CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cologne Cathedral - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a4620a48-c8be-42d2-97e9-fd90c81681f1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cologne_Cathedral","wgTitle":"Cologne Cathedral","wgCurRevisionId":1258472484,"wgRevisionId":1258472484,"wgArticleId":88384,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1: long volume value","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015","Use British English from January 2022","Use dmy dates from February 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata","Coordinates on Wikidata", "Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter","Articles containing German-language text","Pages with German IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017","Articles containing Kölsch-language text","Commons category link from Wikidata","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia","Articles with German-language sources (de)","Articles containing video clips","Pages using the Kartographer extension","Cologne Cathedral","Churches completed in 1880","Former world's tallest buildings","Gothic architecture in Germany","Landmarks in Cologne","Landmarks in Germany","Roman Catholic cathedrals in North Rhine-Westphalia","Tourist attractions in Cologne","Innenstadt, Cologne", "World Heritage Sites in Germany","Christian architecture","1880 establishments in Germany","Pilgrimage churches in Germany"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cologne_Cathedral","wgRelevantArticleId":88384,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":50.94138888888889,"lon":6.958333333333334},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4176","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles": "ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/1200px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1947"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/800px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1298"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/640px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1039"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cologne Cathedral - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cologne_Cathedral rootpage-Cologne_Cathedral skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cologne+Cathedral" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cologne+Cathedral" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cologne+Cathedral" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cologne+Cathedral" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Predecessor_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessor_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Predecessor buildings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predecessor_buildings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Predecessor buildings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Predecessor_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Merovingian_episcopal_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merovingian_episcopal_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Merovingian episcopal church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merovingian_episcopal_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Baptistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hildebold_Cathedral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hildebold_Cathedral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hildebold Cathedral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hildebold_Cathedral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_history_of_the_Gothic_cathedral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_history_of_the_Gothic_cathedral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Building history of the Gothic cathedral</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Building_history_of_the_Gothic_cathedral-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Building history of the Gothic cathedral subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Building_history_of_the_Gothic_cathedral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_beginning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_beginning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Medieval beginning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_beginning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_completion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_completion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>19th-century completion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_completion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_post-war_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_post-war_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>World War II and post-war history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_post-war_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_Site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_Site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>World Heritage Site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_Site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_renovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_renovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ongoing renovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_renovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Church music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Church_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Church music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Church_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cologne Cathedral</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keulen-katedraal" title="Keulen-katedraal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Keulen-katedraal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Dom" title="Kölner Dom – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kölner Dom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colnes_H%C4%93afodcirice" title="Colnes Hēafodcirice – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Colnes Hēafodcirice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كاتدرائية كولونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتدرائية كولونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Քիոլնի Տաճար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քիոլնի Տաճար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Colonia" title="Catedral de Colonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Catedral de Colonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_kafedral%C4%B1" title="Köln kafedralı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Köln kafedralı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C3%A9dral_K%C3%B6ln" title="Katédral Köln – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Katédral Köln" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="কোলন গির্জা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোলন গির্জা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_Ch%C3%BA-k%C3%A0u-ch%C5%8D-tn%CC%82g" title="Köln Chú-kàu-chō-tn̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Köln Chú-kàu-chō-tn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кёльн соборы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кёльн соборы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кёльнскі сабор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кёльнскі сабор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кёльнская катэдра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кёльнская катэдра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кьолнска катедрала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кьолнска катедрала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lna_Dom" title="Kölna Dom – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kölna Dom" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Col%C3%B2nia" title="Catedral de Colònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catedral de Colònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedr%C3%A1la_svat%C3%A9ho_Petra_(Kol%C3%ADn_nad_R%C3%BDnem)" title="Katedrála svatého Petra (Kolín nad Rýnem) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katedrála svatého Petra (Kolín nad Rýnem)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Dom" title="Kölner Dom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kölner Dom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Dom" title="Kölner Dom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kölner Dom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lnski_dom" title="Kölnski dom – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kölnski dom" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lni_toomkirik" title="Kölni toomkirik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kölni toomkirik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Καθεδρικός Ναός της Κολωνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καθεδρικός Ναός της Κολωνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Colonia" title="Catedral de Colonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catedral de Colonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralo_de_Kolonjo" title="Katedralo de Kolonjo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katedralo de Kolonjo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloniako_katedrala" title="Koloniako katedrala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koloniako katedrala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86" title="کلیسای جامع کلن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای جامع کلن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Cologne" title="Cathédrale de Cologne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cathédrale de Cologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_fan_Keulen" title="Dom fan Keulen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dom fan Keulen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeaglais_K%C3%B6ln" title="Ardeaglais Köln – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ardeaglais Köln" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Colonia" title="Catedral de Colonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catedral de Colonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BE%B0%EB%A5%B8_%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%B9" title="쾰른 대성당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쾰른 대성당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Քյոլնի տաճար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քյոլնի տաճար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lnska_katedrala" title="Kölnska katedrala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kölnska katedrala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_K%C3%B6ln" title="Katedral Köln – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katedral Köln" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3mkirkjan_%C3%AD_K%C3%B6ln" title="Dómkirkjan í Köln – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dómkirkjan í Köln" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duomo_di_Colonia" title="Duomo di Colonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Duomo di Colonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="קתדרלת קלן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתדרלת קלן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კელნის საკათედრო ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კელნის საკათედრო ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_cathedralis_(Colonia_Agrippina)" title="Ecclesia cathedralis (Colonia Agrippina) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia cathedralis (Colonia Agrippina)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6elnes_katedr%C4%81le" title="Ķelnes katedrāle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķelnes katedrāle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelno_katedra" title="Kelno katedra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kelno katedra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3m_van_K%C3%B6lle" title="Dóm van Kölle – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Dóm van Kölle" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lni_d%C3%B3m" title="Kölni dóm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kölni dóm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Келнска катедрала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Келнска катедрала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BD" title="കൊളോൺ കത്തീഡ്രൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊളോൺ കത്തീഡ്രൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katidral_ta%27_K%C3%B6ln" title="Katidral ta' Köln – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Katidral ta' Köln" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كاتدرائية كولونيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتدرائية كولونيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကိုလုံး ကသီဒရယ် ဘုရားရှိခိုးကျောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုလုံး ကသီဒရယ် ဘုရားရှိခိုးကျောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_van_Keulen" title="Dom van Keulen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dom van Keulen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E5%A4%A7%E8%81%96%E5%A0%82" title="ケルン大聖堂 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケルン大聖堂" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lnerdomen" title="Kölnerdomen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kölnerdomen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lnerdomen" title="Kölnerdomen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kölnerdomen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedrala_de_Colonha" title="Catedrala de Colonha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Catedrala de Colonha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Cologne Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="کلون گرجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلون گرجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedra_Kolo%C5%84ska" title="Katedra Kolońska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katedra Kolońska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Col%C3%B4nia" title="Catedral de Colônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catedral de Colônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Dom" title="Kölner Dom – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kölner Dom" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domul_din_K%C3%B6ln" title="Domul din Köln – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Domul din Köln" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кёльнский собор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кёльнский собор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cologne Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cologne Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C3%ADnsky_d%C3%B3m" title="Kolínsky dóm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolínsky dóm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolnica_sv._Petra,_K%C3%B6ln" title="Stolnica sv. Petra, Köln – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stolnica sv. Petra, Köln" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Келнска катедрала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Келнска катедрала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lnska_katedrala" title="Kölnska katedrala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kölnska katedrala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lnin_tuomiokirkko" title="Kölnin tuomiokirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kölnin tuomiokirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lnerdomen" title="Kölnerdomen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kölnerdomen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கோல்ன் கதீட்ரல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோல்ன் கதீட்ரல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8D" title="อาสนวิหารโคโลญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาสนวิหารโคโลญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_Katedrali" title="Köln Katedrali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köln Katedrali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Dom" title="Kölner Dom – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kölner Dom" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кельнський собор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кельнський собор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domo_de_Co%C5%82ogna" title="Domo de Cołogna – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Domo de Cołogna" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_th%E1%BB%9D_ch%C3%ADnh_t%C3%B2a_K%C3%B6ln" title="Nhà thờ chính tòa Köln – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà thờ chính tòa Köln" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_han_Kolonya" title="Katedral han Kolonya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katedral han Kolonya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="科隆大教堂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科隆大教堂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%BE%8D%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="古龍大教堂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古龍大教堂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="科隆主教座堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科隆主教座堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4176#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cologne_Cathedral" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cologne_Cathedral" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cologne_Cathedral" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&oldid=1258472484" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cologne_Cathedral&id=1258472484&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCologne_Cathedral"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCologne_Cathedral"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cologne_Cathedral&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Dom" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4176" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cologne_Cathedral&params=50_56_29_N_06_57_30_E_region:DE-NW_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°56′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°57′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.94139°N 6.95833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.94139; 6.95833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in Cologne, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">UNESCO World Heritage Site</div><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Cologne Cathedral</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold">The Cathedral of St. Peter</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><div class="nickname" lang="de"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hohe Domkirche St. Petrus</li><li>Kölner Dom</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3062" data-file-height="4969" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cathedral façade</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_fda76179081a00b988cbd62c07a545735eaf2e76"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Cologne_Cathedral&revid=1258472484&groups=_fda76179081a00b988cbd62c07a545735eaf2e76" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Cologne_Cathedral&revid=1258472484&groups=_fda76179081a00b988cbd62c07a545735eaf2e76 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cologne_Cathedral&params=50_56_29_N_06_57_30_E_region:DE-NW_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°56′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°57′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.94139°N 6.95833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.94139; 6.95833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data category">Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koelner-dom.de/home.html">koelner-dom.de</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.koelner-dom.de/en">https://www.koelner-dom.de/en</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">History</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Cathedral</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_churches" title="Dedication of churches">Dedication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 October 1880<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">15 October 1880</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Functional status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years built</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1248–1560</li><li>1842–1880</li><li>1950s–present (restoration)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">144.5 m (474 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-facts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">86.25 m (283.0 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-facts_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of <a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">spires</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spire height</th><td class="infobox-data">157 m (515 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-facts_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bells</th><td class="infobox-data">11</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Administration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Germany#Ecclesiastical_province_of_Cologne" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Germany">Cologne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Archdiocese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne">Cologne</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Clergy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Woelki" title="Rainer Woelki">Rainer Woelki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(religion)" title="Provost (religion)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Guido Assmann<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(religion)" title="Provost (religion)">Vice-provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Robert Kleine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">Vicar(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Jörg Stockem</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Laity</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Music_director" title="Music director">Director of music</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Metternich" title="Eberhard Metternich">Eberhard Metternich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organist" title="Organist">Organist(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Winfried_B%C3%B6nig" title="Winfried Bönig">Winfried Bönig</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kölner_Dommusik_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kölner_Dommusik-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organ_scholar" title="Organ scholar">Organ scholar</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Ulrich Brüggemann</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Building</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;">Building details</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Record height</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Tallest in the world from 1880 to 1890<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_talleststatus"><a href="#endnote_talleststatus">[I]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surpassed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Minster" title="Ulm Minster">Ulm Minster</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Height</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Antenna spire</th><td class="infobox-data">157.4 m (516 ft)</td></tr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/292">292</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1996 (20th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2004–06</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cologne Cathedral</b> (German: <i lang="de">Kölner Dom</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌkœlnɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdoːm]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4b\/De-K%C3%B6lner_Dom.ogg\/De-K%C3%B6lner_Dom.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-K\u00f6lner Dom.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/De-K%C3%B6lner_Dom.ogg/De-K%C3%B6lner_Dom.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-K%C3%B6lner_Dom.ogg" title="File:De-Kölner Dom.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, officially <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hohe Domkirche Sankt Petrus</i></span>, English: <b>Cathedral Church of Saint Peter</b>) is a cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, North Rhine-Westphalia belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. It is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne" title="Archbishop of Cologne">Archbishop of Cologne</a> and of the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Cologne">Archdiocese of Cologne</a>. It is a renowned monument of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Germany">German Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> and was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany#Landmarks" title="Tourism in Germany">Germany's most visited landmark</a>, attracting an average of 6 million people a year.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 157 m (515 ft), the cathedral is the tallest twin-spired church in the world, the second tallest church in Europe after <a href="/wiki/Ulm_Minster" title="Ulm Minster">Ulm Minster</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_church_buildings" title="List of tallest church buildings">third tallest church</a> of any kind in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction of Cologne Cathedral began in 1248 but was halted in the years around 1560,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unfinished. Attempts to complete the construction began around 1814 but the project was not properly funded until the 1840s. The edifice was completed to its original medieval plan in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The towers for its two huge spires give the cathedral the largest façade of any church in the world. </p><p>Cologne's medieval builders had planned a grand structure to house the <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Kings</a> and fit for its role as a place of worship for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Despite having been left incomplete during the medieval period, Cologne Cathedral eventually became unified as "a masterpiece of exceptional intrinsic value" and "a powerful testimony to the strength and persistence of Christian belief in medieval and modern Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Cologne, only the telecommunications tower is higher than the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessor_buildings">Predecessor buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Predecessor buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merovingian_episcopal_church">Merovingian episcopal church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Merovingian episcopal church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maternus_of_Cologne" title="Maternus of Cologne">Maternus of Cologne</a> was the first bishop of Cologne in around 313.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Cologne's Christian community, still small at this time, did not gather in a church, but in a residential building, which is thought to have been located on the cathedral hill below today's choir.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the collapse of Roman rule on the Rhine, the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian</a> petty kings residing in Cologne built an episcopal church on this site in the 6th century, which was eventually around 40 to 50 meters long and equipped with an <a href="/wiki/Ambon_(liturgy)" title="Ambon (liturgy)">ambon</a>. This building, which was probably built by King <a href="/wiki/Theudebert_I" title="Theudebert I">Theudebert I</a>, served as a burial place for the royal family; among others, the king's wife <a href="/wiki/Wisigard" title="Wisigard">Wisigard</a> was buried here around 537. However, the excavation finds under the cathedral choir do not allow a complete reconstruction of the buildings from the Merovingian period.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptistry">Baptistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Baptistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergabe_Rohbau_Baptisterium_K%C3%B6lner_Dom-9593.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%C3%9Cbergabe_Rohbau_Baptisterium_K%C3%B6lner_Dom-9593.jpg/220px-%C3%9Cbergabe_Rohbau_Baptisterium_K%C3%B6lner_Dom-9593.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%C3%9Cbergabe_Rohbau_Baptisterium_K%C3%B6lner_Dom-9593.jpg/330px-%C3%9Cbergabe_Rohbau_Baptisterium_K%C3%B6lner_Dom-9593.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%C3%9Cbergabe_Rohbau_Baptisterium_K%C3%B6lner_Dom-9593.jpg/440px-%C3%9Cbergabe_Rohbau_Baptisterium_K%C3%B6lner_Dom-9593.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption> Early Christian testimony: Baptistery east to the cathedral choir</figcaption></figure> <p>Already in late antiquity, there was a <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptistery</a> to the east of the cathedral choir, where the early Christians, following the rite of the time, stepped into knee-deep water and were completely doused. It is assumed that the baptismal font (<a href="/wiki/Piscina" title="Piscina">piscina</a>), which dates back to the 5th century, was originally located in the garden of the Roman house that served as a Christian meeting place.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the baptistry built above the pool was presumably combined with the cathedral church to form a single building complex, although there is no archaeological evidence of this today.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Hildebold Cathedral was built and equipped with a baptismal font due to the changed rite, only the baptismal piscina remained from the baptistery. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, this piscina, which is accessible in the base of the cathedral, is considered the oldest evidence of Christian worship in Cologne.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hildebold_Cathedral">Hildebold Cathedral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hildebold Cathedral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hillinus.jpg/220px-Hillinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hillinus.jpg/330px-Hillinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hillinus.jpg/440px-Hillinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption> Ottonian architectural drawing: Hildebold Cathedral in the Hillinus Codex</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domschatzkammer_Petrusstab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Domschatzkammer_Petrusstab.jpg/220px-Domschatzkammer_Petrusstab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Domschatzkammer_Petrusstab.jpg/330px-Domschatzkammer_Petrusstab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Domschatzkammer_Petrusstab.jpg/440px-Domschatzkammer_Petrusstab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1729" /></a><figcaption>Legendary relic: St. Peter's staff from the Cologne Cathedral treasury</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a> times, the Old Cathedral was built on Cologne Cathedral Hill and consecrated in 870.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral is now known as Hildebold Cathedral after Bishop <a href="/wiki/Hildebold_of_Cologne" title="Hildebold of Cologne">Hildebold</a>, who was a close advisor to <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and died in 818. However, it is unclear how much the bishop contributed to the building. He probably started the new construction, which Charlemagne also generously supported.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bishop's residence was originally located next to the cathedral. </p><p>With a length of around 95 meters, Hildebold Cathedral was one of the largest Carolingian churches ever built and became the architectural rolemodel for numerous churches in the early <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. It was built in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture"> Carolingian</a> tradition as a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> with two choirs, with the east choir dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a> and the more important choir in the west to the memory of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>. Through its patronage, but also in its architecture, Hildebold Cathedral made reference to <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was regarded as the St. Peter's Basilica of the North. This was intended to underline Cologne's claim to be a holy city and faithful daughter of the Roman Church.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The so-called reliquary-staff of Saint Peter and the chains of Saint Peter were among the church's most important relics.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hillinus Codex from the 11th century shows Hildebold Cathedral in an unusually realistic depiction for the time. <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the foundation walls of the Carolingian basilica have been revealed by the cathedral excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 23, 1164, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne" title="Archbishop of Cologne">Archbishop of Cologne</a> and Imperial <a href="/wiki/Archchancellor" title="Archchancellor">Archchancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Rainald_of_Dassel" title="Rainald of Dassel">Rainald of Dassel</a> brought the bones of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Wise Men</a> from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> to Cologne, which was perceived as a "propaganda success".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relics had been left to the archbishop by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> from his spoils of war. They had been considered worthy of veneration at least since their transfer. Whether Rainald von Dassel himself or the Milanese patricians should be regarded as the "inventors" of the relics is disputed in academic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, between 1190 and 1225, the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a> was made for the highly respected saints in Cologne, which is considered one of the most sophisticated goldsmith's works of the Middle Ages; the shrine was placed in the center of the Old Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cologne thus became an internationally renowned place of pilgrimage in Europe. <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To oversee the pilgrim crowds, an office of custos regum ("guardian of the kings") was established after 1162.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the only narrow side portal of the cathedral was not very suitable for the crowds of pilgrims, as it had to be used as an entrance and an exit at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the construction of the Gothic cathedral in 1248, the Old Cathedral was to be demolished step by step. However, careless demolition work and fire destroyed not only the east choir, but almost the entire cathedral; the Shrine of the Three Kings was saved from the fire. The western parts of Hildebold Cathedral were provisionally rebuilt and were only taken down after 1322, when the Gothic choir was completed and construction of the Gothic nave began. <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building_history_of_the_Gothic_cathedral">Building history of the Gothic cathedral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Building history of the Gothic cathedral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_beginning">Medieval beginning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval beginning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Foundation_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation stone">foundation stone</a> was laid on Saturday, 15 August 1248, by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_Hochstaden" title="Konrad von Hochstaden">Konrad von Hochstaden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern arm was completed under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Master_Gerhard" title="Master Gerhard">Master Gerhard</a>, was consecrated in 1322 and sealed off by a temporary wall so it could be used as the work continued. Eighty-four <a href="/wiki/Misericord" title="Misericord">misericords</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> date from this building phase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. This work ceased in 1473, leaving the south tower complete to the belfry level and crowned with a huge crane that remained in place as a landmark of the Cologne skyline for 400 years.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some work proceeded intermittently on the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> between the west front and the eastern arm, but during the 16th century this also stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanischer-Garten-am-Dom-um-1820.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The unfinished cathedral in 1820, engraved by Henry Winkles. The huge crane on the tower of the cathedral is visible in the picture."><img alt="The unfinished cathedral in 1820, engraved by Henry Winkles. The huge crane on the tower of the cathedral is visible in the picture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Botanischer-Garten-am-Dom-um-1820.JPG/336px-Botanischer-Garten-am-Dom-um-1820.JPG" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Botanischer-Garten-am-Dom-um-1820.JPG/505px-Botanischer-Garten-am-Dom-um-1820.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Botanischer-Garten-am-Dom-um-1820.JPG/672px-Botanischer-Garten-am-Dom-um-1820.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The unfinished cathedral in 1820, engraved by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Winkles" title="Henry Winkles">Henry Winkles</a>. The huge crane on the tower of the cathedral is visible in the picture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesfranciscus-Michiels_bau-des-doms-koeln-1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The unfinished cathedral in 1855. The medieval crane was still in place, while constructions for the nave had been resumed earlier in 1814."><img alt="The unfinished cathedral in 1855. The medieval crane was still in place, while constructions for the nave had been resumed earlier in 1814." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Johannesfranciscus-Michiels_bau-des-doms-koeln-1855.jpg/278px-Johannesfranciscus-Michiels_bau-des-doms-koeln-1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Johannesfranciscus-Michiels_bau-des-doms-koeln-1855.jpg/418px-Johannesfranciscus-Michiels_bau-des-doms-koeln-1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Johannesfranciscus-Michiels_bau-des-doms-koeln-1855.jpg/557px-Johannesfranciscus-Michiels_bau-des-doms-koeln-1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="1535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The unfinished cathedral in 1855. The medieval crane was still in place, while constructions for the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> had been resumed earlier in 1814.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinpanorama_1856_detail_Dom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The unfinished cathedral in 1856. The east end had been finished and roofed, while other parts of the building are in various stages of construction."><img alt="The unfinished cathedral in 1856. The east end had been finished and roofed, while other parts of the building are in various stages of construction." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rheinpanorama_1856_detail_Dom.jpg/252px-Rheinpanorama_1856_detail_Dom.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rheinpanorama_1856_detail_Dom.jpg/379px-Rheinpanorama_1856_detail_Dom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rheinpanorama_1856_detail_Dom.jpg/504px-Rheinpanorama_1856_detail_Dom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The unfinished cathedral in 1856. The east end had been finished and roofed, while other parts of the building are in various stages of construction.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_completion">19th-century completion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th-century completion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolner_Dom_kurz_vor_der_Fertigstellung_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kolner_Dom_kurz_vor_der_Fertigstellung_1880.jpg/220px-Kolner_Dom_kurz_vor_der_Fertigstellung_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kolner_Dom_kurz_vor_der_Fertigstellung_1880.jpg/330px-Kolner_Dom_kurz_vor_der_Fertigstellung_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Kolner_Dom_kurz_vor_der_Fertigstellung_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The cathedral in 1880, nearing the end of its construction.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romantic enthusiasm</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and spurred by the discovery of the original plan for the façade, the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> Court working with the church, committed to complete the cathedral. It was achieved by civic effort; the <i><a href="/wiki/Central-Dombauverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Central-Dombauverein">Central-Dombauverein</a></i>, founded in 1842, raised two-thirds of the enormous costs, while the Prussian state supplied the remaining third.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The state saw this as a way to improve its relations with the large number of Catholic subjects it had gained in 1815, but especially after 1871, it was regarded as a project to symbolize German nationhood.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work resumed in 1842 to the original design of the surviving medieval plans and drawings, but using more modern construction techniques, including iron roof <a href="/wiki/Girder" title="Girder">girders</a>. The nave was completed and the towers were added. The bells were installed in the 1870s. The largest bell is <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersglocke" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersglocke">St. Petersglocke</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The completion of Germany's largest cathedral was celebrated as a national event on 15 October 1880, 632 years after construction had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-London1881_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London1881-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celebration was attended by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I of Germany">Wilhelm I</a>. With a height of 157.38 m (516.3 ft), it was the tallest building in the world for four years until the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_post-war_history">World War II and post-war history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II and post-war history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The twin spires of the cathedral were an easily recognizable navigational landmark for Allied aircraft bombing during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral suffered fourteen hits by <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">aerial bombs</a> during the war. Badly damaged, it nevertheless remained standing in an otherwise completely flattened city. </p><p>On 6 March 1945, an area west of the cathedral (Marzellenstrasse/Trankgasse) was the site of intense combat between American tanks of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Armored Division (United States)">3rd Armored Division</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Panther_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Panther Tank">Panther Ausf. A</a> of <a href="/wiki/Panzer_brigade" title="Panzer brigade">Panzer brigade</a> 106 Feldherrnhalle. A nearby Panther, a German medium tank, was sitting by a pile of rubble near a train station right by the twin spires of the Cologne Cathedral. The Panther successfully knocked out two <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">Sherman</a> tanks, killing three men, before it was destroyed by a <a href="/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">T26E3 Pershing</a>, nicknamed Eagle 7, minutes later. Film footage of that battle survives.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Repairs of the war damage were completed in 1956. A <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral_Seal" title="Cologne Cathedral Seal">repair to part of the northwest tower</a>, carried out in 1944 using poor-quality brick taken from a nearby ruined building, remained visible as a reminder of the war until 2005, when it was restored to its original appearance. </p><p>To investigate whether the bombings had damaged the foundations of the Dom, archaeological excavations began in 1946 under the leadership of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Doppelfeld" class="extiw" title="de:Otto Doppelfeld">Otto Doppelfeld</a> and were concluded in 1997. One of the most meaningful excavations of churches, they revealed previously unknown details of earlier buildings on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Repair and maintenance work is constantly being carried out in the building, which is rarely free of scaffolding, as wind, rain, and pollution slowly eat away at the stones. The <i>Dombauhütte</i>, established to build the cathedral and keep it in repair, employs skilled stonemasons for the purpose. Half the costs of repair and maintenance are still borne by the <a href="/wiki/Dombauverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Dombauverein">Dombauverein</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasak_-_Der_Dom_zu_K%C3%B6ln_-_Bild_02_Westseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The west front of the completed cathedral in 1911"><img alt="The west front of the completed cathedral in 1911" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hasak_-_Der_Dom_zu_K%C3%B6ln_-_Bild_02_Westseite.jpg/231px-Hasak_-_Der_Dom_zu_K%C3%B6ln_-_Bild_02_Westseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hasak_-_Der_Dom_zu_K%C3%B6ln_-_Bild_02_Westseite.jpg/347px-Hasak_-_Der_Dom_zu_K%C3%B6ln_-_Bild_02_Westseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hasak_-_Der_Dom_zu_K%C3%B6ln_-_Bild_02_Westseite.jpg/463px-Hasak_-_Der_Dom_zu_K%C3%B6ln_-_Bild_02_Westseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The west front of the completed cathedral in 1911</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 259.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 257.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warning_sign_in_cologne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="US soldier and destroyed Panther tank, 4 April 1945"><img alt="US soldier and destroyed Panther tank, 4 April 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Warning_sign_in_cologne.jpg/386px-Warning_sign_in_cologne.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Warning_sign_in_cologne.jpg/578px-Warning_sign_in_cologne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Warning_sign_in_cologne.jpg/771px-Warning_sign_in_cologne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2119" data-file-height="1649" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">US soldier and destroyed <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tank</a>, 4 April 1945 </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 August 2005, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> visited the cathedral during his apostolic visit to Germany, as part of <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">World Youth Day 2005</a> festivities. An estimated one million pilgrims visited the cathedral during this time. Also as part of the events of World Youth Day, Cologne Cathedral hosted a televised gala performance of <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Missa_Solemnis_(Beethoven)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missa Solemnis (Beethoven)">Missa Solemnis</a>, performed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Royal Philharmonic Orchestra">Royal Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Choir" title="London Philharmonic Choir">London Philharmonic Choir</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Levine" title="Gilbert Levine">Gilbert Levine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 August 2007, the cathedral received a <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral_Window" title="Cologne Cathedral Window">new stained glass window</a> in the south <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a>. The 113 m<sup>2</sup> (1,220 sq ft) glass work was created by the German artist <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a> with the €400,000 cost paid by donations. It is composed of 11,500 identically sized pieces of coloured glass resembling <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>, randomly arranged by computer, which create a colourful "carpet". Since the loss of the original window in World War II, the space had been temporarily filled with plain glass.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The then archbishop of the cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Meisner" title="Joachim Meisner">Cardinal Joachim Meisner</a>, who had preferred a figurative depiction of 20th-century Catholic martyrs for the window, did not attend the unveiling.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holder of the office since 2014 is Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Woelki" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainer Maria Woelki">Rainer Maria Woelki</a>. On 5 January 2015, the cathedral remained dark as floodlights were switched off to protest a demonstration by <a href="/wiki/PEGIDA" class="mw-redirect" title="PEGIDA">PEGIDA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_Site">World Heritage Site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World Heritage Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-09_Ausschnitt_K%C3%B6lner_Dom2_(MF).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2010-09_Ausschnitt_K%C3%B6lner_Dom2_%28MF%29.JPG/260px-2010-09_Ausschnitt_K%C3%B6lner_Dom2_%28MF%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2010-09_Ausschnitt_K%C3%B6lner_Dom2_%28MF%29.JPG/390px-2010-09_Ausschnitt_K%C3%B6lner_Dom2_%28MF%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2010-09_Ausschnitt_K%C3%B6lner_Dom2_%28MF%29.JPG/520px-2010-09_Ausschnitt_K%C3%B6lner_Dom2_%28MF%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4234" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption>Cologne Cathedral on the banks of Rhine</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1996, the cathedral was added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a> of culturally important sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, it was placed on the "World Heritage in Danger" list, as the only Western site in danger, due to plans to construct several high-rise buildings nearby, which would have visually impacted the site.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral was removed from the "in danger" list in 2006, following the authorities' decision to limit the heights of buildings constructed near and around the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a World Heritage Site and host to the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a>, Cologne Cathedral is a major attraction for tourists and pilgrims, and is one of the oldest and most important pilgrimage sites of Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visitors can climb 533 stone steps of the spiral staircase to a viewing platform about 100 m (330 ft) above the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The platform gives a scenic view over the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ongoing_renovation">Ongoing renovation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ongoing renovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln,_Dom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/K%C3%B6ln%2C_Dom.JPG/220px-K%C3%B6ln%2C_Dom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/K%C3%B6ln%2C_Dom.JPG/330px-K%C3%B6ln%2C_Dom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/K%C3%B6ln%2C_Dom.JPG/440px-K%C3%B6ln%2C_Dom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Never without scaffolding: the stones on the cathedral require constant renewal</figcaption></figure> <p>The cathedral is a medieval building that was built very solidly from a structural point of view. At the same time, however, the stone structure requires continuous maintenance and renovation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral's master builder <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Schock-Werner" title="Barbara Schock-Werner">Barbara Schock-Werner</a> said: "Cologne Cathedral without scaffolding is not a pipe dream, but a nightmare. It would mean that we would no longer be able to afford the cathedral."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, the completed cathedral was only visible without scaffolding for a few years. After the official completion of the cathedral in 1880, finishing work continued for around 20 years. Shortly before his death in 1902, master builder Richard Voigtel publicly stated that the cathedral had finally been completed. However, after the wings of an angel figure fell from the façade in 1906, the cathedral master builders resumed the renovation work.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cathedral is built from different types of rock, which weather to varying degrees due to their characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The filigree buttresses and arches are exposed to the weather from all sides<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are attacked by water, the sulphur content of the air and bird droppings.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially from the 1960s onwards, <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> severely affected the stones and turned them increasingly black. It was only from the 1990s onwards that air pollution control measures reduced the level of pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Schlaitdorf <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, which was used from 1842 onwards for the transept façades and the upper parts of the nave and transept, shows the most intensive <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>. It is therefore constantly being renewed and until the 1980s was preferably replaced with Londorf <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> lava, which is considered to be very weather-resistant, but is not sandy beige, but grey in color.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, however, the cathedral master builders have endeavored to carry out the restoration with stones that come as close as possible to the original sandstone.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral works (Dombauhütte) has already tested numerous means of preserving the stones. A convincing method has not yet been found.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the iron anchors and dowels that hold the many parts of the architectural decoration are also beginning to rust. They are threatening to crack the stones and need to be replaced with steel parts. "It is therefore foreseeable that no one alive today will ever see the cathedral without scaffolding."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regular renovation work is required due to sporadic earthquake damage. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/1992_Roermond_earthquake" title="1992 Roermond earthquake">1992 Roermond earthquake</a>, the 400 kg finial on the eastern pinnacle of the southern transept gable broke off, smashed through the roof and damaged the roof truss. Four other finials were loosened.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From May to November 2021, a remote-controlled drone took 200,000 high-resolution photos of all parts of the façade from a distance of five to seven meters and assembled them into a digital 3D model of the cathedral, which offers a very accurate representation with 25 billion polygons. This makes it possible to precisely document the current condition and the need for conservation and restoration, even in remote areas. The 3D model has a size of 50 gigabytes. The cost of creating the model was in the six-figure range.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Finials_of_Cologne_Cathedral" title="Finials of Cologne Cathedral">Finials of Cologne Cathedral</a></div> <p>The ground plan design of Cologne Cathedral was based closely on that of <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, as is the style and the width to height proportion of the central nave. The plan is in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Cross">Latin Cross</a>, as is usual with Gothic cathedrals. It has two aisles on either side, which help support one of the very highest Gothic vaults in the world, being nearly as tall as that of the <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a>, much of which collapsed. Externally the outward thrust of the vault is taken by <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a> in the French manner. The eastern end has a single <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a>, the second aisle resolving into a <i><a href="/wiki/Chevet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevet">chevet</a></i> of seven radiating chapels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Internally, the medieval choir is more varied and less mechanical in its details than the 19th-century building. It presents a French style arrangement of very tall <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a>, a delicate narrow <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> gallery lit by windows and with detailed tracery merging with that of the windows above. The <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> windows are tall and retain some old figurative glass in the lower sections. The whole is united by the tall shafts that sweep unbroken from the floor to their capitals at the spring of the vault. The vault is of plain quadripartite arrangement. </p><p>The choir retains a great many of its original fittings, including the carved stalls, despite French Revolutionary troops having desecrated the building. A large stone statue of <a href="/wiki/St_Christopher" class="mw-redirect" title="St Christopher">St Christopher</a> looks down towards the place where the earlier entrance to the cathedral was, before its completion in the late 19th century. </p><p>The nave has many 19th century stained glass windows. A set of five on the south side, called the <i>Bayernfenster</i>, were a gift from <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I of Bavaria</a>, and strongly represent the painterly German style of the time. </p><p>Externally, particularly from a distance, the building is dominated by its huge spires, which are entirely Germanic in character, being openwork like those of <a href="/wiki/Ulm_Minster" title="Ulm Minster">Ulm</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna" title="St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Strasbourg cathedral">Strasbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regensburg_Cathedral" title="Regensburg Cathedral">Regensburg Cathedrals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An aerial view shows the cruciform plan."><img alt="An aerial view shows the cruciform plan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cologne_cathedral_aerial_%2825326253726%29_b.jpg/220px-Cologne_cathedral_aerial_%2825326253726%29_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cologne_cathedral_aerial_%2825326253726%29_b.jpg/330px-Cologne_cathedral_aerial_%2825326253726%29_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cologne_cathedral_aerial_%2825326253726%29_b.jpg/440px-Cologne_cathedral_aerial_%2825326253726%29_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An aerial view shows the cruciform plan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_cathedrale_vue_sud.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cathedral from the south"><img alt="The cathedral from the south" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cologne_cathedrale_vue_sud.jpg/293px-Cologne_cathedrale_vue_sud.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cologne_cathedrale_vue_sud.jpg/439px-Cologne_cathedrale_vue_sud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cologne_cathedrale_vue_sud.jpg/586px-Cologne_cathedrale_vue_sud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The cathedral from the south</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner-dom-spire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The exterior of one of the spires"><img alt="The exterior of one of the spires" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Koelner-dom-spire.jpg/162px-Koelner-dom-spire.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Koelner-dom-spire.jpg/243px-Koelner-dom-spire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Koelner-dom-spire.jpg/324px-Koelner-dom-spire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The exterior of one of the spires</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_main_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The main entrance shows the 19th century decoration."><img alt="The main entrance shows the 19th century decoration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cathedral_main_entrance.jpg/400px-Cathedral_main_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cathedral_main_entrance.jpg/600px-Cathedral_main_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cathedral_main_entrance.jpg/800px-Cathedral_main_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The main entrance shows the 19th century decoration.</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flying buttresses and pinnacles of the Medieval east end"><img alt="The flying buttresses and pinnacles of the Medieval east end" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/281px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/422px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/562px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The flying buttresses and pinnacles of the Medieval east end</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The nave looking east"><img alt="The nave looking east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/237px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/356px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/475px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> looking east</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Medieval east end, showing the extreme height"><img alt="Interior of the Medieval east end, showing the extreme height" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG/281px-Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG" decoding="async" width="188" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG/422px-Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG/562px-Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the Medieval east end, showing the extreme height</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_dom_neue_orgel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This "swallows' nest" organ was built into the gallery in 1998 to celebrate the cathedral's 750 years."><img alt="This "swallows' nest" organ was built into the gallery in 1998 to celebrate the cathedral's 750 years." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Koelner_dom_neue_orgel.jpg/267px-Koelner_dom_neue_orgel.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Koelner_dom_neue_orgel.jpg/401px-Koelner_dom_neue_orgel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Koelner_dom_neue_orgel.jpg/534px-Koelner_dom_neue_orgel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1837" data-file-height="2578" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This "swallows' nest" organ was built into the gallery in 1998 to celebrate the cathedral's 750 years.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:448px;max-width:448px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahrbuch_MZK_Band_03_-_Gew%C3%B6lbesystem_-_Fig_75_Chordurchschnitt_des_Domes_zu_C%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jahrbuch_MZK_Band_03_-_Gew%C3%B6lbesystem_-_Fig_75_Chordurchschnitt_des_Domes_zu_C%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdseite.jpg/185px-Jahrbuch_MZK_Band_03_-_Gew%C3%B6lbesystem_-_Fig_75_Chordurchschnitt_des_Domes_zu_C%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jahrbuch_MZK_Band_03_-_Gew%C3%B6lbesystem_-_Fig_75_Chordurchschnitt_des_Domes_zu_C%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdseite.jpg/278px-Jahrbuch_MZK_Band_03_-_Gew%C3%B6lbesystem_-_Fig_75_Chordurchschnitt_des_Domes_zu_C%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jahrbuch_MZK_Band_03_-_Gew%C3%B6lbesystem_-_Fig_75_Chordurchschnitt_des_Domes_zu_C%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdseite.jpg/370px-Jahrbuch_MZK_Band_03_-_Gew%C3%B6lbesystem_-_Fig_75_Chordurchschnitt_des_Domes_zu_C%C3%B6ln_-_S%C3%BCdseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="2620" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">19th century cross-section, south elevation of the choir</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png/255px-Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png/383px-Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png/510px-Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Groundplan</div></div></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12em">External length</td> <td align="right">144.58 m (474.3 ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>External width</td> <td align="right">86.25 m (283.0 ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Width of west façade</td> <td align="right">61.54 m (201.9 ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Width of <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> façade</td> <td align="right">39.95 m (131.1 ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Width of <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> (with aisles, interior)</td> <td align="right">45.19 m (148.3 ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Height of southern tower</td> <td align="right">157.31 m (516.1 ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Height of northern tower</td> <td align="right">157.38 m (516.3 ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Height of ridge turret</td> <td align="right">109.00 m (357.61 ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Height of transept façades</td> <td align="right">69.95 m (229.5 ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Height of roof ridge</td> <td align="right">61.10 m (200.5 ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Inner height of nave</td> <td align="right">43.35 m (142.2 ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Height of side aisles</td><td align="right">18 m (59 ft)</td> </tr> <tr><td>Building area</td> <td align="right">7,914 m<sup>2</sup> (85,185.59 sq ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Window surface area</td> <td align="right">10,000 m<sup>2</sup> (107,639.10 sq ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Roof surface area</td> <td align="right">12,000 m<sup>2</sup> (129,166.93 sq ft) </td></tr> <tr><td>Gross volume without buttresses</td> <td align="right">407,000 m<sup>3</sup> (14,400,000 cu ft) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treasures">Treasures<span class="anchor" id="Treasures_of_Cologne_Cathedral"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Treasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the treasures of the cathedral is the high altar, which was installed in 1322. It is constructed of black marble, with a solid slab 15 ft (4.6 m) long forming the top. The front and sides are overlaid with white marble niches into which are set figures, with the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a> at the centre. Joan Holladay has discussed the iconography of the high altar in the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most celebrated work of art in the cathedral is the <i><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a></i>, commissioned by Philip von Heinsberg, archbishop of Cologne from 1167 to 1191 and created by Nicholas of Verdun, begun in 1190. It is traditionally believed to hold the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Wise_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Wise Men">Three Wise Men</a>, whose relics were acquired by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> at the conquest of Milan in 1164. The shrine takes the form of a large <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> in the shape of a basilican church, made of bronze and silver, gilded and ornamented with architectonic details, figurative sculpture, enamels and gemstones. The shrine was opened in 1864 and was found to contain bones and garments. </p><p>Near the <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Gero_Crucifix" class="mw-redirect" title="Gero Crucifix">Gero Crucifix</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a large crucifix carved in oak and with traces of paint and gilding. Believed to have been commissioned around 960 for Archbishop Gero, it is the oldest large crucifix north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and the earliest-known large free-standing Northern sculpture of the medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Sacrament Chapel is the <i>Mailänder Madonna</i> ("Milan Madonna"), a high Gothic carving, depicting the Blessed Virgin and the infant Jesus. It was made in the Cologne Cathedral workshop sometime around 1290 as a replacement for the original which was lost in a fire. The altar of the patron saints of Cologne with an altarpiece by the <a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lochner" title="Stefan Lochner">Stefan Lochner</a> is in the <i>Marienkapelle</i> ("St. Mary's Chapel"). </p><p>After completion in 1265, the radiating chapels were immediately taken into service as a burial place. The relics of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Irmgardis" title="Saint Irmgardis">Saint Irmgardis</a> found a final resting place in the St. Agnes' Chapel. Her <a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">trachyte</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> is considered to be created by the cathedral masons' guild around 1280.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other works of art are in the Cathedral Treasury. </p><p>Embedded in the interior wall are a pair of <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stone tablets</a> on which are carved the provisions formulated by Archbishop Englebert II (1262–67) under which Jews were permitted to reside in Cologne.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Crucifix of Bishop Gero, 10th century, the oldest known large crucifix"><img alt="The Crucifix of Bishop Gero, 10th century, the oldest known large crucifix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg/193px-Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg/289px-Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg/386px-Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="2009" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Gero_Crucifix" class="mw-redirect" title="Gero Crucifix">Crucifix of Bishop Gero</a></i>, 10th century, the oldest known large crucifix</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 292.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Shrine of the Three Kings"><img alt="The Shrine of the Three Kings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg/436px-Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg" decoding="async" width="291" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg/653px-Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Christophorus_(2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Christopher statue by Tilman van der Burch, c. 1470"><img alt="St. Christopher statue by Tilman van der Burch, c. 1470" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Christophorus_%282008%29.jpg/212px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Christophorus_%282008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Christophorus_%282008%29.jpg/319px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Christophorus_%282008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Christophorus_%282008%29.jpg/425px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Christophorus_%282008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Christopher" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Christopher">St. Christopher</a> statue by Tilman van der Burch, c. 1470 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dombild_Maria_Anbetung-5195_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dombild Altarpiece of the Three Kings by Stefan Lochner"><img alt="Rectangular central section of an altarpiece in the International Gothic style, showing the Three Kings adoring the Christ Child. The arrangement is formal, balanced and intricately detailed. The Virgin Mary, in a robe of brilliant blue, sits enthroned with Jesus on her knee at the centre of the painting. The figures have a sweet, doll-like quality. On either side kneel the two older kings clothed in robes of patterned velvet, one green and the other crimson, with gifts of a golden box and a silver chalice. The youngest king stands behind one of the kneeling figures, and presents a container of semi-precious stone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dombild_Maria_Anbetung-5195_%28cropped%29.jpg/331px-Dombild_Maria_Anbetung-5195_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dombild_Maria_Anbetung-5195_%28cropped%29.jpg/497px-Dombild_Maria_Anbetung-5195_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dombild_Maria_Anbetung-5195_%28cropped%29.jpg/662px-Dombild_Maria_Anbetung-5195_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1647" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Dombild_Altarpiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Dombild Altarpiece">Dombild Altarpiece</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Kings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lochner" title="Stefan Lochner">Stefan Lochner</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Cathedral_window,_interior_view_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petrus- und Wurzel Jesse-Fenster, 1509"><img alt="Petrus- und Wurzel Jesse-Fenster, 1509" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%282%29.jpg/170px-Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%282%29.jpg/256px-Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%282%29.jpg/341px-Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="3516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Petrus- und Wurzel Jesse-Fenster</i>, 1509</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Cathedral_window,_interior_view_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anbetungs-Fenster, 1846"><img alt="Anbetungs-Fenster, 1846" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg/171px-Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg/257px-Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg/342px-Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="4470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Anbetungs-Fenster</i>, 1846 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richter_window_Cologne_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern stained glass window by Gerhard Richter (2007)"><img alt="Modern stained glass window by Gerhard Richter (2007)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/Richter_window_Cologne_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> window by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a> (2007) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_music">Church music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Church music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral_organs" title="Cologne Cathedral organs">Cologne Cathedral organs</a></div> <p>Cologne Cathedral has two <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Klais_Orgelbau" title="Klais Orgelbau">Klais Orgelbau</a>: the Transept Organ, built in 1948, and the Nave Organ, built in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cathedral organists have included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Zimmermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Zimmermann (page does not exist)">Josef Zimmermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Ganz" title="Clemens Ganz">Clemens Ganz</a> (1985–2001) and <a href="/wiki/Winfried_B%C3%B6nig" title="Winfried Bönig">Winfried Bönig</a> (2001). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bells">Bells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cathedral has eleven church bells, four of which are medieval. The first was the 3.8-tonne <i>Dreikönigsglocke</i> ("Bell of the Three Kings"), cast in 1418, installed in 1437, and recast in 1880. Two of the other bells, the <i>Pretiosa</i> (10.5 tonnes; at that time the largest bell in the Western world) and the <i>Speciosa</i> (5.6 tonnes) were installed in 1448 and remain in place today. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CologneCathedralBell02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CologneCathedralBell02.jpg/260px-CologneCathedralBell02.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CologneCathedralBell02.jpg/390px-CologneCathedralBell02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CologneCathedralBell02.jpg/520px-CologneCathedralBell02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Petersglocke" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersglocke"><i>Petersglocke</i></a>; a person stands to the right of bell clapper.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 19th century, as the building neared completion, there was a desire to increase the number of bells. This was facilitated by Kaiser Wilhelm I who gave <a href="/wiki/French_Bronze" title="French Bronze">French bronze</a> cannon, captured in 1870–71, for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 22 pieces of artillery were displayed outside the cathedral on 11 May 1872. Andreas Hamm in <a href="/wiki/Frankenthal" title="Frankenthal">Frankenthal</a> used them to cast a bell of over 27,000 kilos on 19 August 1873. The tone was not harmonious and another attempt was made on 13 November 1873. The Central Cathedral Association, which had agreed to take over the costs, did not want this bell either. Another attempt took place on 3 October 1874. The colossal bell was shipped to Cologne and on 13 May 1875, installed in the cathedral. This <i>Kaiserglocke</i> was eventually melted in 1918 to support the German war effort. The Kaiserglocke was the largest free-swinging bell in history. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="200437_bigben12345_petersglocke.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:200437_bigben12345_petersglocke.oga"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/200437_bigben12345_petersglocke.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/200437_bigben12345_petersglocke.oga/200437_bigben12345_petersglocke.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A200437_bigben12345_petersglocke.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Sound of St. Petersglocke</figcaption></figure> <p>The 24-tonne <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersglocke" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersglocke">St. Petersglocke</a></i> ("Bell of St. Peter", "<i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Decke Pitter</i></span></i>" in the <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Kölsch language</a> or in common parlance known as "<i>Dicker Pitter</i>"), was cast in 1922 and was the largest free-swinging bell in the world, until a new bell was cast in Innsbruck for the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Salvation_Cathedral" title="People's Salvation Cathedral">People's Salvation Cathedral</a> in Bucharest, Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bell is only rung on eight major holidays such as Easter and Christmas. </p><p>On Thursday, 3 March 2022, landmark cathedrals across Europe chimed in unison "in a gesture of solidarity with Ukraine, as bystanders gathered to mourn those killed during Russia's invasion and pray for peace." The <i>Kölner Dom</i> was among them.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Bells of the South Tower </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>No </th> <th>Mass </th> <th>Note </th> <th>Founder </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Petersglocke" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersglocke">St. Peter's Bell (Dicker Pitter)</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>24,000 kg </td> <td>C0 </td> <td>Heinrich Ulrich, <a href="/wiki/Apolda" title="Apolda">Apolda</a> </td> <td>1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pretiosa </td> <td>2 </td> <td>10,500 kg </td> <td>G1 </td> <td>Heinrich Brodermann & Christian Cloit, Cologne </td> <td>1448 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Speciosa </td> <td>3 </td> <td>5,600 kg </td> <td>A1 </td> <td>Johannes Hoerken de Vechel, Cologne </td> <td>1449 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dreikönigsglocke (Three Kings Bell) </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3,800 kg </td> <td>H0 </td> <td>Hermann Große, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> </td> <td>1880 </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Ursula's Bell (Ursulaglocke) </td> <td>5 </td> <td>2,500 kg </td> <td>C1 </td> <td>Joseph Beduwe, <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> </td> <td>1862 </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Joseph's Bell (Josephglocke) </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2,200 kg </td> <td>D2 </td> <td>Hans Augustus Mark, Eifel Foundry, <a href="/wiki/Brockscheid" title="Brockscheid">Brockscheid</a> </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chapter Bell (Kapitelsglocke) </td> <td>7 </td> <td>1,400 kg </td> <td>E2 </td> <td>Karl I Otto, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> </td> <td>1911 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hail Bell (Aveglocke) </td> <td>8 </td> <td>830 kg </td> <td>G2 </td> <td>Karl I Otto, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> </td> <td>1911 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Bells of the Central Turret </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>No </th> <th>Weight </th> <th>Note </th> <th>Founder </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td>Angelusglocke </td> <td>9 </td> <td>762 </td> <td>G♯2 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>14th century </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mettglocke </td> <td>10 </td> <td>280 </td> <td>B2 </td> <td>Antonius Cobelenz, Cologne </td> <td>1719 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wandlungsglocke </td> <td>11 </td> <td>428 </td> <td>E3 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>14th century </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv/260px-seek%3D1-Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv/Kolnerdom-december2015.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Cologne Cathedral in 2014 (video)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Cathedrals_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe">List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gero_Cross" title="Gero Cross">Gero Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of buildings and structures">List of buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_church_naves" title="List of highest church naves">List of highest church naves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Germany" title="List of cathedrals in Germany">List of cathedrals in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">List of tallest structures built before the 20th century</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-facts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-facts_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koelner-dom.de/erleben/der-dom-in-zahlen">"Cologne Cathedral official website"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cologne+Cathedral+official+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koelner-dom.de%2Ferleben%2Fder-dom-in-zahlen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603120441/https://www.erzbistum-koeln.de/news/Monsignore-Guido-Assmann-wird-neuer-Dompropst/">"Monsignore Guido Assmann wird neuer Dompropst"</a> (in German). Erzbistum Köln. 29 May 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erzbistum-koeln.de/news/Monsignore-Guido-Assmann-wird-neuer-Dompropst/">the original</a> on 3 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monsignore+Guido+Assmann+wird+neuer+Dompropst&rft.pub=Erzbistum+K%C3%B6ln&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erzbistum-koeln.de%2Fnews%2FMonsignore-Guido-Assmann-wird-neuer-Dompropst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kölner_Dommusik-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kölner_Dommusik_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koelner-dommusik.de/orgeln/team-orgel/winfried-boenig">"Prof. Dr. Winfried Bönig"</a> (in German). Kölner Dommusik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307202628/https://www.koelner-dommusik.de/orgeln/team-orgel/winfried-boenig">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+Dr.+Winfried+B%C3%B6nig&rft.pub=K%C3%B6lner+Dommusik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koelner-dommusik.de%2Forgeln%2Fteam-orgel%2Fwinfried-boenig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cologne-tourism.com/arts-culture/sights/detail/cologne-cathedral">"Cologne Cathedral | Cologne Tourist Board"</a>. <i>www.cologne-tourism.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cologne-tourism.com&rft.atitle=Cologne+Cathedral+%7C+Cologne+Tourist+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cologne-tourism.com%2Farts-culture%2Fsights%2Fdetail%2Fcologne-cathedral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=292">"Cologne Cathedral – UNESCO World Heritage"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Cologne+Cathedral+%E2%80%93+UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fpg.cfm%3Fcid%3D31%26id_site%3D292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koelner-dom.de/erleben/der-dom-in-zahlen">"Der Dom in Zahlen"</a>. <i>www.koelner-dom.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.koelner-dom.de&rft.atitle=Der+Dom+in+Zahlen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koelner-dom.de%2Ferleben%2Fder-dom-in-zahlen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.msc-sahc.org/8-tallest-cathedrals-in-the-world/">"8 Tallest Cathedrals in the World"</a>. <i>HISTRUCTURAL – SAHC</i>. 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTRUCTURAL+%E2%80%93+SAHC&rft.atitle=8+Tallest+Cathedrals+in+the+World&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.msc-sahc.org%2F8-tallest-cathedrals-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Ennen, <i>Der Dom in Köln von seinem Beginne bis zu seiner Vollendung: Festschrift gewidmet den Freunden und Gönnern aus Anlass der Vollendung vom Verstande des Central-Dombauvereins</i> [<i>The cathedral in Cologne from its begin to its completion: Festschrift dedicated to the friends and patrons on the occasion of the completion of the understanding of the Central Cathedral Building Association</i>], 1880, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/292/">"Cologne Cathedral"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft.atitle=Cologne+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F292%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Eck: <i>Frühes Christentum in Köln.</i> In: Ulrich Krings, Rainer Will (ed.): <i>Das Baptisterium am Dom , Kölns erster Taufort.</i> Köln 2009, pp. 11–21, here p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Hauser: <i>Schichten und Geschichte unter dem Dom, die Kölner Domgrabung,</i> Köln 2003, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Hauser: <i>Schichten und Geschichte unter dem Dom, die Kölner Domgrabung.</i> Köln 2003, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Hauser: <i>Schichten und Geschichte unter dem Dom, die Kölner Domgrabung.</i> Köln 2003, p. 42f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Eck: <i>Frühes Christentum in Köln.</i> In: Ulrich Krings, Rainer Will (Ed.): <i>Das Baptisterium am Dom, Kölns erster Taufort.</i> Köln 2009, p. 11–21, here p. 19. Sebastian Ristow: Das Kölner Baptisterium am Dom und die frühchristlichen Tauforte nördlich der Alpen, in: Ulrich Krings, Rainer Will (Ed.): <i>Das Baptisterium am Dom, Kölns erster Taufort,</i> Köln 2009, p. 23–43, here p. 29f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian Ristow: <i>Das Kölner Baptisterium am Dom und die frühchristlichen Tauforte nördlich der Alpen.</i> In: Ulrich Krings, Rainer Will (Ed.): <i>Das Baptisterium am Dom, Kölns erster Taufort.</i> Köln 2009, p. 23–43, here p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernd Streitberger: <i>Was wird aus dem Baptisterium am Dom?</i> In: Ulrich Krings, Rainer Will (Ed.): <i>Das Baptisterium am Dom. Kölns erster Taufort.</i> Köln 2009, p. 91–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Matthias Untermann: Zur Kölner Domweihe von 870; in: Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter 47 (1983); pp. 335–342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Ubl: <i>Köln im Frühmittelalter. Die Entstehung einer heiligen Stadt,</i> Köln 2022, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lex Bosman: <i>Vorbild und Zitat in der mittelalterlichen Architektur am Beispiel des Alten Domes in Köln.</i> In: Uta-Maria Bräuer, Emanuel Klinkenberg, Jeroen Westerman: <i>Kunst & Region, Architektur und Kunst im Mittelalter.</i> Utrecht 2005, pp. 45–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüdiger Marco Booz: <i>Kölner Dom, die vollkommene Kathedrale.</i> Petersberg 2022, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Hauser: <i>Zur Archäologie des Petrusstabes.</i> In: <i>Kölner Domblatt.</i> 76, 2011, p. 197–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holger Simon: <i>Architekturdarstellungen in der ottonischen Buchmalerei, Der Alte Kölner Dom im Hillinus-Codex.</i> In: Stefanie Lieb (Ed.): <i>Form und Stil, Festschrift für Günther Binding zum 65. Geburtstag.</i> Darmstadt 2001, p. 32–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Uwe Lobbedey: Rezension zu ‚Ulrich Back, Thomas Höltken und Dorothea Hochkirchen, Der Alte Dom zu Köln. Befunde und Funde zur vorgotischen Kathedrale‘; in: Bonner Jahrbücher 213 (2013/2014), p. 503– 509</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüdiger Marco Booz: <i>Kölner Dom, die vollkommene Kathedrale,</i> Petersberg 2022, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüdiger Marco Booz: <i>Kölner Dom, die vollkommene Kathedrale,</i> Petersberg 2022, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Back: <i>Die Reliquien der Heiligen Drei Könige im Alten Dom,</i> in: Leonie Becks, Matthias Deml, Klaus Hardering: <i>Caspar Melchior Balthasar. 850 Jahre Verehrung der Heiligen Drei Könige im Kölner Dom,</i> Köln 2014, p. 23–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Gui: <i>Manuale de l‘Inquisiteur,</i> hrsg. von G. Mollat und G. Drioux, Bd. 1, Paris 1926, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alheydis Plassmann, Martin Bock: Art. <i>Köln – Domstift</i>. In: <i>Nordrheinisches Klosterbuch. Lexikon der Stifte und Klöster bis 1815. Teil 3: Köln.</i> Franz Schmitt, Siegburg 2022, p. 157–198, here p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clemens Kosch: <i>Kölns Romanische Kirchen: Architektur und Liturgie im Hochmittelalter.</i> Regensburg 2005, p. 14f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüdiger Marco Booz: <i>Kölner Dom, die vollkommene Kathedrale,</i> Petersberg 2022, p. 58, 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cologne.de/what-to-do/the-cologne-cathedral.html">"The Cologne Cathedral"</a>. Cologne.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501225010/https://www.cologne.de/what-to-do/the-cologne-cathedral.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cologne+Cathedral&rft.pub=Cologne.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cologne.de%2Fwhat-to-do%2Fthe-cologne-cathedral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wim Swaan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wim Swaan gives the latest date as 1560, but a date of 1520 is considered more probable by other scholars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilleyStanley2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gilley, Sheridan; Stanley, Brian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvvzlLf9dFEC&q=prussia+rebuilding+cologne+cathedral&pg=PA114"><i>The Cambridge History of Christianity</i></a>. Vol. 8, <i>World Christianities c. 1815–c. 1914</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81456-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81456-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81456-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81456-0&rft.aulast=Gilley&rft.aufirst=Sheridan&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvvzlLf9dFEC%26q%3Dprussia%2Brebuilding%2Bcologne%2Bcathedral%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-London1881-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-London1881_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin,_George1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Godwin" title="George Godwin">Godwin, George</a>, ed. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gri_33125007023357/page/n4/mode/1up"><i>The Builder</i></a>. [s.n.] p. 419<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Builder&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=%5Bs.n.%5D&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgri_33125007023357%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2017" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Robert (13 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cologne-Cathedral">"Cologne Cathedral"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816005027/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cologne-Cathedral">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Cologne+Cathedral&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCologne-Cathedral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/ruins-cologne">"In the Ruins of Cologne"</a>. <i>The National WWII Museum | New Orleans</i>. 5 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum+%7C+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=In+the+Ruins+of+Cologne&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fruins-cologne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Miskimon2019" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Miskimon (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/clash-of-heavy-tanks-at-cologne/">"Clash of Heavy Tanks at Cologne"</a>. <i>Warfare History Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warfare+History+Network&rft.atitle=Clash+of+Heavy+Tanks+at+Cologne&rft.date=2019-11&rft.au=Christopher+Miskimon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Farticle%2Fclash-of-heavy-tanks-at-cologne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Gereon Beuckers: Der Kölner Dom, Darmstadt 2004, S. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2005/august/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20050818_cologne-cathedral.html">"Apostolic Journey to Cologne: Visit to the Cathedral of Cologne"</a>. 18 August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226165139/https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2005/august/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20050818_cologne-cathedral.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Journey+to+Cologne%3A+Visit+to+the+Cathedral+of+Cologne&rft.date=2005-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Fspeeches%2F2005%2Faugust%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_spe_20050818_cologne-cathedral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/neugestaltetes-fenster-gerhard-richter-digitalisiert-koelner-dom-a-501994.html">"Gerhard Richter digitalisiert Kölner Dom"</a> [Gerhard Richter digitizes Cologne Cathedral]. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Presse-Agentur" title="Deutsche Presse-Agentur">Deutsche Presse-Agentur</a>. 25 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405041017/https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/neugestaltetes-fenster-gerhard-richter-digitalisiert-koelner-dom-a-501994.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Gerhard+Richter+digitalisiert+K%C3%B6lner+Dom&rft.date=2007-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fkultur%2Fgesellschaft%2Fneugestaltetes-fenster-gerhard-richter-digitalisiert-koelner-dom-a-501994.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortini2007" class="citation news cs1">Fortini, Amanda (9 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/magazine/09pixelated.html?_r=1&ref=magazine&oref=slogin">"Pixelated Stained Glass"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613083729/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/magazine/09pixelated.html?_r=1&ref=magazine&oref=slogin">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pixelated+Stained+Glass&rft.date=2007-12-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Fortini&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F09%2Fmagazine%2F09pixelated.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dmagazine%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30685842">"Germany Pegida protests: Rallies over 'Islamisation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106201422/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30685842">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2015</span>. <q>In Cologne, the authorities switched off the lights of the city's cathedral as a way of warning Pegida supporters they were supporting 'extremists'. 'We don't think of it as a protest, but we would like to make the many conservative Christians [who support Pegida] think about what they are doing,' the dean of the cathedral, Norbert Feldhoff, told the BBC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Germany+Pegida+protests%3A+Rallies+over+%27Islamisation%27&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-30685842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/71/">"World Heritage Committee sounds the alarm for Cologne Cathedral"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622161257/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/71/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=World+Heritage+Committee+sounds+the+alarm+for+Cologne+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F71%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/cologne-cathedral-on-unesco-danger-list/a-1256794">"Cologne Cathedral on UNESCO Danger List"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 6 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407161743/https://www.dw.com/en/cologne-cathedral-on-unesco-danger-list/a-1256794">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cologne+Cathedral+on+UNESCO+Danger+List&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2004-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fcologne-cathedral-on-unesco-danger-list%2Fa-1256794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/unesco-removes-cologne-cathedral-from-endangered-list/a-2085828">"UNESCO Removes Cologne Cathedral From Endangered List"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 11 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407161745/https://www.dw.com/en/unesco-removes-cologne-cathedral-from-endangered-list/a-2085828">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Removes+Cologne+Cathedral+From+Endangered+List&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2006-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Funesco-removes-cologne-cathedral-from-endangered-list%2Fa-2085828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecompletepilgrim.com/cologne-cathedral/">"Cologne Cathedral"</a>. <i>The Complete Pilgrim – Religious Travel Sites</i>. 1 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407162321/https://thecompletepilgrim.com/cologne-cathedral/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Complete+Pilgrim+%E2%80%93+Religious+Travel+Sites&rft.atitle=Cologne+Cathedral&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecompletepilgrim.com%2Fcologne-cathedral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cologne-tourism.com/attractions-culture/cologne-cathedral/cathedral-south-tower.html">"Cathedral South Tower"</a>. <i>www.cologne-tourism.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307211717/http://www.cologne-tourism.com/attractions-culture/cologne-cathedral/cathedral-south-tower.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cologne-tourism.com&rft.atitle=Cathedral+South+Tower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cologne-tourism.com%2Fattractions-culture%2Fcologne-cathedral%2Fcathedral-south-tower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Wolff: <i>Die Gefährdung des Domes und die Arbeit der Dombauhütte,</i> in: Arnold Wolff, Toni Diederich: <i>Das Kölner Dom Lese- und Bilderbuch,</i> Köln 1990, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koelnreporter.de/op-jueck/koelner-dom-dombauhuette.html?K%C3%83%C6%92%C3%82%C2%B6lner=&cHash=80f2652cb86971633e4896fd93a22e54">"Köln Reporter-Kölner Dom, die Dombauhütte und die Geschichte des Kölner Wahrzeichens"</a>. <i>www.koelnreporter.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.koelnreporter.de&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6ln+Reporter-K%C3%B6lner+Dom%2C+die+Dombauh%C3%BCtte+und+die+Geschichte+des+K%C3%B6lner+Wahrzeichens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koelnreporter.de%2Fop-jueck%2Fkoelner-dom-dombauhuette.html%3FK%25C3%2583%25C6%2592%25C3%2582%25C2%25B6lner%3D%26cHash%3D80f2652cb86971633e4896fd93a22e54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüdiger Marco Booz: Kölner Dom, die vollkommene Kathedrale, Petersberg 2022, p. 200f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The materials used were <a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">trachyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">latite</a> from <a href="/wiki/Drachenfels_(Siebengebirge)" title="Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)">Drachenfels</a>, from Stenzelberg, Wolkenburg and <a href="/wiki/Wachtberg" title="Wachtberg">Berkum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Schlaitdorf" title="Schlaitdorf">Schlaitdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obernkirchen" title="Obernkirchen">Obernkirchen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kelheim" title="Kelheim">Kelheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> from Krensheim and <a href="/wiki/Savonni%C3%A8res-en-Perthois" title="Savonnières-en-Perthois">Savonnières</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mayen" title="Mayen">Mayen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendig" title="Mendig">Niedermendig</a> and Londorf: Esther von Plehwe-Leisen, Elmar Scheuren, Thomas Schumacher, Arnold Wolff: Steine für den Kölner Dom; Köln 2004 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/dauerbaustelle-koelner-dom-seit-ueber-100-jahren-keinen-tag.1001.de.html?dram:article_id=365360">Deutschlandfunk Kultur.de: Dauerbaustelle Kölner Dom</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Wolff: <i>Die Gefährdung des Domes und die Arbeit der Dombauhütte,</i> in: Arnold Wolff, Toni Diederich: <i>Das Kölner Dom Lese- und Bilderbuch,</i> Köln 1990, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Presse-Agentur" title="Deutsche Presse-Agentur">dpa</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derwesten.de/kultur/warum-der-koelner-dom-schwarz-bleiben-muss-id10436601.html">Warum der Kölner Dom schwarz bleiben muss.</a></i> In: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=DerWesten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DerWesten (page does not exist)">DerWesten</a>.</i> 9. March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Wolff: <i>Die Gefährdung des Domes und die Arbeit der Dombauhütte,</i> in: Arnold Wolff, Toni Diederich: <i>Das Kölner Dom Lese- und Bilderbuch,</i> Köln 1990, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koelner-dom.de/fileadmin/media/PDF/newsroom/Geschichte_der_Koelner_Dombauhuette.pdf">Koelner Dom.de: Geschichte der Kölner Dombauhütte</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_IRB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunhofer IRB (page does not exist)">Fraunhofer IRB</a>: <i>Labortechnische Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von Steinschutz- und Konservierungsmitteln auf die Natursteine am Kölner Dom.</i> In: baufachinformation.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.today/20120719164251/http://www.baufachinformation.de/denkmalpflege.jsp?md=1988023001701">https://archive.today/20120719164251/http://www.baufachinformation.de/denkmalpflege.jsp?md=1988023001701</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Wolff: <i>Der Dom zu Köln.</i> bearbeitet und ergänzt von Barbara Schock-Werner. Köln 2015, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?var=true&pid=sbz-003:1992:110::638">e-periodica.ch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/pro/digitalwirtschaft/5g-und-cloud-amazon-und-vodafone-vereinbaren-kooperation-17676143.html">"5G und Cloud: Amazon und Vodafone vereinbaren Kooperation"</a>. <i>FAZ.NET</i> (in German). 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAZ.NET&rft.atitle=5G+und+Cloud%3A+Amazon+und+Vodafone+vereinbaren+Kooperation&rft.date=2021-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Fpro%2Fdigitalwirtschaft%2F5g-und-cloud-amazon-und-vodafone-vereinbaren-kooperation-17676143.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northdocks.com/neues-und-in-den-medien/drohne-inspiziert-den-dom/">"Northdocks"</a>. <i>northdocks.com</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=northdocks.com&rft.atitle=Northdocks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorthdocks.com%2Fneues-und-in-den-medien%2Fdrohne-inspiziert-den-dom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wim Swaan,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Banister Fletcher<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolladay1989" class="citation journal cs1">Holladay, Joan A. (1989). "The Iconography of the High Altar in Cologne Cathedral". <i>Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte</i>. <b>52</b> (Bd., H. 4): 472–498. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1482466">1482466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Kunstgeschichte&rft.atitle=The+Iconography+of+the+High+Altar+in+Cologne+Cathedral&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=Bd.%2C+H.+4&rft.pages=472-498&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1482466%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Holladay&rft.aufirst=Joan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthistory.upenn.edu/smr04/101910/Slide11.18.jpg">"Art History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031082819/http://www.arthistory.upenn.edu/smr04/101910/Slide11.18.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+History&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arthistory.upenn.edu%2Fsmr04%2F101910%2FSlide11.18.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Hubbard</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reiner Dieckhoff: Die mittelalterliche Ausstattung des Kölner Domes, in <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wolff" title="Arnold Wolff">Arnold Wolff</a> (ed.): Der gotische Dom in Köln; Vista Point Verlag, Köln 2008, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Salo_Wittmayer_Baron" title="Salo Wittmayer Baron">Baron, Salo Wittmayer</a>. A social and religious history of the Jews, 2nd Edition, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1965, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tititudorancea.com/z/kolner_dom_cologne_germany.htm">"Kölner Dom, Cologne, Germany"</a>. <i>tititudorancea.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307202728/https://www.tititudorancea.com/z/kolner_dom_cologne_germany.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tititudorancea.com&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6lner+Dom%2C+Cologne%2C+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tititudorancea.com%2Fz%2Fkolner_dom_cologne_germany.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11518599">"The Kaiser-Glocke at Cologne"</a>. <i>The Argus</i>. Melbourne, Vic. 12 June 1875. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111030726/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11518599">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=The+Kaiser-Glocke+at+Cologne&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1875-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F11518599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="World Peace Bell">World Peace Bell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Kentucky" title="Newport, Kentucky">Newport, Kentucky</a> is larger, but turns around its <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of mass">centre of mass</a> rather than its top.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/church-bells-ring-across-europe-peace-ukraine-2022-03-03/">"Europe's cathedral bells ring out for peace in Ukraine"</a>. Reuters. 3 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111030725/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/church-bells-ring-across-europe-peace-ukraine-2022-03-03/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+cathedral+bells+ring+out+for+peace+in+Ukraine&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fchurch-bells-ring-across-europe-peace-ukraine-2022-03-03%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACologne+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Booz, Rüdiger Marco, <i>Kölner Dom, Die vollkommene Kathedrale</i>, Petersberg 2022</li> <li>Swaan, Wim and Christopher Brooke, <i>The Gothic Cathedral</i>, Omega Books 1969, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907853-48-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-907853-48-X">0-907853-48-X</a></li> <li>Fletcher, Banister, <i>A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method</i>.</li> <li>Hubbard, Howard, <i>Masterpieces of Western Sculpture</i>, Thames and Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-23278-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-23278-4">0-500-23278-4</a></li> <li>Wolff, Arnold, <i>Cologne Cathedral. Its History – Its Works of Arts</i>, Verlag (editor) Kölner Dom, Cologne: 2nd edition 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7743-0342-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7743-0342-3">978-3-7743-0342-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cologne_Cathedral" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koelner-dom.de/en">Official website</a></span></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koelner-dommusik.de">Cologne Cathedral music</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/sites/292.htm">unesco World Heritage Sites, Cologne Cathedral</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdr.de/domcam">Web cam showing Cologne Cathedral</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20000111">Cologne Cathedral</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gigapan.com/gigapans/105398">5 Gigapixels GigaPan of Cologne Cathedral</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Records </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/World%27s_tallest_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="World's tallest structure">World's tallest structure</a> </b><br />1880–1884<br /><small>157.38 m</small> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_world#History" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the world">Tallest building in the world</a> </b><br />1880–1890<br /><small>157.38 m</small> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Minster" title="Ulm Minster">Ulm Minster</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe" title="List of tallest buildings in Europe">Tallest building in Europe</a> </b><br />1880–1890<br /><small>157.38 m</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany_15px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#008000;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Germany"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany_15px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/20px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/30px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/40px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">World Heritage Sites</span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Germany</span></a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#008000;color:white;"><div><i>For official site names, see each article or the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List of World Heritage Sites in Germany</span></a>.</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Northern</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADGB_Trade_Union_School" title="ADGB Trade Union School">ADGB Trade Union School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Modernism_Housing_Estates" title="Berlin Modernism Housing Estates">Berlin Modernism Housing Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_City_Hall" title="Bremen City Hall">Bremen Town Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bremen_Roland" title="Bremen Roland">Roland on the Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_Factory" title="Fagus Factory">Fagus Factory in Alfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Danevirke</a> Archaeological Border Complex</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim_Cathedral" title="Hildesheim Cathedral">St. Mary's Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hildesheim" title="St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim">St. Michael's Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Island" title="Museum Island">Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Hanseatic City of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaces_and_Parks_of_Potsdam_and_Berlin" title="Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin">Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rammelsberg" title="Rammelsberg">Mines of Rammelsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Historic Town of Goslar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Harz_Water_Regale" title="Upper Harz Water Regale">Upper Harz Water Management System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speicherstadt" title="Speicherstadt">Speicherstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kontorhaus_District" title="Kontorhaus District">Kontorhaus District</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chilehaus" title="Chilehaus">Chilehaus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li>Historic Centres of <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Germany_(cultural_area)" title="Central Germany (cultural area)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Central</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_and_its_Sites_in_Weimar,_Dessau_and_Bernau" title="Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau">Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessau-W%C3%B6rlitz_Garden_Realm" title="Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm">Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Elbe_Valley" title="Dresden Elbe Valley">Dresden Elbe Valley</a></s> <i>(delisted in 2009)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountain_Mining_Region" title="Ore Mountain Mining Region">Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Luther Memorials in <a href="/wiki/Eisleben" title="Eisleben">Eisleben</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskau_Park" title="Muskau Park">Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naumburg_Cathedral" title="Naumburg Cathedral">Naumburg Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Collegiate Church, Castle, and Old Town of Quedlinburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Weimar_(World_Heritage_Site)" title="Classical Weimar (World Heritage Site)">Classical Weimar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Germany"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Western</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral" title="Aachen Cathedral">Aachen Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustusburg_and_Falkenlust_Palaces,_Br%C3%BChl" title="Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl">Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergpark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he" title="Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe">Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cologne Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Abbey_of_Corvey" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Abbey of Corvey">Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Germanic_Limes" title="Lower Germanic Limes">Lower Germanic Limes</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Gorge" title="Rhine Gorge">Upper Middle Rhine Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Monuments,_Cathedral_of_St_Peter_and_Church_of_Our_Lady_in_Trier" title="Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier">Roman Monuments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trier_Cathedral" title="Trier Cathedral">Cathedral of St. Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liebfrauenkirche,_Trier" title="Liebfrauenkirche, Trier">Church of Our Lady</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speyer_Cathedral" title="Speyer Cathedral">Speyer Cathedral</a></li> <li>ShUM cities of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_courtyard,_Speyer" title="Jewish courtyard, Speyer">Speyer</a>, Worms and Mainz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe</a><sup><small>8</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lklingen_Ironworks" title="Völklingen Ironworks">Völklingen Ironworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zollverein_Coal_Mine_Industrial_Complex" title="Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex">Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Southern</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorsch_Abbey" title="Lorsch Abbey">Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Architectural_Work_of_Le_Corbusier" title="The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier">The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Water_Management_System" title="Augsburg Water Management System">Augsburg Water Management System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Town of Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_and_Ice_Age_Art_in_the_Swabian_Jura" title="Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura">Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_Artists%27_Colony" title="Darmstadt Artists' Colony">Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt</a></li> <li>Frontiers of the Roman Empire in Bavaria<sup><small>7</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a>:<sup><small>3</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Upper Germanic & Rhaetian Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulbronn_Monastery" title="Maulbronn Monastery">Maulbronn Monastery Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margravial_Opera_House" title="Margravial Opera House">Margravial Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichenau_Island" title="Reichenau Island">Monastic Island of Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Old Town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieskirche" title="Wieskirche">Pilgrimage Church of Wies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Residence" title="Würzburg Residence">Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Natural</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messel_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Messel pit">Messel Pit Fossil Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_the_Ancient_Beech_Forests_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany">Ancient Beech Forests</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#008000;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Shared with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Czech Republic</span></a></li> <li><sup>2</sup> Shared with <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites of Poland"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Poland</span></a></li> <li><sup>3</sup> Shared with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">United Kingdom</span></a></li> <li><sup>4</sup> Shared with <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Austria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Austria"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Austria</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">France</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Italy</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Southern_Europe" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Europe"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Slovenia</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Switzerland</span></a></li> <li><sup>5</sup> Shared with <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Albania</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Austria</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Belgium</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Bosnia and Herzegovina</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Bulgaria</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Croatia</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Czech Republic</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">France</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Italy</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">North Macedonia</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Poland</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Romania</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Slovakia</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Slovenia</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Spain</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Switzerland</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Ukraine</span></a></li> <li><sup>6</sup> Shared with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Netherlands</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Northern_Europe" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Northern Europe"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Denmark</span></a></li> <li><sup>7</sup> Shared with <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Austria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Austria"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Austria</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Slovakia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Slovakia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Slovakia</span></a></li> <li><sup>8</sup> Shared with <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">France</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Austria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Austria"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Austria</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belgium" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belgium"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Belgium</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Czechia</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Italy</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">UK</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4176#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4176#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4176#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108312859">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/474145424621886830607">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142416777">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4122597-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80113882">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMLV055296">Italy</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kölner Dom"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20020906026&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264057505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058609105906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20000111">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/6f1ab999-34d4-4fdf-82db-d161600b27ac">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&oldid=1258472484">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&oldid=1258472484</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cologne_Cathedral" title="Category:Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_completed_in_1880" title="Category:Churches completed in 1880">Churches completed in 1880</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_world%27s_tallest_buildings" title="Category:Former world's tallest buildings">Former world's tallest buildings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gothic_architecture_in_Germany" title="Category:Gothic architecture in Germany">Gothic architecture in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landmarks_in_Cologne" title="Category:Landmarks in Cologne">Landmarks in Cologne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landmarks_in_Germany" title="Category:Landmarks in Germany">Landmarks in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_cathedrals_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in North Rhine-Westphalia">Roman Catholic cathedrals in North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Cologne" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Cologne">Tourist attractions in Cologne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Innenstadt,_Cologne" title="Category:Innenstadt, Cologne">Innenstadt, Cologne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_architecture" title="Category:Christian architecture">Christian architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880_establishments_in_Germany" title="Category:1880 establishments in Germany">1880 establishments in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pilgrimage_churches_in_Germany" title="Category:Pilgrimage churches in Germany">Pilgrimage churches in Germany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2022" title="Category:Use British English from January 2022">Use British English from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2024">Use dmy dates from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infobox_mapframe_without_OSM_relation_ID_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata">Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_embedded_infobox_templates_with_the_title_parameter" title="Category:Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter">Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_K%C3%B6lsch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kölsch-language text">Articles containing Kölsch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 22:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cologne_Cathedral&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-q528j","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_fda76179081a00b988cbd62c07a545735eaf2e76":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q4176","properties":{"title":"Cologne Cathedral","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q4176","properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Cologne Cathedral"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[6.958333333333334,50.94138888888889],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Cologne Cathedral","marker-symbol":"religious-christian"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.619","walltime":"1.932","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11815,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":182816,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18809,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":182469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1743.243 1 -total"," 31.83% 554.789 1 Template:Infobox_church"," 31.29% 545.414 3 Template:Infobox"," 20.71% 361.104 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.57% 219.089 24 Template:Cite_web"," 7.77% 135.499 1 Template:Infobox_building"," 6.98% 121.732 1 Template:Langx"," 6.95% 121.156 10 Template:Fix"," 6.30% 109.752 36 Template:Main_other"," 5.70% 99.450 1 Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.966","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19621577,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rf9q5","timestamp":"20241122140503","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cologne Cathedral","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cologne_Cathedral","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4176","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4176","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-20T20:33:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T22:55:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg","headline":"Roman-Catholic cathedral in Cologne, Germany"}</script> </body> </html>