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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>White monopoly capital</b> is a term that originated in South Africa and is often used to describe a perceived concentration of <a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">economic power</a> and wealth among <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White South Africans</a>. It suggests that a small number of white-owned businesses (in an <a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a>) dominate various sectors of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="South African economy">South African economy</a>, thereby controlling significant resources and influencing economic policies to their advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term gained prominence during the <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">anti-apartheid struggle</a> in South Africa and has continued to be debated and discussed in political and economic circles.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the concept argue that historical factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid policy">apartheid policies</a> that favored white individuals and businesses, have led to an enduring <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_South_Africa" title="Wealth inequality in South Africa">wealth inequality in South Africa</a>. They believe that white-owned businesses continue to hold a disproportionate share of wealth and resources, impeding the economic empowerment of the majority black population. </p><p>Critics of the term, however, argue that it oversimplifies the complex dynamics of economic power and can perpetuate racial divisions. They argue that the South African economy has become more diversified since the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Apartheid">end of apartheid</a>, with significant <a href="/wiki/Black_economic_empowerment" class="mw-redirect" title="Black economic empowerment">Black Economic Empowerment</a> initiatives and the rise of a black middle class. They also note that the concept of "white monopoly capital" fails to acknowledge the growing number of black-owned businesses and the role they play in the economy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_phrase">History of the phrase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_monopoly_capital&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the phrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic Christopher Malikane claims that the phrase ‘white monopoly capital’ has been used many times by South African politicians and dates back to the early 1950s during the liberation struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase gained contemporary notoriety when it gained widespread use in 2016. Former president Jacob Zuma used the term to reject calls for him to step down as president amidst corruption allegations against him involving his relationship to the controversial <a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a>. Zuma stated that a “big business” and a “foreign chamber” were calling for his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics of the term have claimed that it is not known who or what the phrase actually refers to<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its existence is disputed (by former South African finance minister <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Manuel" title="Trevor Manuel">Trevor Manual</a>, former president <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Gauteng branch of the ANC).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the term such as Pieter Bosch Botha, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Black_First_Land_First" title="Black First Land First">Black First Land First</a> argue that, despite Bell Pottinger's campaign, 'white monopoly capital' does exist in modern day South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 March 2017, the South African <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Times (South Africa)">Sunday Times</a></i> alleged that public relations agency <a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a> was behind a social media strategy, using fake bloggers, commentators and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter users</a>, in an attempt to influence public opinion and sow racial division in South Africa, as well as targeting media and personalities that were opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-Skiti-19Mar2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skiti-19Mar2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was also used in a <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> campaign by levelling accusations against government ministers regarded as hostile to Gupta interests, notably then Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Pravin_Gordhan" title="Pravin Gordhan">Pravin Gordhan</a>, by accusing them of promoting state capture for "<i>white monopoly capital</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South African academic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Southall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Southall (page does not exist)">Roger Southall</a> argues that although the term is "bad sociology, worse economics" its use in South African politics is useful as a reminder of the extremes of racialised economic inequality in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bell_Pottinger_campaign">Bell Pottinger campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_monopoly_capital&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bell Pottinger campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger#Activities_in_South_Africa" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell_Pottinger § Activities_in_South_Africa</a></div> <p>The aim of the campaign was to portray the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a> as victims of a conspiracy involving 'white monopoly capital'<sup id="cite_ref-Citizen-2Apr2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizen-2Apr2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Citizen-4Apr2017_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizen-4Apr2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to deflect accusations and evidence of their client's involvement in corruption and <a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">state capture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to suggest that ‘white monopoly capital’ is actively blocking transformation in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The allegations were denied by Victoria Geoghegan, a partner and director at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skiti-19Mar2017_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skiti-19Mar2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Citizen-2Apr2017_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citizen-2Apr2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 April 2017, it was reported that Bell Pottinger had dropped the Gupta family as a client,<sup id="cite_ref-ftOakbay_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ftOakbay-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having previously been paid around £100,000 per month,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reportedly citing "threatening" social media attacks and "insulting" allegations that it had incited racial tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-PRWeek-13Apr2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRWeek-13Apr2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Guptaleaks">The Guptaleaks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_monopoly_capital&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Guptaleaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pottinger's involvement with the Gupta Family was further highlighted in June 2017 when South African newspapers <i>The Citizen</i> and <i>Sunday Times</i> published several emails, allegedly between former South African President <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a>'s son, <a href="/wiki/Duduzane_Zuma" title="Duduzane Zuma">Duduzane Zuma</a> (and a close Gupta comrade) and Bell Pottinger, pointing to a ‘dirty’ public relations smear battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson-29Jun2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-29Jun2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They proposed that Hamza Farooqui (MD of WorldSpace in South Africa, and a partner to Gupta associate Salim Essa) would blame the former South African Deputy Finance Minister, Mr <a href="/wiki/Mcebisi_Jonas" title="Mcebisi Jonas">Mcebisi Jonas</a>, of dishonesty and corruption. This alleged ‘dirty’ statement was formed by Bell Pottinger employee, Nick Lambert. The statement was earmarked for release soon after Mr Jonas said that he was offered a bribe by a Gupta family member to betray his boss, Pravin Gordhan. Mr Jonas denied this bribe and instead made a public announcement. The ‘dirty’ statement was never released after legal concerns were raised by Bell Pottinger's Victoria Geoghegan. Nick Lambert, senior advisor at Bell Pottinger, was also said to have prepared "key moments" for a speech by <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">ANC Youth League</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Collen_Maine" title="Collen Maine">Collen Maine</a>. The speech included a quote "Those who want to disrupt the State of the Nation speech must prepare themselves for a civil war." Bell Pottinger initially denied any allegations of wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-STSA-4Jul2017_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STSA-4Jul2017-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_consequences_for_Bell_Pottinger">The consequences for Bell Pottinger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_monopoly_capital&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The consequences for Bell Pottinger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bell Pottinger founder <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Bell,_Baron_Bell" title="Timothy Bell, Baron Bell">Lord Bell</a> was said to have "left his own firm with key staff members, in apparent disgust over the plan";<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell confirmed in July 2017 that the Oakbay actions had been a factor in his August 2016 departure.<sup id="cite_ref-PRWeek-11Jul2017_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRWeek-11Jul2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2017 the South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> criticised the country’s tourism board for working with Bell Pottinger "at the same time as the Guptas were paying them [Bell Pottinger] to sow division in South Africa" (the tourist board contract had been terminated, with the board denying this was for political reasons).<sup id="cite_ref-Cotterill-30June2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotterill-30June2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democratic Alliance also complained about Bell Pottinger's actions to two UK PR bodies, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Relations_and_Communications_Association" title="Public Relations and Communications Association">Public Relations and Communications Association</a> (PRCA) and the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Public_Relations" title="Chartered Institute of Public Relations">Chartered Institute of Public Relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DA-2June2017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA-2June2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DA spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Phumzile_van_Damme" class="mw-redirect" title="Phumzile van Damme">Phumzile van Damme</a> said Bell Pottinger tried to divide and conquer South Africans by abusing racial tensions in a bid to keep controversial former South African President Jacob Zuma and his party, the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC), in power despite ongoing reports of "State Capture" by the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-STSA-4Jul2017_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STSA-4Jul2017-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 July, the PRCA acknowledged receipt of the Democratic Alliance's complaint,<sup id="cite_ref-STSA-4Jul2017_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STSA-4Jul2017-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 13 July said it had also received written observations in response from Bell Pottinger.<sup id="cite_ref-PRCA-13July2017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRCA-13July2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 June 2017, Bell Pottinger announced that it was hiring <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Smith_Freehills" title="Herbert Smith Freehills">Herbert Smith Freehills</a> to review its dealing with Oakbay Investments in light of the allegations made against Bell Pottinger that it intentionally aggravated racial tensions in South Africa in an effort to deflect attention away from its client.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotterill-30June2017_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotterill-30June2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 July 2017 Bell Pottinger CEO <a href="/wiki/James_Henderson_(businessman)" title="James Henderson (businessman)">James Henderson</a> issued an apology<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and announced that it had "dismissed the lead partner involved [in the Oakbay portfolio] and suspended another partner and two employees so that [they] can determine their precise role in what took place."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dixon-11Jul2017_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon-11Jul2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This came following initial findings from the Herbert Smith Freehills investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dismissed lead partner was Victoria Geoghegan.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRWeek-06Jul2017_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRWeek-06Jul2017-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_monopoly_capital&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOlifant" class="citation web cs1">Olifant, Nathi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2017/03/11/what-exactly-is-white-monopoly-capital-mzwanele-manyi-offers-a-definition">"What exactly is 'white 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeslive.co.za&rft.atitle=Bell+Pottinger+fires+lead+partner+and+suspends+three+other+employees+over+Gupta+account&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeslive.co.za%2Fpolitics%2F2017-07-06-bell-pottinger-fires-lead-partner-and-suspends-three-other-employees-over-gupta-account%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+monopoly+capital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotterill2017" class="citation web cs1">Cotterill, Joseph (6 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170706213852/https://www.ft.com/content/f8271e3e-dd3a-3503-bcfd-e30f9465aa21?mhq5j=e2">"Public relations firm Bell Pottinger apologises over Gupta contract"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/f8271e3e-dd3a-3503-bcfd-e30f9465aa21?mhq5j=e2">the original</a> on 6 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Public+relations+firm+Bell+Pottinger+apologises+over+Gupta+contract&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.aulast=Cotterill&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Ff8271e3e-dd3a-3503-bcfd-e30f9465aa21%3Fmhq5j%3De2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+monopoly+capital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon-11Jul2017-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon-11Jul2017_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2017" class="citation news cs1">Dixon, Robyn (11 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-south-africa-apartheid-campaign-2017-story.html">"How a London PR firm was forced to apologize for sowing racial division in South Africa"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=How+a+London+PR+firm+was+forced+to+apologize+for+sowing+racial+division+in+South+Africa&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fla-fg-south-africa-apartheid-campaign-2017-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+monopoly+capital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fin24.com/fin24/Companies/Investment-Holdings/crunch-time-for-bellpottinger-over-dirty-tricks-for-guptas-oakbay-20170706">"Crunch time for #BellPottinger over dirty tricks for Guptas' Oakbay"</a>. <i>News24.co.za</i>. 6 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24.co.za&rft.atitle=Crunch+time+for+%23BellPottinger+over+dirty+tricks+for+Guptas%27+Oakbay&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fin24.com%2Ffin24%2FCompanies%2FInvestment-Holdings%2Fcrunch-time-for-bellpottinger-over-dirty-tricks-for-guptas-oakbay-20170706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+monopoly+capital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRWeek-06Jul2017-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRWeek-06Jul2017_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2017" class="citation news cs1">James, Sam Burne (6 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prweek.com/article/1438783/bell-pottinger-fires-partner-apologises-economic-emancipation-narrative-south-african-client">"Bell Pottinger fires partner and apologises over 'economic emancipation' narrative for South African client"</a>. <i>PR Week</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PR+Week&rft.atitle=Bell+Pottinger+fires+partner+and+apologises+over+%27economic+emancipation%27+narrative+for+South+African+client&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Sam+Burne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prweek.com%2Farticle%2F1438783%2Fbell-pottinger-fires-partner-apologises-economic-emancipation-narrative-south-african-client&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+monopoly+capital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template talk:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Eastern_Cape" title="Politics of the Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)#Law_and_government" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauteng#Law_and_government" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal#Law_and_government" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Limpopo" title="Politics of Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mpumalanga" title="Politics of Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)#Law_and_government" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Northern_Cape" title="Politics of the Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Politics of the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Political movements in South Africa">Political<br />movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_resistance_to_war" title="South African resistance to war">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_South_Africa" title="Federalism in South Africa">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-racialism" title="Non-racialism">Non-racialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_South_Africa" title="Trotskyism in South Africa">Trotskyism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_political_parties" title="Template:South Africa political parties">South Africa political parties</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">political<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AfriForum" title="AfriForum">AfriForum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikanerbond" title="Afrikanerbond">Afrikanerbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a> (AWB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Traditional_Leaders_of_South_Africa" title="Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa">Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa</a> (CONTRALESA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Students" title="Congress of South African Students">Congress of South African Students</a> (COSAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlife_Africa" title="Earthlife Africa">Earthlife Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Left_(South_Africa)" title="Keep Left (South Africa)">Keep Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanya_College" title="Khanya College">Khanya College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Alert" title="Koeberg Alert">Koeberg Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_and_Gay_Equality_Project" title="Lesbian and Gay Equality Project">Lesbian and Gay Equality Project</a> (LGEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">People Against Gangsterism and Drugs</a> (PAGAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Liberal_Students%27_Association" title="South African Liberal Students' Association">South African Liberal Students' Association</a> (SALSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students_Congress" title="South African Students Congress">South African Students Congress</a> (SASCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_South_African_Wine_Initiative" title="The South African Wine Initiative">South African Wine Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabalaza_Anarchist_Communist_Front" title="Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front">Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front</a> (ZACF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Trade_unions_in_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template:Trade unions in South Africa navbox">South Africa trade unions</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Education" title="Equal Education">Equal Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela_Park_Backyarders" title="Mandela Park Backyarders">Mandela Park Backyarders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Suffering,_Oppression_and_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty">People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty</a> (PASSOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Alliance" title="Poor People's Alliance">Poor People's Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landless_Peoples_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Landless Peoples Movement">Landless Peoples Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaign" title="Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign">Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_The_City" title="Reclaim The City">Reclaim the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_Coalition_(South_Africa)" title="Social Justice Coalition (South Africa)">Social Justice Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Unemployed_Peoples%27_Movement" title="South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement">Unemployed Peoples' Movement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:SA_law" title="Template:SA law">South African law</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media_in_South_Africa" title="Alternative media in South Africa">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania#South_Africa" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Don%27t)_touch_me_on_my_studio" title="(Don't) touch me on my studio">(Don't) touch me on my studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proudly_South_African" title="Proudly South African">Proudly South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_nation" title="Rainbow nation">Rainbow nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaming in South Africa">Renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenderpreneur" title="Tenderpreneur">Tenderpreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyi-toyi" title="Toyi-toyi">Toyi-toyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (philosophy)">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnFreedom_Day" title="UnFreedom Day">UnFreedom Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White monopoly capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungovernability" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungovernability">Ungovernability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Indian sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li></ul></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Amandla_(power)" title="Amandla (power)">Amandla Ngawethu!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!" title="No Land! No House! No Vote!">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubul%27_ibhunu" title="Dubul' ibhunu">"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Settler,_One_Bullet" title="One Settler, One Bullet">One Settler, One Bullet</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each_one_teach_one" title="Each one teach one">"Each One, Teach One"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and<br />periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Communist" title="African Communist">African Communist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amandla_(magazine)" title="Amandla (magazine)">Amandla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biko_(book)" title="Biko (book)">Biko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Write_What_I_Like" title="I Write What I Like">I Write What I Like</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Long Walk to Freedom">Long Walk to Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molotov_Cocktail_(magazine)" title="Molotov Cocktail (magazine)">Molotov Cocktail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!_(book)" title="No Land! No House! No Vote! (book)">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-toll_(South_Africa)" title="E-toll (South Africa)">e-tolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks" title="South African farm attacks">Farm attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_brokering" title="Labour brokering">Labour brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_occupations_in_South_Africa" title="List of land occupations in South Africa">Land occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa">Legacies of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindela_Repatriation_Centre" title="Lindela Repatriation Centre">Lindela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">Phala Phala robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_assassinations_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political assassinations in post-apartheid South Africa">Political assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest in South Africa">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shack_fires_in_South_Africa" title="Shack fires in South Africa">Shack fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_South_Africa" title="Terrorism in South Africa">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)#Post_1994_use" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Politics of South Africa">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_monopoly_capital&oldid=1234633861">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_monopoly_capital&oldid=1234633861</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Economy of South Africa">Economy of South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terminology_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Political terminology in South Africa">Political terminology in South Africa</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 July 2024, at 10:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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