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<span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grade_control_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grade_control_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Grade control mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grade_control_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_quality_control_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_quality_control_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Water quality control mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_quality_control_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arid_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arid_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Arid regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arid_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountainous_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountainous_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mountainous regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountainous_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporary_Test_Dams_TTDs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_Test_Dams_TTDs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Temporary Test Dams TTDs</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Spacing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small dam to counteract erosion</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viehofen_verbauung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viehofen_verbauung.jpg/220px-Viehofen_verbauung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viehofen_verbauung.jpg/330px-Viehofen_verbauung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viehofen_verbauung.jpg/440px-Viehofen_verbauung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>Concrete check dams in Austria</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slit_check_dam-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Slit_check_dam-2.jpg/220px-Slit_check_dam-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Slit_check_dam-2.jpg/330px-Slit_check_dam-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Slit_check_dam-2.jpg/440px-Slit_check_dam-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A steel check dam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bioswale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bioswale.jpg/278px-Bioswale.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bioswale.jpg/417px-Bioswale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bioswale.jpg/556px-Bioswale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>A common application of check dams is in <a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">bioswales</a>, which are artificial drainage channels that are designed to remove silt and pollution from runoff.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>check dam</b> is a small, sometimes temporary, <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> constructed across a <a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">swale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">drainage ditch</a>, or waterway to counteract <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> by reducing water flow velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh,_Landscape_Planning_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh,_Landscape_Planning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Check dams themselves are not a type of new technology; rather, they are an ancient technique dating from the second century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Agoramoorthy,_"The_Check_Dam_Route"_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoramoorthy,_"The_Check_Dam_Route"-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Check dams are typically, though not always, implemented in a system of several dams situated at regular intervals across the area of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-MS_DEQ,_Erosion_Stormwater_Manual_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS_DEQ,_Erosion_Stormwater_Manual-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Check_dam_Thadayana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Check_dam_Thadayana.jpg/220px-Check_dam_Thadayana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Check_dam_Thadayana.jpg/330px-Check_dam_Thadayana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Check_dam_Thadayana.jpg/440px-Check_dam_Thadayana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>A check dam across the <a href="/wiki/Kudumbur_River" title="Kudumbur River">Kudumbur River</a>, in Kerala, India</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A check dam placed in the <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">ditch</a>, swale, or <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">channel</a> interrupts the flow of water and flattens the gradient of the channel, thereby reducing the velocity. In turn, this obstruction induces <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">infiltration</a> and reduces <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh,_Landscape_Planning_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh,_Landscape_Planning-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be used not only to slow flow velocity but also to distribute flows across a swale to avoid preferential paths and guide flows toward vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-Melbourne_Water,_"WSUD"_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melbourne_Water,_"WSUD"-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a> may result behind the dam, check dams do not primarily function as sediment-trapping devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For instance, on the <a href="/wiki/Graliwdo" title="Graliwdo">Graliwdo</a> River in Ethiopia, an increase of <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_roughness" title="Hydraulic roughness">hydraulic roughness</a> by check dams and water transmission losses in deposited sediments is responsible for the delay of runoff to reach the lower part of the river channels. The reduction of peak runoff discharge was larger in the river segment with check dams and vegetation (minus 12%) than in segment without treatment (minus 5.5%). Reduction of total runoff volume was also larger in the river with check dams than in the untreated river. The implementation of check dams combined with vegetation reduced <a href="/wiki/Peak_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak flow">peak flow</a> discharge and total runoff volume as large parts of runoff infiltrated in the sediments deposited behind the check dams. As gully check dams are implemented in a large areas of northern Ethiopia, this contributes to <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a> and increased river base flow.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grade_control_mechanism">Grade control mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grade control mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Check dams have traditionally been implemented in two environments: across channel bottoms and on hilly slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia,_Carmelo,_"Check_Dams"_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia,_Carmelo,_"Check_Dams"-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Check dams are used primarily to control water velocity, conserve soil, and improve land.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used when other flow-control practices, such as lining the channel or creating <a href="/wiki/Bioswales" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioswales">bioswales</a>, are impractical.<sup id="cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, they are commonly used in degrading temporary channels, in which permanent stabilization is impractical and infeasible in terms of resource allocation and funding due to the short life period. They are also used when construction delays and weather conditions prevent timely installation of other erosion control practices.<sup id="cite_ref-NCDENR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCDENR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is typically seen during the construction process of large-scale permanent <a href="/wiki/Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams">dams</a> or erosion control. As such, check dams serve as temporary grade-control mechanisms along waterways until resolute stabilization is established or along permanent swales that need protection prior to installation of a non-erodible lining.<sup id="cite_ref-UDFCD,_Urban_Storm_Drainage_Criteria_Manual_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDFCD,_Urban_Storm_Drainage_Criteria_Manual-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_quality_control_mechanism">Water quality control mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Water quality control mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many check dams tend to form <a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">stream pools</a>. Under low-flow circumstances, water either <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">infiltrates</a> into the ground, <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporates</a>, or seeps through or under the dam. Under high flow – <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> – conditions, water flows over or through the structure. Coarse and medium-grained sediment from <a href="/wiki/Runoff_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff (water)">runoff</a> tends to be deposited behind check dams, while finer grains flow through. Floating garbage is also trapped by check dams, increasing their effectiveness as water quality control measures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arid_regions">Arid regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arid regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Log_Dam_May_Qoqah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Log_Dam_May_Qoqah.jpg/220px-Log_Dam_May_Qoqah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Log_Dam_May_Qoqah.jpg/330px-Log_Dam_May_Qoqah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Log_Dam_May_Qoqah.jpg/440px-Log_Dam_May_Qoqah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Boulder-faced log dam in <a href="/wiki/Maygwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Maygwa">Maygwa</a>, Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <p>In arid areas, check dams are often built to increase <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a> in a process called managed aquifer recharge. Winter runoff thus can be stored in aquifers, from which the water can be withdrawn during the dry season for irrigation, livestock watering, and drinking water. This is particularly useful for small settlements located far from a large urban center as check dams require less reliance on machinery, funding, or advanced knowledge compared to large-scale dam implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agoramoorthy,_"The_Check_Dam_Route"_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoramoorthy,_"The_Check_Dam_Route"-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Check dams can be used in combination with <a href="/wiki/Liman_irrigation_system" title="Liman irrigation system">limans</a> to stop and collect <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountainous_regions">Mountainous regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mountainous regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a strategy to stabilize mountain streams, the construction of check dams has a long tradition in many mountainous regions dating back to the 19th century in Europe. Steep slopes impede access by heavy construction machinery to mountain streams, so check dams have been built in place of larger dams. Because the typical high slope causes high flow velocity, a terraced system of multiple closely spaced check dams is typically necessary to reduce velocity and thereby counteract erosion. Such consolidation check dams, built in terraces, attempt to prevent both headward and downward cutting into channel beds while also stabilizing adjacent hill slopes. They are further used to mitigate flood and debris flow hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporary_Test_Dams_TTDs">Temporary Test Dams TTDs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Temporary Test Dams TTDs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK planning laws, applications and restrictions delay flood mitigation work. This can be counteracted by setting up Temporary Test Dams in watercourses that can then be monitored and valued. This does however require the landowners support. TTDs have proven to be a great way to get rapid action following a flood event and a way to get communities involved in the defence against future flood events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_considerations">Design considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Site">Site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before installing a check dam, engineers inspect the site. Standard practices call for the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage area</a> to be ten acres or less.<sup id="cite_ref-MS_DEQ,_Erosion_Stormwater_Manual_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS_DEQ,_Erosion_Stormwater_Manual-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The waterway should be on a slope of no more than 50% and should have a minimum depth to bedrock of 2 ft (0.61 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Idaho_DEQ,_"Stormwater_Best_Management_Practices"_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Idaho_DEQ,_"Stormwater_Best_Management_Practices"-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Check dams are often used in natural or constructed channels or swales. They should never be placed in live streams unless approved by appropriate local, state and/or federal authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Idaho_DEQ,_"Stormwater_Best_Management_Practices"_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Idaho_DEQ,_"Stormwater_Best_Management_Practices"-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Log_dam_in_a_gully_-_NARA_-_286165.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Log_dam_in_a_gully_-_NARA_-_286165.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Log_dam_in_a_gully_-_NARA_-_286165.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Log_dam_in_a_gully_-_NARA_-_286165.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Log_dam_in_a_gully_-_NARA_-_286165.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Log_dam_in_a_gully_-_NARA_-_286165.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Log_dam_in_a_gully_-_NARA_-_286165.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2076" /></a><figcaption>Log dam in a gully, circa 1935, Missouri, US</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Log_dam_in_Adawro_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Log_dam_in_Adawro_river.jpg/220px-Log_dam_in_Adawro_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Log_dam_in_Adawro_river.jpg/330px-Log_dam_in_Adawro_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Log_dam_in_Adawro_river.jpg/440px-Log_dam_in_Adawro_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Log dam in <a href="/wiki/Adawro" class="mw-redirect" title="Adawro">Adawro</a> river, Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <p>Check dams are made of a variety of materials. Because they are typically used as temporary structures, they are often made of cheap and accessible materials such as rocks, gravel, logs, hay bales, and sandbags.<sup id="cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyssen_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyssen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, logs and rock check dams are usually permanent or semi-permanent, and sandbag check dams are built primarily for temporary purposes. Also, there are check dams that are constructed with rockfill or wooden boards. These dams are usually implemented only in small, open channels that drain 10 acres (0.04 km<sup>2</sup>) or less; and usually do not exceed 2 ft (0.61 m) high.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woven wire can be used to construct check dams in order to hold fine material in a gully. It is typically used in environments where the gully has a moderate slope (less than 10%), small drainage area, and in regions where flood flows do not typically carry large rocks or boulders.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyssen_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyssen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In nearly all instances, erosion control blankets, which are biodegradable open-weave blankets, are used in conjunction with check dams. These blankets help encourage vegetation growth on the slopes, shorelines and ditch bottoms. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Log_dam_building_in_Adawro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Log_dam_building_in_Adawro.jpg/220px-Log_dam_building_in_Adawro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Log_dam_building_in_Adawro.jpg/330px-Log_dam_building_in_Adawro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Log_dam_building_in_Adawro.jpg/440px-Log_dam_building_in_Adawro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Log dam building in Adawro</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Check dams are usually less than 2 to 3 feet (0.61 to 0.91 m) high.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_BMPs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_BMPs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the center of the dam should be at least 6 in (0.15 m) lower than its edges.<sup id="cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This criterion induces a weir effect, resulting in increased water surface level upstream for some, if not all flow conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-UK_pdf_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_pdf-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacing">Spacing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spacing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to effectively slow water velocity to reduce erosion and to protect the channel between dams in a larger system, spacing must be designed properly. Check dams should be spaced such that the toe of the upstream check dam is equal to the elevation of the downstream check dam's crest.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows water to pond between dams and substantially slows the flow's velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Check dams are a highly effective practice to reduce flow velocities in channels and waterways. In contrast to big dams, check dams are implemented faster, are cost effective, and are smaller in scope. Because of this, their implementation does not typically displace people and communities nor do they destroy natural resources if designed correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-Agoramoorthy,_"Small_Size,_Big_Potential"_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoramoorthy,_"Small_Size,_Big_Potential"-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the dams are simple to construct and do not rely on advanced technologies, allowing their use in rural communities with fewer resources or access to technical expertise, as they have been in India's drylands for some time now.<sup id="cite_ref-Agoramoorthy,_"Small_Size,_Big_Potential"_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoramoorthy,_"Small_Size,_Big_Potential"-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Check dams still require maintenance and sediment removal practices. They become more difficult to implement on steep slopes, as velocity is higher and the distance between dams must be shortened.<sup id="cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Check dams, depending on the material used, can have a limited life span but if implemented correctly can be considered permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Check dams require regular maintenance as typically temporary structures not designed to withstand long-term use. Dams should be inspected every week and after heavy rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important that rubble, litter, and leaves are removed from the upstream side of the dam.<sup id="cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is typically done when the sediment has reached a height of one-half the original height of the dam.<sup id="cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the site is permanently stabilized and the check dam is no longer needed, it is fully removed, including components washed downstream, and bare spots are stabilized.<sup id="cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johad#Similar" title="Johad">Water conservation structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">Drop structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groyne" title="Groyne">Groyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_debris-resisting_barrier" title="Flexible debris-resisting barrier">Flexible debris-resisting barrier</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Marsh,_Landscape_Planning-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh,_Landscape_Planning_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh,_Landscape_Planning_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2010" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, William M. (2010). <i>Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications</i> (5th ed.). Danvers, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 267–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-57081-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-57081-4"><bdi>978-0-470-57081-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscape+Planning%3A+Environmental+Applications&rft.place=Danvers%2C+MA&rft.pages=267-268&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-57081-4&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheck+dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agoramoorthy,_"The_Check_Dam_Route"-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agoramoorthy,_"The_Check_Dam_Route"_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoramoorthy,_"The_Check_Dam_Route"_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoramoorthy2008" class="citation journal cs1">Agoramoorthy, Govindasamy, Sunita Chaudhary & Minna J. Hsu (2008). "The Check-Dam Route to Mitigate India's Water Shortages". <i>Natural Resources Journal</i>. <b>48</b> (3): 565–583.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Resources+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Check-Dam+Route+to+Mitigate+India%27s+Water+Shortages&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=565-583&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Agoramoorthy&rft.aufirst=Govindasamy%2C+Sunita+Chaudhary+%26+Minna+J.+Hsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheck+dam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MS_DEQ,_Erosion_Stormwater_Manual-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MS_DEQ,_Erosion_Stormwater_Manual_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MS_DEQ,_Erosion_Stormwater_Manual_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMississippi_Department_of_Environmental_Quality" class="citation book cs1">Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opcgis.deq.state.ms.us/Erosion_Stormwater_Manual_2ndEd/Volume1/Chap_4_Sections/4_4/V1_Chap4_4_Runoff_Conveyance_CD.pdf"><i>Erosion Stormwater Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4th ed.). Mississippi DEQ. pp. 4–118. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022227/http://opcgis.deq.state.ms.us/Erosion_Stormwater_Manual_2ndEd/Volume1/Chap_4_Sections/4_4/V1_Chap4_4_Runoff_Conveyance_CD.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erosion+Stormwater+Manual&rft.pages=4-118&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Mississippi+DEQ&rft.au=Mississippi+Department+of+Environmental+Quality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopcgis.deq.state.ms.us%2FErosion_Stormwater_Manual_2ndEd%2FVolume1%2FChap_4_Sections%2F4_4%2FV1_Chap4_4_Runoff_Conveyance_CD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheck+dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melbourne_Water,_"WSUD"-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melbourne_Water,_"WSUD"_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelbourne_Water2005" class="citation book cs1">Melbourne Water (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AF9K93GWw2AC&q=WSUD%20Engineering%20Procedures%3A%20Stormwater%3A%20Stormwater"><i>Water Sensitive Urban Design Engineering Procedures: Stormwater</i></a>. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09092-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09092-7"><bdi>978-0-643-09092-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Sensitive+Urban+Design+Engineering+Procedures%3A+Stormwater&rft.place=Australia&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-643-09092-7&rft.au=Melbourne+Water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAF9K93GWw2AC%26q%3DWSUD%2520Engineering%2520Procedures%253A%2520Stormwater%253A%2520Stormwater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheck+dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iowa_SUDAS,_"Design_Manual"_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIowa_Statewide_Urban_Design_and_Specifications_(SUDAS)2013" class="citation book cs1">Iowa Statewide Urban Design and Specifications (SUDAS) (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109234810/http://www.iowasudas.org/manuals/design/Chapter07/7E-7.pdf"><i>Design Manual - Erosion and Sediment Control</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ames, IA: Institute for Transportation at Iowa State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iowasudas.org/manuals/design/Chapter07/7E-7.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+Manual+-+Erosion+and+Sediment+Control&rft.place=Ames%2C+IA&rft.pub=Institute+for+Transportation+at+Iowa+State+University&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Iowa+Statewide+Urban+Design+and+Specifications+%28SUDAS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iowasudas.org%2Fmanuals%2Fdesign%2FChapter07%2F7E-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheck+dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtefa_Guyassa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Etefa Guyassa, and colleagues (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957">"Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>. <b>545</b>: 299–309. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JHyd..545..299G">2017JHyd..545..299G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2016.12.019">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8518957">1854/LU-8518957</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507165508/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hydrology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+check+dams+on+runoff+characteristics+along+gully+reaches%2C+the+case+of+Northern+Ethiopia&rft.volume=545&rft.pages=299-309&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-8518957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2016.12.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JHyd..545..299G&rft.aulast=Etefa+Guyassa&rft.aufirst=and+colleagues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Fpublication%2F8518957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheck+dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garcia,_Carmelo,_"Check_Dams"-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garcia,_Carmelo,_"Check_Dams"_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2010" class="citation book cs1">Garcia, Carmelo & Mario Lenzi (2010). <i>Check Dams, Morphological Adjustments and Erosion Control in Torrential Streams</i>. New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61761-749-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61761-749-2"><bdi>978-1-61761-749-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Check+Dams%2C+Morphological+Adjustments+and+Erosion+Control+in+Torrential+Streams&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61761-749-2&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Carmelo+%26+Mario+Lenzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheck+dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A conceptual model of check dam hydraulics for gully control:efficiency, optimal spacing and relation with step-pools C. Castillo, R. Pérez, and J. A. Gómez from Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, 1705–1721, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USEPA,_"Water_BMP:_Check_Dams"_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency2014" class="citation web cs1">United States Environmental Protection Agency (2014-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Check-Dams.cfm">"Water Best Management Practices: Check Dams"</a>. <i>water.epa.gov</i>. USEPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150901102443/http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Check-Dams.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=water.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Water+Best+Management+Practices%3A+Check+Dams&rft.date=2014-08-06&rft.au=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Fpolwaste%2Fnpdes%2Fswbmp%2FCheck-Dams.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheck+dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCDENR-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCDENR_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth_Carolina_Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources2006" class="citation book cs1">North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724071109/http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=efbff6bd-e595-4828-be6a-394be4c404c2&groupId=38334"><i>Practice Standards and Specifications</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fao.org&rft.atitle=FAO+Watershed+Management+Field+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F006%2Fad082e%2Fad082e03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheck+dam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDA_BMPs-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDA_BMPs_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/WSI/UrbanBMPs/water/erosion/checkdam.pdf"><i>Urban BMPs: Water, erosion, check dams</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Agriculture<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/224015181">224015181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment&rft.atitle=Small+Size%2C+Big+Potential%3A+Check+Dams+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=22-34&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153334085%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3200%2Fenvt.50.4.22-35&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ESPSD..50d..22A&rft.aulast=Agoramoorthy&rft.aufirst=Govindasamy%2C+and+Minna+J.+Hsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheck+dam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_dam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template talk:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers,_streams_and_springs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_types" title="Channel types">Channel types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">Confluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">Distributary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">River source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">Tributary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">Streams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(watercourse)" title="Arroyo (watercourse)">Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_(stream)" title="Bourne (stream)">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_(landform)" title="Burn (landform)">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_stream" title="Chalk stream">Chalk stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">Coulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">Stream channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">Streamflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">Stream gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">Perennial stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">Winterbourne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Springs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_springs" title="List of springs">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" title="List of hot springs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States" title="List of hot springs in the United States">list in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_karst_springs" title="List of karst springs">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">Mineral spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_spring" title="Rhythmic spring">Rhythmic spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_horizon" title="Spring horizon">Spring horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sedimentary processes</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">Abrasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)" title="Armor (hydrology)">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">Bed load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_material_load" title="Bed material load">Bed material load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular flow">Granular flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_load" title="Dissolved load">Dissolved load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcutting" title="Downcutting">Downcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headward_erosion" title="Headward erosion">Headward erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">Palaeochannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progradation" title="Progradation">Progradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrogradation" title="Retrogradation">Retrogradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">Saltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_flow#River_bends" title="Secondary flow">Secondary flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_load" title="Suspended load">Suspended load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_load" title="Wash load">Wash load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gap" title="Water gap">Water gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream" title="Antecedent drainage stream">Antecedent drainage stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billabong" title="Billabong">Billabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_island" title="Floating island">Floating island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">Fluvial terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(ravine)" title="Gill (ravine)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulch" title="Gulch">Gulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">Gully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_scar" title="Meander scar">Meander scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle-pool_sequence" title="Riffle-pool sequence">Riffle-pool sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">Ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rill" title="Rill">Rill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">River island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_basin" title="Rock-cut basin">Rock-cut basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strath" title="Strath">Strath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scale_of_river_difficulty" title="International scale of river difficulty">International scale of river difficulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">Log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">Stream capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">Whitewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_flush" title="First flush">First flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">Crevasse splay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-water_floods" title="List of non-water floods">Non-water flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_barrier" title="Flood barrier">Flood barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_forecasting" title="Flood forecasting">Flood forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River measurement<br />and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Baer's law">Baer's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseflow" title="Baseflow">Baseflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_model" title="Bradshaw model">Bradshaw model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Discharge (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_density" title="Drainage density">Drainage density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_model" title="Groundwater model">Groundwater model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve" title="Hjulström curve">Hjulström curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrograph" title="Hydrograph">Hydrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_model" title="Hydrological model">Hydrological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">Hydrological transport model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">Main stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief ratio">Relief ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept" title="River Continuum Concept">River Continuum Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_number" title="Rouse number">Rouse number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_curve_number" title="Runoff curve number">Runoff curve number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">Stream gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation" title="Universal Soil Loss Equation">Universal Soil Loss Equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAFLEX" title="WAFLEX">WAFLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetted_perimeter" title="Wetted perimeter">Wetted perimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">Volumetric flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_lake" title="Balancing lake">Balancing lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">Drop structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)" title="Daylighting (streams)">Daylighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain_restoration" title="Floodplain restoration">Floodplain restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flume" title="Flume">Flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a 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title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_skipping" title="Stone skipping">Stone skipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_slalom" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater slalom">Whitewater slalom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">Body of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic civilization">Hydraulic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley_civilization" title="River valley civilization">River valley civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_cruise" title="River cruise">River cruise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_river" title="Wild river">Wild river</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers by length">Rivers by length</a></li> <li><a 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