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aria-controls="properties" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="#safety" id="tab4" role="tab" aria-controls="safety" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="#isotopes" id="tab5" role="tab" aria-controls="isotopes" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Isotopes</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="content"> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"> <h2>About Cobalt</h2> <img src="images_graphics/element-bohr-models/cobalt-bohr-model.jpg" alt="Cobalt Bohr Model" width="200" height="200" class="image-left" /><p>Much like the “kupfernickel”--devil’s copper--ores that had been so named for failing to produce the copper they were thought to contain, cobalt’s ores were frustrating to miners. Not only did they fail to yield useful metals, these ores additionally produced toxic <a href="arsenic-oxide-1327-53-3">arsenic oxide</a> when smelted. The ores were therefore named after kobolds--goblins that German miners frequently blamed for mining mishaps. When, around 1935, the Swedish chemist Georg Brandt succeeded in isolating <a href="cobalt-metal-7440-48-4">cobalt metal</a>, he named his newly discovered element for its ore.</p> <p>In addition to discovering cobalt, Brandt demonstrated that cobalt compounds had been unknowingly used to provide coloring in smalt, a blue glass, since the middle ages. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, green and blue pigments based on cobalt were developed and came into widespread use for coloring ceramics, jewelry, and paint. These applications for cobalt remain relevant in modern times, but today cobalt is used most often in <a href="cobalt-metal-7440-48-4">metallic form</a>. </p> <p>The majority of cobalt consumed in the United States is used in the production of <a href="alloys.html">superalloys</a>, metal formulations which most often find use in arenas where resistance to extreme conditions are required, such as in the components of jet engines or high-speed drill bits. Superalloys are also sometimes used in <a href="Bio-Medical.html">biomedical implants</a> such as hip replacements, though these implants must be monitored for damage, as metal nanoparticles produced by wear are easily absorbed by and distributed through the body. Cobalt found in cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, is an essential nutrient, but excess free cobalt ions in the body have toxic effects.</p> <p>Cobalt is also used in other <a href="alloys.html">alloy</a> applications. It is found in both <a href="aluminum-nickel-cobalt-alloy-powder">Alnico</a> and <a href="samarium-cobalt-alloy-12305-84-9">samarium-cobalt</a> magnets, both of which are used widely in industry. Cobalt is also found in combination with primary electrode metals in lithium ion, nickel-cadmium, and <a href="ni.html">nickel</a> metal hydride <a href="Battery-Technology.html">batteries</a>. Cobalt’s attractive appearance, extreme hardness, and resistance to oxidation lend it to use as a metal for plating of other materials, either alone or as the base for further coatings such as porcelain enamels. <a href="pt.htm">Platinum</a> used in jewelry making contains five percent cobalt, as this produces an alloy that is suitable for highly detailed casting.</p> <p>There are two other major uses for cobalt in industry. The first is as a catalyst: cobalt compounds are used industrially to produce polymer precursors, remove sulfurous impurities from petroleum, and improve adhesion of steel to rubber for the production of steel-belted tires. Additionally, cobalt catalysts are added as drying agents to paints and varnishes, and used in a variety of other chemical processes, on both industrial and lab-scales. The second other major use is as a binder in cemented <a href="Carbide.html">carbides</a>, extremely hard materials used in machining metals such as steel. </p> <p>Finally, cobalt radioisotopes serve a few notable functions. Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope used to produce gamma rays for sterilizing food and medical supplies and for use in both medical radiotherapy and the in the production of industrial radiographs. Cobalt-57 is used as a tracer in medical imaging, primarily for observing vitamin B12 uptake.</p> <p>The main cobalt ores are cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot, and skutterudite, all of which are exploited commercially, but a substantial amount of the metal is also obtained from processing byproducts of copper and nickel mining. Cobalt catalysts and cobalt-alloy scrap may also be recycled to recover high purity cobalt.</p> </div> <div class="tab-pane active" id="products" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"> <h2>Products</h2> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion"> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#compound-products"><span class="panel-title">Compounds</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="compound-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"> <a href="ammonium-6-molybdocobaltate-12139-65-0">Ammonium 6-Molybdocobaltate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ammonium-cobalt-phosphate-anhydrous-14590-13-7">Ammonium Cobalt Phosphate Anhydrous</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ammonium-cobalt-phosphate-monohydrate-16827-96-6">Ammonium Cobalt Phosphate Monohydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="ammonium-cobalt-ii-sulfate-hexahydrate-13586-38-4">Ammonium Cobalt(II) Sulfate Hexahydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="barium-tetrafluorocobaltate-20704-31-8">Barium Tetrafluorocobaltate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="bismuth-cobalt-zinc-oxide">Bismuth Cobalt Zinc Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="calcium-cobalt-oxide-12514-78-2">Calcium Cobalt Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-acetate-71-48-7">Cobalt Acetate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-acetate-solution-6147-53-1">Cobalt Acetate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-ii-acetate-tetrahydrate-6147-53-1">Cobalt(II) Acetate Tetrahydrate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-ii-aluminate-1333-88-6">Cobalt(II) Aluminate</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-aluminide-12003-14-4">Cobalt Aluminide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-aluminum-oxide-12672-27-4">Cobalt Aluminum Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a 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href="cobalt-iv-sulfide-12013-10-4">Cobalt(IV) Sulfide CoS<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-telluride-12017-13-9">Cobalt Telluride</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="co2bi2te5-crystal">Co<sub>2</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub> Crystal</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobi2te4-crystal">CoBi<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>4</sub> Crystal</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobi4se7-crystal">CoBi<sub>4</sub>Se<sub>7</sub> Crystal</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobi4te7-crystal">CoBi<sub>4</sub>Te<sub>7</sub> Crystal</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cops3-crystal">CoPS<sub>3</sub> Crystal</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nicose2-crystal">NiCoSe<sub>2</sub> Crystal</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="taco2te2-crystal">TaCo<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>2</sub> Crystal</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sputtering-target-products"><span 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href="cobalt-selenide-sputtering-target-1307-99-9">Cobalt Selenide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-silicide-sputtering-target-12017-12-8">Cobalt Silicide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-sputtering-target-7440-48-4">Cobalt Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-ii-sulfide-sputtering-target-1317-42-6">Cobalt(II) Sulfide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-tantalum-zirconium-alloy-sputtering-target">Cobalt Tantalum Zirconium Alloy Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-telluride-sputtering-target-12017-13-9">Cobalt Telluride Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-terbium-sputtering-target">Cobalt Terbium Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-tin-sputtering-target-12297-65-3">Cobalt Tin Sputtering Target </a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="cobalt-titanium-alloy-sputtering-target">Cobalt Titanium 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href="gold-cobalt-sputtering-target">Gold Cobalt Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="iron-cobalt-sputtering-target">Iron Cobalt Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="iron-nickel-cobalt-alloy-sputtering-target">Iron Nickel Cobalt Alloy Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-ferrite-sputtering-target">Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-oxide-sputtering-target">Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Oxide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="lithium-nickel-cobalt-oxide-sputtering-target-113066-89-0">Lithium Nickel Cobalt Oxide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide-sputtering-target-346417-97-8">Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="magnesium-nickel-cobalt-alloy-sputtering-target">Magnesium Nickel Cobalt Alloy Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="nickel-cobalt-sputtering-target">Nickel Cobalt Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="samarium-cobalt-smco5-sputtering-target-12017-68-4">Samarium Cobalt SmCo5 Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="samarium-cobalt-sputtering-target-12305-84-9">Samarium Cobalt Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="sodium-cobalt-oxide-sputtering-target">Sodium Cobalt Oxide Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="terbium-iron-gadolinium-cobalt-sputtering-target">Terbium Gadolinium Iron Cobalt Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="terbium-iron-cobalt-sputtering-target">Terbium Iron Cobalt Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="titanium-cobalt-sputtering-target">Titanium Cobalt Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="tungsten-carbide-cobalt-sputtering-target-12774-15-1">Tungsten Carbide/Cobalt Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="vanadium-cobalt-sputtering-target">Vanadium Cobalt Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="yttrium-cobalt-alloy-sputtering-target-12139-83-2">Yttrium Cobalt Alloy Sputtering Target</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="openclose"> <div class="openall">+ Open All</div> <div class="closeall">- Close All</div> </div> </div> <div id="products-intro"> <p> Cobalt is often alloyed with <a href="fe.html">iron</a>, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many important uses. <a href="samarium-cobalt-alloy-12305-84-9">Samarium-cobalt</a>, for instance, is one of the highest strength magnet alloys known. Cobalt compounds are used to produce a brilliant and permanent blue color in ceramic glazes, glass, <a href="cobalt-oxide-powder-1308-06-1"><img src="cobalt-oxide-powder.png" alt="High Purity (99.999%) Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4) Powder" width="121" height="150" class="image-left" /></a>pottery, tiles, and enamels. Co-60, a commercially important radioisotope, is useful as a radioactive tracer and gamma ray source. <a href="cobalt-sputtering-target-7440-48-4"><img src="cobalt-sputtering-target.png" alt="High Purity (99.999%) Cobalt (Co) Sputtering Target" width="89" height="82" class="image-right"></a>Cobalt is available as <a href="metals.html">metal</a> and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to <a href="Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm">ultra-high purity</a>). Elemental or metallic forms include <a href="cobalt-pellets-7440-48-4">pellets</a>, <a href="cobalt-rod-7440-48-4">rod</a>, <a href="cobalt-wire-7440-48-4">wire</a> and <a href="cobalt-granules-7440-48-4">granules</a> for evaporation source material purposes. Cobalt <a href="nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html">nanoparticles and nanopowders</a> are also available. <a href="cobalt-ii-iii-oxide-1308-06-1">Cobalt oxides</a> are available in <a href="cobalt-oxide-powder-1308-06-1">powder</a> and dense <a href="cobalt-oxide-pellets-1308-06-1">pellet</a> form for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications.<a href="oxides.html"> Oxides</a> tend to be insoluble. <a href="cobalt-iii-fluoride-10026-18-3">Cobalt fluorides</a> are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Cobalt is also available in soluble forms including <a href="cobalt-chloride-7646-79-9">chlorides</a>, <a href="cobalt-nitrate-10141-05-6">nitrates</a> and <a href="cobalt-acetate-71-48-7">acetates</a>. These compounds can be manufactured as <a href="solutions">solutions</a> at specified stoichiometries.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"> <h2>Cobalt Properties</h2> <p><img src="cobalt-block.png" alt="Cobalt(Co) atomic and molecular weight, atomic number and elemental symbol" hspace="10" class="image-left"><strong>Cobalt</strong> is a Block D, Group 9, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of cobalt's shells is 2, 8, 15, 2 and its electron configuration is [Ar] 3d<sup>7</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup>. <img src="cobalt-bohr.jpg" alt="Cobalt Bohr Model" width="93" height="93" class="image-right" />The cobalt atom has a radius of 125.3.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-48-4, cobalt has a <img src="elemental-cobalt.png" alt="Elemental Cobalt" width="67" height="79" class="image-left" />lustrous gray appearance. Cobalt is found in cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot and skutterudite ores, but is not found free in nature. Cobalt was first discovered by George Brandt in 1732. The origin of the word Cobalt comes from the German word 'Kobalt or Kobold' which translates as "goblin", "elf" or "evil spirit".</p> <div id="table-wrapper"> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion2"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#general-properties">General Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="symbol">Symbol:</th> <td>Co</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th> <td>27</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th> <td>58.9332</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="element-category">Element Category:</th> <td>transition metal</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th> <td>9, 4, d</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="color">Color:</th> <td>lustrous, metallic, grayish tinge /bluish-white</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="other-names">Other Names:</th> <td>Cobaltum, Cobalto, Kobalt, Kobolt</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#physical-properties">Physical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="physical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th> <td>1495.0 °C, 2723.0 °F, 1768.15 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th> <td>2870.0 °C, 5198.0 °F, 3143.15 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density">Density:</th> <td>8.9 gm/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th> <td>7.75 g·cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th> <td>8.90 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th> <td>8900 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th> <td>0.109 Cal/g/K @ 25°C</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>15.2</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>382.4</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>423.082</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th> <td>1.0 W/cm/K @ 298.2 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th> <td>(25 °C) 13.0 µm·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th> <td>6.24 µΩ·m @ 20°C</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th> <td>24.81 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th> <td>209 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th> <td>75 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th> <td>180 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th> <td>0.31</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th> <td>1043 MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th> <td>700 MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th> <td>(20 °C) 4720 m·s<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.88</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.56</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.7</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th> <td>2.12</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th> <td>67</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#chemical-properties">Chemical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="chemical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="electrons">Electrons:</th> <td>27</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="protons">Protons:</th> <td>27</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th> <td>32</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th> <td>[Ar] 3d<sup>7</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th> <td>125 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius,<br /> non-bonded (Å):</th> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th> <td>126±3 (low spin), 150±7 (high spin) pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th> <td>1.18</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th> <td>200 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th> <td>5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1 (amphoteric oxide)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="phase">Phase:</th> <td>Solid</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th> <td>Hexagonal</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th> <td>ferromagnetic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th> <td>63.851</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>760.41 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>1648.27 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>3232.28 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion3"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#identifiers">Identifiers<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th> <td>7440-48-4</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th> <td>231-158-0</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th> <td>MFCD00010935</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th> <td>[Co]</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th> <td>InChI=1S/Co</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th> <td>GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th> <td>104730</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th> <td>94547</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#abundance">Abundance<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th> <td>840 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th> <td>1690 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th> <td>820 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th> <td>0.08</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.008</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th> <td>30000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>10000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th> <td>4000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>70</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th> <td>0.2</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.003</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th> <td>600000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>200000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th> <td>20</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th> <td>3000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th> <td>60</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#history">History<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th> <td>Georg Brandt</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th> <td>1732</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="safety" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab4"> <h2>Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Cobalt</h2> <p>Toxicity of cobalt and its compounds are mild by skin contact and moderate by ingestion. Safety data for Cobalt and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the Products tab. The below information applies to elemental (metallic) Cobalt. </p> <table class="safety-table"> <thead> <tr> <th colspan="2" id="safety-data">Safety Data</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#signalword" >Signal Word </a></th> <td>Danger</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#hazardstatements" >Hazard Statements </a></th> <td>H317-H334-H413</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html#hazardcodes" >Hazard Codes</a></th> <td>Xn</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#riskcodes" >Risk Codes </a></th> <td>42/43-53</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#safetyprecautions" >Safety Precautions </a></th> <td>22-24-37-61</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#rtecs" >RTECS Number </a></th> <td>GF8750000</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#transportation" >Transport Information</a></th> <td>UN 3089 4.1/PG 2</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#wgk" >WGK Germany </a></th> <td>nwg</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html" >Globally Harmonized System of <br /> Classification and Labelling (GHS) </a></th> <td><a href="hazard-codes.html#healthhazard"><img src="health-hazzard.png" alt="Health Hazard" width="45" height="45" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion4"> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading panel-heading-sds activate-panel active-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sds"><span class="panel-title">Review and Print SDS for Cobalt Metal</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div> <div id="sds" class="panel-body collapse in row"> <div class="view view-sds-pane view-id-sds_pane view-display-id-block sds-content view-dom-id-dac8285d0f1ade46a2709a861aea3d6c"> <div class="view-header"> <div class="link-container"> <span class="print_pdf"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/printpdf/cobalt-metal-7440-48-4/sds" title="Display a PDF version of this page." class="print-pdf" rel="nofollow">Create Printable PDF</a></span></div> <h2 class="centered">SAFETY DATA SHEET</h2> <div id="sds-date"> <div><strong>Date Created:</strong> 05/15/2015</div> <div><strong>Date Revised:</strong> 05/15/2015</div> </div> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <hr><h3>SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p><strong>Product Name:</strong> Cobalt Metal</p> <p><strong>Product Number:</strong> All applicable American Elements product codes, e.g. CO-M-02, CO-M-03, CO-M-04, CO-M-05 </p> <p><strong>CAS #:</strong> 7440-48-4 </p> <p><strong>Relevant identified uses of the substance: </strong> Scientific research and development </p> <p>Supplier details:<br /> American Elements<br /> 1093 Broxton Ave. Suite 2000<br /> Los Angeles, CA 90024<br /> Tel: +1 310-208-0551<br /> Fax: +1 310-208-0351<br /> <br /> Emergency telephone number:<br /> Domestic, North America +1 800-424-9300<br /> International +1 703-527-3887</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p>Classification of the substance or mixture<br /> Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008<br /> GHS08 Health hazard<br /> Resp. Sens. 1 H334 May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled.<br /> GHS07<br /> Skin Sens. 1 H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction.<br /> Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC or Directive 1999/45/EC<br /> Xn; Sensitizing<br /> R42/43: May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact.<br /> R53: May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.<br /> Information concerning particular hazards for human and environment:<br /> Not applicable<br /> Hazards not otherwise classified<br /> No information known.<br /> Label elements<br /> Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008<br /> The substance is classified and labeled according to the CLP regulation.<br /> Hazard pictograms</p> <div class="ghs-images"><img src="health-hazard.png" alt="Health Hazard - GHS08" width="45" height="45"></div> <p>GHS08<br /> Signal word<br /> Danger<br /> Hazard statements<br /> H334 May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled.<br /> H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction.<br /> Precautionary statements<br /> P284 In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.<br /> P261 Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.<br /> P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.<br /> P342+P311 If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Call a POISON CENTER/doctor/...<br /> P363 Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.<br /> P501 Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/<br /> national/international regulations.<br /> WHMIS classification<br /> D2A - Very toxic material causing other toxic effects<br /> Classification system<br /> HMIS ratings (scale 0-4)<br /> (Hazardous Materials Identification System)<br /> HEALTH<br /> FIRE<br /> REACTIVITY<br /> 0 <br /> 0 <br /> 0 <br /> Health (acute effects) = 0<br /> Flammability = 0<br /> Physical Hazard = 0<br /> Other hazards<br /> Results of PBT and vPvB assessment<br /> PBT:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> vPvB:<br /> Not applicable.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS</h3> <p>Chemical characterization: Substances<br /> CAS# Description:<br /> 7440-48-4 Cobalt<br /> Identification number(s):<br /> EC number:<br /> 231-158-0</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES</h3> <p>Description of first aid measures<br /> General information<br /> No special measures required.<br /> After inhalation<br /> Supply fresh air and to be sure call for a doctor.<br /> Seek medical treatment in case of complaints.<br /> After skin contact<br /> Generally the product does not irritate the skin.<br /> After eye contact<br /> Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.<br /> After swallowing<br /> If symptoms persist consult doctor.<br /> Information for doctor<br /> Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 5. FIREFIGHTING MEASURES </h3> <p>Extinguishing media<br /> Suitable extinguishing agents<br /> Special powder for metal fires. Do not use water.<br /> For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents<br /> Water<br /> Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture<br /> If this product is involved in a fire, the following can be released:<br /> Metal oxide fume<br /> Advice for firefighters<br /> Protective equipment:<br /> No special measures required</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES </h3> <p>Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures<br /> Not required.<br /> Environmental precautions:<br /> Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.<br /> Do not allow product to reach sewage system or any water course.<br /> Do not allow to penetrate the ground/soil.<br /> Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:<br /> Dispose of contaminated material as waste according to section 13.<br /> Prevention of secondary hazards:<br /> No special measures required.<br /> Reference to other sections<br /> See Section 7 for information on safe handling<br /> See Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.<br /> See Section 13 for disposal information.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE </h3> <p>Handling<br /> Precautions for safe handling<br /> Keep container tightly sealed.<br /> Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.<br /> Ensure good ventilation at the workplace.<br /> Prevent formation of dust.<br /> Information about protection against explosions and fires:<br /> No special measures required.<br /> Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities<br /> Storage<br /> Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:<br /> No special requirements.<br /> Information about storage in one common storage facility:<br /> Do not store together with acids.<br /> Further information about storage conditions:<br /> Keep container tightly sealed.<br /> Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.<br /> Specific end use(s)<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION </h3> <p>Additional information about design of technical systems:<br /> No further data; see section 7.<br /> Control parameters<br /> Components with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace:<br /> 7440-48-4 Cobalt (100.0%)<br /> PEL (USA) Long-term value: 0.1* mg/m³<br /> as Co; *for metal dust and fume<br /> REL (USA) Long-term value: 0.05 mg/m³<br /> as Co; metal dust & fume<br /> TLV (USA) Long-term value: 0.02 mg/m³<br /> as Co, BEI<br /> EL (Canada) Long-term value: 0.02 mg/m³<br /> IARC 2B<br /> EV (Canada) Long-term value: 0.1 mg/m³<br /> Ingredients with biological limit values:<br /> 7440-48-4 Cobalt (100.0%)<br /> BEI (USA) 15 µg/L<br /> Medium: urine<br /> Time: end of shift at end of workweek<br /> Parameter: Cobalt (background)<br /> 1 µg/L<br /> Medium: blood<br /> Time: end of shift at end of workweek<br /> Parameter: Cobalt (background, semi-quantitative)<br /> Additional information:<br /> No data<br /> Exposure controls<br /> Personal protective equipment<br /> General protective and hygienic measures<br /> The usual precautionary measures for handling chemicals should be followed.<br /> Maintain an ergonomically appropriate working environment.<br /> Breathing equipment:<br /> Not required.<br /> Protection of hands:<br /> Not required.<br /> Penetration time of glove material (in minutes)<br /> Not determined<br /> Eye protection:<br /> Safety glasses<br /> Body protection:<br /> Protective work clothing</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES</h3> <p>Information on basic physical and chemical properties<br /> General Information<br /> Appearance:<br /> Form: Solid in various forms<br /> Color: Grey<br /> Odor: Odorless<br /> Odor threshold: Not determined.<br /> pH-value: Not applicable.<br /> Change in condition<br /> Melting point/Melting range: 1495 °C (2723 °F)<br /> Boiling point/Boiling range: 2927 °C (5301 °F)<br /> Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined<br /> Flammability (solid, gaseous)<br /> Not determined.<br /> Ignition temperature: Not determined<br /> Decomposition temperature: Not determined<br /> Auto igniting: Not determined.<br /> Danger of explosion: Not determined.<br /> Explosion limits:<br /> Lower: Not determined<br /> Upper: Not determined<br /> Vapor pressure at 994 °C (1821 °F): 0.0000001 hPa<br /> Density at 20 °C (68 °F): 8.92 g/cm³ (74.437 lbs/gal)<br /> Bulk density at 20 °C (68 °F): 850 kg/m³<br /> Relative density<br /> Not determined.<br /> Vapor density<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Evaporation rate<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Solubility in / Miscibility with Water: Insoluble<br /> Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): Not determined.<br /> Viscosity:<br /> dynamic: Not applicable.<br /> kinematic: Not applicable.<br /> Other information<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY </h3> <p>Reactivity<br /> No information known.<br /> Chemical stability<br /> Stable under recommended storage conditions.<br /> Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:<br /> Decomposition will not occur if used and stored according to specifications.<br /> Possibility of hazardous reactions<br /> No dangerous reactions known<br /> Conditions to avoid<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Incompatible materials:<br /> Acids<br /> Hazardous decomposition products:<br /> Metal oxide fume</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION </h3> <p>Information on toxicological effects<br /> Acute toxicity:<br /> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains acute toxicity data for components in this product.<br /> LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification:<br /> Oral LD50 6171 mg/kg (rat)<br /> Skin irritation or corrosion:<br /> No irritant effect.<br /> Eye irritation or corrosion:<br /> May cause irritation<br /> Sensitization:<br /> May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled.<br /> May cause an allergic skin reaction.<br /> Germ cell mutagenicity:<br /> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains mutation data for this substance.<br /> Carcinogenicity:<br /> IARC-2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans: limited evidence in humans in the absence of<br /> sufficient evidence in experimental animals.<br /> ACGIH A3: Animal carcinogen: Agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) not considered relevant to worker exposure.<br /> Available epidemologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans.<br /> Available evidence suggests that the agent is not likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.<br /> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains tumorigenic and/or carcinogenic and/or neoplastic data for this substance.<br /> Reproductive toxicity:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Specific target organ system toxicity - repeated exposure:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Specific target organ system toxicity - single exposure:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Aspiration hazard:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Subacute to chronic toxicity:<br /> No effects known.<br /> Additional toxicological information:<br /> To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION </h3> <p>Toxicity<br /> Aquatic toxicity:<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Persistence and degradability<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Bioaccumulative potential<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Mobility in soil<br /> No further relevant information available.<br /> Additional ecological information:<br /> General notes:<br /> Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.<br /> Do not allow undiluted product or large quantities to reach ground water, water course or sewage system.<br /> May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life.<br /> Avoid transfer into the environment.<br /> Results of PBT and vPvB assessment<br /> PBT:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> vPvB:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Other adverse effects<br /> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS </h3> <p>Waste treatment methods<br /> Recommendation<br /> Consult state, local or national regulations to ensure proper disposal.<br /> Uncleaned packagings:<br /> Recommendation:<br /> Disposal must be made according to official regulations.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION </h3> <p>UN-Number<br /> DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br /> Not applicable<br /> UN proper shipping name<br /> DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br /> Not applicable<br /> Transport hazard class(es)<br /> DOT, ADR, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br /> Class<br /> Not applicable<br /> Packing group<br /> DOT, IMDG, IATA<br /> Not applicable<br /> Environmental hazards:<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Special precautions for user<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code<br /> Not applicable.<br /> Transport/Additional information:<br /> DOT<br /> Marine Pollutant (DOT):<br /> No</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION </h3> <p>Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture<br /> National regulations<br /> All components of this product are listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical substance Inventory.<br /> All components of this product are listed on the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL).<br /> SARA Section 313 (specific toxic chemical listings)<br /> 7440-48-4 Cobalt<br /> California Proposition 65<br /> Prop 65 - Chemicals known to cause cancer<br /> 7440-48-4 Cobalt<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, female<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, male<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Information about limitation of use:<br /> For use only by technically qualified individuals.<br /> This product is subject to the reporting requirements of section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act of 1986 and 40CFR372.<br /> Other regulations, limitations and prohibitive regulations<br /> Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) according to the REACH Regulations (EC) No. 1907/2006.<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> The conditions of restrictions according to Article 67 and Annex XVII of the Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) for the manufacturing, placing on the market and use must be observed.<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> Annex XIV of the REACH Regulations (requiring Authorisation for use)<br /> Substance is not listed.<br /> REACH - Pre-registered substances<br /> Substance is listed.<br /> Chemical safety assessment:<br /> A Chemical Safety Assessment has not been carried out.</p> <hr><h3>16. OTHER INFORMATION</h3> <p>Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH). The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. American Elements shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale. COPYRIGHT 1997-2016 AMERICAN ELEMENTS. LICENSED GRANTED TO MAKE UNLIMITED PAPER COPIES FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY. </p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="tab-pane" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab5"> <h2>Cobalt Isotopes</h2> <p>Naturally occurring cobalt has 1 stable isotope: <sup>59</sup>Co.</p> <table class="isotopes-table"> <tr> <th scope="col" id="nuclide">Nuclide</th> <th scope="col" id="mass">Isotopic Mass</th> <th scope="col" id="half-life">Half-Life</th> <th scope="col" id="decay">Mode of Decay</th> <th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin">Nuclear Spin</th> <th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment">Magnetic Moment</th> <th scope="col" id="binding-energy">Binding Energy (MeV)</th> <th scope="col" id="natural-abundance">Natural Abundance<br /> (% by atom)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>47</sup>Co</th> <td>47.01149(54)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>7/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>339.16</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>48</sup>Co</th> <td>48.00176(43)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>p to <sup>47</sup>Fe</td> <td>(6+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>356.55</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>49</sup>Co</th> <td>48.98972(28)#</td> <td><35 ns</td> <td>p to <sup>48</sup>Fe</td> <td>7/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>375.81</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>50</sup>Co</th> <td>49.98154(18)#</td> <td>44(4) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> + p to <sup>49</sup>Mn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>50</sup>Fe</td> <td>(6+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>391.34</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>51</sup>Co</th> <td>50.97072(16)#</td> <td>60# ms [>200 ns]</td> <td>p to <sup>51</sup>Fe</td> <td>7/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>409.67</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>52</sup>Co</th> <td>51.96359(7)#</td> <td>115(23) ms</td> <td>p to <sup>52</sup>Fe</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>424.27</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>53</sup>Co</th> <td>52.954219(19)</td> <td>242(8) ms</td> <td>p to <sup>53</sup>Fe</td> <td>7/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>440.73</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>54</sup>Co</th> <td>53.9484596(8)</td> <td>193.28(7) ms</td> <td>p to <sup>54</sup>Fe</td> <td>4+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>454.4</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>55</sup>Co</th> <td>54.9419990(8)</td> <td>17.53(3) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>55</sup>Fe</td> <td>7/2-</td> <td>4.822</td> <td>469</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>56</sup>Co</th> <td>55.9398393(23)</td> <td>77.233(27) d</td> <td>EC to <sup>56</sup>Fe</td> <td>2+</td> <td>3.85</td> <td>478.94</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>57</sup>Co</th> <td>56.9362914(8)</td> <td>271.74(6) d</td> <td>EC to <sup>57</sup>Fe</td> <td>7/2-</td> <td>4.72</td> <td>489.82</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>58</sup>Co</th> <td>57.9357528(13)</td> <td>70.86(6) d</td> <td>EC to <sup>58</sup>Fe</td> <td>5+</td> <td>4.04</td> <td>498.83</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>59</sup>Co</th> <td>58.9331950(7)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>7/2-</td> <td>4.627</td> <td>508.77</td> <td>100</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>60</sup>Co</th> <td>59.9338171(7)</td> <td>5.2713(8) y</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>60</sup>Ni</td> <td>2+</td> <td>3.799</td> <td>516.85</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>61</sup>Co</th> <td>60.9324758(10)</td> <td>1.650(5) h</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>61</sup>Ni</td> <td>7/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>525.86</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>62</sup>Co</th> <td>61.934051(21)</td> <td>1.50(4) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>62</sup>Ni</td> <td>1+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>532.07</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>63</sup>Co</th> <td>62.933612(21)</td> <td>26.9(4) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>63</sup>Ni</td> <td>(7/2)-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>541.08</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>64</sup>Co</th> <td>63.935810(21)</td> <td>0.30(3) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>64</sup>Ni</td> <td>(3+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>547.3</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>65</sup>Co</th> <td>64.936478(14)</td> <td>1.20(6) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>65</sup>Ni</td> <td>(7/2-)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>554.44</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>66</sup>Co</th> <td>65.93976(27)</td> <td>0.18(1) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>66</sup>Ni</td> <td>(7-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>559.73</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>67</sup>Co</th> <td>66.94089(34)</td> <td>0.425(20) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>67</sup>Ni</td> <td>7/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>566.88</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>68</sup>Co</th> <td>67.94487(34)</td> <td>0.199(21) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>68</sup>Ni</td> <td>(6-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>571.23</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>69</sup>Co</th> <td>68.94632(36)</td> <td>227(13) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>69</sup>Ni; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>68</sup>Ni</td> <td>7/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>577.44</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>70</sup>Co</th> <td>69.9510(9)</td> <td>119(6) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>70</sup>Ni; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>69</sup>Ni</td> <td>(6-,7-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>580.86</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>71</sup>Co</th> <td>70.9529(9)</td> <td>97(2) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>71</sup>Ni; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>70</sup>Ni</td> <td>7/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>588.01</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>72</sup>Co</th> <td>71.95781(64)#</td> <td>62(3) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>72</sup>Ni; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>71</sup>Ni</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>591.43</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>73</sup>Co</th> <td>72.96024(75)#</td> <td>41(4) ms</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>7/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>596.72</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>74</sup>Co</th> <td>73.96538(86)#</td> <td>50# ms [>300 ns]</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>0</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>600.14</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>75</sup>Co</th> <td>74.96833(86)#</td> <td>40# ms [>300 ns]</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>7/2</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>605.42</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/slippry.min.js"></script> <div class="scrollup">^</div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 350) { $('.scrollup').fadeIn(500); 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