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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatolia_and_Thrace_in_classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatolia and Thrace in classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatolia_and_Thrace_in_classical_antiquity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatolia and Thrace in classical antiquity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatolia_and_Thrace_in_classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classical Anatolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Thrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Byzantine Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history_of_the_Turks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_of_the_Turks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early history of the Turks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_of_the_Turks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seljuk_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuk_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Seljuk Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuk_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Republic of Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Turkey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تاريخ تركيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ تركيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Historia de Turquía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Turquía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99_tarixi" title="Türkiyə tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkiyə tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="তুরস্কের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুরস্কের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D3%99_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Төркиә тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркиә тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Турция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Турция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Turske" title="Historija Turske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Historija Turske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istor_Turkia" title="Istor Turkia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istor Turkia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Turquia" title="Història de Turquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Turquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Turecka" title="Dějiny Turecka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Turecka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Twrci" title="Hanes Twrci – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Twrci" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiets_historie" title="Tyrkiets historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyrkiets historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιστορία της Τουρκίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της Τουρκίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Historia de Turquía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Turquía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Turkio" title="Historio de Turkio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Turkio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiako_historia" title="Turkiako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkiako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تاریخ ترکیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ ترکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Turquie" title="Histoire de la Turquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Turquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Historia de Turquía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Turquía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="튀르키예의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թուրքիայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքիայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="तुर्की का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्की का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Turske" title="Povijest Turske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Turske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Turkia" title="Historio di Turkia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Turki" title="Sejarah Turki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Turchia" title="Storia della Turchia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Turchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="היסטוריה של טורקיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של טורקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თურქეთის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქეთის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Uturuki" title="Historia ya Uturuki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Uturuki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEroka_Tirkiyey%C3%AA" title="Dîroka Tirkiyeyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîroka Tirkiyeyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcijas_v%C4%93sture" title="Turcijas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turcijas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkijos_istorija" title="Turkijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6korsz%C3%A1g_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Törökország történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törökország történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Турција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Турција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="തുർക്കിയുടെ ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്കിയുടെ ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თურქეთიშ ისტორია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქეთიშ ისტორია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Turkije" title="Geschiedenis van Turkije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Turkije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="トルコの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkias_historie" title="Tyrkias historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyrkias historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_de_Turquia" title="Istòria de Turquia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istòria de Turquia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya_tarixi" title="Turkiya tarixi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkiya tarixi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਰਕੀ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕੀ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="ترکی دی تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکی دی تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%90_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د ترکیې تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ترکیې تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Turcji" title="Historia Turcji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Turcji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Turquia" title="História da Turquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Turquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Turciei" title="Istoria Turciei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Turciei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Турции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Турции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Turqis%C3%AB" title="Historia e Turqisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Turqisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taariikhda_Turkiga" title="Taariikhda Turkiga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Taariikhda Turkiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مێژووی تورکیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی تورکیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Историја Турске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Турске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkin_historia" title="Turkin historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkin historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiets_historia" title="Turkiets historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkiets historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="துருக்கியின் வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்கியின் வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Төркия тарихы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төркия тарихы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_tarihi" title="Türkiye tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkiye tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Історія Туреччини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Туреччини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81" title="تاریخ ترکیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاریخ ترکیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Lịch sử Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="土耳其历史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土耳其历史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%8F%B2" title="土耳其史 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土耳其史" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="土耳其历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土耳其历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Turkey" title="Category:History of Turkey">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:transparent"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Turkey</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding-bottom:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkey in Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, 1921"><img alt="Turkey in Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_A.jpg/250px-W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_A.jpg/375px-W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_A.jpg/500px-W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4676" data-file-height="3626" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li></ul></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia#Paleolithic" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Palaeolithic Anatolia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500,000– <br />10,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia#Mesolithic" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Mesolithic Anatolia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> c. 11,000– <br />9,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia#Neolithic" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Neolithic Anatolia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> c. 8,000– <br />5,500 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 3000–700 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 2500–2000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 2400–2150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 2300–1400 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1950–1750 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1780–1680 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans (Homer)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1700–1300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1650–1450 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1680–1220 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1500–1320 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1500–1300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1500–1290 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1450–350 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1300–1250 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1200–800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1200–800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1200–700 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1150–547 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tyana" title="Tyana">Tuwanuwa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1000–700 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1000–545 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 859–595/585 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1200–800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1200–800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1200–700 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1150–547 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1100–560 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1000–560 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tyana" title="Tyana">Tuwanuwa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1000–700 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 1000–545 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 859–595/585 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 678–549 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 685–547 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians#Classical_period" title="Thracians">Classical Thrace</a></li></ul></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 559–331 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Kingdom of Alexander the Great</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 334–301 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of Cappadocia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 322–130 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 306–168 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 305–64 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 305–30 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 302–64 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 297–74 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Attalid_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid kingdom">Attalid kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 282–129 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 281–64 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 190 BC–428 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 133–27 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 163 BC–72 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 133 BC-27 BC–330 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"> 224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Anatolia">Medieval Anatolia</a></li></ul></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (637–656)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1037–1194)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Danishmends" class="mw-redirect" title="Danishmends">Danishmends</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1071–1178)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1077–1307)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1078–1375)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1081–1423)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1098–1150)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Artuqids" title="Artuqids">Artuqids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1101–1409)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1204–1461)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1204–1261)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karamanids" title="Karamanids">Karamanids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1250–1487)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1256–1335)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1375–1468)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1378–1501)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Periods of Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1299–1453)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1453–1566)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1566–1703)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1703–1789)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1828%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1828–1908)">Decline and modernization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1789–1908)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Defeat_and_dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1908%E2%80%931922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922)">Defeat and dissolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1908–1922)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Periods of Turkey</a></li></ul></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1919–1922)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Provisional government</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1920–1923)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1923–1930)<br />(1930–1945)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%;"> (1945–present)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey#History" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Turkey">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Republic of Turkey">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic history of Turkey">Diplomatic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Turkey">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Turkey">LGBT history</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Anatolian_history" title="Timeline of Anatolian history">Timeline</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Turkey" title="Template:History of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:History of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Turkey</b>, understood as the history of the area now forming the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>, includes the history of both <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (the Asian part of Turkey) and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a> (the European part of Turkey). These two previously politically distinct regions came under control of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the second century BC, eventually becoming the core of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. For times predating the Ottoman period, a distinction should also be made between the history of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, and the history of the territories now forming the Republic of Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-US_Library_of_Congress_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Library_of_Congress-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the time when parts of what is now Turkey were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq dynasty</a>, the history of Turkey spans the medieval history of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>, the medieval to modern history of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">history of the Republic of Turkey</a> since the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Library_of_Congress_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Library_of_Congress-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory_and_ancient_history">Prehistory and ancient history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Prehistory of Southeast Europe">Prehistory of Southeast Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Pala (Anatolia)</a></div> <p>Present-day Turkey has been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">modern humans</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">late Paleolithic</a> period and contains some of the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016_24_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016_24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MET_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MET-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> is close to 12,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016_24_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016_24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">origin of agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important Anatolian Neolithic sites include <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alaca Höyük">Alaca Höyük</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016-3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neolithic Anatolian farmers differed genetically from farmers in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early Anatolian farmers also <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">migrated into Europe</a>, starting around 9,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy's</a> earliest layers go back to around 4500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016-3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Urfa_Man" title="Urfa Man">Urfa Man</a> statue is dated c. 9000 BC, to the period of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a>, and is defined as "the oldest known naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human".<sup id="cite_ref-RJC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RJC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anatolia's historical records start with <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablets" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay tablets">clay tablets</a> from approximately around 2000 BC that were found in modern-day <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016-4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tablets belonged to an <a href="/wiki/Karum_(trade_post)" title="Karum (trade post)">Assyrian trade colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016-4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The languages in Anatolia at that time included Hattian, Hurrian, <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattian</a> was a language indigenous to Anatolia, with no known modern-day connections.<sup id="cite_ref-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian language</a> was used in northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hittite, Luwian, and Palaic languages were in the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian sub-group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_522_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_522-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Hittite being the "oldest attested Indo-European language".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of Indo-European languages is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">They may be native to Anatolia</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or non-native.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattian</a> rulers were gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016-4_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hittite kingdom was a large kingdom in Central Anatolia, with its capital of <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016-4_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It co-existed in Anatolia with <a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Palaians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a>, approximately between 1700 and 1200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016-4_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Hittite kingdom was disintegrating, further waves of Indo-European peoples migrated from southeastern Europe, which was followed by warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> were also present in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Thrace">Turkish Thrace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known if the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan war">Trojan war</a> is based on historical events.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_Troy" title="Late Bronze Age Troy">Troy's Late Bronze Age</a> layers matches most with <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>'s story.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 750 BC, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> had been established, with its two centers in <a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a> and modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016-2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a> spoke an Indo-European language, but it was closer to <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, rather than Anatolian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_522_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_522-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phrygians shared Anatolia with <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>. Luwian-speakers were probably the majority in various Anatolian Neo-Hittite states.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urartians spoke a non-Indo-European language and their capital was around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016-2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urartu was often in conflict with <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but fell with the attacks of <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> in seventh century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016-2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> attacked, Phrygia fell around 650 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Carians" title="Carians">Carians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycians" title="Lycians">Lycians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three cultures "can be considered a reassertion of the ancient, indigenous culture of the Hattian cities of Anatolia".<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2016_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatolia_and_Thrace_in_classical_antiquity">Anatolia and Thrace in classical antiquity</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Regions_of_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Regions of Anatolia">Ancient Regions of Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lydia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lydia.png/220px-Map_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lydia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lydia.png/330px-Map_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lydia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lydia.png/440px-Map_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lydia.png 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Lydian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydian Kingdom">Lydian Kingdom</a> in its final period of sovereignty under <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, c. 547 BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis,_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD,_Sardis,_Turkey_(17098680002).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg/220px-The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg/330px-The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg/440px-The_Bath-Gymnasium_complex_at_Sardis%2C_late_2nd_-_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Turkey_%2817098680002%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4903" data-file-height="3252" /></a><figcaption>The Bath-Gymnasium complex at <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> in Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <p>The classical history of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> can be roughly subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">the classical period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Anatolia">Hellenistic Anatolia</a>, ending with the conquest of the region by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman empire</a> in the second century BC. </p><p>After the fall of the Hittites, the new states of Phrygia and Lydia stood strong on the western coast as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> civilization began to flourish. They, and all the rest of Anatolia were relatively soon after incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a>. </p><p>As Persia grew in strength, their system of local government in Anatolia allowed many port cities to grow and to become wealthy. All of Anatolia got divided into various <a href="/wiki/Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapies">satrapies</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Satraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Satraps">satraps</a> (governors) appointed by the central Persian rulers. The first state that was called <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> by neighbouring peoples was the state of the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a>, which included parts of eastern Turkey beginning in the 6th century BC, which became the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a> under Achaemenid rule. Some of the satraps revolted periodically but did not pose a serious threat. In the 5th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a>, which linked the principal city of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> with the west Anatolian city of <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Greco-Persian_Wars-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_Greco-Persian_Wars-en.svg/220px-Map_Greco-Persian_Wars-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_Greco-Persian_Wars-en.svg/330px-Map_Greco-Persian_Wars-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_Greco-Persian_Wars-en.svg/440px-Map_Greco-Persian_Wars-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Map showing events of the first phases of the Greco-Persian Wars</figcaption></figure> <p>Anatolia played a pivotal role in Achaemenid history. In the earliest 5th century BC, some of the Ionian cities under Persian rule revolted, which culminated into the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a>. This revolt, after being easily suppressed by the Persian authority, laid the direct uplead for the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>, which turned out to be one of the most crucial wars in European history. </p><p>Achaemenid Persian rule in Anatolia ended with the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, defeating <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> between 334 and 330 BC. Alexander wrested control of the whole region from Persia in successive battles. After Alexander's death, his conquests were split amongst several of his trusted generals, but were under constant threat of invasion from both the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> and other powerful rulers in <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ptolemaic Egypt">Egypt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, the largest of Alexander's territories, and which included Anatolia, became involved in a disastrous war with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a> culminating in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(191_BC)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC)">Thermopylae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnesia" title="Battle of Magnesia">Magnesia</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Apamea" title="Treaty of Apamea">Treaty of Apamea</a> in (188 BC) saw the Seleucids retreat from Anatolia. The <a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Kingdom of Pergamum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_(city)" title="Rhodes (city)">Republic of Rhodes</a>, Rome's allies in the war, were granted the former Seleucid lands in Anatolia. </p><p>Roman control of Anatolia was strengthened by a 'hands off' approach by Rome, allowing local control to govern effectively and providing military protection. In the early 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> established a new administrative centre at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and by the end of the 4th century the Roman empire split into two parts, the Eastern part (Romania) with Constantinople as its capital, referred to by historians as the Byzantine Empire from the original name, <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thrace">Thrace</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Odrysian state">Odrysian state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians#Archaic_period" title="Thracians">Thracians § Archaic_period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of the Balkans">Prehistory of the Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Θρᾷκες</span>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Thraci</i>) were a group of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European tribes</a> inhabiting a large area in Central and Southeastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the east. They spoke the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian language</a> – a scarcely attested branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a>. The study of Thracians and Thracian culture is known as <a href="/wiki/Thracology" title="Thracology">Thracology</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odrysian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Odrysian.svg/250px-Odrysian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Odrysian.svg/375px-Odrysian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Odrysian.svg/500px-Odrysian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Thrace and the Thracian Odrysian kingdom in its maximum extent under Sitalces (431-424 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting around 1200 BC, the western coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by <a href="/wiki/Aeolians" title="Aeolians">Aeolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>. Numerous important cities were founded by these colonists, such as <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, the latter founded by <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> colonists from <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> in 657 BC. All of Thrace, and the native Thracian peoples were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> in the late 6th century BC, and were re-subjugated into the empire in 492 BC following <a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardonius (general)">Mardonius</a>' campaign during the <a href="/wiki/First_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="First Persian invasion of Greece">First Persian invasion of Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory of Thrace later became unified by the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Teres_I" title="Teres I">Teres I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LewisBoardman1994_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisBoardman1994-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Persian defeat in Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 5th century BC, the Thracian presence was pervasive enough to have made <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> call them the second-most numerous people in the part of the world known by him (after the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indians</a>), and potentially the most powerful, if not for their lack of unity. The Thracians in classical times were broken up into a large number of groups and tribes, though a number of powerful Thracian states were organized, such as the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a> of Thrace and the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a>. A type of soldier of this period called the <a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a> probably originated in Thrace. </p><p>Before the expansion of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>, Thrace was divided into three camps (East, Central, and West) after the withdrawal of the Persians following their eventual defeat in mainland Greece. <a href="/wiki/Cersobleptes" title="Cersobleptes">Cersobleptes</a>, a notable ruler of the East Thracians, attempted to expand his authority over many of the Thracian tribes but was eventually defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>. </p><p>The Thracians were typically not city-builders. The largest <a href="/wiki/Thracian_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian cities">Thracian cities</a> were in fact large villages<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the only <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> was <a href="/wiki/Seuthopolis" title="Seuthopolis">Seuthopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine_Period">Byzantine Period</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Sassanid_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine-Sassanid Wars">Byzantine-Sassanid Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_(2216460729).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/220px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/330px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/440px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3329" data-file-height="2534" /></a><figcaption>Originally a church, later a mosque, and now a Grand mosque, the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> was built by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> in the 6th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> fell to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 334 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-PersiansInAsiaMinor_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PersiansInAsiaMinor-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to increasing cultural homogeneity and <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-SteadmanMcMahon2011_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SteadmanMcMahon2011-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic kingdoms</a>, all of which became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> by the mid-1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-AlexanderToRome_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlexanderToRome-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> that began with Alexander's conquest accelerated under Roman rule, and by the early centuries AD the local <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> and cultures had become extinct, being largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">ancient Greek language</a> and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FreedmanMyers2000_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreedmanMyers2000-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hout2011_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hout2011-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justinian555AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/220px-Justinian555AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/330px-Justinian555AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/440px-Justinian555AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>The empire in 555 under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian the Great">Justinian the Great</a>, at its greatest extent since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (its <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassals</a> in pink)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, early Christian Church had significant growth in Anatolia because of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">St Paul's</a> efforts. Letters from St. Paul in Anatolia comprise the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">oldest Christian literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle#Extrabiblical_traditions" title="John the Apostle">extrabiblical traditions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> took place in Ephesus, where <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">Apostle John</a> was also present. <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> writes of "the church of Ephesus, founded by Paul, with John continuing with them until the times of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a> of the early Church were held in cities located in present-day Turkey, including the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iznik" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznik">Iznik</a>) in 325 (which resulted in the first uniform Christian <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>), the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> in 381, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 324, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, renaming it <a href="/wiki/New_Rome" title="New Rome">New Rome</a>. Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. This, which would later be branded by historians as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, ruled most of the territory of what is today Turkey until the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the other remaining territory remained in <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanid Persian</a> hands. </p><p>Between the 3rd and 7th century AD, the Byzantines and the neighboring Sassanids <a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Sassanid_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine-Sassanid Wars">frequently clashed</a> over possession of Anatolia, which significantly exhausted both empires, thus laying the way open for the eventual Muslim conquests from both empires' respective south. </p><p>The borders of the empire fluctuated through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 527–565</span>), the empire reached its greatest extent after the fall of the west, re-conquering much of the historically Roman western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean coast</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, which it held for two more centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a> exhausted the empire's resources, and during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a> of the 7th century, it lost its richest provinces, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>. It then lost Africa to the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a> in 698, before the empire was rescued by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian</a> dynasty. </p><p>The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Refugees fleeing the city after its capture would settle in Italy and other parts of Europe, helping to ignite the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> was conquered eight years later when its eponymous capital surrendered to Ottoman forces after it was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">besieged in 1461</a>. The last Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a>, was conquered by the Ottomans in 1475. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history_of_the_Turks">Early history of the Turks</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">History of the Turkic peoples</a> <small>pre–14th century</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE."><img alt="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/250px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/375px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/500px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Cherniye Klobuki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qasgqai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Belief system: <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Chief gods and goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Epics and heroes: <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Major concepts: <a href="/wiki/Sheka_(mythology)" title="Sheka (mythology)">Sheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf_(mythology)" title="Grey wolf (mythology)">Grey wolf</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">Pre-14th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz People</a></b> <small>202 BCE–13th CE</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></b> <small>71 BC–?? AD</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele (Gaoche) </a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>552–581</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–657</small></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–650</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>682–744</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabiri People</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></b> <small>618–1048</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></b> <small>628–646</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar Union</a></b> <small>659–750</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a></b> <small>665-850</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh Khaganate</a></b> <small>699–766</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>743–1035</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></b> <small>744–840</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></b> <small>750–1055</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabgu_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk Yabgu State">Karluk Yabgu State</a></b> <small>756–940</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></b> <small>840–1212</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Western Kara-Khanid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Eastern Kara-Khanid</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></b> <small>848–1036</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></b> <small>856–1335</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg Khanates</a></b> <small>860–1091</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a></b> <small>963–1186</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></b> <small>1037–1194</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>1067–1239</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b> <small>1077–1231</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait Khanate</a></b> <small>11th century–13th century</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a></b> <small>1136–1225</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b> <small>1206–1526</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughid Kingdom</a></b> <small>1224–1266</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></b> <small>1242–1502</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)</a></b> <small>1250–1517</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman State">Ottoman State</a></b> <small>1299–1922</small></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template talk:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic migrations">Turkic migrations</a></div> <p>Historians generally agree that the first Turkic people lived in a region extending from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Historically they were established after the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Zieme_2006,_p._64_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Zieme_2006,_p._64-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest separate Turkic peoples appeared on the peripheries of the late <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> confederation about 200 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Zieme_2006,_p._64_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Zieme_2006,_p._64-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (contemporaneous with the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Findley_2005,_p._29_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findley_2005,_p._29-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mention of Turks was in a <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Chinese</a> text that mentioned trade of Turk tribes with the <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has often been suggested that the Xiongnu, mentioned in Han Dynasty records, were <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a> speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun">Hun</a> hordes of <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, who invaded and conquered much of Europe in the 5th century AD, may have been Turkic and descendants of the Xiongnu.<sup id="cite_ref-Findley_2005,_p._29_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findley_2005,_p._29-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pulleyblank_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulleyblank-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars argue that the Huns were one of the earlier Turkic tribes, while others argue that they were of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Mongolic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 6th century, 400 years after the <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">collapse of northern Xiongnu</a> power in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a>, leadership of the Turkic peoples was taken over by the Göktürks. Formerly in the Xiongnu nomadic confederation, the Göktürks inherited their traditions and administrative experience. From 552 to 745, Göktürk leadership united the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> Turkic tribes into the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk Empire">Göktürk Empire</a>. The name derives from <i>gok</i>, "blue" or "celestial". Unlike its Xiongnu predecessor, the Göktürk Khanate had its temporary <i><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khans</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina</a> clan that were <i>subordinate</i> to a <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> authority controlled by a council of tribal chiefs. The <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a> retained elements of its original <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanistic</a> religion, <a href="/wiki/Tengriism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengriism">Tengriism</a>, although it received missionaries of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> monks and practiced a syncretic religion. The Göktürks were the first Turkic people to write <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a> in a runic script, the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon script">Orkhon script</a>. The Khanate was also the first state known as "Turk". Towards the end of the century, the Göktürks Khanate was split in two; i.e., <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tang_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Empire">Tang Empire</a> conquered the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in 630 and the Western Turkic Khaganate in 657 in a series of military campaigns. However, in 681 the khanate was revived. The Göktürks eventually collapsed due to a series of dynastic conflicts, but the name "Turk" was later taken by many states and peoples. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Turkic peoples and related groups migrated west from <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> and what is now <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> and Anatolia and modern Turkey in many waves. The date of the initial expansion remains unknown. After many battles, they established their own state and later created the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The main migration occurred in medieval times, when they spread across most of Asia and into Europe and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_V._Findley_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_V._Findley-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seljuk_Empire">Seljuk Empire</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq</a> Turkmens created a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> empire that controlled a vast area stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> to eastern Anatolia and from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. From their homelands near the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, the Seljuqs advanced first into <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> and then into mainland <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia. <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seljuq/Seljuk empire was founded by <a href="/wiki/Tughril_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril Beg">Tughril Beg</a> (1016–1063) in 1037. Tughril was raised by his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Dynasty">Seljuk-Beg</a> Seljuk gave his name to both the Seljuk empire and the Seljuk dynasty. The Seljuqs united the fractured political scene of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> and played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">second</a> crusades. Highly <a href="/wiki/Persianized" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianized">Persianized</a> in culture and language, the Seljuqs also played an important role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Turko-Persian_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Persian tradition">Turko-Persian tradition</a>, even exporting Persian culture to Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dynasty from Seljuks, the Seljuks of Rum, became the ruling power in Anatolia. After Mongol invasion of Anatolia, Seljuks of Rum collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/200px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/300px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/400px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> enters Constantinople by <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Zonaro" title="Fausto Zonaro">Fausto Zonaro</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <p>The Ottoman beylik's first capital was located in <a href="/wiki/Bursa,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursa, Turkey">Bursa</a> in 1326. Edirne which was conquered in 1361<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the next capital city. After largely expanding to Europe and Anatolia in 1453, the Ottomans nearly completed the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>. Constantinople was made the capital city of the Empire following Edirne. The Ottoman Empire would continue to expand into the Eastern Anatolia, Central Europe, the Caucasus, North and East Africa, the islands in the Mediterranean, Greater Syria, Mesopotamia, and the Arabian peninsula in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/250px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/375px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/500px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption>The sultan of the golden age, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpireMain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/OttomanEmpireMain.png/220px-OttomanEmpireMain.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/OttomanEmpireMain.png/330px-OttomanEmpireMain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/OttomanEmpireMain.png/440px-OttomanEmpireMain.png 2x" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>The Ottoman Empire in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">1683</a>, at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> (1683–1699)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>. The empire was often at odds with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in its steady advance towards <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> through the Balkans and the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoman_Turkey_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Ottomans were often at war with <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> over territorial disputes, which allowed them to inherit the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a>. At sea, the empire contended with the Holy Leagues, composed of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_St._John" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of St. John">Knights of St. John</a>, for control of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, the Ottoman navy frequently confronted <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> fleets in order to defend its traditional monopoly over the maritime trade routes between <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>; these routes faced new competition with the Portuguese discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1488. The Ottomans even had influence in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> as the Ottomans sent soldiers to their most distant vassal, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Aceh">Sultanate of Aceh</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Sumatra in Indonesia. Their forces in Aceh were opposed by the Portuguese that had crossed the Atlantic and Indian Oceans invaded the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a> and the Spaniards who had crossed from Latin America and invaded <a href="/wiki/Philippines-Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines-Turkey relations">formerly Muslim Manila in the Philippines</a>, as these Iberian powers waged a world war against the Ottoman Caliphate known as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a>. </p><p>The Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 marked the beginning of Ottoman territorial retreat; some territories were lost by the treaty: Austria received all of Hungary and Transylvania except the Banat; Venice obtained most of Dalmatia along with the Morea (the Peloponnesus peninsula in southern Greece); Poland recovered Podolia.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire continued losing its territories, including <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> in the 1912–1913 <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>. Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century. Its inhabitants were of varied ethnicities, including <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> (particularly from <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>). Following the loss of its outer territories and the expulsion of Muslims from former Ottoman Europe, <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanist</a> pluralist ideas fell out of favor, replaced by anti-Christian sentiment. <sup id="cite_ref-suny_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a coup led by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>, the Ottoman state pursued policies of <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bjornlund_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjornlund-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including arbitrary violence against Greeks and Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaligian_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaligian-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faced with territorial losses on all sides the Ottoman Empire under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a> forged an alliance with Germany who supported it with troops and equipment. The Ottoman Empire entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> and was ultimately defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-SchallerZimmerer_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchallerZimmerer-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans successfully defended the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> strait during the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a> and achieved initial victories against British forces in the first two years of the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian campaign</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a>; but the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> turned the tide against the Ottomans in the Middle East. In the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a>, however, the Russian forces had the upper hand from the beginning, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a>. In the wake of this defeat, which War Minister <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> blamed on Armenians siding with Russia, and with Ottoman military units already carrying out massacres against Armenian villages,<sup id="cite_ref-ungor_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ungor-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CUP adopted a policy of eliminating Armenians<sup id="cite_ref-suny_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in what is now broadly recognized by scholars as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suny2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian forces advanced into northeastern Anatolia and controlled the major cities there until retreating from World War I with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>. Following World War I, the huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into <a href="/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire">several new states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 30, 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was signed, followed by the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> on August 10, 1920, by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a>, which was never ratified. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> would break up the Ottoman Empire and force large concessions on territories of the Empire in favour of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republic_of_Turkey">Republic of Turkey</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">History of the Republic of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_Time_magazine_Vol._I_No._4_Mar._24,_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_Time_magazine_Vol._I_No._4_Mar._24%2C_1923.jpg/250px-Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_Time_magazine_Vol._I_No._4_Mar._24%2C_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_Time_magazine_Vol._I_No._4_Mar._24%2C_1923.jpg/375px-Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_Time_magazine_Vol._I_No._4_Mar._24%2C_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_Time_magazine_Vol._I_No._4_Mar._24%2C_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a> on the cover of the <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine, Vol. I No. 4, March 24, 1923. Title: "Mustapha Kemal Pasha"</figcaption></figure> <p>The occupation of some parts of the country by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoman_Turkey_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Turkish Provisional Government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, which had declared itself the legitimate government of the country on <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">23 April 1920</a>, started to formalize the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. The Ankara Government engaged in armed and diplomatic struggle. In 1921–1923, the Armenian, Greek, French, and British armies had been expelled:<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18sep1922_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18sep1922-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military advance and diplomatic success of the Ankara Government resulted in the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a> on 11 October 1922. The handling of the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a> (September–October 1922) between the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and the Ankara Government caused the collapse of <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_ministry" title="Lloyd George ministry">Ministry</a> on 19 October 1922<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and political autonomy of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> from the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">abolished</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">sultanate</a>, thus ending 623 years of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchical</a> Ottoman rule. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> of 24 July 1923, which superseded the Treaty of Sèvres,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atatürk_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atatürk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Turkish state as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. On 4 October 1923, the Allied occupation of Turkey ended with the withdrawal of the last Allied troops from <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. The Turkish Republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Convention_Concerning_the_Exchange_of_Greek_and_Turkish_Populations" title="Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations">Lausanne Convention</a> stipulated a <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clogg_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clogg-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">president</a> and introduced <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">many reforms</a>. The reforms aimed to transform the old <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">religion-based and multi-communal</a> Ottoman monarchy into a Turkish <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> that would be governed as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">secular constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BoweringCrone2012_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoweringCrone2012-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">fez</a> was banned, full rights for women politically were established, and new <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">alphabet</a> for <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> based upon the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> was created.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the other things, economic privileges for foreigners were abolished and their means of production and railways were nationalised. Foreign schools were placed under state control. The <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">abolition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">caliphate</a> followed on 3 March 1924. In the same year, Turkey abolished <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> and in 1925, a clothing reform for men (the <a href="/wiki/Hat_Revolution" title="Hat Revolution">Hat Law</a>) was enacted. </p><p>In the following years, entire legal systems were adopted from European countries and adapted to Turkish conditions. In 1926, Swiss civil law—and thus <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> with the equality of men and women—was adopted first (gender equality was only partially achieved in everyday life, however), so <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> was banned. This was followed by German commercial law and Italian criminal law. The Islamic <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">sectarian lodges</a> in 1925 and the <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodges</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1935 were banned. The high <a href="/wiki/Ashar" title="Ashar">taxes</a> imposed on farmers were reduced. In 1926, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Arabic calendar</a> was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> was introduced. In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_education" title="Mixed-sex education">co-education</a> were introduced. The law on industrial incentives was passed (1927) and the first five-year plan for industry came into force (1934). Secularisation was proclaimed in 1928. An <a href="/wiki/Nation%27s_school" title="Nation's school">educational mobilisation</a> was initiated to literate the rural population. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a> of 1934, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish Parliament</a> bestowed upon Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (<i>Father Turk</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Atatürk_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atatürk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> caused discontent in some <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zaza</a> tribes leading to the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a> in 1925<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a> in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_Inonu_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Roosevelt_Inonu_Churchill.jpg/210px-Roosevelt_Inonu_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Roosevelt_Inonu_Churchill.jpg/315px-Roosevelt_Inonu_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Roosevelt_Inonu_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İnönü</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conference" title="Second Cairo Conference">Second Cairo Conference</a> which was held between 4–6 December 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkey was neutral in World War II (1939–45) but signed a treaty with Britain in October 1939 that said Britain would defend Turkey if Germany attacked it. An invasion was threatened in 1941 but did not happen and Ankara refused German requests to allow troops to cross its borders into Syria or the USSR. Germany had been its largest trading partner before the war, and Turkey continued to do business with both sides. It purchased arms from both sides. The Allies tried to stop German purchases of chrome (used in making better steel). Starting in 1942 the Allies provided military aid. The Turkish leaders conferred with Roosevelt and Churchill at the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a> in November, 1943, and promised to enter the war. By August 1944, with Germany nearing defeat, Turkey broke off relations. In February 1945, it declared war on Germany and Japan, a symbolic move that allowed Turkey to join the nascent United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, relations with Moscow worsened, setting stage for the start of the Cold War. The demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>, prompted the United States to declare the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> in 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in large-scale <a href="/wiki/Turkey-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-United States relations">U.S. military and economic support</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Truman_Doctrine_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truman_Doctrine-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After participating with the United Nations forces in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, Turkey joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a>. Following a decade of <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">intercommunal violence</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/EOKA-B" class="mw-redirect" title="EOKA-B">Greek military coup of July 1974</a>, overthrowing President <a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios</a> and installing <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Sampson" title="Nikos Sampson">Nikos Sampson</a> as a dictator, Turkey <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">invaded the Republic of Cyprus</a> in 1974. Nine years later the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> (TRNC) was established. Turkey is the only country that recognises the TRNC<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">one-party period</a> was followed by <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">multi-party democracy</a> after 1945. The Turkish democracy was interrupted by military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a> in <a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Turkish coup d'état">1971</a> and <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TRPoliticsandMilitary_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRPoliticsandMilitary-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> began an insurgency against the Turkish government; the conflict, which has claimed over 40,000 lives, continues today.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the liberalization of the Turkish economy during the 1980s, the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability.<sup id="cite_ref-80sLiberalization_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80sLiberalization-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1995, twenty-three people were killed and hundreds were injured in the incidents called <a href="/wiki/Gazi_Quarter_riots" title="Gazi Quarter riots">Gazi Massacre</a> in Istanbul. The events began with an armed attack on several coffee shops in the neighborhood, where an <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a> religious leader was killed. Protests occurred both in <a href="/wiki/Gaziosmanpa%C5%9Fa" title="Gaziosmanpaşa">Gazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmraniye" title="Ümraniye">Ümraniye</a> district on the Asian side of İstanbul. Police responded with gunfire.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2014, Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> won Turkey's first direct presidential <a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2014 Turkish presidential election">election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2016, the Turkish <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">attempted coup</a> took place. A number of rogue government units took over and were only repelled after a few hours.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2016, an off duty policeman Mevlut Altintas shot dead the Russian Ambassador inside an Art Gallery. He refused to surrender and was then shot dead by special police.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2017, the constitutional amendments, which significantly increased the powers of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, were narrowly accepted in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018, President Erdoğan was re-elected for a new five-year term in the first round of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2018 Turkish presidential election">presidential election</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AK Party) secured a majority in the separate <a href="/wiki/2018_Turkish_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Turkish parliamentary election">parliamentary election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2018, Prince MBS of Saudi Arabia sent a group of government agents to murder prominent critic, <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a>, in the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul. <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">His death</a> was just a few days before his sixtieth birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, the Turkish government asked the international community to recognise Turkey by its Turkish name Türkiye, in part because of the <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homonym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkey</a> (bird), for the name of the country in the English language.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2023, President Erdoğan won a new re-election and his AK Party with its allies held parliamentary majority in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_general_election" title="2023 Turkish general election">general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2023, approximately 96,000 Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">refugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> have sought refuge in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, nearly 100 000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of August 2023, the number of <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">refugees of the Syrian civil war</a> in Turkey was estimated to be 3 307 882 people. The number of Syrians had decreased by 205 894 people since the beginning of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2024, the opposition <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> (CHP) gained a significicant victory in <a href="/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections" title="2024 Turkish local elections">local election</a>, including mayoral victories in Turkey's five largest cities: Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, and Antalya.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Outline of the Ottoman Empire">Outline of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds" title="History of the Kurds">History of the Kurds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-US_Library_of_Congress-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_Library_of_Congress_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Library_of_Congress_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/trtoc.html">"About this Collection – Country Studies"</a>. <i>loc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080812233922/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/trtoc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=About+this+Collection+%E2%80%93+Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Ftrtoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Arthur_Howard2001" class="citation book cs1">Douglas Arthur Howard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ay-IkMqrTp4C"><i>The History of Turkey</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30708-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30708-9"><bdi>978-0-313-30708-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130907/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ay-IkMqrTp4C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Turkey&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30708-9&rft.au=Douglas+Arthur+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAy-IkMqrTp4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_2016_24-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016_24_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016_24_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MET-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MET_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasson1977" class="citation journal cs1">Casson, Lionel (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503015440/https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258667.pdf.bannered.pdf">"The Thracians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 2–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3258667">10.2307/3258667</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3258667">3258667</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258667.pdf.bannered.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Thracians&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-6&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3258667&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3258667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fpubs%2Fbulletins%2F1%2Fpdf%2F3258667.pdf.bannered.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellwood2022">Bellwood 2022</a>, p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_2016-3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016-3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016-3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellwood2022">Bellwood 2022</a>, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellwood2022">Bellwood 2022</a>, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKılınçOmrakÖzerGünther2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kılınç, Gülşah Merve; Omrak, Ayça; Özer, Füsun; Günther, Torsten; Büyükkarakaya, Ali Metin; Bıçakçı, Erhan; Baird, Douglas; Dönertaş, Handan Melike; Ghalichi, Ayshin; Yaka, Reyhan; Koptekin, Dilek; Açan, Sinan Can; Parvizi, Poorya; Krzewińska, Maja; Daskalaki, Evangelia A. (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5069350">"The Demographic Development of the First Farmers in Anatolia"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>26</b> (19): 2659–2666. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CBio...26.2659K">2016CBio...26.2659K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.07.057">10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5069350">5069350</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27498567">27498567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Demographic+Development+of+the+First+Farmers+in+Anatolia&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=2659-2666&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5069350%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27498567&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.07.057&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016CBio...26.2659K&rft.aulast=K%C4%B1l%C4%B1n%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fah+Merve&rft.au=Omrak%2C+Ay%C3%A7a&rft.au=%C3%96zer%2C+F%C3%BCsun&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+Torsten&rft.au=B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkkarakaya%2C+Ali+Metin&rft.au=B%C4%B1%C3%A7ak%C3%A7%C4%B1%2C+Erhan&rft.au=Baird%2C+Douglas&rft.au=D%C3%B6nerta%C5%9F%2C+Handan+Melike&rft.au=Ghalichi%2C+Ayshin&rft.au=Yaka%2C+Reyhan&rft.au=Koptekin%2C+Dilek&rft.au=A%C3%A7an%2C+Sinan+Can&rft.au=Parvizi%2C+Poorya&rft.au=Krzewi%C5%84ska%2C+Maja&rft.au=Daskalaki%2C+Evangelia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5069350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsonSzécsényi-NagyMallickPósa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lipson, Mark; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Pósa, Annamária; Stégmár, Balázs; Keerl, Victoria; Rohland, Nadin; Stewardson, Kristin; Ferry, Matthew; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Harney, Eadaoin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Llamas, Bastien (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5973800">"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>551</b> (7680): 368–372. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.551..368L">2017Natur.551..368L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature24476">10.1038/nature24476</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5973800">5973800</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29144465">29144465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Parallel+palaeogenomic+transects+reveal+complex+genetic+history+of+early+European+farmers&rft.volume=551&rft.issue=7680&rft.pages=368-372&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5973800%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.551..368L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29144465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature24476&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Lipson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Sz%C3%A9cs%C3%A9nyi-Nagy%2C+Anna&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=P%C3%B3sa%2C+Annam%C3%A1ria&rft.au=St%C3%A9gm%C3%A1r%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Keerl%2C+Victoria&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Ferry%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Michel%2C+Megan&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Broomandkhoshbacht%2C+Nasreen&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Nordenfelt%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Bastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5973800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RJC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RJC_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaconMendoza2017" class="citation book cs1">Chacon, Richard J.; Mendoza, Rubén G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhT1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120"><i>Feast, Famine or Fighting?: Multiple Pathways to Social Complexity</i></a>. Springer. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319484020" title="Special:BookSources/9783319484020"><bdi>9783319484020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feast%2C+Famine+or+Fighting%3F%3A+Multiple+Pathways+to+Social+Complexity&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783319484020&rft.aulast=Chacon&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Mendoza%2C+Rub%C3%A9n+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzhT1DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_2016-4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016-4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016-4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016-4_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016-4_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016-4_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_234_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteadman2012">Steadman 2012</a>, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichel2012">Michel 2012</a>, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_522-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_522_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMahon_Steadman_2012_p_522_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckman2012">Beckman 2012</a>, p. 522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012a">McMahon & Steadman 2012a</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggarty2021" class="citation journal cs1">Heggarty, Paul (2021). "Cognacy Databases and Phylogenetic Research on Indo-European". <i>Annual Review of Linguistics</i>. <b>7</b>: 371–394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011619-030507">10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Cognacy+Databases+and+Phylogenetic+Research+on+Indo-European&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=371-394&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011619-030507&rft.aulast=Heggarty&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellwood2022">Bellwood 2022</a>, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelchert2012">Melchert 2012</a>, p. 713</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, pp. 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2006">Ahmed 2006</a>, p. 1576</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJablonka2012">Jablonka 2012</a>, pp. 724–726</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMahon2012">McMahon 2012</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_2016-2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016-2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016-2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016-2_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYakubovich2012">Yakubovich 2012</a>, p. 538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimansky2012">Zimansky 2012</a>, p. 552</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadner2012">Radner 2012</a>, pp. 738–739</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_2016-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2016_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A modern study is D.F. Graf, <i>The Persian Royal Road System</i>, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFushistory.org" class="citation web cs1">ushistory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/civ/6f.asp">"The Fall of the Roman Empire [ushistory.org]"</a>. <i>www.ushistory.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320175413/http://www.ushistory.org/civ/6f.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushistory.org&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire+%5Bushistory.org%5D&rft.au=ushistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fciv%2F6f.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Webber,_Angus_McBride2001" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Webber, Angus McBride (2001). <i>The Thracians, 700 BC–AD 46</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-329-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-329-3"><bdi>978-1-84176-329-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thracians%2C+700+BC%E2%80%93AD+46&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-329-3&rft.au=Christopher+Webber%2C+Angus+McBride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA345">"A companion to Ancient Macedonia"</a> John Wiley & Sons, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/144435163X" title="Special:BookSources/144435163X">144435163X</a> pp 135-138, p 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisBoardman1994-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LewisBoardman1994_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._M._LewisJohn_Boardman1994" class="citation book cs1">D. M. Lewis; John Boardman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&pg=PA462"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23348-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130907/https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&pg=PA462">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23348-4&rft.au=D.+M.+Lewis&rft.au=John+Boardman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvx251bK988gC%26pg%3DPA462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon2005" class="citation book cs1">Xenophon (8 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oKx4FyAOOQC&q=Teres+I+odrysian+kingdom+persian&pg=PA221"><i>The Expedition of Cyrus</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191605048" title="Special:BookSources/9780191605048"><bdi>9780191605048</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905130728/https://books.google.com/books?id=0oKx4FyAOOQC&q=Teres+I+odrysian+kingdom+persian&pg=PA221">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expedition+of+Cyrus&rft.date=2005-09-08&rft.isbn=9780191605048&rft.au=Xenophon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0oKx4FyAOOQC%26q%3DTeres%2BI%2Bodrysian%2Bkingdom%2Bpersian%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.5.v.html">Herodotus. <i>Histories</i>, Book V</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001132852/http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.5.v.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Boardman, I.E.S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N.G.L. Hammond. <i>The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 612. "Thrace possessed only fortified areas and cities such as Cabassus would have been no more than large villages. In general the population lived in villages and hamlets."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Boardman, I.E.S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N.G.L. Hammond. <i>The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 612. "According to Strabo (vii.6.1cf.st.Byz.446.15) the Thracian -bria word meant polis but it is an inaccurate translation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mogens Herman Hansen. <i>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation</i>. Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 888. "It was meant to be a polis but this was no reason to think that it was anything other than a native settlement."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Webber and Angus McBride. <i>The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 (Men-at-Arms)</i>. Osprey Publishing, 2001, p. 1. "They lived almost entirely in villages; the city of Seuthopolis seems to be the only significant town in Thrace not built by the Greeks (although the Thracians did build fortified refuges)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PersiansInAsiaMinor-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PersiansInAsiaMinor_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker,_Richard1999" class="citation web cs1">Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203214024/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PERSIAN.HTM">"Ancient Greece: The Persian Wars"</a>. Washington State University, Washington, United States. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PERSIAN.HTM">the original</a> on 3 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+The+Persian+Wars&rft.pub=Washington+State+University%2C+Washington%2C+United+States&rft.date=1999-06-06&rft.au=Hooker%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~dee%2FGREECE%2FPERSIAN.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SteadmanMcMahon2011-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SteadmanMcMahon2011_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon_R._SteadmanGregory_McMahon2011" class="citation book cs1">Sharon R. Steadman; Gregory McMahon (15 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ND_CE9If3kC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE)</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537614-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537614-2"><bdi>978-0-19-537614-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130907/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ND_CE9If3kC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Anatolia%3A+%2810%2C000-323+BCE%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537614-2&rft.au=Sharon+R.+Steadman&rft.au=Gregory+McMahon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ND_CE9If3kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlexanderToRome-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlexanderToRome_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art,_New_York2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York</a> (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214003932/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/waa/ht04waa.htm">"Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C. – 1 A.D. in <i>Timeline of Art History.</i>"</a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/waa/ht04waa.htm">the original</a> on 14 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatolia+and+the+Caucasus+%28Asia+Minor%29%2C+1000+B.C.+%E2%80%93+1+A.D.+in+Timeline+of+Art+History.&rft.pub=New+York%3A+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000-10&rft.au=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%2C+New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F04%2Fwaa%2Fht04waa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreedmanMyers2000-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FreedmanMyers2000_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Noel_FreedmanAllen_C._MyersAstrid_Biles_Beck2000" class="citation book cs1">David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers; Astrid Biles Beck (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA61"><i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2400-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130908/https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4&rft.au=David+Noel+Freedman&rft.au=Allen+C.+Myers&rft.au=Astrid+Biles+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9sYIRXZZ2MC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hout2011-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hout2011_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheo_van_den_Hout2011" class="citation book cs1">Theo van den Hout (27 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDJNg5Nyef0C&pg=PA1"><i>The Elements of Hittite</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50178-1"><bdi>978-1-139-50178-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130910/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDJNg5Nyef0C&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Hittite&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50178-1&rft.au=Theo+van+den+Hout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDJNg5Nyef0C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1997" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Robert M. (1997). <i>Irenaeus of Lyons</i>. Routledge. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irenaeus+of+Lyons&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2015" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67dUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA331"><i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02175-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02175-4"><bdi>978-1-107-02175-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151436/https://books.google.com/books?id=67dUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA331#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Age+of+Attila&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02175-4&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67dUBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_C._Waugh2004" class="citation web cs1">Daniel C. Waugh (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/turkey/istanbul/istanbul.html">"Constantinople/Istanbul"</a>. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060917215153/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/turkey/istanbul/istanbul.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constantinople%2FIstanbul&rft.pub=University+of+Washington%2C+Seattle%2C+Washington&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Daniel+C.+Waugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Fcities%2Fturkey%2Fistanbul%2Fistanbul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_Zieme_2006,_p._64-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Zieme_2006,_p._64_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Zieme_2006,_p._64_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Zieme: The Old Turkish Empires in Mongolia. In: Genghis Khan and his heirs. The Empire of the Mongols. Special tape for Exhibition 2005/2006, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Findley_2005,_p._29-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Findley_2005,_p._29_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Findley_2005,_p._29_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Findley (2005), p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Etienne de la Vaissiere", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i> article:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_sogd_trade_20041201.html">Sogdian Trade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091220225254/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_sogd_trade_20041201.html">Archived</a> 2009-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 December 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silk-Road:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silk-road.com/artl/xiongnu1.shtml">Xiongnu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424014036/http://www.silk-road.com/artl/xiongnu1.shtml">Archived</a> 2015-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108164733/http://www.yeniturkiye.com/display.asp?c=6010">"Yeni Turkiye Research and Publishing Center"</a>. <i>www.yeniturkiye.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeniturkiye.com/display.asp?c=6010">the original</a> on 8 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yeniturkiye.com&rft.atitle=Yeni+Turkiye+Research+and+Publishing+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yeniturkiye.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Fc%3D6010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, P L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/TurkicIntro.htm">"An Introduction to the Turkic Tribes"</a>. <i>www.historyfiles.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108164730/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/TurkicIntro.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyfiles.co.uk&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Turkic+Tribes&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=P+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FFeaturesFarEast%2FTurkicIntro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027144739/http://geocities.com/cevatturkeli/ctbb-his1.htm">"Early Turkish History"</a>. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%2C+1915&rft.btitle=Holocaust+and+Other+Genocides&rft.pages=45-72&rft.pub=NIOD+Institute+for+War%2C+Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies+%2F+Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-4851-528-8&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210508050001%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.niod.nl%2Fsites%2Fniod.nl%2Ffiles%2FArmenian%2520genocide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suny2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suny2_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/They_Can_Live_in_the_Desert_but_Nowhere_Else" title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else"><i>"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 374–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-6558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22They+Can+Live+in+the+Desert+but+Nowhere+Else%22%3A+A+History+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=374-375&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roderic_H._Davison" title="Roderic H. Davison">Roderic H. Davison</a>; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C. Helmreich in <i><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a></i>, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar. 1975), pp. 186–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert H. Hewsen. <i>Armenia: A Historical Atlas</i>, p. 237. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-33228-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-33228-4">0-226-33228-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPsomiades2000" class="citation book cs1">Psomiades, Harry J. (2000). <i>The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a study in Greek-Turkish diplomacy</i>. Pella. pp. 27–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918618-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-918618-79-7"><bdi>0-918618-79-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Question%2C+the+Last+Phase%3A+a+study+in+Greek-Turkish+diplomacy&rft.pages=27-38&rft.pub=Pella&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-918618-79-7&rft.aulast=Psomiades&rft.aufirst=Harry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfie1979" class="citation journal cs1">Macfie, A. L. (1979). "The Chanak affair (September–October 1922)". <i>Balkan Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 309–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Chanak+affair+%28September%E2%80%93October+1922%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=309-41&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Macfie&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18sep1922-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18sep1922_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeperCriss2009" class="citation book cs1">Heper, Metin; Criss, Nur Bilge (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKoanep9aBEC&q=18+september+1922+turkey&pg=PA317"><i>Historical Dictionary of Turkey</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6281-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6281-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-6281-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152525/https://books.google.com/books?id=mKoanep9aBEC&q=18+september+1922+turkey&pg=PA317#v=snippet&q=18%20september%201922%20turkey&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Turkey&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6281-4&rft.aulast=Heper&rft.aufirst=Metin&rft.au=Criss%2C+Nur+Bilge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKoanep9aBEC%26q%3D18%2Bseptember%2B1922%2Bturkey%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1980" class="citation journal cs1">Darwin, J. G. (February 1980). "The Chanak Crisis and the British Cabinet". <i>History</i>. <b>65</b> (213): 32–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1980.tb02082.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1980.tb02082.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Chanak+Crisis+and+the+British+Cabinet&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=213&rft.pages=32-48&rft.date=1980-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1980.tb02082.x&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_MacGregor_Dawson" title="Robert MacGregor Dawson">Dawson, Robert MacGregor</a> (1958). <i>William Lyon Mackenzie King: A Political Biography, 1874-1923</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 401–416.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Lyon+Mackenzie+King%3A+A+Political+Biography%2C+1874-1923&rft.pages=401-416&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Robert+MacGregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/sevres1.html">"The Treaty of Sèvres, 1920"</a>. Harold B. Library, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112082305/http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/sevres1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+S%C3%A8vres%2C+1920&rft.pub=Harold+B.+Library%2C+Brigham+Young+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2F~rdh7%2Fwwi%2Fversa%2Fsevres1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atatürk-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atatürk_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atatürk_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango2000" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Andrew (2000). <i>Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey</i>. Overlook. p. lxxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-011-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-011-6"><bdi>978-1-58567-011-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+The+Biography+of+the+Founder+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.pages=lxxviii&rft.pub=Overlook&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-011-6&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxiarlis2014" class="citation book cs1">Axiarlis, Evangelia (2014). <i>Political Islam and the Secular State in Turkey: Democracy, Reform and the Justice and Development Party</i>. I.B. Tauris. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Islam+and+the+Secular+State+in+Turkey%3A+Democracy%2C+Reform+and+the+Justice+and+Development+Party&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Axiarlis&rft.aufirst=Evangelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clogg-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clogg_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClogg2002" class="citation book cs1">Clogg, Richard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pyUIY4THYC"><i>A Concise History of Greece</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00479-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00479-4"><bdi>978-0-521-00479-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152433/https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pyUIY4THYC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Greece&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00479-4&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5pyUIY4THYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoweringCrone2012-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoweringCrone2012_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_BoweringPatricia_CroneWadad_KadiDevin_J._Stewart2012" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard Bowering; Patricia Crone; Wadad Kadi; Devin J. Stewart; Muhammad Qasim Zaman; Mahan Mirza (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHcZlo12SGoC&pg=PA49"><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3855-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3855-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-3855-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>Following the revolution, Mustafa Kemal became an important figure in the military ranks of the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) as a protégé ... Although the sultanate had already been abolished in November 1922, the republic was founded in October 1923. ... ambitious reform programme aimed at the creation of a modern, secular state and the construction of a new identity for its citizens.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3855-4&rft.au=Gerhard+Bowering&rft.au=Patricia+Crone&rft.au=Wadad+Kadi&rft.au=Devin+J.+Stewart&rft.au=Muhammad+Qasim+Zaman&rft.au=Mahan+Mirza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHcZlo12SGoC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinross2001" class="citation book cs1">Kinross, John (2001). <i>Atatürk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father of Modern Turkey</i>. Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842125991" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842125991"><bdi>978-1842125991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+A+Biography+of+Mustafa+Kemal%2C+Father+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1842125991&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/maltribune19351014-1.2.24">TURKISH BAN ON FREEMASONS. All Lodges To Be Abolished</a>". <i>Malaya Tribune</i>, 14 October 1935, p. 5. <i>The Government has decided to abolish all Masonic lodges in Turkey on the ground that Masonic principles are incompatible with nationalistic policy.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?datum=14.10.1935&year=1935&month=10&day=14">"Tageseinträge für 14. Oktober 1935"</a>. <i>chroniknet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chroniknet&rft.atitle=Tageseintr%C3%A4ge+f%C3%BCr+14.+Oktober+1935&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniknet.de%2Fdaly_de.0.html%3Fdatum%3D14.10.1935%26year%3D1935%26month%3D10%26day%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/477375">Atatürk Döneminde Masonluk ve Masonlarla İlişkilere Dair Bazı Arşiv Belgeleri</a></i> by Kemal Özcan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2017" class="citation book cs1">Hassan, Mona (10 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqqtDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168"><i>Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8371-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-8371-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117230856/https://books.google.com/books?id=pqqtDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longing+for+the+Lost+Caliphate%3A+A+Transregional+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8371-4&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqqtDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoner_Çağaptay2002" class="citation journal cs1">Soner Çağaptay (2002). "Reconfiguring the Turkish nation in the 1930s". <i>Nationalism and Ethnic Politics</i>. <b>8</b> (2). Yale University: 67–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537110208428662">10.1080/13537110208428662</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143855822">143855822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Politics&rft.atitle=Reconfiguring+the+Turkish+nation+in+the+1930s&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-82&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537110208428662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143855822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Soner+%C3%87a%C4%9Faptay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erik J. Zurcher, <i>Turkey: A Modern History</i> (3rd ed. 2004) pp 203-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. C. Edwards, "The Impact of the War on Turkey," <i>International Affairs</i> (1946) 22#3 pp. 389-400 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3017044">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222032802/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3017044">Archived</a> 2016-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truman_Doctrine-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Truman_Doctrine_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuston1988" class="citation book cs1">Huston, James A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ID4E3Lm8TsgC&q=turkey+cold+war&pg=PA198"><i>Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953</i></a>. Susquehanna University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941664-84-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941664-84-4"><bdi>978-0-941664-84-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130910/https://books.google.com/books?id=ID4E3Lm8TsgC&q=turkey+cold+war&pg=PA198">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outposts+and+Allies%3A+U.S.+Army+Logistics+in+the+Cold+War%2C+1945%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Susquehanna+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-941664-84-4&rft.aulast=Huston&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DID4E3Lm8TsgC%26q%3Dturkey%2Bcold%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm">"Timeline: Cyprus"</a>. <i>British Broadcasting Corporation</i>. 12 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061216183558/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Cyprus&rft.date=2006-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1021835.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRPoliticsandMilitary-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TRPoliticsandMilitary_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1994" class="citation book cs1">Hale, William Mathew (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turkishpoliticsm00hale"><i>Turkish Politics and the Military</i></a>. Routledge, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02455-6"><bdi>978-0-415-02455-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Politics+and+the+Military&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+UK&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02455-6&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=William+Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturkishpoliticsm00hale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8352934.stm">"Turkey's PKK peace plan delayed"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 10 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511204941/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8352934.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+PKK+peace+plan+delayed&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8352934.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80sLiberalization-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80sLiberalization_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNas1992" class="citation book cs1">Nas, Tevfik F. (1992). <i>Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization</i>. Lehigh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934223-19-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934223-19-5"><bdi>978-0-934223-19-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+and+Politics+of+Turkish+Liberalization&rft.pub=Lehigh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-934223-19-5&rft.aulast=Nas&rft.aufirst=Tevfik+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bianet.org/haber/25th-anniversary-of-gazi-massacre-marked-221298">"25th Anniversary of Gazi Massacre Marked"</a>. <i>bianet.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bianet.org&rft.atitle=25th+Anniversary+of+Gazi+Massacre+Marked&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbianet.org%2Fhaber%2F25th-anniversary-of-gazi-massacre-marked-221298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28729234">"Recep Tayyip Erdogan wins Turkish presidential election"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125234358/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28729234">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Recep+Tayyip+Erdogan+wins+Turkish+presidential+election&rft.date=2014-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-28729234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36816045">"Turkey's coup attempt: What you need to know"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125175119/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36816045">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+coup+attempt%3A+What+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2016-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-36816045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-20/ankara-russian-ambassador-shooting-who-is-mevlut-mert-altintas/8135510">"Who was the Ankara assassin?"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 20 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219041129/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-20/ankara-russian-ambassador-shooting-who-is-mevlut-mert-altintas/8135510">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Who+was+the+Ankara+assassin%3F&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-12-20%2Fankara-russian-ambassador-shooting-who-is-mevlut-mert-altintas%2F8135510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/16/erdogan-claims-victory-in-turkish-constitutional-referendum">"Erdoğan clinches victory in Turkish constitutional referendum"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 16 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419214143/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/16/erdogan-claims-victory-in-turkish-constitutional-referendum">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Erdo%C4%9Fan+clinches+victory+in+Turkish+constitutional+referendum&rft.date=2017-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fapr%2F16%2Ferdogan-claims-victory-in-turkish-constitutional-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44596072">"Turkey election: Erdogan wins re-election as president"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213145637/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44596072">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+election%3A+Erdogan+wins+re-election+as+president&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-44596072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/26/mbs-oversaw-saudi-killers-of-khashoggi-us-intel-report">"MBS approved operation to capture or kill Khashoggi: US report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217084340/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/26/mbs-oversaw-saudi-killers-of-khashoggi-us-intel-report">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MBS+approved+operation+to+capture+or+kill+Khashoggi%3A+US+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F2%2F26%2Fmbs-oversaw-saudi-killers-of-khashoggi-us-intel-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/06/28/turkey-is-now-turkiye-what-other-countries-have-changed-their-name">"Turkey is now Türkiye: What other countries have changed their name?"</a>. <i>euronews</i>. 28 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130124526/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/06/28/turkey-is-now-turkiye-what-other-countries-have-changed-their-name">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=Turkey+is+now+T%C3%BCrkiye%3A+What+other+countries+have+changed+their+name%3F&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fmy-europe%2F2022%2F06%2F28%2Fturkey-is-now-turkiye-what-other-countries-have-changed-their-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilks" class="citation news cs1">Wilks, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/28/turkey-presidential-election-results-3">"Turkey's Erdogan celebrates presidential election run-off win"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529060634/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/28/turkey-presidential-election-results-3">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Erdogan+celebrates+presidential+election+run-off+win&rft.aulast=Wilks&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F5%2F28%2Fturkey-presidential-election-results-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/uncertain-futures-ukrainian-refugees-turkey-one-year">"Uncertain Futures: Ukrainian Refugees in Turkey, One Year On"</a>. <i>pulitzercenter.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pulitzercenter.org&rft.atitle=Uncertain+Futures%3A+Ukrainian+Refugees+in+Turkey%2C+One+Year+On&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpulitzercenter.org%2Fstories%2Funcertain-futures-ukrainian-refugees-turkey-one-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAirport2023" class="citation web cs1">Airport, Turkish Airlines planes are parked at the new Istanbul (24 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/07/russian-migration-turkey-spikes-218-aftermath-ukraine-war">"Russian migration to Turkey spikes by 218% in aftermath of Ukraine war - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East"</a>. <i>www.al-monitor.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.al-monitor.com&rft.atitle=Russian+migration+to+Turkey+spikes+by+218%25+in+aftermath+of+Ukraine+war+-+Al-Monitor%3A+Independent%2C+trusted+coverage+of+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.aulast=Airport&rft.aufirst=Turkish+Airlines+planes+are+parked+at+the+new+Istanbul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2023%2F07%2Frussian-migration-turkey-spikes-218-aftermath-ukraine-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://multeciler.org.tr/eng/number-of-syrians-in-turkey/">"Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association"</a>. <i>multeciler.org.tr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=multeciler.org.tr&rft.atitle=Number+of+Syrians+in+Turkey+July+2023+%E2%80%93+Refugees+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmulteciler.org.tr%2Feng%2Fnumber-of-syrians-in-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2024" class="citation web cs1">Sharp, Alexandra (11 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/01/turkey-elections-chp-imamoglu-erdogan-akp-israel-iran-consulate-syria/">"Turkey's Opposition Wins 'Historic Victory' in Local Elections"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Opposition+Wins+%27Historic+Victory%27+in+Local+Elections&rft.date=2024-04-11&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2024%2F04%2F01%2Fturkey-elections-chp-imamoglu-erdogan-akp-israel-iran-consulate-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ahmad, Feroz. <i>The Making of Modern Turkey</i> (Routledge, 1993),</li> <li>Barkey, Karen. <i>Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective.</i> (2008) 357pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521715334/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Bellwood, Peter</a> (2022). <i>The Five-Million-Year Odyssey</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691236339">10.1515/9780691236339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19757-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19757-9"><bdi>978-0-691-19757-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five-Million-Year+Odyssey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691236339&rft.isbn=978-0-691-19757-9&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eissenstat, Howard. "Children of Özal: The New Face of Turkish Studies" <i>Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association</i> 1#1 (2014), pp. 23–35 DOI: 10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.23 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.23">online</a></li> <li>Findley, Carter V. <i>The Turks in World History</i> (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517726-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517726-6">0-19-517726-6</a></li> <li>Findley, Carter V. <i>Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History</i> (2011)</li> <li>Finkel, Caroline. <i>Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire</i> (2006), standard scholarly survey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0465023967/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Freeman, Charles (1999). <i>Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198721943" title="Special:BookSources/0198721943">0198721943</a>.</li> <li>Goffman, Daniel. <i>The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/107381987">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123092143/http://www.questia.com/read/107381987">Archived</a> 23 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Goodwin, Jason. <i>Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0312420668/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Hale, William. <i>Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774–2000.</i> (2000). 375 pp.</li> <li>Hornblower, Simon; Antony Spawforth (1996). <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2016" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Douglas A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hE28CwAAQBAJ"><i>The History of Turkey</i></a> (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3466-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3466-0"><bdi>978-1-4408-3466-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Turkey&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3466-0&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhE28CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Inalcik, Halil and Quataert, Donald, ed. <i>An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914.</i> 1995. 1026 pp.</li> <li>Kedourie, Sylvia, ed. <i>Seventy-Five Years of the Turkish Republic</i> (1999). 237 pp.</li> <li>Kedourie, Sylvia. <i>Turkey Before and After Ataturk: Internal and External Affairs</i> (1989) 282pp</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222145407/http://hgm2002.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/Abstracts/Publish/WorkshopPosters/WorkshopPoster11/hgm0548.htm">E. Khusnutdinova, et al. Mitochondrial DNA variety in Turkic and Uralic-speaking people. POSTER NO: 548, Human Genome Organisation 2002</a></li> <li>Kinross, Patrick. <i>The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire</i> (1977) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-03093-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-03093-9">0-688-03093-9</a>.</li> <li>Kosebalaban, Hasan. <i>Turkish Foreign Policy: Islam, Nationalism, and Globalization</i> (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 240 pages; examines tensions among secularist nationalism, Islamic nationalism, secular liberalism, and Islamic liberalism in shaping foreign policy since the 1920s; concentrates on era since 2003</li> <li>Kunt, Metin and Woodhead, Christine, ed. <i>Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World.</i> 1995. 218 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2006" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Thomas M., ed. (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of the Developing World</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203943373">10.4324/9780203943373</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579583880" title="Special:BookSources/9781579583880"><bdi>9781579583880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203943373&rft.isbn=9781579583880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFAhmed2006" class="citation">Ahmed, Ali. "Turkey". In <a href="#CITEREFLeonard2006">Leonard (2006)</a>, pp. 1575–1578.</span></li></ul></li> <li>Lloyd, Seton. <i>Turkey: A Traveller's History of Anatolia</i> (1989) covers the ancient period.</li> <li>Mango, Andrew. <i>Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey</i> (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-011-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-011-1">1-58567-011-1</a></li> <li>Mango, Cyril. <i>The Oxford History of Byzantium</i> (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814098-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814098-3">0-19-814098-3</a></li> <li>Marek, Christian (2010), <i>Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike</i> C. H. Beck, Munich, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406598531" title="Special:BookSources/9783406598531">9783406598531</a> (review: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-08-13.html">M. Weiskopf, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2010.08.13</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012" class="citation book cs1">McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon, eds. (2012). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE)</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537614-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537614-2"><bdi>978-0-19-537614-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Anatolia%3A+%2810%2C000-323+BCE%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537614-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012a" class="citation">McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (2012a). "Introduction: The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia". In <a href="#CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012">McMahon & Steadman (2012)</a>, pp. 3–12.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0001</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFMcMahon2012" class="citation">McMahon, Gregory. "The Land and Peoples of Anatolia through Ancient Eyes". In <a href="#CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012">McMahon & Steadman (2012)</a>, pp. 15–33.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0002">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0002</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFMatthews2012" class="citation">Matthews, Roger. "A History of the Preclassical Archaeology of Anatolia". In <a href="#CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012">McMahon & Steadman (2012)</a>, pp. 34–55.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0003">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0003</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFSteadman2012" class="citation">Steadman, Sharon. "The Early Bronze Age on the Plateau". In <a href="#CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012">McMahon & Steadman (2012)</a>, pp. 229–259.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0010">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0010</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFMichel2012" class="citation">Michel, Cécile. "The Kārum Period on the Plateau". In <a href="#CITEREFMcMahonSteadman2012">McMahon & Steadman (2012)</a>, pp. 313–336.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0013">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0013</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKhatchadourian2012" class="citation">Khatchadourian, Lori. "The Iron Age in Eastern Anatolia". 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href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" coords="282,12,527,36" title="History of Anatolia" alt="History of Anatolia" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_1o82fhjc3wbovqwhy2kcjq20p6jp4tz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/1o82fhjc3wbovqwhy2kcjq20p6jp4tz.png" /></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Project page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Timor" title="History of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" 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limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" 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Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g6cgs","wgBackendResponseTime":657,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.638","walltime":"2.220","ppvisitednodes":{"value":34209,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":466150,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15843,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":44,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":474630,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1894.149 1 -total"," 32.47% 615.045 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.44% 557.683 8 Template:Navbox"," 15.20% 287.868 1 Template:History_of_Anatolia"," 10.68% 202.333 105 Template:Iso2country"," 7.88% 149.346 32 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