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id="toc-Early_descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Archaeological surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Coles Creek culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coles_Creek_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mississippian_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mississippian_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mississippian cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mississippian_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fort_Ancient_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fort_Ancient_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fort Ancient culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fort_Ancient_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaquemine_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaquemine_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Plaquemine culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaquemine_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disappearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disappearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Disappearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disappearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacre_and_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre_and_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Massacre and revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre_and_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudoarchaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoarchaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pseudoarchaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pseudoarchaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pseudoarchaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pseudoarchaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_myth_of_the_Mound_Builders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_myth_of_the_Mound_Builders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The myth of the Mound Builders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_myth_of_the_Mound_Builders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newark_Holy_Stone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newark_Holy_Stone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Newark Holy Stone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newark_Holy_Stone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Giants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Walam_Olum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walam_Olum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.1</span> <span>Walam Olum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walam_Olum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mound Builders" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="بناة الروابي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بناة الروابي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4%CD%98-tun_Ki%C3%A0n-ch%C5%8D-chi%C3%A1" title="Thô͘-tun Kiàn-chō-chiá – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thô͘-tun Kiàn-chō-chiá" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higlbaua_(Voik)" title="Higlbaua (Voik) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Higlbaua (Voik)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_dels_monticles" title="Cultura dels monticles – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura dels monticles" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moundbuilders" title="Moundbuilders – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moundbuilders" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturas_de_los_constructores_de_mont%C3%ADculos" title="Culturas de los constructores de montículos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Culturas de los constructores de montículos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montetuloj" title="Montetuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Montetuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muino_egileak" title="Muino egileak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Muino egileak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پشته‌سازان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پشته‌سازان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mound Builders" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mound Builders" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mound Builders" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mound Builders" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construtores_de_Mont%C3%ADculos" title="Construtores de Montículos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Construtores de Montículos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Строители курганов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Строители курганов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_builders" title="Mound builders – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mound builders" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graditelji_gomil" title="Graditelji gomil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Graditelji gomil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjois-Amerikan_kummunrakentajat" title="Pohjois-Amerikan kummunrakentajat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjois-Amerikan kummunrakentajat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Будівельники курганів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Будівельники курганів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AF%89%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%BA" title="築丘人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="築丘人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q262714#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="View the 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_builder_(people)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">Mound builder (people)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pre-Columbian cultures of North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mound_builder_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mound builder (disambiguation)">Mound builder (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/220px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/330px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/440px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a>, built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 950–1100 CE</span> and located at the <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia Mounds</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> near <a href="/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois" title="Collinsville, Illinois">Collinsville, Illinois</a>, is the largest <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthwork</a> in America north of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> cultures in North America were collectively termed "<b>Mound Builders</b>", but the term has no formal meaning. It does not refer to specific people or archaeological culture but refers to the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mound</a> earthworks that indigenous peoples erected for an extended period of more than 5,000 years. The "Mound Builder" cultures span the period of roughly 3500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Watson_Brake" title="Watson Brake">Watson Brake</a>) to the 16th century CE, including the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a>), <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopewell culture">Hopewell cultures</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian period</a>. Geographically, the cultures were present in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> Valley, Florida, and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> Valley and its tributary waters.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first mound building was an early marker of political and social complexity among the cultures in the Eastern United States. <a href="/wiki/Watson_Brake" title="Watson Brake">Watson Brake</a> in Louisiana, constructed about 3500 BCE during the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Middle Archaic period</a>, is the oldest known and dated mound complex in North America. It is one of 11 mound complexes from this period found in the Lower Mississippi Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cultures generally had developed hierarchical societies that had an elite. These commanded hundreds or even thousands of workers to dig up tons of earth with the hand tools available, move the soil long distances, and finally, workers to create the shape with layers of soil as directed by the builders. However early mounds found in Louisiana preceded such cultures and were products of hunter-gatherer cultures. </p><p>From about 800 CE, the mound-building cultures were dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>, a large archaeological horizon, whose youngest descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ancient culture">Fort Ancient culture</a>, were still active at the time of European contact in the 16th century. One tribe of the Fort Ancient culture has been identified as the <a href="/wiki/Mosopelea" title="Mosopelea">Mosopelea</a>, presumably of southeast Ohio, who spoke an <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Siouan_languages" title="Ohio Valley Siouan languages">Ohio Valley Siouan language</a>. The bearers of the Plaquemine culture were presumably speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a> language isolate. The first written description of these cultures were made by members of Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a>'s expedition, between 1540 and 1542. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mounds">Mounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippian_culture_mound_components_HRoe_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mississippian_culture_mound_components_HRoe_2011.jpg/220px-Mississippian_culture_mound_components_HRoe_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mississippian_culture_mound_components_HRoe_2011.jpg/330px-Mississippian_culture_mound_components_HRoe_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mississippian_culture_mound_components_HRoe_2011.jpg/440px-Mississippian_culture_mound_components_HRoe_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>A mound diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">platform mound</a> showing the multiple layers of mound construction, mound structures such as temples or mortuaries, ramps with log stairs, and prior structures under later layers, multiple terraces, and intrusive burials</figcaption></figure> <p>The namesake cultural trait of the Mound Builders was the building of mounds and other earthworks. These burial and ceremonial structures were typically <a href="/wiki/Frustum" title="Frustum">flat-topped pyramids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">platform mounds</a>, flat-topped or rounded cones, elongated ridges, and sometimes a variety of other forms. They were generally built as part of complex villages. The early earthworks built in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> around 3500 BCE are the only ones known to have been built by a hunter-gatherer culture, rather than a more settled culture based on agricultural surpluses. </p><p>The best-known flat-topped pyramidal structure is <a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois" title="Collinsville, Illinois">Collinsville, Illinois</a>. This community was the center of the Mississippian culture. This mound appears to have been the main ceremonial and residential mound for the religious and political leaders; it is more than 100 feet (30 m) tall and is the largest pre-Columbian earthwork north of Mexico. This site had numerous mounds, some with conical or ridge tops, as well as palisaded stockades protecting the large settlement and elite quarter. At its maximum about 1150 CE, Cahokia was an urban settlement with 20,000–30,000 people. This population was not exceeded by North American European settlements until after 1800. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif/220px-Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif/330px-Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif/440px-Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a> in southern Ohio, as published in the magazine <i>The Century</i>, April 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mounds</a> were constructed in the shapes or outlines of culturally significant animals. The most famous effigy mound, <a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a> in southern Ohio, ranges from 1 foot (0.30 m) to just over 3 feet (0.91 m) tall, 20 feet (6.1 m) wide, more than 1,330 feet (410 m) long, and shaped as an undulating <a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism" title="Serpent symbolism">serpent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_descriptions">Early descriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkin_Mounds_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Parkin_Mounds_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/220px-Parkin_Mounds_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Parkin_Mounds_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/330px-Parkin_Mounds_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Parkin_Mounds_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin site</a>, thought to be the capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Casqui" title="Casqui">Casqui</a> visited by de Soto</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1540 and 1542, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a>, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a>, traversed what became the southeastern United States. There he encountered many different mound-builder peoples who were perhaps descendants of the great <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>. De Soto observed people living in fortified towns with lofty <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">mounds</a> and plazas and surmised that many of the mounds served as foundations for priestly temples. Near present-day <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>, de Soto encountered a group ruled by a queen, <a href="/wiki/Cofitachequi" title="Cofitachequi">Cofitachequi</a>. She told him that the mounds within her territory served as burial places for nobles. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulletin_(1901)_(20396721516).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bulletin_%281901%29_%2820396721516%29.jpg/220px-Bulletin_%281901%29_%2820396721516%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bulletin_%281901%29_%2820396721516%29.jpg/330px-Bulletin_%281901%29_%2820396721516%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bulletin_%281901%29_%2820396721516%29.jpg/440px-Bulletin_%281901%29_%2820396721516%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption>Engraving after <a href="/wiki/Jacques_le_Moyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques le Moyne">Jacques le Moyne</a>, showing the burial of a Timucua chief</figcaption></figure> <p>The artist <a href="/wiki/Jacques_le_Moyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques le Moyne">Jacques le Moyne</a>, who had accompanied French settlers to northeastern Florida during the 1560s, likewise noted Native American groups using existing mounds and constructing others. He produced a series of watercolor paintings depicting scenes of native life. Although most of his paintings have been lost, some engravings were copied from the originals and published in 1591 by a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Flemish</a> company. Among these is a depiction of the burial of an aboriginal Floridian tribal chief, an occasion of great mourning and ceremony. The original caption reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sometimes the deceased king of this province is buried with great solemnity, and his great cup from which he was accustomed to drink is placed on a tumulus with many arrows set about it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jacques le Moyne, 1560s</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Maturin_Le_Petit" title="Maturin Le Petit">Maturin Le Petit</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest, met the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez people</a>, as did <a href="/wiki/Le_Page_du_Pratz" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Page du Pratz">Le Page du Pratz</a> (1758), a French explorer. Both observed them in the area that today is known as Mississippi. The Natchez were devout <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">worshippers of the sun</a>. Having a population of some 4,000, they occupied at least nine villages and were presided over by a <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">paramount chief</a>, known as the Great Sun, who wielded absolute power. Both observers noted the high temple mounds that the Natchez had built so that the Great Sun could commune with God, the sun. His large residence was built atop the highest mound, from "which, every morning, he greeted the rising sun, invoking thanks and blowing tobacco smoke to the four cardinal directions".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_surveys">Archaeological surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaeological surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_Works_Group_A_B_C_D_Squier_and_Davis_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Portsmouth_Works_Group_A_B_C_D_Squier_and_Davis_01.jpg/220px-Portsmouth_Works_Group_A_B_C_D_Squier_and_Davis_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Portsmouth_Works_Group_A_B_C_D_Squier_and_Davis_01.jpg/330px-Portsmouth_Works_Group_A_B_C_D_Squier_and_Davis_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Portsmouth_Works_Group_A_B_C_D_Squier_and_Davis_01.jpg/440px-Portsmouth_Works_Group_A_B_C_D_Squier_and_Davis_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_of_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley">Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The most complete reference for these earthworks is <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_of_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley">Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/E._G._Squier" title="E. G. Squier">Ephraim G. Squier</a> and Edwin H. Davis. It was published <a href="/wiki/1848_in_archaeology" title="1848 in archaeology">in 1848</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a> Institution, which had commissioned the survey. Since many of the features that the authors documented have been destroyed or diminished by farming and development, their surveys, sketches, and descriptions are still used by modern <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archaeologists</a>. All of the sites that they identified as located in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> came from the manuscripts of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Constantine Samuel Rafinesque</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaic_era">Archaic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Archaic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic period in the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg/220px-Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg/330px-Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Watson_Brake" title="Watson Brake">Watson Brake</a>, the oldest known mound complex in North America</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg/220px-Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg/330px-Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Poverty_Point_Aerial_HRoe_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Carroll_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Carroll Parish, Louisiana">West Carroll Parish, Louisiana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Radiocarbon dating has established the age of the earliest Archaic mound complex in southeastern Louisiana. One of the two Monte Sano Site mounds, excavated in 1967 before being destroyed for new construction at Baton Rouge, was dated at 6220 BP (plus or minus 140 years).<sup id="cite_ref-RSaunders_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSaunders-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers at the time thought that such hunter-gatherer societies were not organizationally capable of this type of construction.<sup id="cite_ref-RSaunders_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSaunders-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has since been dated as about 6500 BP or 4500 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although not all agree.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Watson_Brake" title="Watson Brake">Watson Brake</a> is located in the floodplain of the <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_River" title="Ouachita River">Ouachita River</a> near Monroe in northern Louisiana. Securely dated to about 5,400 years ago (around 3500 BCE), in the Middle Archaic period, it consists of a formation of 11 mounds from 3 feet (0.91 m) to 25 feet (7.6 m) tall, connected by ridges to form an oval nearly 900 feet (270 m) across.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders_2010_pp._69-76_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders_2010_pp._69-76-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Americas, the building of complex earthwork mounds started at an early date, well before the <a href="/wiki/Pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramids">pyramids</a> of Egypt were constructed. Watson Brake was being constructed nearly 2,000 years before the better-known <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a>, and the building continued for 500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders_2010_pp._69-76_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders_2010_pp._69-76-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle Archaic mound construction seems to have ceased about 2800 BCE. Scholars have not ascertained the reason, but it may have been because of changes in river patterns or other environmental factors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the 1990s dating of Watson Brake and similar complexes, scholars established that pre-agricultural, pre-ceramic American societies could organize to accomplish complex construction during extended periods, invalidating scholars' traditional ideas of Archaic society.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watson Brake was built by a hunter-gatherer society, the people of which occupied this area only on a seasonal basis. Successive generations organized to build the complex mounds over 500 years. Their food consisted mostly of fish and deer, as well as available plants. </p><p>Poverty Point, built about 1500 BCE in what is now Louisiana, is a prominent example of Late Archaic mound-builder construction (around 2500 BCE – 1000 BCE). It is a striking complex of more than 1 square mile (2.6 km<sup>2</sup>), where six earthwork crescent ridges were built in concentric arrangement, interrupted by radial aisles. Three mounds are also part of the main complex, and evidence of residences extends for about 3 miles (4.8 km) along the bank of <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Macon" title="Bayou Macon">Bayou Macon</a>. It is the major site among 100 associated with the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point culture</a> and is one of the best-known early examples of earthwork monumental architecture. Unlike the localized societies during the Middle Archaic, this culture showed evidence of a wide trading network outside its area, which is one of its distinguishing characteristics. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a>, Florida, now a gated community next to <a href="/wiki/Marco_Island,_Florida" title="Marco Island, Florida">Marco Island</a>, was excavated by Michael Russo in 1980. He found an Archaic Indian village site. Mound A was a burial mound that dated to 3400 BCE, making it the oldest known burial mound in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodland_period">Woodland period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Woodland period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg/220px-Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg/330px-Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg/440px-Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grave_Creek_Mound" title="Grave Creek Mound">Grave Creek Mound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moundsville,_West_Virginia" title="Moundsville, West Virginia">Moundsville, West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest mound associated with the Woodland period was the mortuary mound and pond complex at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a> site in Glade County, Florida. Excavations and dating in 2012 by Thompson and Pluckhahn show that work began around 2600 BCE, seven centuries before the mound-builders in Ohio. </p><p>The Archaic period was followed by the Woodland period (<i>circa</i> 1000 BCE). Some well-understood examples are the <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and parts of nearby states. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopewell culture">Hopewell culture</a> built monuments from present-day <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> to Ohio; it is renowned for its geometric earthworks. The Adena and Hopewell were not the only mound-building peoples during this period. Contemporaneous mound-building cultures existed throughout what is now the Eastern United States, stretching as far south as <a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_(Florida)" title="Crystal River (Florida)">Crystal River</a> in western Florida. During this time, in parts of present-day Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana, the Hopewellian <a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville culture</a> degenerated and was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons for degeneration include attacks from other tribes or the impact of severe climatic changes undermining agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coles_Creek_culture">Coles Creek culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coles Creek culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_Crossing_Site_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kings_Crossing_Site_HRoe_2008.jpg/220px-Kings_Crossing_Site_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kings_Crossing_Site_HRoe_2008.jpg/330px-Kings_Crossing_Site_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kings_Crossing_Site_HRoe_2008.jpg/440px-Kings_Crossing_Site_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Kings_Crossing_site" title="Kings Crossing site">Kings Crossing site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Mississippi" title="Warren County, Mississippi">Warren County, Mississippi</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek culture</a></div> <p>The Coles Creek culture is a Late Woodland culture (700–1200 CE) in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Mississippi Valley">Lower Mississippi Valley</a> in the Southern United States that marks a significant change in the cultural history of the area. Population and cultural and political complexity increased, especially by the end of the Coles Creek period. Although many of the classic traits of <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdom</a> societies had not yet developed, by 1000 CE, the formation of simple elite polities had begun. Coles Creek sites are found in Arkansas, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. The Coles Creek culture is considered ancestral to the Plaquemine culture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mississippian_cultures">Mississippian cultures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mississippian cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg/220px-Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg/330px-Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg/440px-Cahokia_Aerial_HRoe_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> with the large <a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a> in the central precinct, encircled by a palisade, surrounded by four plazas, notably the Grand Plaza to the south</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></div> <p>Around 900–1450 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> developed and spread through the Eastern United States, primarily along the river valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest regional center where the Mississippian culture was first definitely developed is located in Illinois along a tributary of the Mississippi and is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a>. It had several regional variants including the Middle Mississippian culture of Cahokia, the South Appalachian Mississippian variant at <a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah</a>, the Plaquemine Mississippian variant in south Louisiana and Mississippi,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian culture</a> of northwestern Louisiana, eastern Texas, and southwestern Arkansas.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the mound builders of the Ohio, these peoples built gigantic mounds as burial and ceremonial places.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fort_Ancient_culture">Fort Ancient culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fort Ancient culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg/220px-Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg/330px-Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Artist's conception of the Fort Ancient culture <a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ancient culture">Fort Ancient culture</a></div> <p>Fort Ancient is the name for a Native American culture that flourished from 1000 to 1650 CE among a people who predominantly inhabited land along the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> in areas of modern-day southern Ohio, northern <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plaquemine_culture">Plaquemine culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plaquemine culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holly_Bluff_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Holly_Bluff_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/220px-Holly_Bluff_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Holly_Bluff_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/330px-Holly_Bluff_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Holly_Bluff_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_County,_Mississippi" title="Yazoo County, Mississippi">Yazoo County, Mississippi</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine culture</a></div> <p>A continuation of the Coles Creek culture in the lower <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> Valley in western Mississippi and eastern Louisiana. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Medora_site" title="Medora site">Medora site</a> in West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana; and the <a href="/wiki/Anna_site" title="Anna site">Anna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Mound_site" title="Emerald Mound site">Emerald Mound</a> sites in Mississippi. Sites inhabited by Plaquemine peoples continued to be used as vacant ceremonial centers without large village areas much as their Coles Creek ancestors had done, although their layout began to show influences from Middle Mississippian peoples to the north. The <a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a> (Lake George) sites in western Mississippi are good examples that exemplify this change of layout, but a continuation of site usage.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Terminal Coles Creek period (1150 to 1250 CE), contact increased with Mississippian cultures centered upriver near the future <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>. This resulted in the adaption of new <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery" title="Mississippian culture pottery">pottery techniques</a>, as well as new ceremonial objects and possibly new social patterns during the Plaquemine period.<sup id="cite_ref-PLAQMISS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLAQMISS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As more Mississippian cultural influences were absorbed, the Plaquemine area as a distinct culture began to shrink after CE 1350. Eventually, the last enclave of purely Plaquemine culture was the Natchez Bluffs area, while the Yazoo Basin and adjacent areas of Louisiana became a hybrid Plaquemine-Mississippi culture.<sup id="cite_ref-ENCYCARCH_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENCYCARCH-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division was recorded by Europeans when they first arrived in the area. In the Natchez Bluffs area, the <a href="/wiki/Taensa" title="Taensa">Taensa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez people</a> had held out against Mississippian influence and continued to use the same sites as their ancestors. The Plaquemine culture is considered directly ancestral to these historic period groups encountered by Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups who appear to have absorbed more Mississippian influence were identified as those tribes speaking the <a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimachan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PLAQMISS_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLAQMISS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disappearance">Disappearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Disappearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_shatter_zone" title="Mississippian shatter zone">Mississippian shatter zone</a></div> <p>Following the description by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_le_Moyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques le Moyne">Jacques le Moyne</a> in 1560,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mound-building cultures seem to have disappeared within the next century. However, there were also other European accounts, earlier than 1560, that give a first-hand description of the enormous earth-built mounds being constructed by Native Americans. One of them was <a href="/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(chronicler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garcilaso de la Vega (chronicler)">Garcilaso de la Vega</a> (c.1539–1616), a Spanish chronicler also known as "<i>El Inca</i>" because of his Incan mother. He was the record-keeper of the noted <i>De Soto</i> expedition that landed in present-day Florida on May 31, 1538. Garcilaso gave a first-hand description in his <i>Historia de la Florida</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (published in 1605, Lisbon, as <i>La Florida del Inca</i>) describing how the Indians had built mounds and how the Native American mound cultures practiced their traditional way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De la Vega's accounts also include vital details about the Native American tribes' systems of government present in the southeast, tribal territories, and the construction of mounds and temples.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few French expeditions in the 1560s<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported staying with Indian societies who had built mounds.<sup id="cite_ref-feder_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feder-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diseases">Diseases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later explorers to the same regions, only a few decades after mound-building settlements had been reported, found the regions largely depopulated with its residents vanished and the mounds untended. Conflicts with Europeans were dismissed by historians as the major cause of population reduction since few clashes had occurred between the natives and the Europeans in the area during the same period. The most widely accepted explanation today is that new infectious diseases brought from the Old World, such as <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, had decimated most of the Native Americans from the last mound-builder civilization, as they had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> to such diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ancient culture">Fort Ancient culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> valley is considered a "sister culture" of the Mississippian horizon, or one of the "Mississippianised" cultures adjacent to the main area of the mound building cultures. This culture was also mostly extinct in the 17th century, but remnants may have survived into the first half of the 18th century. </p><p>While this culture shows strong Mississippian influences, its bearers were most likely ethnolinguistically distinct from the Mississippians, possibly belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan">Siouan</a> phylum. The only tribal name associated with the Fort Ancient culture in the historical record is the <a href="/wiki/Mosopelea" title="Mosopelea">Mosopelea</a>, recorded by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Louis_Franquelin" title="Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin">Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin</a> in 1684 as inhabiting eight villages north of the Ohio River. </p><p>The Mosopelea is most likely identical to the Ofo (<i>Oufé</i>, <i>Offogoula</i>) recorded in the same area in the 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Ofo_language" title="Ofo language">Ofo language</a> was formerly classified as <a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a> but is now recognized as an eccentric member of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Siouan_languages" title="Western Siouan languages">Western Siouan</a> phylum. The late survival of the Fort Ancient culture is suggested by the remarkable amount of European-made goods in the archaeological record. Such artifacts would have been acquired by trade even before direct European contact. These artifacts include brass and steel items, glassware, and melted down or broken goods reforged into new items. </p><p>The Fort Ancient peoples are known to have been severely affected by disease in the 17th century (<a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> period). Carbon dating seems to indicate that they were wiped out by successive waves of disease. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massacre_and_revolt">Massacre and revolt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Massacre and revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the disappearance of the cultures by the end of the 17th century, the identification of the bearers of these cultures was an open question in 19th-century ethnography. Modern stratigraphic dating has established that the "Mound builders" have spanned an extended period of more than five millennia so that any ethnolinguistic continuity is unlikely. The spread of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> from the late 1st millennium CE most likely involved cultural assimilation, in archaeological terminology called "Mississippianised" cultures. </p><p>19th-century ethnography assumed that the Mound-builders were an ancient prehistoric race with no direct connection to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodland peoples</a> of the historical period who were encountered by Europeans. A reference to this idea appears in the poem "The Prairies" (1832) by <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cultural stage of the Southeastern Woodland natives encountered in the 18th and 19th centuries by British colonists was deemed incompatible<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the comparatively advanced stone, metal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mound_Builders#Dubious" title="Talk:Mound Builders">discuss</a></i>]</sup>, and clay artifacts of the archaeological record.<sup id="cite_ref-feder_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feder-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age of the earthworks was also partly over-estimated. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Atwater" title="Caleb Atwater">Caleb Atwater</a>'s misunderstanding of stratigraphy caused him to significantly overestimate the age of the earthworks. In his book, <i>Antiquities Discovered in the Western States</i> (1820), Atwater claimed that "Indian remains" were always found right beneath the surface of the earth, while artifacts associated with the Mound Builders were found fairly deep in the ground. Atwater argued that they must be from a different group of people. The discovery of metal artifacts further convinced people that the Mound Builders were not identical to the Southeast Woodland Native Americans of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-feder_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feder-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is now thought that the most likely bearers of the <a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine culture</a>, a late variant of the Mississippian culture, were ancestral to the related <a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taensa" title="Taensa">Taensa</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Plaquemine_Culture,_A.D_1000_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Plaquemine_Culture,_A.D_1000-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez language</a> is a language isolate. </p><p>The Natchez are known to have historically occupied the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Mississippi Valley">Lower Mississippi Valley</a>. They are first mentioned in French sources of around 1700, when they were centered around the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Natchez" title="Grand Village of the Natchez">Grand Village</a> close to present-day <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a>. In 1729 the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_revolt" title="Natchez revolt">Natchez revolted</a> and massacred the French colony of Fort Rosalie. The French retaliated by destroying all the Natchez villages. The remaining Natchez fled in scattered bands to live among the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee people</a>. They traveled with them on the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_tears" class="mw-redirect" title="Trail of tears">trail of tears</a> when federal <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> policies after 1830 forced the Native Americans out of the Southeast and west of the Mississippi River to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (admitted in the early 20th century as the state of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. The Natchez language became extinct in the 20th century, with the death in 1957 of the last known native speaker, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Raven" title="Nancy Raven">Nancy Raven</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps">Maps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopewellsphere2_map_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hopewell traditions"><img alt="Hopewell traditions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hopewellsphere2_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/192px-Hopewellsphere2_map_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hopewellsphere2_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/287px-Hopewellsphere2_map_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hopewellsphere2_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/383px-Hopewellsphere2_map_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell traditions</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adena culture"><img alt="Adena culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/251px-Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/376px-Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/501px-Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Troyville_and_Baytown_cultures_map_HRoe_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Troyville culture and Baytown culture"><img alt="Troyville culture and Baytown culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Troyville_and_Baytown_cultures_map_HRoe_2011.jpg/219px-Troyville_and_Baytown_cultures_map_HRoe_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Troyville_and_Baytown_cultures_map_HRoe_2011.jpg/328px-Troyville_and_Baytown_cultures_map_HRoe_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Troyville_and_Baytown_cultures_map_HRoe_2011.jpg/437px-Troyville_and_Baytown_cultures_map_HRoe_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coles Creek culture"><img alt="Coles Creek culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/246px-Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/368px-Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/491px-Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek culture</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mississippian culture"><img alt="Mississippian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/188px-Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/282px-Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/376px-Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture"><img alt="Caddoan Mississippian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/232px-Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/349px-Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/465px-Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Ancient culture"><img alt="Fort Ancient culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/254px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/381px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/508px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ancient culture">Fort Ancient culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaquemine_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaquemine culture"><img alt="Plaquemine culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Plaquemine_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/206px-Plaquemine_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Plaquemine_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/309px-Plaquemine_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Plaquemine_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/411px-Plaquemine_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine culture</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pseudoarchaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_myth_of_the_Mound_Builders">The myth of the Mound Builders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The myth of the Mound Builders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the idea that the origins of the mound builders lay with a mysterious ancient people, various other suggestions were belonging to the more general genre of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories</a>, specifically involving <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Vikings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Lost Tribes of Israel">Ten Lost Tribes of Israel</a>, summarised by Feder (2006) under the heading of "The Myth of a Vanished Race".<sup id="cite_ref-feder_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feder-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Smith_Barton" title="Benjamin Smith Barton">Benjamin Smith Barton</a> in his <i>Observations on Some Parts of Natural History</i> (1787) proposed the theory that the Mound Builders were associated with "Danes", i.e. with the <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a>. In 1797, Barton reconsidered his position and correctly identified the mounds as part of indigenous prehistory. </p><p>Notable for the association with the Ten Lost Tribes is the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> (1830). This provides a related belief, as its narrative describes two major immigrations to the Americas from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Jaredite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaredite">Jaredites</a> (ca. 3000 - 2000 BCE) and an Israelite group during 590 BCE (termed <a href="/wiki/Nephite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephite">Nephites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamanite">Lamanites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulekite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulekite">Mulekites</a>). While the Nephites, Lamanites, and Mulekites were all of Jewish origin coming from Israel around 590 BCE, the Jaradites were a non-Abrahamic people separate in all aspects, except in a belief in Jehovah, from the Nephites. <i>The Book of Mormon</i> depicts these settlers building magnificent cities, which were destroyed by warfare about CE 385. The Book of Mormon can be placed in the tradition of the "Mound-Builder literature" of the period and has been called "the most famous and certainly the most influential of all Mound-Builder literature".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Priest" title="Josiah Priest">Josiah Priest</a>'s 1833 400-page publication <i>American Antiquities</i> centered around his study of the Bible and <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a> journals, supplemented by information from his travels. After visiting <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthworks</a> in Ohio and New York, Priest concluded that these mounds could be traced back to a <a href="/wiki/Lost_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost race">lost race</a> that had inhabited America even before the Native Americans. This idea is now referred to as the "mound builder myth" and still has supporters in society today. The book grew in popularity because of Priest's views on Native Americans. "It tapped into the widely accepted view of those times that Native Americans were merely bloodthirsty savages, bent on the destruction of all but their own race. It was inconceivable to Priest and like-minded men that a race so lazy and inept could conceive and build such huge, elaborate structures."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Priest speculated that the original dwellers could be the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Lost Tribes of Israel">Ten Lost Tribes of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasoning Priest gives for his conclusion that there was an even earlier settler than the Native Americans relies upon his interpretation of the Biblical flood story. According to Priest, after the great flood disappeared, Noah and his ark landed in America. While surveying the land, Noah also discovered mounds that had been constructed before the waters rose. Upon seeing this, Noah questioned where these agricultural phenomena came from. "Surveying the various themes of mound builder origins, he could not decide whether the mounds were the work of Polynesians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Israelites, Scandinavians, Welsh, Scotts, or Chinese, although he felt certain the Indians had not built them."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Priest's racism has also been discussed in detail by author <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Williams_(archaeologist)" title="Stephen Williams (archaeologist)">Stephen Williams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1991_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1991-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and author <a href="/wiki/Jason_Colavito" title="Jason Colavito">Jason Colavito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colavito2020_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colavito2020-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later authors placing the Book of Mormon in this context include Silverberg (1969),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brodie (1971),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy (1994),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Garlinghouse (2001).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some nineteenth-century archaeological finds (e.g., earth and timber fortifications and towns,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the use of a plaster-like cement,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ancient roads,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> metal points and implements,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> copper breastplates,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> head-plates,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> textiles,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pearls,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> native North American inscriptions, North American elephant remains etc.) were well-publicized at the time of the publication of the Book of Mormon and there is the incorporation of some of these ideas into the narrative. References are made in the Book of Mormon to a then-current understanding of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> civilizations, including the formative <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> civilizations such as the (Pre-Classic) <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> in 1876 wrote about a theory that the mounds were built by people from the lost continent of Atlantis.<sup id="cite_ref-feder_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feder-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reverend Landon West in 1901 claimed that the Serpent Mound in Ohio was built by God, or by man inspired by him. He believed that God built the mound and placed it as a symbol of the story of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalist</a> websites claiming association with the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a>, have taken up the Atlantean ("<a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a>") association of the Mound Builders.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the "<a href="/wiki/Washitaw_Nation" title="Washitaw Nation">Washitaw Nation</a>", a group associated with the Moorish Science Temple of America established in the 1990s, has been associated with mound-building in Black nationalist online articles of the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a January 2023 episode of <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a>'s Fox Nation show "<a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucker Carlson Today">Tucker Carlson Today</a> had a guest who stated that: "They didn't build 'em. Someone before them built 'em". Carlson replied: "That's right" and said there was "skeletal evidence of people who bear no genetic resemblance to the current Indians".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newark_Holy_Stone">Newark Holy Stone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Newark Holy Stone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keystone_Holy_Stones.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Keystone_Holy_Stones.gif/220px-Keystone_Holy_Stones.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Keystone_Holy_Stones.gif/330px-Keystone_Holy_Stones.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Keystone_Holy_Stones.gif/440px-Keystone_Holy_Stones.gif 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Keystone</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 29, 1860, David Wyrick, the surveyor of <a href="/wiki/Licking_County,_Ohio" title="Licking County, Ohio">Licking County</a> near <a href="/wiki/Newark,_Ohio" title="Newark, Ohio">Newark</a>, discovered the so-called "Keystone" in a shallow excavation at the monumental <a href="/wiki/Newark_Earthworks" title="Newark Earthworks">Newark Earthworks</a>, which is an extraordinary set of ancient geometric enclosures created by Indigenous people.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he dug up a four-sided, <a href="/wiki/Plumb-bob" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumb-bob">plumb-bob</a>-shaped stone with <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> letters engraved on each of its faces. The local Episcopal minister John W. McCarty translated the four inscriptions as "Law of the Lord," “Word of the Lord," “Holy of Holies," and "King of the Earth." <a href="/wiki/Charles_Whittlesey_(geologist)" title="Charles Whittlesey (geologist)">Charles Whittlesey</a>, who was one of the foremost archaeologists at that time, pronounced the stone to be authentic. The Newark Holy Stones, if genuine, would provide support for <a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">monogenesis</a>, since they would establish that American Indians could be encompassed within Biblical history. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decalogue_stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/Decalogue_stone.jpg/170px-Decalogue_stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/Decalogue_stone.jpg/255px-Decalogue_stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/Decalogue_stone.jpg/340px-Decalogue_stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="2397" /></a><figcaption>Decalogue Stone</figcaption></figure> <p>After his first expedition, Wyrick uncovered a small stone box that was found to contain an intricately carved slab of black limestone covered with archaic-looking Hebrew letters along with a representation of a man in flowing robes. When translated, once again by McCarty, the inscription was found to include the entire <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, and the robed figure was identified as <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>. Naturally enough, it became known as the <a href="/wiki/Newark_Holy_Stones" title="Newark Holy Stones">Decalogue Stone</a>. </p><p>Rather than being found beneath only a foot or two of soil, the Decalogue Stone was claimed to have been buried beneath a forty-foot-tall stone mound. Instead of modern Hebrew typography, the characters on the stone were blocky and appeared to be an ancient form of the Hebrew alphabet. Finally, the stone bore no resemblance to any modern <a href="/wiki/Masonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic">Masonic</a> artifact. In 1870, Whittlesey declared finally that the Holy Stones and other similar artifacts were "Archaeological Frauds."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giants">Giants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Giants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 19th-century America, many popular mythologies surrounding the origin of the mounds were in circulation, typically involving the mounds being built by a race of <a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">giants</a>. A <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> </i>article from 1897 described a mound in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> in which a giant human skeleton measuring over 9 feet (2.7 m) in length was found.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886, another <i>New York Times</i> article described water receding from a mound in <a href="/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia" title="Cartersville, Georgia">Cartersville, Georgia</a>, which uncovered acres of skulls and bones, some of which were said to be gigantic. Two thigh bones were measured with the height of their owners estimated at 14 feet (4.3 m).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> referred to the giants whose bones fill the mounds of America. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But still there is more. It calls up the indefinite past. When Columbus first sought this continent – when Christ suffered on the cross – when Moses led Israel through the Red-Sea – nay, even, when Adam first came from the hand of his Maker – then as now, Niagara was roaring here. The eyes of that species of extinct giants, whose bones fill the mounds of America, have gazed on Niagara, as ours do now. Co[n]temporary with the whole race of men, and older than the first man, Niagara is strong, and fresh to-day as ten thousand years ago. The Mammoth and Mastodon – now so long dead, that fragments of their monstrous bones, alone testify, that they ever lived, have gazed on Niagara. In that long – long time, never still for a single moment. Never dried, never froze, never slept, never rested.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The antiquarian author <a href="/wiki/William_Pidgeon_(archaeologist)" title="William Pidgeon (archaeologist)">William Pidgeon</a> in 1858 created fraudulent surveys of mound groups that did not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Pidgeon_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidgeon-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 1880s, the supposed origin of the earthworks with a race of giants was increasingly recognized as spurious. Pidgeon's fraudulent claims about the archaeological record were shown to be a hoax by Theodore Lewis in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major factor contributing to public acceptance of the earthworks as a regular part of North American prehistory was the 1894 report by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Thomas" title="Cyrus Thomas">Cyrus Thomas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology" title="Bureau of American Ethnology">Bureau of American Ethnology</a>. Earlier authors making a similar case include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, who excavated a mound and from the artifacts and burial practices, noted similarities between mound-builder funeral practices and those of Native Americans in his time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Walam_Olum">Walam Olum</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Walam Olum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Walam_Olum" title="Walam Olum">Walam Olum</a> hoax had considerable influence on perceptions of the Mound Builders. In 1836, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Constantine Samuel Rafinesque</a> published his translation of a text he claimed had been written in pictographs on wooden tablets. This text explained that the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> Indians originated in Asia, told of their passage over the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, and narrated their subsequent migration across the North American continent. This "Walam Olum" tells of battles with native peoples already in America before the Lenape arrived. People hearing of the account believed that the "original people" were the Mound Builders and that the Lenape overthrew them and destroyed their culture. David Oestreicher later asserted that Rafinesque's account was a hoax. He argued that the Walam Olum glyphs were derived from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Mayan</a> alphabets. Meanwhile, the belief that the Native Americans destroyed the mound-builder culture had gained widespread acceptance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">List of burial mounds in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a>, mounds (or barrows) of Europe and Asia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li>Mormon publications: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartland model">Heartland model</a> - an interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> that the Mound Builders were among those peoples described.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelph" title="Zelph">Zelph</a> (Archaeology and the Book of Mormon)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Squier p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ccsmpug-xaoC&dq=Hedgepeth+Middle+Archaic+site&pg=PA177">Robert W. Preucel, Stephen A. Mrozowski, <i>Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism,</i></a> John Wiley & Sons, 2010, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mallory O'Connor, <i>Lost Cities of the Ancient Southeast</i> (University Press of Florida, 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis, <i>Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</i> (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. 1. Washington DC, 1848)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biloine Young and Melvin Fowler, <i>Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis</i> (University of Illinois Press, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSaunders-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSaunders_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSaunders_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca Saunders, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/40656501">The Case for Archaic Period Mounds in Southeastern Louisiana</a>", <i>Southeastern Archaeology</i>, Vol. 13, No. 2, Winter 1994. Retrieved November 4, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/000363.html">"Important new findings in Louisiana"</a>. <i>Archaeo News</i>. 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Ames (August 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofpre0000unse/page/657"><i>Archaeology of prehistoric native America: an encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofpre0000unse/page/657">657–658</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0725-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0725-9"><bdi>978-0-8153-0725-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+prehistoric+native+America%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=657-658&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0725-9&rft.au=Guy+E.+Gibbon&rft.au=Kenneth+M.+Ames&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaeologyofpre0000unse%2Fpage%2F657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcn.boulder.co.us/environment/cacv/cacvbrvl.htm">"The Plaquemine Culture, A.D 1000"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Plaquemine+Culture%2C+A.D+1000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcn.boulder.co.us%2Fenvironment%2Fcacv%2Fcacvbrvl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2018" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Cyrus (2018). <i>Burial Mounds of the Northern Sections</i>. Salzwasser-Verlag Gmbh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burial+Mounds+of+the+Northern+Sections&rft.pub=Salzwasser-Verlag+Gmbh&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaughton2008" class="citation book cs1">Haughton, Brian (2008). <i>Haunted Spaces, Sacred Places: A Field Guide to Stone Circles, Crop Circles, Ancient Tombs and Supernatural Landscape</i>. USA: The Career Press. pp. 295–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60163-000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60163-000-1"><bdi>978-1-60163-000-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haunted+Spaces%2C+Sacred+Places%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+Stone+Circles%2C+Crop+Circles%2C+Ancient+Tombs+and+Supernatural+Landscape&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=295-296&rft.pub=The+Career+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60163-000-1&rft.aulast=Haughton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feder-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-feder_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feder_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feder_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feder_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feder_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" title="Kenneth Feder">Feder, Kenneth L.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udel.edu/anthro/neitzel/mythofmoundbuilders.pdf">"The Myth of the Moundbuilders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780072869484/page/151"><i>Frauds, Myths, And Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology</i></a></span>. Central Connecticut State Univ: McGraw Hill. pp. 151–155, 159–160, 164–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-286948-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-286948-4"><bdi>978-0-07-286948-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+Moundbuilders&rft.btitle=Frauds%2C+Myths%2C+And+Mysteries%3A+Science+and+Pseudoscience+in+Archaeology&rft.place=Central+Connecticut+State+Univ&rft.pages=151-155%2C+159-160%2C+164-166&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-07-286948-4&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.udel.edu%2Fanthro%2Fneitzel%2Fmythofmoundbuilders.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis Brose and N'omi Greber (eds.), <i>Hopewell Archaeology</i> (Kent State University Press, 1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Kennedy, <i>Hidden Cities: The Discovery and Loss of Ancient North American Civilization</i> (Free Press, 1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Silverberg, "...And the Mound-Builders Vanished from the Earth", originally in the 1969 edition of <i>American Heritage</i>, collected in the anthology <i>A Sense of History</i> [Houghton-Mifflin, 1985]; available online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1969/4/1969_4_60.shtml">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828083500/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1969/4/1969_4_60.shtml">Archived</a> August 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon M. Sayre, "The Mound Builders and the Imagination of American Antiquity in Jefferson, Bartram, and Chateaubriand", <i>Early American Literature</i> 33 (1998): 225–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryant, William Cullen, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4literature.net/William_Cullen_Bryant/Prairies/">The Prairies</a>" (1832) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105173208/http://www.4literature.net/William_Cullen_Bryant/Prairies/">Archived</a> January 5, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Plaquemine_Culture,_A.D_1000-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Plaquemine_Culture,_A.D_1000_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcn.boulder.co.us/environment/cacv/cacvbrvl.htm">"The Plaquemine Culture, A.D 1000"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Plaquemine+Culture%2C+A.D+1000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcn.boulder.co.us%2Fenvironment%2Fcacv%2Fcacvbrvl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtis Dahl, "Mound-Builders, Mormons, and William Cullen Bryant", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Quarterly" title="The New England Quarterly">The New England Quarterly</a></i>, vol. 34, no. 2, June 1961, pp. 178–90 ("Undoubtedly the most famous and certainly the most influential of all Mound-Builder literature is the <i>Book of Mormon</i> (1830)). Whether one wishes to accept it as divinely inspired or the work of Joseph Smith, it fits exactly into the tradition. Despite its pseudo-Biblical style and its general inchoateness, it is certainly the most imaginative and best sustained of the stories about the Mound-Builders" (at p. 187).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harpster, Jack; Stalter, Jeff. "Captive! The Story of David Ogden and the Iroquois." ABC-CLIO, LLC., 2010, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These tribes made up the Kingdom of Israel in Biblical times. When Assyria left their kingdom in ruins, the tribes disappeared and were never seen again.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silverberg, Robert. "The Mound Builders." Ohio UP, 1986, pp. 65-66, cited in De Villo Sloan, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverberg1968" class="citation book cs1">Silverberg, Robert (1968). <i>Mound Builders of Ancient America: The Archaeology of a Myth</i>. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mound+Builders+of+Ancient+America%3A+The+Archaeology+of+a+Myth&rft.place=Greenwich%2C+CT&rft.pub=New+York+Graphic+Society&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Silverberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams1991-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams1991_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1991" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Stephen (1991). <i>Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812213126" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812213126"><bdi>978-0812213126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantastic+Archaeology%3A+The+Wild+Side+of+North+American+Prehistory&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0812213126&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colavito2020-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colavito2020_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColavito2020" class="citation book cs1">Colavito, Jason (2020). <i>The Mound Builder Myth: Fake History and the Hunt for a "Lost White Race"</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806164618" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806164618"><bdi>978-0806164618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mound+Builder+Myth%3A+Fake+History+and+the+Hunt+for+a+%22Lost+White+Race%22&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0806164618&rft.aulast=Colavito&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Silverberg, <i>Mound Builders of Ancient America: The Archeology of a Myth</i> (New York: New York Graphic Society, 1968); <a href="#CITEREFSilverberg1969">Silverberg 1969</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSilverberg1969 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fawn_M._Brodie" title="Fawn M. Brodie">Fawn M. Brodie</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/No_Man_Knows_My_History:_The_Life_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith">No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith</a></i> (rev. ed., New York: Knopf, 1971) p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKennedy1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlinghouse, Thomas, "Revisiting the Mound Builder Controversy", <i>History Today</i>, September 2001, Vol. 51, Issue 9, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFSquier1849">Squier 1849</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSquier1849 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See mound builder homes of "clay-plastered poles": Stuart, George E., Who Were the "Mound Builders"?, <i>National Geographic</i>, Vol. 142, No. 6, December 1972, pg. 789</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Searching for the Great Hopewell Road</i>, based on the investigations of archaeologist Dr. Bradley Lepper, Ohio Historical Society, Pangea Production Ltd, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Priest, Josiah, <i>American Antiquities and Discoveries in the West</i>, pg. 179;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Mound Builders & Cliff Dwellers</i>, Lost Civilizations series, Dale M. Brown (editor), pg. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Priest, Josiah, <i>American Antiquities and Discoveries in the West</i>, 176; <i>Mound Builders & Cliff Dwellers</i>, Lost Civilizations series, Dale M. Brown (editor), pg. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ritchie, William A. <i>The Archaeology of New York State</i>, pp. 259, 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See freshwater pearl necklaces, and pearls sewn on clothing: <i>Mound Builders & Cliff Dwellers</i>, Lost Civilizations series, Dale M. Brown (editor), pg. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn,_Lafcadio1876" class="citation news cs1">Hearn, Lafcadio (April 24, 1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trussel.com/prehist/mound.htm">"The Mound Builders"</a>. <i>The Commercial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial&rft.atitle=The+Mound+Builders&rft.date=1876-04-24&rft.au=Hearn%2C+Lafcadio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trussel.com%2Fprehist%2Fmound.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhio_Historical_Society1901" class="citation book cs1">Ohio Historical Society (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbYBG7ynKZAC&q=Landon%20West%20reverend&pg=PA225"><i>Ohio history, Volume 10</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The Garden of Eden, it seems, is now definitely located. The site is in Ohio, "Adams" county, to be more precise...The Rev. Landon West of Pleasant Hill, O., a prominent and widely known minister of the Baptist church... arrives at the conclusion that this great work was created either by God himself or by man inspired by Him to make an everlasting object lesson of man's disobedience, Satan's perfidy and the results of sin and death. In support of this startling claim the Rev. Mr. West quotes Scripture and refers to Job 16:13: "By His spirit. He hath garnished the heavens; His hand hath formed the crooked serpent."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio+history%2C+Volume+10&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Ohio+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSbYBG7ynKZAC%26q%3DLandon%2520West%2520reverend%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook_Wilensky-Lanford2011" class="citation web cs1">Brook Wilensky-Lanford (May 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104170710/http://www.thecommononline.org/features/adam-and-eve-and-reverend-west-ohio">"Adam and Eve –and Reverend West – in Ohio"</a>. The Common. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecommononline.org/features/adam-and-eve-and-reverend-west-ohio">the original</a> on November 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The Eden I found in a 1909 pamphlet by Reverend Landon West—the Serpent Mound earthwork that is now an Ohio state park—was still preserved for all to see, so I went...Details that fell outside of West's lifetime were hard to fit into the book: his son <a href="/wiki/Dan_West_(philanthropist)" title="Dan West (philanthropist)">Dan West</a> became the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Heifer_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Heifer Project">Heifer Project</a> charity, and his accomplishments no doubt helped preserve the memory of his father's Garden of Eden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adam+and+Eve+%E2%80%93and+Reverend+West+%E2%80%93+in+Ohio&rft.pub=The+Common&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.au=Brook+Wilensky-Lanford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecommononline.org%2Ffeatures%2Fadam-and-eve-and-reverend-west-ohio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federationmsta.org/mound.html">"The Mound Builders of North America Part I"</a>. Federation : MSTA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mound+Builders+of+North+America+Part+I&rft.pub=Federation+%3A+MSTA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federationmsta.org%2Fmound.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/the-black-washitaw-nation-on-america/">"The Black Washitaw Nation of America"</a>. May 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Black+Washitaw+Nation+of+America&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africaresource.com%2Frasta%2Fsesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules%2Fthe-black-washitaw-nation-on-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOqzLhxzd6s">"RANDALL CARLSON on TUCKER CARLSON TODAY - S02E123 - ENVIRONMENTAL EARTHWORKS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=RANDALL+CARLSON+on+TUCKER+CARLSON+TODAY+-+S02E123+-+ENVIRONMENTAL+EARTHWORKS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DYOqzLhxzd6s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2016" class="citation cs2">Townsend, Richard F. (September 6, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaeportal.com/">"The Newark Earthworks: Monumental Geometry and Astronomy at a Hopewellian Pilgrimage Center"</a>, <i>Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South</i>, Art Institute of Chicago, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22560-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22560-0"><bdi>978-0-300-22560-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hero%2C+Hawk%2C+and+Open+Hand%3A+American+Indian+Art+of+the+Ancient+Midwest+and+South&rft.atitle=The+Newark+Earthworks%3A+Monumental+Geometry+and+Astronomy+at+a+Hopewellian+Pilgrimage+Center&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22560-0&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaeportal.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2006" class="citation book cs1">Feder, Kenneth L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780072869484"><i>Frauds, myths, and mysteries : science and pseudoscience in archaeology</i></a>. Internet Archive. Boston : McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-286948-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-286948-4"><bdi>978-0-07-286948-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frauds%2C+myths%2C+and+mysteries+%3A+science+and+pseudoscience+in+archaeology&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-286948-4&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780072869484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B02EED61330E333A25753C2A9649D94669ED7CF">"Wisconsin Mound Opened: Skeleton Found of a Man Over Nine Feet High with an Enormous Skull"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. December 20, 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wisconsin+Mound+Opened%3A+Skeleton+Found+of+a+Man+Over+Nine+Feet+High+with+an+Enormous+Skull&rft.date=1897-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9B02EED61330E333A25753C2A9649D94669ED7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C07E1D71330E533A25756C0A9629C94679FD7CF">"Monster Skulls and Bones"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. April 5, 1886.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Monster+Skulls+and+Bones&rft.date=1886-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9C07E1D71330E533A25756C0A9629C94679FD7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln, Abraham</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln2/1:6?rgn=div1;view=fulltext">"Fragment: Niagara Falls <i>[c. September 25–30, 1848]</i>"</a>. In Basler, Roy P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/"><i>Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. Vol. 2. pp. 10–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fragment%3A+Niagara+Falls+%5Bc.+September+25%E2%80%9330%2C+1848%5D&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fl%2Flincoln%2Flincoln2%2F1%3A6%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pidgeon-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pidgeon_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pidgeon, William (1858) <i>Traditions of Dee-Coo-Dah and Antiquarian Researches</i>. Horace Thayer, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1886" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Theodore H. (January 1, 1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/496041">"The 'Monumental Tortoise' Mounds of 'Dee-Coo-Dah'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 65–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F496041">10.2307/496041</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/496041">496041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133844936">133844936</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+%27Monumental+Tortoise%27+Mounds+of+%27Dee-Coo-Dah%27&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-69&rft.date=1886-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133844936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F496041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F496041&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Theodore+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F496041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramsFreter2005" class="citation book cs1">Abrams, Elliot M.; Freter, AnnCorinne, eds. (2005). <i>The Emergence of the Moundbuilders: The Archaeology of Tribal Societies in Southeastern Ohio</i>. Athens: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University_Press" title="Ohio University Press">Ohio University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1609-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1609-9"><bdi>978-0-8214-1609-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Moundbuilders%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Tribal+Societies+in+Southeastern+Ohio&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1609-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Thomas" title="Cyrus Thomas">Thomas, Cyrus</a>. <i>Report on the mound explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology</i>. pp. 3–730. Twelfth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1890–91, by J. W. Powell, Director. XLVIII+742 pp., 42 pls., 344 figs. 1894.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Jarzombek" title="Mark Jarzombek">Mark Jarzombek</a>, Architecture of First Societies: A Global Perspective, (New York: Wiley & Sons, August 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" title="Kenneth Feder">Feder, Kenneth L.</a> <i>Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology</i>. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquierDavis1847" class="citation book cs1">Squier, E. G.; Davis, E. H. (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4301/"><i>Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</i></a>. Washington DC: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Monuments+of+the+Mississippi+Valley&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Squier&rft.aufirst=E.+G.&rft.au=Davis%2C+E.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F4301%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGale1867" class="citation book cs1">Gale, George (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/uppermississippi00galerich#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Upper Mississippi: or, Historical Sketches of the Mound-builders, the Indian tribes and the Progress of Civilization in the North-west, from A.D. 1600 to the Present Time</i></a>. Chicago: Clarke.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upper+Mississippi%3A+or%2C+Historical+Sketches+of+the+Mound-builders%2C+the+Indian+tribes+and+the+Progress+of+Civilization+in+the+North-west%2C+from+A.D.+1600+to+the+Present+Time&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Clarke&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Gale&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fuppermississippi00galerich%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMound+Builders" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Builders&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mound-builders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mound-builders">Mound-builders</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.about.com/od/lterms/g/lostraces.htm">Lost Race Myth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611095445/http://archaeology.about.com/od/lterms/g/lostraces.htm">Archived</a> June 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204045026/http://www.lenaweehistory.com/lenawee-ch1.html#indians">LenaweeHistory.com | Mound Builders section, The Western Historical Society 1909, reprint.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205072711/http://www.artisthideout.com/art-of-the-ancients-2/">Artist Hideout, Art of the Ancients</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jqjacobs.net/archaeo/sites/">Ancient Monuments Placemarks</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/17987">The Mound Builders</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18888119">With Climate Swing, a Culture Bloomed in Americas</a> (mound builders in Peru)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.277.5333.1796">Science 19 September 1997</a> (a mound complex in Louisiana at 5400u–5000 years ago)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkLSkaYCe10">Bruce Smith video</a> on the 1880s Smithsonian explorations to determine who built the ancient earthen mounds in eastern North America can be viewed as part of series <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCE40A5EEBE458D2A">19th Century Explorers and Anthropologists: Developing the Earliest Smithsonian Anthropology Collections</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25x25px_Adena_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#D1E366;;color:#010101;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adena_culture" title="Template:Adena culture"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#010101">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adena_culture" title="Template talk:Adena culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#010101">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adena_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adena culture"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#010101">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Adena_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png/25px-Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#D1E366;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Adena_culture_sites" title="List of Adena culture sites">List of Adena culture sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D1E366;;width:1%;background:#F0F58E; vertical-align:top;">Ohio sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_Mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Adena Mound">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Brown_Mound" title="Austin Brown Mound">Austin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arledge_Mounds_I_and_II" title="Arledge Mounds I and II">Arledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_Farm_Woodland_Archaeological_District" title="Beam Farm Woodland Archaeological District">Beam Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.C._Clemmons_Mound" class="mw-redirect" title="W.C. Clemmons Mound">Clemmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Mound_Archeological_Site" title="Conrad Mound Archeological Site">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_Hunters_Mound" title="Coon Hunters Mound">Coon Hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Deffenbaugh_Mound" title="George Deffenbaugh Mound">George Deffenbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enon_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enon Mound (page does not exist)">Enon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortner_Mounds" title="Fortner Mounds">Fortner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mound_(Middletown,_Ohio)" title="Great Mound (Middletown, Ohio)">Great Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartley_Mound" title="Hartley Mound">Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highbanks_Metropolitan_Park_Mounds_I_and_II" title="Highbanks Metropolitan Park Mounds I and II">Highbanks Metro Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_Haven_Mound" title="Hillside Haven Mound">Hillside Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgen%27s_Cemetery_Mound" title="Hodgen's Cemetery Mound">Hodgen's Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_Mound" title="Horn Mound">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurley_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurley Mound (page does not exist)">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Mound" title="Jackson Mound">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karshner_Mound" title="Karshner Mound">Karshner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinzer_Mound" title="Kinzer Mound">Kinzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthor_List_Mound" title="Luthor List Mound">Luthor List</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDaniel_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McDaniel Mound (page does not exist)">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miamisburg_Mound" title="Miamisburg Mound">Miamisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Cemetery_Mound_(Chester,_Ohio)" title="Mound Cemetery Mound (Chester, Ohio)">Mound Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Fellows%27_Cemetery_Mound" title="Odd Fellows' Cemetery Mound">Odd Fellows' Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Maid%27s_Orchard_Mound" title="Old Maid's Orchard Mound">Old Maid's Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orators_Mound" title="Orators Mound">Orators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Potter_Mound" title="Carl Potter Mound">Carl Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh_Mound" title="Raleigh Mound">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves_Mound_(Alfred,_Ohio)" title="Reeves Mound (Alfred, Ohio)">Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.S._Rose_Mound" title="D.S. Rose Mound">D.S. Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Trails_Adena_Circle" title="Ross Trails Adena Circle">Ross Trails Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Woods_Park_Mound" title="Short Woods Park Mound">Short Woods Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrum_Mound" title="Shrum Mound">Shrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snead_Mound" title="Snead Mound">Snead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Run_Earthworks" title="Spruce Run Earthworks">Spruce Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stitt_Mound" title="David Stitt Mound">David Stitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_Mound_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)" title="Story Mound (Cincinnati, Ohio)">Story (Cincinnati)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Story_Mound_State_Memorial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Story Mound State Memorial (page does not exist)">Story (Chillicothe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mound_Reserve" title="Indian Mound Reserve">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Plains" title="Wolf Plains">Wolf Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base_Mound" title="Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Mound">Wright-Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaleski_Mound_Group" title="Zaleski Mound Group">Zaleski</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/250px-Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/375px-Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg/500px-Ohio_Arch_Cultures_map_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D1E366;;width:1%;background:#F0F58E; vertical-align:top;">Kentucky sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biggs_site" title="Biggs site">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaitskill_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaitskill Mound (page does not exist)">Gaitskill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_King_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim King Mound (page does not exist)">Jim King Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Hill_Archaeological_Site" title="Mound Hill Archaeological Site">Mound Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb_Earthworks_Complex" title="Mount Horeb Earthworks Complex">Mount Horeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramey_Mound" title="Ramey Mound">Ramey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Round_Hill_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Round Hill Mound (page does not exist)">Round Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D1E366;;width:1%;background:#F0F58E; vertical-align:top;">West Virginia sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camden_Park_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camden Park Mound (page does not exist)">Camden Park Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotiga_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotiga Mound (page does not exist)">Cotiga Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cresap_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cresap Mound (page does not exist)">Cresap Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criel_Mound" title="Criel Mound">Criel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goff_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goff Mound (page does not exist)">Goff Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_Creek_Mound" title="Grave Creek Mound">Grave Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynden_Reynolds_Farm_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynden Reynolds Farm Mound (page does not exist)">Lynden Reynolds Farm Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neibert_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neibert Mound (page does not exist)">Neibert Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Albans_Site" title="St. Albans Site">St. Albans Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Mary%27s_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Mary's Mound (page does not exist)">St Mary's Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkey_Creek_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkey Creek Mound (page does not exist)">Turkey Creek Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D1E366;;width:1%;background:#F0F58E; vertical-align:top;">Indiana sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mounds_State_Park" title="Mounds State Park">Mounds State Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#D1E366;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Adena_culture" title="Category:Adena culture">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25x25px_Hopewellian_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hopewellian_peoples" title="Template:Hopewellian peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hopewellian_peoples" title="Template talk:Hopewellian peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hopewellian_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hopewellian peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Hopewellian_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png/25px-Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewellian peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ohio Hopewell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_Farm_Woodland_Archaeological_District" title="Beam Farm Woodland Archaeological District">Beam Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benham_Mound" title="Benham Mound">Benham Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_Village_Site" title="Cary Village Site">Cary Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar-Bank_Works" title="Cedar-Bank Works">Cedar-Bank Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunns_Pond_Mound" title="Dunns Pond Mound">Dunns Pond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Mounds" title="Ellis Mounds">Ellis Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ety_Enclosure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ety Enclosure (page does not exist)">Ety Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ety_Habitation_Site" title="Ety Habitation Site">Ety Habitation Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Knoll_Complex" title="Everett Knoll Complex">Everett Knoll Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_Hill_Works" title="Fortified Hill Works">Fortified Hill Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hopewell_Road" title="Great Hopewell Road">Great Hopewell Road</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Banks_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Banks Works (page does not exist)">High Banks Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopeton_Earthworks" title="Hopeton Earthworks">Hopeton Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mound_Cemetery" title="Indian Mound Cemetery">Indian Mound Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiter_Mound" title="Keiter Mound">Keiter Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marietta_Earthworks" title="Marietta Earthworks">Marietta Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_of_Pipes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mound of Pipes (page does not exist)">Mound of Pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nettle_Lake_Mound_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nettle Lake Mound Group (page does not exist)">Nettle Lake Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark_Earthworks" title="Newark Earthworks">Newark Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Mounds" title="Oak Mounds">Oak Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orators_Mound" title="Orators Mound">Orators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perin_Village_Site" title="Perin Village Site">Perin Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mound_Reserve" title="Indian Mound Reserve">Pollock Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Fork_Park_Site" title="Rocky Fork Park Site">Rocky Fork Enclosures</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Fork_Park_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocky Fork Park Group (page does not exist)">Rocky Fork Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seip_Earthworks_and_Dill_Mounds_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District (page does not exist)">Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Lookout_Archeological_District" title="Shawnee Lookout Archeological District">Shawnee Lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriver_Circle_Earthworks" title="Shriver Circle Earthworks">Shriver Circle Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stubbs_Earthworks" title="Stubbs Earthworks">Stubbs Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremper_Mound_and_Works" title="Tremper Mound and Works">Tremper Mound and Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_Mound_Archeological_District" title="Williamson Mound Archeological District">Williamson Mound Archeological District</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg/100px-Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg/150px-Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg/200px-Hopewell_Exchange_Network_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crab_Orchard_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab Orchard culture">Crab Orchard culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Mills_Archaeological_District" title="Carrier Mills Archaeological District">Carrier Mills Archaeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleiman_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cleiman Mound and Village Site">Cleiman Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubele_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Hubele Mounds and Village Site">Hubele site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann_site" title="Mann site">Mann site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Site" title="Mount Vernon Site">Mount Vernon Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27byams_Fort_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O'byams Fort site (page does not exist)">O'byams Fort site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Wilson Mounds and Village Site">Wilson site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankeetown_site" title="Yankeetown site">Yankeetown site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goodall_focus" title="Goodall focus">Goodall focus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goodall_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goodall site (page does not exist)">Goodall site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Mound_group" title="Norton Mound group">Norton Mound group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Havana_Hopewell_culture" title="Havana Hopewell culture">Havana Hopewell culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Albany Mounds State Historic Site">Albany Mounds State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_Mounds" title="Dickson Mounds">Dickson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Farm_(Grafton,_Illinois)" title="Duncan Farm (Grafton, Illinois)">Duncan Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Eagle-Toppmeyer_Site" title="Golden Eagle-Toppmeyer Site">Golden Eagle-Toppmeyer Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Mound_Site" title="Kamp Mound Site">Kamp Mound Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_House_(Greene_County,_Illinois)" title="Mound House (Greene County, Illinois)">Mound House site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_Archeological_District" title="Naples Archeological District">Naples Archeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_Mound_8" title="Naples Mound 8">Naples Mound 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden-Fettie_Site" title="Ogden-Fettie Site">Ogden-Fettie Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Mound" title="Rockwell Mound">Rockwell Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinnissippi_Mounds" title="Sinnissippi Mounds">Sinnissippi Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toolesboro_Mound_Group" title="Toolesboro Mound Group">Toolesboro Mound Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Hopewell" title="Kansas City Hopewell">Kansas City Hopewell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale_archaeological_site" title="Cloverdale archaeological site">Cloverdale archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renner_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Renner Village Archeological Site">Renner Village Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trowbridge_Archeological_Site" title="Trowbridge Archeological Site">Trowbridge Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crooks_Mound" title="Crooks Mound">Crooks Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Gulf_Mound" title="Grand Gulf Mound">Grand Gulf Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_Prehistoric_Indian_Site" title="Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site">Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_Archaeological_Preserve" title="Mott Archaeological Preserve">Mott Archaeological Preserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Miller_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller culture">Miller culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bynum_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Bynum Mound and Village Site">Bynum Mound and Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingomar_Mound" title="Ingomar Mound">Ingomar Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miller Site (page does not exist)">Miller Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharr_Mounds" title="Pharr Mounds">Pharr Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Point_Peninsula_complex" title="Point Peninsula complex">Point Peninsula complex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewiston_Mound" title="Lewiston Mound">Lewiston Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mounds_Park" title="Serpent Mounds Park">Serpent Mounds Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LeVescounte_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LeVescounte Mounds (page does not exist)">LeVescounte Mounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River Archaeological State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leake_Mounds" title="Leake Mounds">Leake Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miner%27s_Creek_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miner's Creek site (page does not exist)">Miner's Creek site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Site" title="Pierce Site">Pierce Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_mound_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift Creek mound site">Swift Creek mound site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Gulf_Breeze" title="Third Gulf Breeze">Third Gulf Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yearwood_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yearwood site (page does not exist)">Yearwood site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yent_Mound" title="Yent Mound">Yent Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Hopewellian peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_culture" title="Armstrong culture">Armstrong culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copena_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Copena culture">Copena culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourche_Maline_culture" title="Fourche Maline culture">Fourche Maline culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_complex" title="Laurel complex">Laurel complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saugeen_complex" title="Saugeen complex">Saugeen complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exotic trade items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">Galena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">Mica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl#Freshwater_and_saltwater_pearls" title="Pearl">Fresh water pearls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catlinite" title="Catlinite">Pipestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">Sea shells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_of_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley">Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">burial mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_pottery" title="Hopewell pottery">Hopewell pottery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Ceremonial_Earthworks" title="Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks">Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25x25px_Late_Woodland_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Template:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Template talk:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Late_Woodland_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png/25px-Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baum_Site" title="Baum Site">Baum Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beattie_Park_Mound_Group" title="Beattie Park Mound Group">Beattie Park Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_site" title="Book site">Book site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowen_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowen Site (page does not exist)">Bowen Site</a> (12 MA 61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinsfield_I_Site" title="Brinsfield I Site">Brinsfield I Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokaw_Site" title="Brokaw Site">Brokaw Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clampitt_Site" title="Clampitt Site">Clampitt Site</a> (12-LR-329)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_site" title="Fisher site">Fisher site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoye_Site" title="Hoye Site">Hoye Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Maquoketa_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve">Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mound" title="Man Mound">Man Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Park_Site" title="Memorial Park Site">Memorial Park Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottingham Site">Nottingham Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormond_Mound" title="Ormond Mound">Ormond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_Access_Site" title="St. Croix River Access Site">St. Croix River Access Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommerheim_Park_Archaeological_District" title="Sommerheim Park Archaeological District">Sommerheim Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Agriculture_Farm_Mound" title="University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound">University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemson_Island_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemson Island culture (page does not exist)">Clemson Island culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahoac" title="Manahoac">Manahoac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_phase" title="Oliver phase">Oliver phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Point_complex" title="Princess Point complex">Princess Point complex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springwells_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springwells phase (page does not exist)">Springwells phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steuben_point" title="Steuben point">Steuben point</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">Extreme weather events of 535–536</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns culture</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25x25px_Coles_Creek_and_Plum_Bayou_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#E8E6B4;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coles_Creek_and_Plum_Bayou_cultures" title="Template:Coles Creek and Plum Bayou cultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coles_Creek_and_Plum_Bayou_cultures" title="Template talk:Coles Creek and Plum Bayou cultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coles_Creek_and_Plum_Bayou_cultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coles Creek and Plum Bayou cultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Coles_Creek_and_Plum_Bayou_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_platform_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Icon_mound_platform_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">Plum Bayou cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#E8E6B4;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period#Late_Woodland_period_(500–1000_CE)" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Coles Creek sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_site" title="Aden site">Aden site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Mounds" title="Balmoral Mounds">Balmoral Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone%27s_Mounds" title="Boone's Mounds">Boone's Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Churupa_Plantation_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Churupa Plantation Mound (page does not exist)">Churupa Plantation Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coles_Creek_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coles Creek Site (page does not exist)">Coles Creek Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippen_Point_site" title="Crippen Point site">Crippen Point site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypress_Grove_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cypress Grove Mound (page does not exist)">Cypress Grove Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DePrato_Mounds" title="DePrato Mounds">DePrato Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feltus_Mound_Site" title="Feltus Mound Site">Feltus Mound Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filhiol_Mound_Site" title="Filhiol Mound Site">Filhiol Mound Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_site" title="Fisher site">Fisher site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowery_Mound" title="Flowery Mound">Flowery Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogmore_Mound_Site" title="Frogmore Mound Site">Frogmore Mound Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Site_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Site Mounds">Ghost Site Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_site" title="Greenhouse site">Greenhouse site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insley_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insley Mounds (page does not exist)">Insley Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Crossing_site" title="Kings Crossing site">Kings Crossing site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamarque_Landing_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamarque Landing Mound (page does not exist)">Lamarque Landing Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsden_Mounds" title="Marsden Mounds">Marsden Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazique_Archeological_Site" title="Mazique Archeological Site">Mazique Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_Archaeological_Preserve" title="Mott Archaeological Preserve">Mott Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound_Plantation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mound Plantation (page does not exist)">Mound Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peck_Mounds" title="Peck Mounds">Peck Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffman_site" title="Raffman site">Raffman site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Place_Mounds" title="Scott Place Mounds">Scott Place Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shackleford_Church_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shackleford Church Mounds (page does not exist)">Shackleford Church Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fort_Site_(Holly_Bluff,_Mississippi)" title="Spanish Fort Site (Holly Bluff, Mississippi)">Spanish Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundown_Mounds" title="Sundown Mounds">Sundown Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Mounds" title="Transylvania Mounds">Transylvania Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_Earthworks" title="Troyville Earthworks">Troyville Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venable_Mound" title="Venable Mound">Venable Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Landing_Mound" title="Wade Landing Mound">Wade Landing Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/200px-Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/300px-Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/400px-Coles_Creek_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Coastal<br />Coles Creek sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_Basin_Mounds" title="Atchafalaya Basin Mounds">Atchafalaya Basin Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayou_Black_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayou Black Mound (page does not exist)">Bayou Black Mound</a> (16TR78)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayou_Cypremont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayou Cypremont (page does not exist)">Bayou Cypremont</a> (16SMY7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou_Grande_Cheniere_Mounds" title="Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds">Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayou_L%E2%80%99Ours_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayou L’Ours Site (page does not exist)">Bayou L’Ours Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayou_Portage_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayou Portage Mounds (page does not exist)">Bayou Portage Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayou_Sorrel_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayou Sorrel Mounds (page does not exist)">Bayou Sorrel Mounds</a> (16IV4)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovelly_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clovelly Site (page does not exist)">Clovelly Site</a> (16LF64)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypress_Point_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cypress Point Site (page does not exist)">Cypress Point Site</a> (16VM112)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eagle_Point_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eagle Point Site (page does not exist)">Eagle Point Site</a> (16IB123)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gibson_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gibson Mounds (page does not exist)">Gibson Mounds</a> (16TR5)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenwood_Cemetery_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenwood Cemetery Site (page does not exist)">Greenwood Cemetery Site</a> (16SMY10)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleinpeter_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleinpeter Mounds (page does not exist)">Kleinpeter Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Cheniere_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Cheniere Site (page does not exist)">Little Cheniere Site</a> (16CM22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pecan_Island_Site" title="Little Pecan Island Site">Little Pecan Island Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Haas_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Haas Site (page does not exist)">Jerry Haas Site</a> (16SJ51)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machias_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machias Lake (page does not exist)">Machias Lake</a> (16SB2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Mounds" title="Morgan Mounds">Morgan Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pecan Mounds (page does not exist)">Pecan Mounds</a> (16SM37)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennison_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pennison Mounds (page does not exist)">Pennison Mounds</a> (16AS16)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portage_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portage Mounds (page does not exist)">Portage Mounds</a> (16SM5)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richeau_Field_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richeau Field Site (page does not exist)">Richeau Field Site</a> (16TR82)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwing_Place_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwing Place Mound (page does not exist)">Schwing Place Mound</a> (16IV13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sims_site" title="Sims site">Sims site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwest_of_Cut_Off_Lagoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southwest of Cut Off Lagoon (page does not exist)">Southwest of Cut Off Lagoon</a> (16SB50)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gabriel_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Gabriel Mounds (page does not exist)">St. Gabriel Mounds</a> (16IV128)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_Mounds_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temple Mounds Site (page does not exist)">Temple Mounds Site</a> (16LF4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Plum Bayou sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_Site" title="Baytown Site">Baytown Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandler_Landing_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandler Landing Site (page does not exist)">Chandler Landing Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coy_Site" title="Coy Site">Coy Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dogtown_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dogtown Site (page does not exist)">Dogtown Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayes_site" title="Hayes site">Hayes site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maberry_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maberry Site (page does not exist)">Maberry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Site" title="Roland Site">Roland Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#E8E6B4;"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fourche_Maline_culture" title="Fourche Maline culture">Fourche Maline culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">Platform mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Taensa" title="Taensa">Taensa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville culture</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25x25px_Mississippian_and_related_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F0F58E;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mississippian_and_related_cultures" title="Template:Mississippian and related cultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mississippian_and_related_cultures" title="Template talk:Mississippian and related cultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippian_and_related_cultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippian and related cultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Mississippian_and_related_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_platform_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Icon_mound_platform_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian and related cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0F58E;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)#Culture,_phase,_and_chronological_table_for_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Timeline of Mississippi valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Middle<br />Mississippian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Bottom" title="American Bottom">American Bottom</a><br />and Upper Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztalan_State_Park" title="Aztalan State Park">Aztalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Eddy_Site" title="Big Eddy Site">Big Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_34" title="Mound 34">Mound 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_72" title="Mound 72">Mound 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramey_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramey state">Ramey state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Woodhenge" title="Cahokia Woodhenge">Woodhenge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale_archaeological_site" title="Cloverdale archaeological site">Cloverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_Mounds" title="Dickson Mounds">Dickson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Emerald Mound and Village Site">Emerald Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmons_Cemetery_Site" title="Emmons Cemetery Site">Emmons Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Lake_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Horseshoe Lake Mound and Village Site">Horseshoe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chapman_Village_Site" title="John Chapman Village Site">John Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhn_Station_Site" title="Kuhn Station Site">Kuhn Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larson_Site" title="Larson Site">Larson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford-Pulcher_Archeological_Site" title="Lunsford-Pulcher Archeological Site">Lunsford-Pulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCune_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="McCune Mound and Village Site">McCune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Archaeological_Site_(Mitchell,_Illinois)" title="Mitchell Archaeological Site (Mitchell, Illinois)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orendorf_Site" title="Orendorf Site">Orendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeth_Site" title="Sleeth Site">Sleeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_Village_and_Mound_Group" title="Starr Village and Mound Group">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mound" title="Sugarloaf Mound">Sugarloaf Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Lower Ohio River and<br /> Confluence area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_site" title="Adams site">Adams site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtooth_Bend_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site">Dogtooth Bend Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Site" title="Marshall Site">Marshall Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millstone_Bluff" title="Millstone Bluff">Millstone Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orr-Herl_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Orr-Herl Mound and Village Site">Orr-Herl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlandton_Mound_Site" title="Rowlandton Mound Site">Rowlandton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towosahgy_State_Historic_Site" title="Towosahgy State Historic Site">Towosahgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Site" title="Turk Site">Turk Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Mounds_Site" title="Twin Mounds Site">Twin Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Ware Mounds and Village Site">Ware Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickliffe_Mounds" title="Wickliffe Mounds">Wickliffe Mounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Middle Ohio River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_phase" title="Angel phase">Angel phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annis_Mound_and_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Annis Mound and Village Site">Annis Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_Bank_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bone Bank site (page does not exist)">Bone Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellerbusch_site" title="Ellerbusch site">Ellerbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovey_Lake-Klein_Archeological_Site" title="Hovey Lake-Klein Archeological Site">Hovey Lake-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovey_Lake_Archaeological_District" title="Hovey Lake Archaeological District">Hovey Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murphy_Archaeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murphy Archaeological Site (page does not exist)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prather_Site" title="Prather Site">Prather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_Farm" title="Slack Farm">Slack Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu_Site" title="Tolu Site">Tolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welborn_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Welborn Village Archeological Site">Welborn Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankeetown_site" title="Yankeetown site">Yankeetown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Tennessee and<br />Cumberland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backusburg_Mounds" title="Backusburg Mounds">Backusburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beasley_Mounds_Site" title="Beasley Mounds Site">Beasley Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Library_Site" title="Brentwood Library Site">Brentwood Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Church_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Brick Church Mound and Village Site">Brick Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Springs_Mound_Site" title="Castalian Springs Mound Site">Castalian Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Cave_State_Park" title="Dunbar Cave State Park">Dunbar Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fewkes_Group_Archaeological_Site" title="Fewkes Group Archaeological Site">Fewkes Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_Island" title="Hiwassee Island">Hiwassee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Farm_State_Archaeological_Area" title="Link Farm State Archaeological Area">Link Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Bottom" title="Mound Bottom">Mound Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverview_Mounds_Archaeological_Site" title="Riverview Mounds Archaeological Site">Riverview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellars_Farm_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sellars Farm Site">Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obion_Mounds" title="Obion Mounds">Obion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Town Archaeological Site">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swallow_Bluff_Island_Mounds" title="Swallow Bluff Island Mounds">Swallow Bluff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Central and Lower<br /> Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belle_Meade_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belle Meade phase (page does not exist)">Belle Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone%27s_Mounds" title="Boone's Mounds">Boone's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_Mounds_Site" title="Boyd Mounds Site">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Archeological_Site" title="Campbell Archeological Site">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Mounds" title="Carson Mounds">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chucalissa" title="Chucalissa">Chucalissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Mound_Group" title="Denmark Mound Group">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet%27s_Mound" title="Janet's Mound">Janet's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menard%E2%80%93Hodges_site" title="Menard–Hodges site">Menard-Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_Mound_Archeological_Site" title="Murphy Mound Archeological Site">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_phase" title="Nodena phase">Nodena phase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_Creek_Mounds" title="Owl Creek Mounds">Owl Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkin phase">Parkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quigualtam" title="Quigualtam">Quigualtam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton_phase" title="Tipton phase">Tipton phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_people" title="Tunica people">Tunica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koroa" title="Koroa">Koroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_people" title="Yazoo people">Yazoo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_phase" title="Walls phase">Walls phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">South Appalachian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamson_Mounds_Site" title="Adamson Mounds Site">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_site" title="Avery site">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaverdam_Creek_Archaeological_Site" title="Beaverdam Creek Archaeological Site">Beaverdam Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Field_Mound_Site" title="Bell Field Mound Site">Bell Field Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_Site" title="Bessemer Site">Bessemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Mound" title="Biltmore Mound">Biltmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Mound" title="Blair Mound">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussell_Island" title="Bussell Island">Bussell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauga_Mound" title="Chauga Mound">Chauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaha" title="Chiaha">Chiaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chota_(Cherokee_town)" title="Chota (Cherokee town)">Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citico_(Cherokee_town)" title="Citico (Cherokee town)">Citico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosa_chiefdom" title="Coosa chiefdom">Coosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_phase" title="Dallas phase">Dallas phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyar_site" title="Dyar site">Dyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Creek_site" title="Garden Creek site">Garden Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoojah_Branch_Site" title="Hoojah Branch Site">Hoojah Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Mound_site" title="Irene Mound site">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jere_Shine_site" title="Jere Shine site">Jere Shine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joara" title="Joara">Joara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bell_site" title="Joe Bell site">Joe Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Archaeological_Site" title="King Archaeological Site">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Mounds_and_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar Mounds and Village Site">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar phase">Lamar phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liddell_Archeological_Site" title="Liddell Archeological Site">Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Egypt_(archaeological_site)" title="Little Egypt (archaeological site)">Little Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabila" title="Mabila">Mabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeville_site" title="Mandeville site">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahan_Mound_Site" title="McMahan Mound Site">McMahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Bend" title="Moccasin Bend">Moccasin Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_Creek_phase" title="Mouse Creek phase">Mouse Creek phase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulberry_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulberry site (page does not exist)">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacoochee_Mound" title="Nacoochee Mound">Nacoochee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikwasi" title="Nikwasi">Nikwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocmulgee National Monument">Ocmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Mound" title="Park Mound">Park Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisgah_phase" title="Pisgah phase">Pisgah phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_Rock_Shelter" title="Punk Rock Shelter">Punk Rock Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_Mounds" title="Rembert Mounds">Rembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roods_Landing_site" title="Roods Landing site">Roods Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucker%27s_Bottom_site" title="Rucker's Bottom site">Rucker's Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Archaeological_Site" title="Savannah Archaeological Site">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_Indian_Mounds_Site" title="Shiloh Indian Mounds Site">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixtoe_Mound" title="Sixtoe Mound">Sixtoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerour_Mound_site" title="Summerour Mound site">Summerour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskigi_Mound" title="Taskigi Mound">Taskigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotley" title="Tomotley">Tomotley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqua_(Tennessee)" title="Toqua (Tennessee)">Toqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddells_Mill_Pond_Site" title="Waddells Mill Pond Site">Waddells Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbanks_Site" title="Wilbanks Site">Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhaica" title="Anhaica">Anhaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Province" title="Apalachee Province">Apalachee Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayson_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cayson Mound and Village Site">Cayson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corbin%E2%80%93Tucker_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corbin–Tucker site (page does not exist)">Corbin–Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Yon Mound and Village Site">Yon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_Creek_Indian_Mounds" title="Bottle Creek Indian Mounds">Bottle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mound_Park_(Dauphin_Island,_Alabama)" title="Indian Mound Park (Dauphin Island, Alabama)">Dauphin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Ridge_Cemetery_Archeological_Site" title="Hickory Ridge Cemetery Archeological Site">Hickory Ridge Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Live_Oaks_Cemetery" title="Naval Live Oaks Cemetery">Naval Live Oaks Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine<br />Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_site" title="Anna site">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_Basin_Mounds" title="Atchafalaya Basin Mounds">Atchafalaya Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Mound_site" title="Emerald Mound site">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Mounds" title="Fitzhugh Mounds">Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowery_Mound" title="Flowery Mound">Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_Mound" title="Foster's Mound">Fosters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Site_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Site Mounds">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_site" title="Glass site">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Natchez" title="Grand Village of the Natchez">Grand Village of the Natchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaketown_Site" title="Jaketown Site">Jaketown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Mounds" title="Jordan Mounds">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julice_Mound" title="Julice Mound">Julice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangum_Mound_Site" title="Mangum Mound Site">Mangum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazique_Archeological_Site" title="Mazique Archeological Site">Mazique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medora_site" title="Medora site">Medora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_Archaeological_Preserve" title="Mott Archaeological Preserve">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taensa" title="Taensa">Taensa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_Mounds" title="Pocahontas Mounds">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routh_Mounds" title="Routh Mounds">Routh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Place_Mounds" title="Scott Place Mounds">Scott Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sims_site" title="Sims site">Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Mounds" title="Transylvania Mounds">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venable_Mound" title="Venable Mound">Venable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan<br />Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Mound_Site" title="Battle Mound Site">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcher_Mound_Site" title="Belcher Mound Site">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_Mound_site" title="Bluffton Mound site">Bluffton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Caddo Mounds State Historic Site">Caddoan Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gahagan_Mounds_Site" title="Gahagan Mounds Site">Gahagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Mound_Site" title="Hughes Mound Site">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka-Do-Ha_Indian_Village" title="Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village">Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keller_Site_(Calion,_Arkansas)" title="Keller Site (Calion, Arkansas)">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippian_culture" title="Upper Mississippian culture">Upper Mississippian<br />cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anker_Site" title="Anker Site">Anker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beattie_Park_Mound_Group" title="Beattie Park Mound Group">Beattie Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Run_Site" title="Blood Run Site">Blood Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcajou_Point_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcajou Point Site">Carcajou Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifield_Site" title="Fifield Site">Fifield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Mound_Group" title="Fisher Mound Group">Fisher Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_Farm_site" title="Gentleman Farm site">Gentleman Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Illinois" title="Grand Village of the Illinois">Grand Village of the Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griesmer_site" title="Griesmer site">Griesmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartley_Fort_State_Preserve" title="Hartley Fort State Preserve">Hartley Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park#Hotel_Plaza" title="Starved Rock State Park">Hotel Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxie_Farm_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoxie Farm Site">Hoxie Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huber_Site" title="Huber Site">Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntunen_site" title="Juntunen site">Juntunen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_Spring_site" title="Knoll Spring site">Knoll Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero_site" title="Mero site">Mero site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Bluff_site" title="Moccasin Bluff site">Moccasin Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Forest_Site" title="Oak Forest Site">Oak Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palos_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Palos Site">Palos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Island_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum Island Site">Plum Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche-a-Cri_Petroglyphs" title="Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs">Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerdt_site" title="Schwerdt site">Schwerdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Island_site" title="Summer Island site">Summer Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_Effigy_Mound" title="Alligator Effigy Mound">Alligator Effigy Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clover_site" title="Clover site">Clover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_Site" title="Dodge Site">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Petroglyph" title="Leo Petroglyph">Leo Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium" title="Chenopodium">Chenopodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_barley" class="mw-redirect" title="Little barley">Little barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iva_annua" title="Iva annua">Marshelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">Pumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helianthus_annuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helianthus annuus">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmons_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmons mask">Emmons mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_copper_plates" title="Mississippian copper plates">Copper plates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan plates">Rogan plates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiro_plates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiro plates (page does not exist)">Spiro plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfing_cache" title="Wulfing cache">Wulfing cache</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_River_cache" title="Duck River cache">Duck River cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_god_maskette" title="Long-nosed god maskette">Long-nosed god maskette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_chert" title="Mill Creek chert">Mill Creek chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery" title="Mississippian culture pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_gorget" title="Shell gorget">Shell gorget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary" title="Mississippian stone statuary">Stone statuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilian_Jargon" title="Mobilian Jargon">Mobilian Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taensa_language" title="Taensa language">Taensa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Ballgame (Southeastern)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lacrosse" title="History of lacrosse">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus#United_States" title="Tumulus">Burial mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth/fertility_cult" title="Earth/fertility cult">Earth/fertility cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">Platform mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Horn" title="Red Horn">Red Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_bundle" title="Sacred bundle">Sacred bundle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_village_bundle" title="Caddoan village bundle">Village bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0F58E;"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chevron_bead" title="Chevron bead">Chevron bead</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarksdale_bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarksdale bell (page does not exist)">Clarksdale bell</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mound Builders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">de Soto Expedition</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25x25px_Fort_Ancient_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#ECD872;;background:#FFE87C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fort_Ancient_culture" title="Template:Fort Ancient culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fort_Ancient_culture" title="Template talk:Fort Ancient culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fort_Ancient_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fort Ancient culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Fort_Ancient_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png/25px-Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ECD872;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mound Builders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Anderson<br />Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hine_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hine site (page does not exist)">Hine site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemp_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemp site (page does not exist)">Kemp site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Line_Archeological_District" title="State Line Archeological District">State Line site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Ancient cultural region, with some of its major sites and neighbors"><img alt="Fort Ancient cultural region, with some of its major sites and neighbors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/250px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/375px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/500px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Baum Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_Effigy_Mound" title="Alligator Effigy Mound">Alligator Effigy Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldwin_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldwin site (page does not exist)">Baldwin site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baum_Site" title="Baum Site">Baum Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gartner_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gartner site (page does not exist)">Gartner site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Feurt Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Indian_Village_Site" title="Buffalo Indian Village Site">Buffalo Indian Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feurt_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Feurt Mounds and Village Site">Feurt Mounds and Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_Village_site" title="Hardin Village site">Hardin Village site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Petroglyph" title="Leo Petroglyph">Leo Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobson_site" title="Hobson site">Hobson site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Madisonville<br />Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckner_site" title="Buckner site">Buckner site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clay_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clay Mound (page does not exist)">Clay Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleek%E2%80%93McCabe_site" title="Cleek–McCabe site">Cleek–McCabe site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clover_site" title="Clover site">Clover site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Farm_site_(Mays_Lick,_Kentucky)" title="Fox Farm site (Mays Lick, Kentucky)">Fox Farm site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hahn_Field_Archeological_District" title="Hahn Field Archeological District">Hahn Field site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larkin_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larkin site (page does not exist)">Larkin site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shawneetown" title="Lower Shawneetown">Lower Shawneetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madisonville_site" title="Madisonville site">Madisonville site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Watson_Gravel_site" title="Ronald Watson Gravel site">Ronald Watson Gravel site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clough_Creek_and_Sand_Ridge_Archaeological_District" title="Clough Creek and Sand Ridge Archaeological District">Sand Ridge site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpin_site" title="Turpin site">Turpin site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ECD872;"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bone_Stone_Graves" title="Bone Stone Graves">Bone Stone Graves</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bone_Mound_II" title="Bone Mound II">Bone Mound II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cole_culture" title="Cole culture">Cole culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oliver_phase" title="Oliver phase">Oliver phase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Owasco_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owasco culture (page does not exist)">Owasco culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springwells_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springwells phase (page does not exist)">Springwells phase</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262714#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_and_racism" title="Category:Archaeology and racism">Archaeology and racism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalism_and_archaeology" title="Category:Nationalism and archaeology">Nationalism and archaeology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mound_Builders" title="Category:Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" 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