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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Proterozoic_anorthosite_massifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proterozoic_anorthosite_massifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Proterozoic anorthosite massifs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proterozoic_anorthosite_massifs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proterozoic anorthosite massifs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proterozoic_anorthosite_massifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_rocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_rocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Related rocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_rocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Physical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_and_isotopic_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_and_isotopic_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Chemical and isotopic characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_and_isotopic_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High-alumina_orthopyroxene_megacrysts_(HAOMs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-alumina_orthopyroxene_megacrysts_(HAOMs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>High-alumina orthopyroxene megacrysts (HAOMs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-alumina_orthopyroxene_megacrysts_(HAOMs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_Proterozoic_anorthosites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_Proterozoic_anorthosites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Origins of Proterozoic anorthosites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_Proterozoic_anorthosites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_anorthosite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_anorthosite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lunar anorthosite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_anorthosite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archean_anorthosites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archean_anorthosites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archean anorthosites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archean_anorthosites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economic value</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_value-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic value subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soil_development_on_anorthosite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_development_on_anorthosite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Soil development on anorthosite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_development_on_anorthosite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortosiet" title="Anortosiet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anortosiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="الآنورثوسايت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الآنورثوسايت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortozit" title="Anortozit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anortozit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortosita" title="Anortosita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anortosita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortozit" title="Anortozit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anortozit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorthosit" title="Anorthosit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anorthosit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortosiit" title="Anortosiit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anortosiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortosita" title="Anortosita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anortosita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="آنورتوزیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنورتوزیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anorthosite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortosit" title="Anortosit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anortosit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortosite" title="Anortosite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anortosite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%98" title="אנורתוזיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנורתוזיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Анортозит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анортозит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Анортозит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Анортозит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortozitas" title="Anortozitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anortozitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="അനോർതൊസൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനോർതൊസൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorthosiet" title="Anorthosiet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anorthosiet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortositt" title="Anortositt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anortositt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortositt" title="Anortositt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anortositt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortozit" title="Anortozit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anortozit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortozyt" title="Anortozyt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anortozyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortosito" title="Anortosito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anortosito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Анортозит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анортозит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortozit" title="Anortozit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anortozit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Анортозит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анортозит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortosiitti" title="Anortosiitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anortosiitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anortosit" title="Anortosit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anortosit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Анортозит – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Анортозит" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Анортозит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анортозит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorthosit" title="Anorthosit – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anorthosit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E9%95%B7%E5%B2%A9" title="斜長岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斜長岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q567788#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mafic intrusive igneous rock composed predominantly of plagioclase</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anorthite" title="Anorthite">Anorthite</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Anorthosite</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><b><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anorthosit_of_Salem_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Anorthosit_of_Salem_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/200px-Anorthosit_of_Salem_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Anorthosit_of_Salem_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/300px-Anorthosit_of_Salem_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Anorthosit_of_Salem_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/400px-Anorthosit_of_Salem_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="4208" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Anorthosite from <a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">Plagioclase</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">Mafic</a> minerals</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anorthosite</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Phaneritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaneritic">phaneritic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> rock characterized by its composition: mostly <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> (90–100%), with a minimal <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> component (0–10%). <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">Pyroxene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> are the mafic <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> most commonly present. </p><p>Anorthosites are of enormous geologic interest, because it is still not fully understood how they form. Most models involve <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">separating plagioclase crystals</a> based on their density. Plagioclase crystals are usually less dense than magma; so, as plagioclase crystallizes in a magma chamber, the plagioclase crystals float to the top, concentrating there.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anorthosite on Earth can be divided into five types:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> anorthosites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> anorthosite (also known as massif or massif-type anorthosite) – the most abundant type of anorthosite on Earth<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Layers within <a href="/wiki/Layered_intrusion" title="Layered intrusion">Layered Intrusions</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bushveld_Igneous_Complex" title="Bushveld Igneous Complex">Bushveld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stillwater_igneous_complex" title="Stillwater igneous complex">Stillwater</a> intrusions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform fault</a> anorthosites</li> <li>Anorthosite <a href="/wiki/Xenolith" title="Xenolith">xenoliths</a> in other rocks (often <a href="/wiki/Granites" class="mw-redirect" title="Granites">granites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberlites" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberlites">kimberlites</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Basalts" class="mw-redirect" title="Basalts">basalts</a>)</li></ol> <p>Of these, the first two are the most common. These two types have different modes of occurrence, appear to be restricted to different periods in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">Earth's history</a>, and are thought to have had different origins.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">Lunar</a> anorthosites constitute the light-coloured areas of the Moon's surface and have been the subject of much research.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Martian</a> anorthosites has also been confirmed and is the subject of on-going research.<sup id="cite_ref-mars2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mars2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proterozoic_anorthosite_massifs">Proterozoic anorthosite massifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Proterozoic anorthosite massifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proterozoic anorthosites were emplaced during the Proterozoic Eon (c. 2,500–542 <a href="/wiki/Annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annum">Ma</a>), though most were emplaced between 1,800 and 1,000 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proterozoic anorthosites typically occur as extensive <a href="/wiki/Stock_(geology)" title="Stock (geology)">stocks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholiths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The areal extent of anorthosite batholiths ranges from relatively small (dozens or hundreds of square kilometers) to nearly 20,000 km<sup>2</sup> (7,700 sq mi), in the instance of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nain_Plutonic_Suite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nain Plutonic Suite (page does not exist)">Nain Plutonic Suite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mistastin_crater" title="Mistastin crater">Mistastin crater</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in northern Labrador, Canada. </p><p>Major occurrences of Proterozoic anorthosite are found in the southeast U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> (e.g., the Honeybrook Upland of eastern Pennsylvania), eastern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (e.g., the Grenville Province), across southern <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Mapped onto the <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaean</a> continental configuration of that eon, these occurrences are all contained in a single straight belt, and must all have been emplaced <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">intracratonally</a>. The conditions and constraints of this pattern of origin and distribution are not clear.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, see the Origins section below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_rocks">Related rocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Related rocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Proterozoic anorthosites occur in spatial association with other highly distinctive, contemporaneous rock types: the so-called 'anorthosite suite' or 'anorthosite-<a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">mangerite</a>-<a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">charnockite</a>-granite (AMCG) complex'. </p><p>These rock types can include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a>: a pyroxene-bearing monzonite intrusive igneous rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a>: an orthopyroxene-bearing quartz-feldspar rock, once thought to be intrusive igneous, now recognized as metamorphic</li> <li>Iron-rich <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a> rocks, including <a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">monzonite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">rapakivi granite</a></li> <li>Iron-rich <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucocratic">Leucocratic</a> mafic rocks such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucotroctolite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leucotroctolite (page does not exist)">leucotroctolite</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leuconorite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leuconorite (page does not exist)">leuconorite</a></li></ul> <p>Though <a href="/wiki/Coeval" title="Coeval">co-eval</a>, these rocks likely represent chemically-independent magmas, likely produced by melting of <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a> into which the anorthosites intruded.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Importantly, large volumes of <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic">ultramafic</a> rocks are not found in association with Proterozoic anorthosites.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Eyes_Granite_(anorthosite)_Labrador.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blue_Eyes_Granite_%28anorthosite%29_Labrador.jpg/220px-Blue_Eyes_Granite_%28anorthosite%29_Labrador.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blue_Eyes_Granite_%28anorthosite%29_Labrador.jpg/330px-Blue_Eyes_Granite_%28anorthosite%29_Labrador.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blue_Eyes_Granite_%28anorthosite%29_Labrador.jpg/440px-Blue_Eyes_Granite_%28anorthosite%29_Labrador.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption> Nain Anorthosite, a mid-<a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic</a> intrusion (1.29 to 1.35 billion years), Labrador. Polished slab; blue color is <a href="/wiki/Labradorescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Labradorescence">labradorescence</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since they are primarily composed of plagioclase feldspar, most of Proterozoic anorthosites appear, in <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcrop</a>, to be grey or bluish. Individual plagioclase crystals may be black, white, blue, or grey, and may exhibit an <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">labradorescence</a> on fresh surfaces. The feldspar variety labradorite is commonly present in anorthosites. Mineralogically, labradorite is a compositional term for any calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar containing 50–70 molecular percent anorthite (An 50–70), regardless of whether it shows labradorescence. The mafic mineral in Proterozoic anorthosite may be <a href="/wiki/Clinopyroxene" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinopyroxene">clinopyroxene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthopyroxene" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopyroxene">orthopyroxene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, or, more rarely, <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">Oxides</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, are also common. </p><p>Most anorthosite plutons are very <a href="/wiki/Phaneritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaneritic">coarse grained</a>; that is, the individual plagioclase <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> and the accompanying mafic mineral are more than a few centimetres long. Less commonly, plagioclase crystals are megacrystic, or larger than one metre long. However, most Proterozoic anorthosites are <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)" title="Deformation (engineering)">deformed</a>, and such large plagioclase crystals have <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_recrystallization" title="Dynamic recrystallization">recrystallized</a> to form smaller crystals, leaving only the outline of the larger crystals behind. </p><p>While many Proterozoic anorthosite plutons appear to have no large-scale relict igneous structures (having instead post-emplacement deformational structures), some do have <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igneous_layering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igneous layering (page does not exist)">igneous layering</a>, which may be defined by crystal size, mafic content, or chemical characteristics. Such layering clearly has origins with a <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheologically</a> liquid-state <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_and_isotopic_characteristics">Chemical and isotopic characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemical and isotopic characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proterozoic anorthosites are typically >90% plagioclase, and the plagioclase composition is commonly between An<sub>40</sub> and An<sub>60</sub> (40–60% <a href="/wiki/Anorthite" title="Anorthite">anorthite</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compositional range is intermediate, and is one of the characteristics which distinguish Proterozoic anorthosites from Archean anorthosites (which are typically >An<sub>80</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proterozoic anorthosites often have significant <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> components in addition to plagioclase.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These phases can include olivine, pyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides, and/or apatite.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mafic minerals in Proterozoic anorthosites have a wide range of composition, but are not generally highly magnesian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The trace-element chemistry of Proterozoic anorthosites, and the associated rock types, has been examined in some detail by researchers with the aim of arriving at a plausible genetic theory. However, there is still little agreement on just what the results mean for anorthosite genesis; see the 'Origins' section below. A very short list of results, including results for rocks thought to be related to Proterozoic anorthosites,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some research has focused on <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> (Nd) and <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> (Sr) <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> determinations for anorthosites, particularly for anorthosites of the Nain Plutonic Suite (NPS). Such isotopic determinations are of use in gauging the viability of prospective sources for magmas that gave rise to anorthosites. Some results are detailed below in the 'Origins' section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-alumina_orthopyroxene_megacrysts_(HAOMs)"><span id="High-alumina_orthopyroxene_megacrysts_.28HAOMs.29"></span>High-alumina orthopyroxene megacrysts (HAOMs)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: High-alumina orthopyroxene megacrysts (HAOMs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Proterozoic-age anorthosites contain large crystals of orthopyroxene with distinctive compositions. These are the so-called high-alumina orthopyroxene megacrysts (HAOM).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HAOM are distinctive because 1) they contain higher amounts of Al than typically seen in orthopyroxenes; 2) they are cut by numerous thin lathes of plagioclase, which may represent exsolution lamellae;<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 3) they appear to be older than the anorthosites in which they are found.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of HAOMs are debated. One possible model<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that, during anorthosite formation, a mantle-derived melt (or partially-crystalline mush) was injected into the lower crust and began crystallizing. HAOMs would have crystallized out during this time, perhaps as long as 80–120 million years. The HAOM-bearing melt could then have risen to the upper crust. This model is supported by the fact that aluminum is more soluble in orthopyroxene at high pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this model, the HAOM represent lower-crustal cumulates that are related to the anorthosite source-magma. One problem with this model is that it requires the anorthosite source-magma to sit in the low crust for a considerable time. To solve this, some authors<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggest that the HAOMs may have formed in the lower crust independent of the anorthosite source-magma. Later, the anorthosite source-magma may have entrained pieces of the HAOM-bearing lower crust on its way upward. Other researchers consider the chemical compositions of the HAOM to be the product of rapid crystallization at moderate or low pressures,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eliminating the need for a lower-crustal origin altogether. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_Proterozoic_anorthosites">Origins of Proterozoic anorthosites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origins of Proterozoic anorthosites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of Proterozoic anorthosites have been a subject of theoretical debate for many decades. A brief synopsis of this problem is as follows: </p><p>The problem begins with the generation of magma, the necessary precursor of any igneous rock. </p><p>Magma generated by small amounts of partial melting of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">mantle</a> is generally of <a href="/wiki/Basaltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic">basaltic</a> composition. Under normal conditions, the composition of basaltic magma requires it to crystallize between 50 and 70% plagioclase, with the bulk of the remainder of the magma crystallizing as mafic minerals. However, anorthosites are defined by a high plagioclase content (90–100% plagioclase), and are not found in association with contemporaneous ultramafic rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is now known as 'the anorthosite problem.' Proposed solutions to the anorthosite problem have been diverse, with many of the proposals drawing on different geological subdisciplines. </p><p>It was suggested early in the history of anorthosite debate that a special type of magma, anorthositic magma, had been generated at depth, and emplaced into the crust. However, the <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidus (chemistry)">solidus</a> of an anorthositic magma is too high for it to exist as a liquid for very long at normal ambient crustal temperatures, so this appears to be unlikely. The presence of water vapor has been shown to lower the solidus temperature of anorthositic magma to more reasonable values, but most anorthosites are relatively dry. It may be postulated, then, that water vapor be driven off by subsequent metamorphism of the anorthosite, but some anorthosites are undeformed, thereby invalidating the suggestion. </p><p>The discovery, in the late 1970s, of anorthositic <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dykes</a> in the Nain Plutonic Suite, suggested that the possibility of anorthositic magmas existing at crustal temperatures needed to be reexamined.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiebe1979_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiebe1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the dykes were later shown to be more complex than was originally thought. </p><p>In summary, though liquid-state processes clearly operate in some anorthosite plutons, the plutons are probably not derived from anorthositic magmas. </p><p>Many researchers have argued that anorthosites are the products of basaltic magma, and that mechanical removal of mafic minerals has occurred. Since the mafic minerals are not found with the anorthosites, these minerals must have been left at either a deeper level or the base of the crust. A typical theory is as follows: partial melting of the mantle generates a basaltic magma, which does not immediately ascend into the crust. Instead, the basaltic magma forms a large magma chamber at the base of the crust and <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">fractionates</a> large amounts of mafic minerals, which sink to the bottom of the chamber. The co-crystallizing plagioclase crystals float, and eventually are emplaced into the crust as anorthosite plutons. Most of the sinking mafic minerals form <a href="/wiki/Cumulate_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulate rocks">ultramafic cumulates</a> which stay at the base of the crust. </p><p>This theory has many appealing features, of which one is the capacity to explain the chemical composition of high-alumina orthopyroxene megacrysts (HAOM). This is detailed below in the section devoted to the HAOM. However, on its own, this hypothesis cannot coherently explain the origins of anorthosites, because it does not fit with, among other things, some important isotopic measurements made on anorthositic rocks in the Nain Plutonic Suite. The Nd and Sr isotopic data show the magma which produced the anorthosites cannot have been derived only from the mantle. Instead, the magma that gave rise to the Nain Plutonic Suite anorthosites must have had a significant crustal component. This discovery led to a slightly more complicated version of the previous hypothesis: Large amounts of basaltic magma form a magma chamber at the base of the crust, and, while crystallizing, assimilating large amounts of crust.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This small addendum explains both the isotopic characteristics and certain other chemical niceties of Proterozoic anorthosite. However, at least one researcher has cogently argued, on the basis of geochemical data, that the mantle's role in production of anorthosites must actually be very limited: the mantle provides only the impetus (heat) for crustal melting, and a small amount of partial melt in the form of basaltic magma. Thus anorthosites are, in this view, derived almost entirely from lower crustal melts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lunar_anorthosite">Lunar anorthosite</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lunar anorthosite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, anorthosite is the dominant rock type of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar highlands">lunar highlands</a> which covers ~80% of the lunar surface. Lunar anorthosite is characterized as <a href="/wiki/Ferroan_anorthosite" title="Ferroan anorthosite">ferroan anorthosite</a> (FAN), or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_anorthosite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium anorthosite (page does not exist)">magnesium anorthosite</a> (MAN).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pristine lunar FAN is some of the oldest lunar rock and the original <a href="/wiki/Cumulate_rock" title="Cumulate rock">cumulate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean" title="Lunar magma ocean">lunar magma ocean</a>, with the Mg-suite forming from later impacts and plutonism.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, debate exists on the magma ocean fractionation complicated by surface impact mixing with evidence potentially indicating MAN being older and more primitive.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lunar anorthosite is associated with two other rock types: <a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">norite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">troctolite</a>. Together, they comprise the "ANT" suite of moon rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archean_anorthosites">Archean anorthosites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Archean anorthosites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archean anorthosites represent the second largest anorthosite deposits on Earth. Most have been dated between 3,200 and 2,800 Ma, and commonly associated with basalts and/or greenstone belts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archean anorthosites are distinct texturally and mineralogically from Proterozoic anorthosite bodies. Their most characteristic feature is the presence of equant, euhedral megacrysts (up to 30 cm) of plagioclase surrounded by a fine-grained mafic groundmass. The plagioclase in these anorthosites is commonly An80-90. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_value">Economic value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary economic value of anorthosite bodies is the <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>-bearing oxide <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>. However, some <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> anorthosite bodies have large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">labradorite</a>, which is quarried for its value as both a <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a> and a building material. Archean anorthosites, because they are <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>-rich, have large amounts of aluminium substituting for <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>; a few of these bodies are mined as <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a> of aluminium. </p><p>Anorthosite was prominently represented in rock samples brought back from the Moon, and is important in investigations of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_development_on_anorthosite">Soil development on anorthosite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soil development on anorthosite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Adirondack Mountains, soils on anorthositic rock tend to be stony loamy sand with classic <a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">podzol</a> profile development usually evident.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Mountains" title="San Gabriel Mountains">San Gabriel Mountains</a>, soils on anorthosite have a dominance of 1:1 clay minerals (kaolinite and halloysite) in contrast to more mafic rock over which 2:1 clays develop.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anorthosit_fin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anorthosite from southern Finland"><img alt="Anorthosite from southern Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Anorthosit_fin.jpg/189px-Anorthosit_fin.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Anorthosit_fin.jpg/284px-Anorthosit_fin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Anorthosit_fin.jpg/379px-Anorthosit_fin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6603" data-file-height="4189" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Anorthosite from southern Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labradoryt_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anorthosite from Poland"><img alt="Anorthosite from Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Labradoryt_1.JPG/150px-Labradoryt_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Labradoryt_1.JPG/225px-Labradoryt_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Labradoryt_1.JPG/300px-Labradoryt_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2177" data-file-height="1745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Anorthosite from Poland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anorthosite from the Moon, the Apollo 15 "Genesis Rock""><img alt="Anorthosite from the Moon, the Apollo 15 "Genesis Rock"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg/120px-Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg/180px-Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg/240px-Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Anorthosite from the Moon, the Apollo 15 "<a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a>"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">List of rock types</a> – List of rock types recognized by geologists</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSen2014" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Gautam (2014). "Anorthosites and Komatiites". <i>Petrology</i>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. <span class="nowrap">261–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-38800-2_12">10.1007/978-3-642-38800-2_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642387999" title="Special:BookSources/9783642387999"><bdi>9783642387999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anorthosites+and+Komatiites&rft.btitle=Petrology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-38800-2_12&rft.isbn=9783642387999&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Gautam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshwal2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ashwal, L. D. (2010). 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(1993). <i>Anorthosites</i>. Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Berlin Heidelberg</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642774409" title="Special:BookSources/9783642774409"><bdi>9783642774409</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/851768311">851768311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anorthosites&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F851768311&rft.isbn=9783642774409&rft.aulast=Ashwal&rft.aufirst=Lewis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html">PSRD: The Oldest Moon Rocks</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mars2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mars2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterPouletFlahautOdy2012" class="citation web cs1">Carter, J.; Poulet, F.; Flahaut, J.; Ody, A. (2012-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.P44A..07C/abstract">"Detection of anorthosite rocks on Mars"</a>. <i>American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2012, abstract id.P44A-07</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Geophysical+Union%2C+Fall+Meeting+2012%2C+abstract+id.P44A-07&rft.atitle=Detection+of+anorthosite+rocks+on+Mars&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Poulet%2C+F.&rft.au=Flahaut%2C+J.&rft.au=Ody%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2012AGUFM.P44A..07C%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/moon-mission-labrador-1.6158460">"This moon mission is landing in Labrador's Mistastin Lake crater"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831093125/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/moon-mission-labrador-1.6158460">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=This+moon+mission+is+landing+in+Labrador%27s+Mistastin+Lake+crater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fmoon-mission-labrador-1.6158460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen1917" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen, N.L. 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(2014). "Pyroxene megacrysts in Proterozoic anorthosites: Implications for tectonic setting, magma source and magmatic processes at the Moho". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>389</b>: <span class="nowrap">74–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014E&PSL.389...74B">2014E&PSL.389...74B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2013.12.015">10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Pyroxene+megacrysts+in+Proterozoic+anorthosites%3A+Implications+for+tectonic+setting%2C+magma+source+and+magmatic+processes+at+the+Moho&rft.volume=389&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2013.12.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014E%26PSL.389...74B&rft.aulast=Bybee&rft.aufirst=G.M.&rft.au=Ashwal%2C+L.D.&rft.au=Shirey%2C+S.B.&rft.au=Horan%2C+M.&rft.au=Mock%2C+T.&rft.au=Andersen%2C+T.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVander_AuweraCharlierDuchesneBingen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Vander Auwera, Jacqueline; Charlier, Bernard; Duchesne, Jean Clair; Bingen, Bernard; Longhi, John; Bolle, Olivier (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/170510">"Comment on Bybee et al. (2014): Pyroxene megacrysts in Proterozoic anorthosites: Implications for tectonic setting, magma source and magmatic processes at the Moho"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>401</b>: <span class="nowrap">378–</span>380. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014E&PSL.401..378V">2014E&PSL.401..378V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2014.06.031">10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.031</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2268%2F170510">2268/170510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Comment+on+Bybee+et+al.+%282014%29%3A+Pyroxene+megacrysts+in+Proterozoic+anorthosites%3A+Implications+for+tectonic+setting%2C+magma+source+and+magmatic+processes+at+the+Moho&rft.volume=401&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E378-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2268%2F170510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2014.06.031&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014E%26PSL.401..378V&rft.aulast=Vander+Auwera&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Charlier%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Duchesne%2C+Jean+Clair&rft.au=Bingen%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Longhi%2C+John&rft.au=Bolle%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbi.uliege.be%2Fhandle%2F2268%2F170510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longhi <i>et al.</i> (1993); Emslie (1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Xue and Morse, (1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiebe1979-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiebe1979_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiebe,_Robert_A.1979" class="citation journal cs1">Wiebe, Robert A. (1979). "Anorthositic dikes, southern Nain complex, Labrador". <i>American Journal of Science</i>. <b>279</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">394–</span>410. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979AmJS..279..394W">1979AmJS..279..394W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.279.4.394">10.2475/ajs.279.4.394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Anorthositic+dikes%2C+southern+Nain+complex%2C+Labrador&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E394-%3C%2Fspan%3E410&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2475%2Fajs.279.4.394&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979AmJS..279..394W&rft.au=Wiebe%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emslie <i>et al.</i> (1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bédard (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heiken, Vaniman & French (1991) "Lunar Sourcebook A User’s Guide to the Moon", Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521--33444-6, page 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Torcivia & Neal (2022) "Unraveling the Components Within Apollo 16 Ferroan Anorthosite Suite Cataclastic Anorthosite Sample 60025: Implications for the Lunar Magma Ocean Model", Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, volume 127, e2020JE006799. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006799">https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006799</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Takeda et al. (2006) "Magnesian anorthosites and a deep crustal rock from the farside crust of the moon", Earth and Planetary Science Letters, volume 247, pp. 171–184. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.004">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Geologic History of the Moon", USGS Professional Paper 1348. (1987) page 140. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1348/report.pdf">https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1348/report.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoffler et al.(1980) "Recommended classification and nomenclature of lunar highland rocks – a committee report" Proc.Conf. Lunar Highlands Crust. pp. 51–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SANTANONI.html">https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SANTANONI.html</a> National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A. Official Series Description Santanoni Soil</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamHerbertErvin1988" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, R. C.; Herbert, B. E.; Ervin, J. O. (1988). "Mineralogy and Incipient Pedogenesis of Entisols in Anorthosite Terrane of the San Gabriel Mountains, California". <i>Soil Science Society of America Journal</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988SSASJ..52..738G">1988SSASJ..52..738G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj1988.03615995005200030026x">10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200030026x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=Mineralogy+and+Incipient+Pedogenesis+of+Entisols+in+Anorthosite+Terrane+of+the+San+Gabriel+Mountains%2C+California&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=738&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj1988.03615995005200030026x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988SSASJ..52..738G&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft.au=Herbert%2C+B.+E.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBédard2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bédard, Jean H. 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"Parental magmas of the Nain Plutonic Suite anorthosites and mafic cumulates: a trace element modelling approach". <i>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology</i>. <b>141</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">747–</span>771. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001CoMP..141..747B">2001CoMP..141..747B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004100100268">10.1007/s004100100268</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129715859">129715859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Mineralogy+and+Petrology&rft.atitle=Parental+magmas+of+the+Nain+Plutonic+Suite+anorthosites+and+mafic+cumulates%3A+a+trace+element+modelling+approach&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E747-%3C%2Fspan%3E771&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129715859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs004100100268&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001CoMP..141..747B&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9dard&rft.aufirst=Jean+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmslie1975" class="citation journal cs1">Emslie, R. F. (1 May 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canmin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/138">"Pyroxene megacrysts from anorthositic rocks: new clues to the sources and evolution of the parent magmas"</a>. <i>Canadian Mineralogist</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">138–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4476">0008-4476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=Pyroxene+megacrysts+from+anorthositic+rocks%3A+new+clues+to+the+sources+and+evolution+of+the+parent+magmas&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=1975-05-01&rft.issn=0008-4476&rft.aulast=Emslie&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanmin.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F13%2F2%2F138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmslieStirling,_J._A._R.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Emslie, R. F.; Stirling, J. A. R. (1 December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canmin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/4/821">"Rapakivi and related granitoids of the Nain Plutonic Suite: geochemistry, mineral assemblages and fluid equilibria"</a>. <i>Canadian Mineralogist</i>. <b>31</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">821–</span>847. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4476">0008-4476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=Rapakivi+and+related+granitoids+of+the+Nain+Plutonic+Suite%3A+geochemistry%2C+mineral+assemblages+and+fluid+equilibria&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E821-%3C%2Fspan%3E847&rft.date=1993-12-01&rft.issn=0008-4476&rft.aulast=Emslie&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rft.au=Stirling%2C+J.+A.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanmin.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F31%2F4%2F821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmslieHamilton,_M._A.Theriault,_R._J.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Emslie, R. F.; Hamilton, M. A.; Theriault, R. J. (1994). 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(1 October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ammin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/78/9-10/1016">"Pressure effects, kinetics, and rheology of anorthositic and related magmas"</a>. <i>American Mineralogist</i>. <b>78</b> (<span class="nowrap">9–</span>10): <span class="nowrap">1016–</span>1030.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=Pressure+effects%2C+kinetics%2C+and+rheology+of+anorthositic+and+related+magmas&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1016-%3C%2Fspan%3E1030&rft.date=1993-10-01&rft.aulast=Longhi&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Fram%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=Vander+Auwera%2C+J.&rft.au=Montieth%2C+J.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fammin.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F78%2F9-10%2F1016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormanBorg,_L._E.Nyquist,_L._E.Bogard,_D._D.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Norman, M. D.; Borg, L. E.; Nyquist, L. E.; Bogard, D. D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2003.tb00031.x">"Chronology, geochemistry, and petrology of a ferroan noritic anorthosite clast from Descartes breccia 67215: Clues to the age, origin, structure, and impact history of the lunar crust"</a>. <i>Meteoritics and Planetary Science</i>. <b>38</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">645–</span>661. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003M&PS...38..645N">2003M&PS...38..645N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2003.tb00031.x">10.1111/j.1945-5100.2003.tb00031.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteoritics+and+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=Chronology%2C+geochemistry%2C+and+petrology+of+a+ferroan+noritic+anorthosite+clast+from+Descartes+breccia+67215%3A+Clues+to+the+age%2C+origin%2C+structure%2C+and+impact+history+of+the+lunar+crust&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E645-%3C%2Fspan%3E661&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2003.tb00031.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003M%26PS...38..645N&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft.au=Borg%2C+L.+E.&rft.au=Nyquist%2C+L.+E.&rft.au=Bogard%2C+D.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1945-5100.2003.tb00031.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodDickey,_J._S._Jr.Marvin,_U._B.Powell,_B._N.1970" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, J. A.; Dickey, J. S. Jr.; Marvin, U. B.; Powell, B. N. (1970). "Lunar Anorthosites". <i>Science</i>. <b>167</b> (3918): <span class="nowrap">602–</span>604. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Sci...167..602W">1970Sci...167..602W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.167.3918.602">10.1126/science.167.3918.602</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17781512">17781512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20153077">20153077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Lunar+Anorthosites&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=3918&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E602-%3C%2Fspan%3E604&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.167.3918.602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20153077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17781512&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970Sci...167..602W&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Dickey%2C+J.+S.+Jr.&rft.au=Marvin%2C+U.+B.&rft.au=Powell%2C+B.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXueMorse,_S._A.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Xue, S.; Morse, S. A. (1993). "Geochemistry of the Nain massif anorthosite, Labrador: Magma diversity in five intrusions". <i>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</i>. <b>57</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">3925–</span>3948. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993GeCoA..57.3925X">1993GeCoA..57.3925X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2893%2990344-V">10.1016/0016-7037(93)90344-V</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Geochemistry+of+the+Nain+massif+anorthosite%2C+Labrador%3A+Magma+diversity+in+five+intrusions&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3925-%3C%2Fspan%3E3948&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-7037%2893%2990344-V&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993GeCoA..57.3925X&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Morse%2C+S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXueMorse,_S._A.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Xue, S.; Morse, S. A. (1994). "Chemical characteristics of plagioclase and pyroxene megacrysts and their significance to the petrogenesis of the Nain Anorthosites". <i>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</i>. <b>58</b> (20): <span class="nowrap">4317–</span>4331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994GeCoA..58.4317X">1994GeCoA..58.4317X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2894%2990336-0">10.1016/0016-7037(94)90336-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Chemical+characteristics+of+plagioclase+and+pyroxene+megacrysts+and+their+significance+to+the+petrogenesis+of+the+Nain+Anorthosites&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4317-%3C%2Fspan%3E4331&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-7037%2894%2990336-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994GeCoA..58.4317X&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Morse%2C+S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnorthosite" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorthosite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603202102/http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/GSC433/Anorthosite.htm">Anorthosite Complexes (web archive)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030803044908/http://wwwdsa.uqac.uquebec.ca/~mhiggins/alma.htm">How does anorthosite crystallize?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003NE/finalprogram/abstract_51333.htm">History of the Emplacement and Deformation of Anorthosite Bodies in the Eastern Marcy Massif, Adirondacks Mountains, New York</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514135547/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003NE/finalprogram/abstract_51333.htm">Archived</a> 2011-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031012172703/http://www.nasm.si.edu/galleries/attm/wl.an.2.html">Anorthosite – Lunar Highland Rock</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cas.usf.edu/~jryan/60025.html">Lunar Anorthosite Specimen 60025 Photomicrographs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~sprague/planatmos/mid_ir.html">Mercury – Evidence for Anorthosite and Basalt from mid-Infrared Spectroscopy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox418" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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