism continued to lose followers to Christian missionaries, who were able to capitalize on these weaknesses. </p><p>From the 1960s onward, Buddhism has grown considerably, through the formation of independent lay associations (that is, not funded or affiliated to the main orders), with many focused on youths, particularly to propagate and evangelize Buddhist teachings, fellowship and spiritual development, based on the Protestant model.<sup id="cite_ref-huntley_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huntley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These adaptations have modernized Buddhism in South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-huntley_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huntley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the South Korean government began devoting substantial funds to restore and reconstruct historic Buddhist temples, helping to revive Buddhism in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> unsuccessfully attempted during his rule (1961–1979) to settle the dispute by building a pan-national Buddhist organization. However, he did succeed in allying himself with the celibate faction, the Jogye Order. </p><p>It was in 1970 that Korean Buddhism split into a fully celibate order which retained the name "Jogye" and the Taego order that includes both celibate and married clergy. The Taego order retained the traditional red kasa whereas the Jogye order changed their <a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">kasa</a> to brown to visually differentiate the two orders. Both orders continue to use the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> Pratimoksha, the lineage of vows for monks and nuns taken in China and Vietnam, though Taego monks have the option of returning the vow of celibacy. When the Jogye order was founded, the government only recognized a small group of celibate Seon practitioners as "legitimate", thus all of the ritual specialists remained with the Taego order. </p><p>In the 1980s, President <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a>, a Presbyterian, adopted anti-Buddhist policies and attempted to restrict Buddhist activities.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his administration, many historic temples were converted into tourist resorts, which deprived temples of their autonomy, as these "national parks" were government-run.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Buddhists, especially the Jogye Order, were highly critical of these measures. From 27 to 31 October 1980, during the Kyeongsin Persecution, the government raided major Buddhist temples throughout the country, including the headquarters at Seoul's Jogyesa, under the guise of anti-government investigations and an attempt to "purify" Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-park_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 55 monks were arrested and many others were interrogated and tortured, including the abbot of <a href="/wiki/Naksansa" title="Naksansa">Naksansa</a>, who died from the abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-park_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the investigated monks were ever charged, although many were sent to reeducation camps. Throughout the 1980s, the Buddhist community was kept under strict surveillance of government agents and many were prosecuted under false charges of supporting Communists or conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Buddhists, the construct of a state-protecting Buddhism (호국불교 or 護國佛敎, <i>Hoguk Bulgyo</i>) had vanished, which served to radicalize a generation of Buddhists, including monks and laity and propelled them to start a movement called Minjung Buddhism (민중불교 or 民衆佛敎, "practical Buddhism" or "Buddhism for the masses").<sup id="cite_ref-park_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This modernization emphasized ordinary people and was a reaction to aggressive Christian proselytization in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid-1980s to date, Buddhism has expanded by through media and education. There are two major Buddhist media networks in South Korea, BTN Buddhist Television Network, Korea's only non-sectarian Buddhist Media, which includes cable television and IP Radio and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_Broadcasting_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhist Broadcasting System (page does not exist)">Buddhist Broadcasting System</a> (BBS), founded in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-huntley_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huntley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist orders are also affiliated with or operate 3 universities, 26 schools and 16 seminaries in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-huntley_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huntley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a> is one of South Korea's most successful international missionary institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotus_lantern_festival_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lotus_lantern_festival_2001.jpg/220px-Lotus_lantern_festival_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lotus_lantern_festival_2001.jpg/330px-Lotus_lantern_festival_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lotus_lantern_festival_2001.jpg/440px-Lotus_lantern_festival_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Lotus Lantern Festival</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1990s, conflicts between the South Korean government and Buddhist leaders, as well as with fundamentalist Protestant denominations, continued. The government accused Buddhism of immorality <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and many Protestants used this to forward their missionary work. Some religious gatherings have even turned violent, vandalizing statues of Buddha and <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a>, the mythical founder of Korea. Soon after the Buddhist Broadcasting Service's FM radio station was launched in 1990, young men vandalized and destroyed sound facilities worth US$200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-soren_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soren-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also a rash of temple burnings in the 1980s and 1990s, and attacks on Buddhist artwork have continued. In one instance, a Protestant minister used a microphone on a cord as a bolo weapon and smashed temple paintings and a statue. In other instances, red crosses have been painted on temple walls, murals, and statues. Buddha statues have also been decapitated. Furthermore, students at Buddhist universities report aggressive attempts to convert them on campus, especially near campus temples.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sectarian tensions between fundamentalist Protestants and Buddhists occasionally surface due to what has been seen as a tendency of government officials – many of whom are Christians, especially of Protestant denominations – to tilt the political balance in favour of Christians over Buddhists which has led to discontent within the Buddhist community.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of particular note was the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a> to the South Korean presidency when the high proportion of Christians in relation to Buddhists in the public sector became known – particularly the president's cabinet, where there were 12 Christians to only one Buddhist.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among other reported incidences.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, the South Korean public has become increasingly critical of <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Christianity">Protestant</a> churches and leaders due to their support for aggressive missionary tactics. This has led many Protestants leaving their churches and converting to Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_Focus_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Focus-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growing discontent with Protestant Christianity in South Korea has contributed to a spiritual and cultural revival of Buddhism in South Korea, with the number of followers increasing in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antagonism_from_Korean_Protestantism">Antagonism from Korean Protestantism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Antagonism from Korean Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fundamentalist Protestant antagonism against Buddhism has increased in recent years. Acts of vandalism against Buddhist amenities and instances of fundamentalist Christians praying for the destruction of all Buddhist temples and monasteries<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have all drawn attention to this persistent hostility against Buddhism from Korean Protestants. South Korean Buddhists have denounced what they view as discriminatory measures against them and their religion by the administration of President Lee Myung-bak, which they attribute to Lee being a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahn_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahn-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-favoring_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-favoring-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddhist Jogye Order has accused the Lee government of discriminating against Buddhism by ignoring Buddhist temples in certain public documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahn_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahn-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-favoring_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-favoring-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, according to the <i>Asia Times</i>, "Lee also sent a video prayer message to a Christian rally held in the southern city of Busan in which the worship leader prayed feverishly: 'Lord, let the Buddhist temples in this country crumble down!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, according to an article in <i>Buddhist-Christian Studies</i>: "Over the course of the last decade a fairly large number of Buddhist temples in South Korea have been destroyed or damaged by fire by misguided Protestant fundamentalists. More recently, Buddhist statues have been identified as idols, attacked and decapitated. Arrests are hard to effect, as the arsonists and vandals work by stealth of night."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 incident in which police investigated protesters who had been given sanctuary in the Jogye temple in Seoul and searched a car driven by Jigwan, then the executive chief of the Jogye order, led to protests by some claiming police had treated Jigwan as a criminal.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahn_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahn-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2010, students from Church Equipping Worship School posted a clip on YouTube<sup id="cite_ref-youtubeclip_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtubeclip-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> professing a hope that God would destroy a Buddhist temple in Seoul.<sup id="cite_ref-youtubeclip_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtubeclip-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later they claimed being taught such by God. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"This place (<a href="/wiki/Bongeunsa" title="Bongeunsa">Bongeunsa</a> Temple) will be demolished and God will win it back....Useless idols (Buddha’s statue) here made me really sad," the student said in the clip.<sup id="cite_ref-youtubeclip_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtubeclip-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following public outrages sparked by the video, pastor Choi Ji-ho and students from the school went to Bongeunsa Temple to apologize for the comments made by the student.<sup id="cite_ref-youtubeclip_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtubeclip-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presidency of <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a> intended to address Protestant Christian antagonism against Buddhists in South Korea, due to increasing calls for religious cooperation in the country by the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-koreatimes_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koreatimes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first year of the Park administration, a national message was delivered for the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a>, a contrast from the former Lee Myung-bak administration which was criticised for its role in the suppression of Buddhist influence in South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondojae" title="Cheondojae">Cheondojae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheontae" title="Cheontae">Cheontae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunseong" title="Chunseong">Chunseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogye_International_Zen_Center" title="Chogye International Zen Center">Chogye International Zen Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doseon" title="Doseon">Doseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence-Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Function">Essence-Function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gihwa" title="Gihwa">Gihwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongheo" title="Gyeongheo">Gyeongheo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haedong_Goseungjeon" title="Haedong Goseungjeon">Haedong Goseungjeon</a></i>, <i>Lives of Eminent Korean </i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanam_Jungwon" title="Hanam Jungwon">Hanam Jungwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yong-un" title="Han Yong-un">Han Yong-un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwaeom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwaeom">Hwaeom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyecho" title="Hyecho">Hyecho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyobong_Hangnul" title="Hyobong Hangnul">Hyobong Hangnul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyujeong" title="Hyujeong">Hyujeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichadon" title="Ichadon">Ichadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingak_Order" title="Jingak Order">Jingak Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Hwasang" title="Kim Hwasang">Kim Hwasang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhist_sculpture" title="Korean Buddhist sculpture">Korean Buddhist sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhist_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Buddhist temples">Korean Buddhist temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pagoda" title="Korean pagoda">Korean pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyunyeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyunyeo">Kyunyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_Buddhists" title="List of Korean Buddhists">List of Korean Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangong" title="Mangong">Mangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhak" title="Muhak">Muhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_mountain_schools" title="Nine mountain schools">Nine mountain schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungnang" title="Seungnang">Seungnang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Bou" title="Taego Bou">Taego Bou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uicheon" title="Uicheon">Uicheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uisang" title="Uisang">Uisang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasamadhi-sutra" title="Vajrasamadhi-sutra">Vajrasamadhi-sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woncheuk" title="Woncheuk">Woncheuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wonhyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongsanjae" title="Yeongsanjae">Yeongsanjae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongseong" title="Yongseong">Yongseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujeong" title="Yujeong">Yujeong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChoi2006" class="citation book cs1">Choi, Yong Joon (30 June 2006). <i>Dialogue and antithesis</i>. Vol. 2. Hermit Kingdom Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59689-056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59689-056-5"><bdi>978-1-59689-056-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogue+and+antithesis&rft.pub=Hermit+Kingdom+Press&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-59689-056-5&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Yong+Joon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camb1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-camb1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee Injae, Owen Miller, Park Jinhoon, Yi Hyun-Hae, 2014, Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, pp. 44-49, 52-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Robert E.</a> (2005). <i>Currents and countercurrents : Korean influences on the East Asian Buddhist traditions</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824827627" title="Special:BookSources/0824827627"><bdi>0824827627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Currents+and+countercurrents+%3A+Korean+influences+on+the+East+Asian+Buddhist+traditions&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0824827627&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chunwei_Song" title="Chunwei Song">Chunwei Song</a> (Oct. 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp183_korean_buddhist_monks.pdf">Heroes Brought Buddhism to the East of the Sea: A Fully Annotated Translation of The Preface of Haedong Kosŭng Chŏn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802071124/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp183_korean_buddhist_monks.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sino-Platonic Papers 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424185753/http://www.asian-recipe.com/korea/kr-information/korean-buddhism.html">"Korean Buddhism"</a>. Asiarecipe.com. 2003-08-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asian-recipe.com/korea/kr-information/korean-buddhism.html">the original</a> on 2014-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+Buddhism&rft.pub=Asiarecipe.com&rft.date=2003-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asian-recipe.com%2Fkorea%2Fkr-information%2Fkorean-buddhism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QL1MlD2aSicC&q=Korea"><i>The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversion, Contestation, and Memory - Matthew Kapstein - Google Books</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. 2000-08-28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198030072" title="Special:BookSources/9780198030072"><bdi>9780198030072</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081958/https://books.google.com/books?id=QL1MlD2aSicC&q=Korea">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+Assimilation+of+Buddhism%3A+Conversion%2C+Contestation%2C+and+Memory+-+Matthew+Kapstein+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2000-08-28&rft.isbn=9780198030072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQL1MlD2aSicC%26q%3DKorea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/tps/300ce_ko.htm#buddhism">"300 to 600 CE: Korea | Asia for Educators | Columbia University"</a>. Afe.easia.columbia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222025814/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/tps/300ce_ko.htm#buddhism">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=300+to+600+CE%3A+Korea+%26%23124%3B+Asia+for+Educators+%26%23124%3B+Columbia+University&rft.pub=Afe.easia.columbia.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Ftps%2F300ce_ko.htm%23buddhism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Malananta bring Buddhism to Baekje" in <i>Samguk Yusa</i> III, Ha & Mintz translation, pp. 178-179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated9-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated9_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim1960" class="citation cs2">Kim, Won-yong (1960), "An Early Gilt-bronze Seated Buddha from Seoul", <i>Artibus Asiae</i>, <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>71, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3248029">10.2307/3248029</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3248029">3248029</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=An+Early+Gilt-bronze+Seated+Buddha+from+Seoul&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3248029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3248029%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Won-yong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span>, pg. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodheadPartridgeKawanamiCantwell2016" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher; Kawanami, Hiroko; Cantwell, Cathy (2016). <i>Religion in the Modern World- Traditions and Transformations</i> (3rd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">96–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85881-6"><bdi>978-0-415-85881-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+the+Modern+World-+Traditions+and+Transformations&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-415-85881-6&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Partridge%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Kawanami%2C+Hiroko&rft.au=Cantwell%2C+Cathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koreastats-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koreastats_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to figures compiled by the South Korean <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Office_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Statistical Office (South Korea)">National Statistical Office</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908233718/http://kosis.nso.go.kr:7001/ups/chapterRetrieve.jsp?pubcode=MA&seq=292&pub=3">"인구,가구/시도별 종교인구/시도별 종교인구 (2005년 인구총조사)"</a>. <i>NSO online KOSIS database</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kosis.nso.go.kr:7001/ups/chapterRetrieve.jsp?pubcode=MA&seq=292&pub=3">the original</a> on September 8, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NSO+online+KOSIS+database&rft.atitle=%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC%2C%EA%B0%80%EA%B5%AC%2F%EC%8B%9C%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%84+%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC%2F%EC%8B%9C%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%84+%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC+%282005%EB%85%84+%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC%EC%B4%9D%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkosis.nso.go.kr%3A7001%2Fups%2FchapterRetrieve.jsp%3Fpubcode%3DMA%26seq%3D292%26pub%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKedar1997" class="citation book cs1">Kedar, Nath Tiwari (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb0rCQD9NcoC&q=atheism"><i>Comparative Religion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0293-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0293-4"><bdi>81-208-0293-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Religion&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-208-0293-4&rft.aulast=Kedar&rft.aufirst=Nath+Tiwari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJb0rCQD9NcoC%26q%3Datheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013201130/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=37">Religious Intelligence UK Report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buswell-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buswell_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buswell_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell1991" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E. (1991). <i>Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen</i>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 5, 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824814274" title="Special:BookSources/0824814274"><bdi>0824814274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+Back+the+Radiance%3A+Chinul%27s+Korean+Way+of+Zen&rft.pages=5%2C+6&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0824814274&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vermeersch, Sem. (2008). <i>The Power of the Buddhas: the Politics of Buddhism during the Koryŏ Dynasty (918-1392),</i> p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keele, S. (1078). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8452/2359">Buddhism and political Power in Korean History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133459/http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8452/2359">Archived</a> 2015-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 1 (1), 9-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2000" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Donald N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00clar"><i>Culture and customs of Korea</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30456-9"><bdi>978-0-313-30456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+customs+of+Korea&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30456-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Donald+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soren-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soren_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soren_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soren_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensen1992" class="citation book cs1">Sorensen, Henrik Hjort (1992). Ole Bruun; Arne Kalland; Henrik Hjort Sorensen (eds.). <i>Asian perceptions of nature</i>. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-87062-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-87062-12-1"><bdi>978-87-87062-12-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+perceptions+of+nature&rft.pub=Nordic+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-87-87062-12-1&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=Henrik+Hjort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harris-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harris_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2001" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ian (2001). <i>Buddhism and politics in twentieth-century Asia</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5178-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-5178-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+politics+in+twentieth-century+Asia&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5178-1&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chanju Mun (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321130023/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag386146.pdf">Purification Buddhist Movement, 1954-62: The Recovery of Traditional Monasticism from Japanized Buddhism in South Korea</a>, Hsi Lai Journal of Humanistic Buddhism (西來人間佛教學報) 8, 262-294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5585.htm">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223125549/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5585.htm">Archived</a> 2019-12-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Department of State</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521081709/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CUSCIRF%2C%2CPRK%2C4562d8cf2%2C4855697719%2C0.html">"USCIRF Annual Report 2005 - Korea, Democratic Republic of"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCHR">UNCHR</a>. May 1, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCIRF,,PRK,4562d8cf2,4855697719,0.html">the original</a> on May 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=USCIRF+Annual+Report+2005+-+Korea%2C+Democratic+Republic+of&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fcountry%2C%2CUSCIRF%2C%2CPRK%2C4562d8cf2%2C4855697719%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemick2005" class="citation news cs1">Demick, Barbara (October 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-oct-02-fg-temple2-story.html">"Buddhist Temple Being Restored in N. Korea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211214941/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/02/world/fg-temple2">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Temple+Being+Restored+in+N.+Korea&rft.date=2005-10-02&rft.aulast=Demick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2005-oct-02-fg-temple2-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huntley-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huntley_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huntley_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huntley_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huntley_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2002" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, James Huntley (2002). <i>Korea: a religious history</i>. Psychology Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">190–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1605-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1605-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1605-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+a+religious+history&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1605-0&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=James+Huntley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-park-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-park_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-park_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-park_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2010" class="citation book cs1">Park, Jin Y. (1 February 2010). <i>Makers of modern Korean Buddhism</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2921-2"><bdi>978-1-4384-2921-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+modern+Korean+Buddhism&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2921-2&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Jin+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2000" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, William M. (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of monasticism</i>. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 724. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-090-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-090-2"><bdi>978-1-57958-090-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+monasticism&rft.pages=724&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-090-2&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Frank Tedesco's "Questions for Buddhist and Christian Cooperation in Korea," <i>Buddhist-Christian Studies</i> 17 (1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905212840/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200809/200809010024.html">"Who's Really to Blame for Religious Bias?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>. September 1, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200809/200809010024.html">the original</a> on September 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Really+to+Blame+for+Religious+Bias%3F&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.chosun.com%2Fw21data%2Fhtml%2Fnews%2F200809%2F200809010024.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/305984.html">"Buddhists set to protest against Lee's religious bias"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a>. August 22, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101951/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/305984.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Buddhists+set+to+protest+against+Lee%27s+religious+bias&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fenglish_edition%2Fe_national%2F305984.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080901161010/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,411541,00.html">"South Korea Buddhists March Against Christian President, Alleging Religious Discrimination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. August 27, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,411541,00.html">the original</a> on 2008-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Korea+Buddhists+March+Against+Christian+President%2C+Alleging+Religious+Discrimination&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C411541%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korea_Focus-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Korea_Focus_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A2pSt9sEoaxkJ%3Awww.koreafocus.or.kr%2Fdesign1%2Fpdf%2Fpdf_download.asp%3Fpdf_name%3D%2Fimages%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2F101735+decline+of+protestanitsm+in+korea&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiEDdcDKQ3Cwz40oJqOQQz-4IlYoQ0NQh2XESvcs4ZiMG3uYjr-N_4kM2B4YSQEbjsPdQIZR3wpcQsGQ7aGp5xZSO45D_6TRgw1D-LPc25-TxHYkel-quf_eDQ6C4UXXM9kO1_p&sig=AHIEtbSNRQ7DgqDA72-yabKkBnvz0BkEvw">"Crisis in the Church"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718074749/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A2pSt9sEoaxkJ%3Awww.koreafocus.or.kr%2Fdesign1%2Fpdf%2Fpdf_download.asp%3Fpdf_name%3D%2Fimages%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2F101735+decline+of+protestanitsm+in+korea&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiEDdcDKQ3Cwz40oJqOQQz-4IlYoQ0NQh2XESvcs4ZiMG3uYjr-N_4kM2B4YSQEbjsPdQIZR3wpcQsGQ7aGp5xZSO45D_6TRgw1D-LPc25-TxHYkel-quf_eDQ6C4UXXM9kO1_p&sig=AHIEtbSNRQ7DgqDA72-yabKkBnvz0BkEvw">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2017</span> – via www.wsj.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Buddha%27s+Birthday&rft.date=2008-05-09&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB121026616436477667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayakawa2012" class="citation web cs1">Hayakawa, Emi (6 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=89,11172,0,0,1,0#.XkyLHO2Ia00">"Korean Christians and Protestants continue vandalism acts on [sic.]"</a>. <i>BuddhistChannel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106063723/http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=89,11172,0,0,1,0#.XkyLHO2Ia00">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuddhistChannel&rft.atitle=Korean+Christians+and+Protestants+continue+vandalism+acts+on+%5Bsic.%5D&rft.date=2012-11-06&rft.aulast=Hayakawa&rft.aufirst=Emi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistchannel.tv%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D89%2C11172%2C0%2C0%2C1%2C0%23.XkyLHO2Ia00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahn-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahn_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahn_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahn_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rahn, Kim (July 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/07/117_28491.html">"President Embarrassed Over Angry Buddhists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>. Retrieved October 7, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/07/117_28491.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-favoring-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-favoring_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-favoring_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=%2F2008%2F07%2F01%2Fbuddhists-accuse-government-of-favoring-christianity&post_id=48794">"buddhists accuse government of favoring christianity"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229010349/https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=%2F2008%2F07%2F01%2Fbuddhists-accuse-government-of-favoring-christianity&post_id=48794">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=buddhists+accuse+government+of+favoring+christianity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fstory-archive%2F%3Fpost_name%3D%252F2008%252F07%252F01%252Fbuddhists-accuse-government-of-favoring-christianity%26post_id%3D48794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512022433/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/JB01Dg01.html">"A 'God-given' president-elect"</a>. Atimes.com. 2008-02-01. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Atheist+Park+may+have+advantages&rft.date=2012-09-03&rft.aulast=Hyun-kyung&rft.aufirst=Kang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2012%2F09%2F116_118974.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018012759/http://www.arirang.co.kr/News/News_View.asp?nseq=147238">"News View | the World on Arirang"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arirang.co.kr/News/News_View.asp?nseq=147238">the original</a> on 2015-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+View+%26%23124%3B+the+World+on+Arirang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arirang.co.kr%2FNews%2FNews_View.asp%3Fnseq%3D147238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Korea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Buddhism in Korea">Buddhism in Korea</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baker, Don (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222248/http://asiaquarterly.com/index.php?id=108&itemid=40&option=com_content&task=view">"Looking for God in the Streets of Seoul: The Resurgence of Religion in 20th-Century Korea"</a>. <i>Harvard Asia Quarterly</i> <b>5</b> (4) 34–39.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong-bae_YiTaehan_Pulgyo_Chogyejong1996" class="citation book cs1">Hong-bae Yi; Taehan Pulgyo Chogyejong (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatiskoreanbudd00taeh"><i>Korean Buddhism</i></a>. Kum Sok Publishing Co., Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-86821-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/89-86821-00-1"><bdi>89-86821-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Buddhism&rft.pub=Kum+Sok+Publishing+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=89-86821-00-1&rft.au=Hong-bae+Yi&rft.au=Taehan+Pulgyo+Chogyejong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatiskoreanbudd00taeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Scoville-Pope, Bryan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110509100500/http://library.uwest.edu/booksub.asp?OCLCNo=236009096">"Go Tell it Off the Mountain: Missionary Activity in Modern Korean Buddhism"</a>, Thesis (M.A.)--University of the West</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sem_Vermeersch" title="Sem Vermeersch">Vermeersch, Sem</a>. (2008). <i>The Power of the Buddhas: the Politics of Buddhism during the Koryǒ Dynasty (918–1392).</i> Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674031883" title="Special:BookSources/9780674031883">9780674031883</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213407432">OCLC 213407432</a></li> <li>Yoon Seung Yong (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekoreajournal.net/issue/view_pop.htm?Idx=3607">The Movement to Reform Korean Buddhism</a>, Korea Journal 52. No.3, pp. 35~63</li> <li>Gupta, Santosh Kumar (2011),“Socially Engaged Jogye Order in Contemporary Korea,” ISKS Conference, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 23–26 August 2011.</li> <li>Buswell Jr, Robert E (1992), The Zen Monastic Experience: Buddhist Practice in Contemporary Korea, Princeton, New JErsey: PUP.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2004" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. <span class="nowrap">430–</span>435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865718-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865718-7"><bdi>0-02-865718-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E435&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-02-865718-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cho Sungtaek (2002), Buddhism and Society, Korea Journal 42 (2), 119–136.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/korean-buddhism/">"Korean Buddhism"</a> entry by Lucy Hyekyung Jee in the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.buddhism.org/">Index of Buddhism.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112144111/http://www.buddhapia.co.kr/eng/tedesco/cross.html">The Dead and the Dying in Korea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreanbuddhism.net/">Jogye order of Korean Buddhism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114180629/http://taegozen.net/">Taego order English site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526124245/http://www.wonbuddhism.org/">Won Buddhism English language website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908064538/http://www.cheontae.org/">Cheontae order Korean language website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026084809/http://geocities.com/~iarf/tedesco1.html">Torn by identity — Christianity against Buddhism? Also shows a long list of events how Buddhists are discriminated in Korea.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/korea-txt.htm">Buddhism in Korea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120816022344/http://www.buddhapia.com/eng/extensive/index.html">What is Korean Buddhism?</a> Extensive coverage of the history.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=580">An article from the Seoul Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/472155.stm">Korean Buddhist clashes (news archive)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7584119.stm">South Korean Buddhist monks protest against 'pro-Christian bias'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/world/korean-buddhists-rally-against-prochristian-bias-20080827-4446.html">Korean Buddhists rally against 'pro-Christian bias'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516141735/http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/069th_issue/98111103.htm">Buddhism in North Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Armenia" title="Buddhism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brunei" title="Buddhism in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a 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title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kazakhstan" title="Buddhism in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Buddhism in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Buddhism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a 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